APPLIED

VETERINARY GYNAECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS

Dr. Pradeep Kumar M.V.Sc., Ph.D. (pursuing)

Division of Animal Reproduction Indian Veterinary Research Institute

Izatnagar, Bareilly (U.P.)

~ CBS

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Applied Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics

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Disclaimer

Science and technology are constantly changing fields. New research and experience broaden the scope of information and knowledge. The authors have tried their best in giving information available to them while preparing the material for this book. Although, all efforts have been made to ensure optimum accuracy of the material, yet it is quite possible some errors might have been left uncorrected. The publisher, the printer and the authors will not be held responsible for any inadvertent errors, omissions or inaccuracies.

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Perfection is accomplished not by doing extraordinary things, but by doing ordinary

things extraordinarily well.

Dedicated to

_my beloved centenarian grand/ ather

Shri Babujan Prasad (12.06.1906 - till date)

whose blessings have brought me here upto ...

PREFACE

This book has been written for the purpose to cover the practical and clinical aspects of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics. The author has tried to prepare this book in a unique manner. The matter has been presented in a very simple language and lucrative manner so that one can read this bqok in one breath. In many books, very exhaustive and huge informations are given but these are very boring task to read for undergraduate students and clinicians. The aim of the book is to tell a scientific and technically sound precise story'instead of presenting a data base encyclopaedia on the subject. Therefore the materials has been arranged accordingly and the supplementary informations or more detailed explanations are given in the boxes which can be consulted at once or return to after the principal points have been grasped. For increasing the interest and to give the information of new advances in the field of Veterinary Gynaecology, the author has made his every possible effort. For this, 'Interesting Facts', 'Clinical Pointers', 'Do you know?' 'Points to Remember' etc. have been incorporated in the boxes in between the matter. My main motto in compiling information in this book is to provide relevant information in a simple and interesting way so that matter should not appear difficult to understand by an average undergraduate students. A number of illustrations and photographs have been included to make each chapter meaningful. At the end of each chapter, 'observations' and' exercise' have been given which will help a clinician in testing his/her acquired knowledge and a student in preparing for examinations and viva-voce. It is hoped that this style of writing will encourage the use of this book for the final year B.V.Sc & A.H., students and Veterinary clinicians. This book also cover clinical cases of cattle and buffalo in an interesting way with new concepts. Wherever it becomes necessary to point out the old concepts of treatment, I did and highlighted the new concepts of treatments. Thus this book gives an information about latest trend of treatments and explain the disadvantages of adopting old trend of treatments. In this book, various interesting and clinically important chapters have been included which are generally not given in the text books available in the market. For example, pregnancy diagnosis in small ruminants by 'recto-abdominal palpation', early pregnancy diagnosis in cattle by 'milk ejection test' etc. These are very-very simple and reliable techniques for diagnosis of pregnancy. Generally pregnancy diagnosis

vii

in small ruminants requires X-ray and ultrasound because only abdominal palpation is not confirmatory diagnosis. However, use of these sophisticated methods are not feasible in the field conditions, whereas ' recto-abdominal palpation technique' gives 90-100 % accuracy without use of any sophisticated instrument. Likewise the author has tried to give as many such informations which can be applied in Indian field conditions. Therefore author thinks that this book is a readymade matter on Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics for final year undergraduate students of B.V.Sc. & A.H., field veterinarians and academicians. This book is also useful for various competitive examinations and interviews. This book has been divided into three parts. In the part I from· chapter 1 to 17 are designed to help the final year students, beginners and clinicians to understand the anatomy and physiology of reproduction, gynaecological examinations and their applications to diagnose the clinical problems. In part II, chapters 18 to 28 emphasize the application of basic concepts of obstetrical cases and their management. In this part, author has tried to explain the basic principles of obstetrics, which are generally over-looked in most of the books available in the market. For example 'how to apply rope on the legs and head of foetus', 'how to prevent the inner wall of uterus and birth canal from the teeth and hooves of the foetus', 'what should be the direction for traction of rope in different stages' etc. Separate obstetrical cases, their incidences, causes and treatments have not been discussed in detail. Foetotomy and caesarean section have been described in detail. In part III, chapters 29 to 46 have been devoted to the therapeutic management of gynaecological problems. This part describes some of the problems that are commonly encountered in the field. The aim of WTiting this part is to at least provide a coherent overall therapy guide, create a stimulus and direction for greater in-depth study on particular chapter, and contribute a useful compilation of existing practical therapeutic knowledge for the veterinary undergraduates, clinicians and academicians. Antimicrobial agents are the most frequently used and misused drugs in veterinary practice. A rational approach to antimicrobial therapy entails choosing the proper drug to be administered to the particular animals after considerations of potential benefits and risks. Prerequisites to rational therapy include a diagnosis, understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease and

viii

pharmacology of the drug and the establishment of therapeutic objectives. It is the purpose of this part to describe an approach to rational treatment of infections, which cause infertility in cattle and buffaloes. Part III also includes effect of homoeopathic medicines on the female genital tract. Hahnemann (1814) advocated their use in animals and so Veterinary Homoeopathy has a long tradition. At the end of this book, 'Glossary' and' Appendix' have been given which will help the veterinary graduates in preparing for various competitive examinations, viva-voce examinations and interviews because these have been collected and arranged in a very lucid manner. The author encourages constructive comments and valuable suggestions, addition, ~Iteration and correction for any typing error for improving this book in the next edition.

PRADEEP KUMAR

ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

"Timely help albeit small will ever be greater than the universe. I would like to thank all known and unknown hands who directly or indirectly gave their valuable contributions in gestation and birth of this book. In preparing this book, I have been greatly aided by suggestions received from many scientists including Dr. M.H. Akhtar, Dr. M.R. Ansari, Dr. R.P. Pandey, Dr. G.P. Roy, Dr. A.P. Singh and Dr. C. Singh. "One who directs the path of progress is angelic." Words are inadequate to express my deep sense of indebtedness to Dr. G.P. Roy, for instilling in me a spirit of hope, struggle, determination and affection. I would like to express my sincere gratitude and thanks to Dr. Jitendra Kumar Singh for giving ideas to the use of homoeopathic drugs in bovines. I am extremely delighted in extending my than.ks to Dr. Rahul Arya, Dr. Neeraj Srivastava, Dr. V.K. Bharti and Dr. Braj Bhushan Bachchoo for their constant encouragement and helping in proof-reading of the manuscript. My friends and seniors Dr. Sanjay, Dr. Praveen, Dr. Shantanu, Dr. Nirbhay, Dr. Sunil, Dr. Asthana, Dr. Nishant, Dr. Nirala, Dr. Ajeet, Dr. Kaushal, Dr. Mithilesh, Dr. Dheeraj, Dr. Jeevan, Dr. Zeyaul and many others deserve sincere than.ks for their moral support and valuable suggestions during writing of this book. "Where emotions are involved, words cease to exist". I admit my inability to put into words, the depth of gratitude and respect. I owe a lot to my parents for the sacrifices made by them at the cost of their comfort and happiness to bring me up to this stage. Last but not the least, I thank the Almighty for blessing me with indomitable will-power, courage, strength and stamina to accomplish this arduous task.

x

CONTENTS

Preface Acknowled2ments

PART- I: GYNAECOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS

1. Study of female genitalia in slaughter house specimens 2. Compar~ve anatomy of feµlale reproductive tr.acts 3. Per-rectal palpation of female genital organs 4. Oestrus detection in cattle and buffalo 5. Behavioural signs of oestrus in mare, ewe, doe and bitch 6. Detection of oestrus in bitch by vaginal cytology 7. Gynaecological examination of vagina 8. Technique of intra-uterine therapy 9. Collection of genital discharge 10. Examination of cervico-vaginal mucus sample 11. External and per-rectal pregnancy diagnosis in cattle/

buffalo 1?... Early pregnancy diagnosis in cattle by "Milk-Ejection

Test" 13. Differential diagnosis of pregnancy in bovine 14. Pregnancy diagnosis in small ruminants

3 9

20 30 38 43 47 49 52 54

57

68 70 73

;15. Biological and chemical methods of pregnancy: -~iagnosis 77 I 16. Care of the postpartum dam 82 17. Care of newborn 85

PART- II: OBSTt.TRICS

18. Pelvices of different domestic animals 95 19. Pelvimetry of domestic animals . . . . _ 102 20. Presentation, position and posture of foetus 106 21. Caudal epidural anaesthesia 116 22. Uses of obstetrical instruments 124 23. An approach to a case of dystocia 132 24. Evidence of foetal life 140 25. Vaginal delivery by using mutation and force traction

technique 144 26. Techniques of foetotomy 159

xi

27. Techniques of caesarean section in farm animals 172 28. Diagnosis and management of uterine torsion in

farm animals 180

PART - m: CURRENT DRUG TIIERAPY

29. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of anoestrus cow. 193 30. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of cystic ovarian .

degeneration 199 31. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of repeat breeder

COWS 208 32. Principles of antimicrobials therapy 216 33. Diagnosis and the1apeutic management of post-partum

infections in bovines 221 34. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of endometritis

in bovines 230 35. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of septic puerperal

metritis 237 36. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of pyometra 243 37. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of retention of

placenta 2118 38. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of vaginal

prolapse in in bovines 258 39. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of prolapse of

uterus in bovines 271 40. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of foetal

m ununification 276 41. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of foetal

maceration 283 42. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of hydramnios

and hydrallantois 287 43. Artificial induction of lactation in infertile bovine 293 44. Hormonal drugs acting on the reproductive system 296 45. Homoeopathy in female reproductive disorders 307 46. Drugs commonly used in bovine reproductive disorders 318

GLOSSARY 327 APPEND I CFS 349 INDEX 360

xii

Special Feature~ : • Keys or indications used during prescription writing • Back - pressure test • Pregnancy diagnosis in small ruminants by 'Recto-

abdominal Techniqut:!' and 'Mammary Secretion Test' • Pregnancy diagitosis of cattle by 'Seed Bio-assay Method'

and 'Milk-Ejection Test Method' e TET • Milk allergy

Applied Veterinary Gynacelogy AndObstetrics

Publisher : CBS Publications ISBN : 9788123927855 Author : Pradeep Kumar

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