Applied Linguistic.docx

8/13/2019 Applied Linguistic.docx

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Applied Linguistic: Is the usable form of Linguistics. It studies issuesrelating with language, and finds a possible solution.

Onomatopoeia: The written form of the sounds produced by nature. Gesture: A physical movement done in order to communicate. Communicative language: The message is communicated directly to the

subject.

Informative Language: The message is communicated in a non-directlyway to the subject. Gestures are often used to this purpose.

Displacement: In speech, is referred when a person talks about the past orfuture.

Arbitrariness: How in our language we assign a name to an action, thing,etc.

Discreteness: Two different graphemes (or even more) are pronouncedalmost in the same way.

Duality: The option of writing new words (different words) by taking theletters of a previous one.

Reciprocity: The capability of speaking while listening withcomprehension of both.

Specialization: The vocal and hearing tracks with special features tolanguage.

Non-Directionality: Giving the command to everyone expecting anyone toanswer.

Rapid Fade: As soon as the sound waves go out from their origin, they arenot audible anymore.

Language Geography: Where the language is used. Standard Language: One of the many dialects, accents (and more) that a

language has.

Accent: It indicates where the speaker if from by unusual pronunciation. Dialect: The distinction that a language may have when used in different

places.

Isogloss: Studies specific aspects of language in a region.


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Dialect Boundary: The whole section that studies aspects of language in aregion.

Pidgin: A language that was created for communicational and business-like purposes. In many cases, it is the mixture between two languages.

Creole: A pidgin as a first and native language. Decreolization: A pidgin that has many characteristics of a language. Bilingualism: Ability of communicating in two languages. Sometimes the

person can have more communicational abilities in one than another.

Simultaneous Bilingualism: The situation of being a speaker of two firstlanguages.

Receptive Bilingualism: One language is understood but not used. Sequential Bilingualism: EFL. Diglossia: A language that varies according to the location where it is

used.

Social dialect: Language varies according to social parameters. Jergon: Expressions used by some people. Generation gap: The most noticeable differences in language according to

the age.

Ethnic background: Peoples background that affects language. Idiolect: Refers to a dialect used by a single person; the way every single

person speaks.

Native language: Learnt by nature unconsciously. English as Lingua Franca (ELF): Is the kind of English used for business

and politics purposes.

Bilingual person: The one whose spoken languages achieved a competentlevel.

Language contact: The interaction between two spoken languages. Code switching: The ability to change from speaking a language to

another at any desired moment.

Language purification: Rules and characteristics (at language level) are setin order to enhance the correct use of language


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Dead language: A language which is no longer used for any purpose. Nature Process: To gain a fluent control of communication. Behavioral approach: The response obtained from given commands,

words, sentences among others (stimuli)

Nativist approach: Genetci capacity to acquire language. Functional approach: Cognition plus (+) social interaction. Universal Grammar: A process of language acquisition that works for

everyone when first language is being acquired.

Imitation: Strategy used by children to acquire language. Input: Samples of language children absorb. Discourse: Language method that consists of starting a conversation and

then learners responding to an initiating utterance.

Direct Method: Language teaching method that consists of making learneracquire language by practicing.

First language acquisition: Process of learning language that starts fromeither the beginning of childhood or late childhood.

Critical Period Hypothesis: Period when language can be acquired in aneasy manner. From seven (7) to thirteen (13) years of age.

Lateralization: Left half of the brain holds the early language functions.This process is started after twelve (12) year old-age is reached.

Biological timetable: A deadline set biologically to acquire authenticaccent.

Desiquilibration: A state of uncertain. Language Ego: Defensive mechanism Training process: A serial of stages which consists of stimuli plus (+)

reaction.

Behaviorism: EnvironmentBehavior (response)Reinforcement. Operant: Responses (consequences of actions done). Punishments: Reinforcement of behaviors. Behavior: State of emotion and feelings shaped by environment. Classical conditioning: To set a balance between stimulus and results.


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Cognition: Knowledge towards something in particular. Metacognition: The process of using previous knowledge to acquire new

knowledge.

Rote learning: New-non-relating knowledge. Meaningful learning: The achieved process of relating new knowledge to a

previous one.

Signal learning: A type of learning mostly applied in primary school. Problem solving: The thinking process made before attempting an action. Transfer: Transferring knowledge from L1 to L2. Interference: Two or more language codes are used when doing utterances. Processes of learning: Steps to be done to acquire language. Styles of learning: Tendencies that affect language learning. Strategies: Methods of approaching and then solving a problem or task. Field independence: The process of perceiving small details of given

circumstances. It does not depend on environment to be done.

Field dependence: The process of socializing in order to find ownappraisal. It does depend on environment.

Ambiguity: Features of language that goes on the contrary according toown belief.

Deduction: Understanding according to procedures. Recombination: The process of using previous knowledge to build

significant tasks related to language.

Auditory representation: The image of a sound or phrase retained inmind.

Inferencing: To predict meaning by using available information. Circumlocution: To talk about something without naming it. Approximation: The usage of an alternative word to express meaning. Foreignizing: Adjusting L1 word to L2 word by adding features of L2. The affective domain: Emotional side of human behavior. Affect: Emotion, feeling. Contact with others.


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Receiving: Accepting stimulus by giving attention. (Stimulus: surroundingenvironment)

Responding: Willing to respond a small part of stimulus. Valuing: Inner will to seek a value (thing, person, behavior). Organization of values. Value system: Individual acts according to the values gained and

internalized: A new worldview.

Self-Esteem: Belief in your own capabilities to successfully perform thatactivity. (Be yourself)

Global self-esteem: Statistical (stable) mean or median of overall self-appraisal. It is stable in adults.

Specific self-esteem: Self-appraisals to particular situations, defined traitsor personality traits.

Task self-esteem: Particular tasks within specific situations. Attribution theory: How people explain the causes of success or failure. Self-efficacy: A state of effort applied. High self-efficacy person: Not achieving goals is explained by not enough

effort expended.

Low self-efficacy person: Not achieving goals is explained by externalfactors.

Willingness to communicate: Predisposition to communicate; e.g. stayingaway from communicating when the choice is given.

14. Unwillingness: Shyness. Willingness to communicate: Predisposition to communicate. Unwillingness: Shyness. Inhibition: Sets of defenses built to protect the ego: concept of oneself. Anxiety: The subjective feeling of tension, apprehension, nervousness;

uneasiness.

Trait Anxiety: The global level of anxiety. It is the predisposition to beanxious about many things.

State Anxiety: To be anxious to some particular event or act.


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Language Anxiety: Negative effect on language learning process. Debilitative Anxiety: Harmful anxiety. Tension: Neutral anxiety. Facilitative Anxiety: Helpful anxiety. Just enough tension to get the job

done. Closely related to competitiveness (motivation).

Linguistic Deficit Coding Hypothesis (LCDH): First language deficits(language codes)foreign language-learning difficulties.

Anxiety: Fear to negative evaluation; lower ability than others. Empathy: Understanding others personality and feelings Transaction: Is the process of reaching out beyond the self to others. Extroversion: An extent in which a person needs an ego enhancement; to

receive affirmation from others.

Introversion. An extent in which a person does not need ego enhancement. Anomie: The loose of characteristics from mother culture.

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Applied Linguistic.docx