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Applying the Principles of Criminogenic Risk and Need in Your Veterans Treatment Court
©JFV January 2020. Developed for VTC Enhancement Trainings.
The following presentation may not be copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the author.
Written permission will generally be given upon request.
Two GoalsGoal #1: Every treatment intervention is desired to have a desirable impact on recidivism , either eliminating or at least reducing it.
and
Goal #2: Help individuals balance their important relationships, understand and overcome their internal and external conflicts through developing more accurate social cognitions and understanding about themselves.
The 4 Principles of Effective Criminogenic Interventions
Key Principle:
RNR
Refers to the likelihood that an individual will be involved in criminal behavior in the future.
The history of static risk is consistently identified as most robust predictors of recidivism.
The risk principle states that high-risk offenders need to be placed in programs that provide more intensive treatment and services while low-risk offenders should receive minimal or even no intervention.
Static Risk Factors –
Age at 1st arrest
Current age
Gender
Criminal History The history of static risk is
consistently identified as most
robust predictors of recidivism.
Snowden, David L., Oh, Sehun, Salas-Wright, Christopher, Vaughn, Michael G & King,
Erika. (2017) Military service and crime: New evidence. Social Psychiatry and
Psychiatric Epidemiology (2017) 52:605–615
DOI 10.1007/s00127-017-1342-8
“Assessment is the engine that drives effective interventions and is the first step in designing programs that work.”
- Ed Latessa
Key Principle:
Assessment
▪ Correctional Offender Management Profiling for
Alternative Sanctions (COMPAS)
▪ Inventory of Offender Risk, Needs and Strengths (IORNS)
▪ Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R)
▪ Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (LS/CMI)
▪ Level of Service/Risk, Need, Responsivity (LS/RNR)
▪ Ohio Risk Assessment System (ORAS)
▪ Offender Screening Tool (OST)
▪ Static Risk and Offender Needs Guide (STRONG)
▪ Wisconsin Risk/Needs Scale (WRN)
▪ Correctional Assessment and Intervention System (CAIS)
Criminogenic Assessments
Probation/ Pretrial Services
Examples
➢Risk Principle DOES NOT identify the specific areas where intervention might change the probability that someone will engage in future criminal behavior.
➢ It does not reveal whether a person has a substance addiction.
➢ It does not reveal whether a person has family conflict.
The need principle states that effective treatment should focus on addressing needs that may contribute to criminal behavior.
• (Clinic Specific) Psychosocial Assessment
• Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS)
• Beck Depression Inventory
• PSTD Checklist (PCL -5)
• Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS 5)
• Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center TBI Screening Tool (DVBIC TBI Screening Tool)
• Short Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (SMAST)
• Texas Christian University Drug Screen V (TCUDS V)
• Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test or AUDIT C
• CAGE Substance Abuse Screening Tool
Clinical Needs
GENERAL
❑ Employ a recovery perspective.
❑ Proven cognitive-behavioral interventions
that are based on social learning model
are more effective than all
other approaches in reducing
recidivism.
BUT WHY?
There is a Logic Behind
Cognitive Intervention
Thinking affects
behavior.
Thinking can be
influenced.
We can change how we feel and behave by changing what we think.
Incorrect
thinking
results in
unproductive
behavior.
Leisure/Prosocial Recreation
The “Big Four” Risk Factors
Moderate Four Risk Factors
Education and Employment
Family Relationships
Substance AbuseHistory of antisocial
behavior
Antisocial personality
Antisocial cognition
Antisocial peers/associates
Criminogenic Factors –The Central Eight
Key Principle: Traditional
Criminogenic Risk Factors
Leisure/Prosocial Recreation
The “Big Four” Risk Factors
Moderate Four Risk Factors
Education and Employment
Family Relationships
Substance AbuseHistory of antisocial
behavior
Antisocial personality
Antisocial cognition
Antisocial peers/associates
Criminogenic Factors –The Central Eight
THIS MODEL IS NOT WITHOUT CONTROVERSY
OVERLAPING CRIMINOGENIC AND PSYCHOSOCIAL
Behavioral health treatment must always be integrated with
interventions that address Dynamic Risk Factors associated with criminal
thinking and behavior.
Question: How many configurations of the puzzle are there?
Answer: 43.2 quintillion43,252,003,274,489,856,000
TAILORED/Specific
❑ Leverage supports to
maximize and extend
treatment effectiveness
❑Positive reinforcement v.
punishment
❑Adopt a multi-problem
point of view (clinician’s
take notice: co-
morbidities)
❑ The individual’s culture
❑ Learning style
❑ Intrinsic Motivation
❑ Mental health
symptoms
❑ Cognitive/intellectual
functioning
Tailored
Response
Rehabilitation/Habilitation: Pro-social vs. Adaptive
Pro-social RE/Habilitation
• Individuals may lack the inclination to engage in productive activities such as:
Work
School
Parenting
• May endorse antisocial attitudes and values
Adaptive RE/Habilitation
• Individuals may be deficient in adaptive skills such as:
- Employability
- Education
- Financial Management
- Homemaking
• Emphasis is on addressing vocational skills, educational deficits, improving daily living skills and interpersonal problem-solving strategies.
With whom are you
working?
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
with Positive Affect
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
with Negative Affect
Example of Specific Need with Tailored
Response: Anger and Irritability
SYSTEMICDo you have the necessary programs to respond to
both the criminogenic risk and clinical need of the
justice involved veteran population and if so,
exactly what does that look like?
HR/HN
LR/LN
LR/HN
HR/LN
✓ Clinical Screens?
✓ Criminogenic Screens?
✓ Appropriate assessment?
✓ Overlapping level of needs established?
Criminogenic Risks & Clinical Needs
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Mu
ltip
le M
edic
al M
orb
idit
ies
Sub
stan
ce U
se D
iso
rder
Traumatic Brain Injury /mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Co-occurring Disorders
Criminogenic Needs
Mo
od
Dis
ord
ers
Co
mp
lex
Trau
ma
MST
Supports
• A cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD and related conditions.
• CPT can be done across a variety of populations, including veterans,
CPT has worked well for veterans who have experienced combat, sexual,
or childhood trauma as well as other types of traumatic events.
• Approximately 12 weekly sessions in either an individual (50 minute) or
group (typically 90 minute) setting.
Do you offer cutting- edge
programs to respond to
both the criminogenic risk
and clinical need of the
justice involved veteran
population?
Example
Moral Reconation Therapy
It’s a cognitive-behavioral approach that combines elements form a variety of psychological traditions to progressively address ego, social, moral and positive behavioral growth. MRT takes the form of group and individual counseling using structured group exercises and prescribed homework.
Example
1. Safety as the overarching
goal (helping clients attain
safety in their relationships,
thinking, behavior and
emotions).
2. Integrated treatment (working
on both trauma and substance
abuse at the same time).
3. A focus on ideals to counteract
the loss of ideals in both trauma
and substance abuse.
4. Four content areas: cognitive,
behavioral, interpersonal and
case management.
5. Attention to clinician
processes (clinician’s
emotional responses, self-care,
etc.)
The Key Principles of Seeking Safety
Example
Recidivism Reduction: Evidence-Based v. Best Practice v. Promising Practice
• Thinking for a Change (T4C)
• Untangling Relationships, Invisible War, Coping with Anger (MRT models)
• Aggression Replacement Training
• Vocational Programming
• Dialectical Behavior Therapy
• Education around substance misuse.
• Adaptive Disclosure
• Pilates
• Everything Self Esteem
• Stress and Anxiety Workshops
• Walking Clubs
• Workforce Readiness
groups
• Shaping Interpersonal Skills
• Cognitive Processing Therapy
• Equine Therapy
Substance use and mental health tx must always be integrated with interventions that address Dynamic Risk Factors associated with criminal thinking and behavior; Criminogenic Needs.
Individuals are screened, assessed, addressed and TREATED for criminogenic needs in the same manner that clinical needs are.
Knowledge of the Principles of Effective Criminal Justice Interventions is necessary but equally important is the application of those principals with the population served.
“Take home points”
Within the responsivity principle, there is general, tailored and systemic approaches; all must be considered by the VTC Team.
“Take home points”
THANK YOU