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Vehicular Ad-hoc Networking: Current Solutions, Challenges, and Future
Applications
Stephanie [email protected]
Introduction
● Vehicular Ad-hoc Networking (VANET) ● Sub-category of Mobile Ad-hoc Networking (MANET)● Self-organizing● Dynamically changing● No centralized infrastructure
● Provide● Position, velocity, and acceleration
● Support Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)● Path Prediction● Driver Awareness● Traffic Management● Road Conditions
Hartenstein, Hannes, and Kenneth Laberteaux. VANETs Vehicular Applications and Inter-networking Technologies. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley, 2009. Print.
Current Telematics
http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1305894
Possible VANET Architecture● Precursor to the smart car● Method to provide safety and generic messages to
drivers
Bedi, P.; Jindal, V., "Use of Big Data technology in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks," in Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI, 2014 International Conference on , vol., no., pp.1677-1683, 24-27 Sept. 2014doi: 10.1109/ICACCI.2014.6968352
Purpose of Communications: ITS
Bedi, P.; Jindal, V., "Use of Big Data technology in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks," in Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI, 2014 International Conference on , vol., no., pp.1677-1683, 24-27 Sept. 2014doi: 10.1109/ICACCI.2014.6968352
The Standard
● Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE)● Network → Application Layer
● IEEE 802.11p ● Physical → Data Link Layer
How is VANET Implemented?
Spectrum:
Protocol:
IEEE Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) - Networking Services," in IEEE Std 1609.3-2010 (Revision of IEEE Std 1609.3-2007) , vol., no., pp.1-144, Dec. 30 2010doi: 10.1109/IEEESTD.2010.5680697http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5680697
IEEE 802.11p: Physical Layer
IEEE Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) - Networking Services," in IEEE Std 1609.3-2010 (Revision of IEEE Std 1609.3-2007) , vol., no., pp.1-144, Dec. 30 2010doi: 10.1109/IEEESTD.2010.5680697http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5680697
IEEE 802.11p: Physical Layer
● Spectrum: 5.850 - 5.925 GHz ● 75 MHz Bandwidth
● 7 Channels: 10 MHz each● 1 Control Channel (Ch. 178)● 2 Reserved (Ch. 172 & 184)● 4 Generic Message (Ch. 174, 176, 180, & 182)
Weigle, Michele. Standards: WAVE / DSRC / 802.11p. Cvt-project. Old Dominion University, 2008. Web. 25 Sept. 2015. <http://www.cvt-project.ir/Admin/Files/eventAttachments/109.pdf>.
IEEE 802.11p: Physical Layer
802.11a 802.11p
Bandwidth 20 MHz 10 MHz
Multiplexing OFDM OFDM
Spectrum 5 GHz 5.9 GHz
Data Rates 6-54 Mbps 3-27 Mbps
Mobility No Yes
Distance ~30 m 100-300 m
Chong Han; Dianati, M.; Tafazolli, R.; Kernchen, R.; Xuemin Shen, "Analytical Study of the IEEE 802.11p MAC Sublayer in Vehicular Networks," in Intelligent Transportation Systems, IEEE Transactions on , vol.13, no.2, pp.873-886, June 2012 doi: 10.1109/TITS.2012.2183366http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6155605
IEEE 802.11p: Data Link Layer
IEEE Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) - Networking Services," in IEEE Std 1609.3-2010 (Revision of IEEE Std 1609.3-2007) , vol., no., pp.1-144, Dec. 30 2010doi: 10.1109/IEEESTD.2010.5680697http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5680697
IEEE 802.11p: Data Link Layer, MAC
● Must Provide:● Congestion Control● Packet Collision● Message Priority ● Low Latency● High throughput● High reliability
● ~802.11e Enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA)● QoS priority ● Collision Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance
(CSMA/CA)
IEEE 802.11p: Data Link Layer, LLC
IEEE Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) - Networking Services," in IEEE Std 1609.3-2010 (Revision of IEEE Std 1609.3-2007) , vol., no., pp.1-144, Dec. 30 2010doi: 10.1109/IEEESTD.2010.5680697http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5680697
IEEE 802.11p: Data Link Layer, LLC
● ~IEEE 802.2 ● TX data between devices on a common network by
determining the method to multiplex various network protocols in a frame of data
IEEE 802.2 LLC Frame Format with SNAP
Byte 0 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9-
Name DSAP SSAP Control OUI EtherType Payload
Data 0xAA 0xAA 0x03 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x86DD IPv6
0x88DD WSMP
WAVE: Network Layer, IPv6
IEEE Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) - Networking Services," in IEEE Std 1609.3-2010 (Revision of IEEE Std 1609.3-2007) , vol., no., pp.1-144, Dec. 30 2010doi: 10.1109/IEEESTD.2010.5680697http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5680697
Putting it all together: IPv6 Traffic
IEEE Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) - Networking Services," in IEEE Std 1609.3-2010 (Revision of IEEE Std 1609.3-2007) , vol., no., pp.1-144, Dec. 30 2010doi: 10.1109/IEEESTD.2010.5680697http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5680697
WAVE: Network Layer, WAVE Short Message Protocol (WSMP)
IEEE Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) - Networking Services," in IEEE Std 1609.3-2010 (Revision of IEEE Std 1609.3-2007) , vol., no., pp.1-144, Dec. 30 2010doi: 10.1109/IEEESTD.2010.5680697http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5680697
Putting it all together: WAVE Traffic
IEEE Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) - Networking Services," in IEEE Std 1609.3-2010 (Revision of IEEE Std 1609.3-2007) , vol., no., pp.1-144, Dec. 30 2010doi: 10.1109/IEEESTD.2010.5680697http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5680697
WAVE--WSMP Continued
IEEE Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) - Networking Services," in IEEE Std 1609.3-2010 (Revision of IEEE Std 1609.3-2007) , vol., no., pp.1-144, Dec. 30 2010doi: 10.1109/IEEESTD.2010.5680697http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5680697
WAVE--WSMP Continued
IEEE Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) - Networking Services," in IEEE Std 1609.3-2010 (Revision of IEEE Std 1609.3-2007) , vol., no., pp.1-144, Dec. 30 2010doi: 10.1109/IEEESTD.2010.5680697http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5680697
WSMP: Provider Service Identifier (PSID)
● PSID● Used to ID the higher layer application ● Usually Roadside units● Registered by organization that determines type of WAVE
message ● Provider: device that TX a WAVE service message
● Device can exchange data on 1+ service channels● User: device that RX a WAVE service message
● Optional to TX● WAVE service message: information on traffic, road
conditions, etc.
WAVE--WSMP Continued
IEEE Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) - Networking Services," in IEEE Std 1609.3-2010 (Revision of IEEE Std 1609.3-2007) , vol., no., pp.1-144, Dec. 30 2010doi: 10.1109/IEEESTD.2010.5680697http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5680697
WSMP: WAVE header extensions
● Optional● Channel #● Data Rate● TX Power
WAVE--WSMP Continued
IEEE Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) - Networking Services," in IEEE Std 1609.3-2010 (Revision of IEEE Std 1609.3-2007) , vol., no., pp.1-144, Dec. 30 2010doi: 10.1109/IEEESTD.2010.5680697http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5680697
WSMP: WAVE Element ID
● IDs type of WSM that follows● Examples of types of Wave Short Messages
● Service Information● Channel Information● WAVE routing advertisement● 2D Location● 3D Location and confidence ● Channel Access
WAVE--WSMP Continued
IEEE Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) - Networking Services," in IEEE Std 1609.3-2010 (Revision of IEEE Std 1609.3-2007) , vol., no., pp.1-144, Dec. 30 2010doi: 10.1109/IEEESTD.2010.5680697http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5680697
WAVE--WSMP Continued
IEEE Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) - Networking Services," in IEEE Std 1609.3-2010 (Revision of IEEE Std 1609.3-2007) , vol., no., pp.1-144, Dec. 30 2010doi: 10.1109/IEEESTD.2010.5680697http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5680697
WAVE Management Entity (WME)
IEEE Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) - Networking Services," in IEEE Std 1609.3-2010 (Revision of IEEE Std 1609.3-2007) , vol., no., pp.1-144, Dec. 30 2010doi: 10.1109/IEEESTD.2010.5680697http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5680697
WME
● Manages requests to and from WAVE devices● Determines:
● Channel Access ● Provides Service Messages● Verifies advertised services ● Time-slot information● IPv6 network configurations
● Controls:● TX Power● Data Rate● Priority
WAVE Security
IEEE Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) - Networking Services," in IEEE Std 1609.3-2010 (Revision of IEEE Std 1609.3-2007) , vol., no., pp.1-144, Dec. 30 2010doi: 10.1109/IEEESTD.2010.5680697http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5680697
Reasons For Security
● Spoof Emergency Vehicle● Auto speeding tickets based off beacons● Financial Information
WAVE Security
● Not a lot of research here● Time critical factor
● Reduce Handshakes● Reduce Complex Algorithms
● Cars last ~10 years ● Backwards compatible
● Security increases overhead and time to process messages
● VANET only allows max of 100ms delay to process a message
● Security overhead must not exceed 20ms of the 100ms
WAVE Security: PKI
● Safety Messages TX in clear● Digital Signature provides authenticity
● Toll, IP, infotainment messages Encrypted● PKI Hierarchy easily scalable ● Certificate Authority = Department of Transportation ● Vehicles crossing state lines or countries
● US government be CA?● Cross Certs?
Current Challenges to VANET
● GPS● Tunnels● No Service areas
● Protocol simulators● Human Factor● Market Penetration
Parallels with Big DataVANET
Variety Various sensors on vehicle creates different types of information: GPS, acceleration, speed, steering angle
Volume Processes real-time traffic data
Velocity Mobile nature of vehicles connecting and disconnecting from various parts of the network
Value Need to quickly process & communicate data to TX safety messages
Veracity Ensure secure communications & protect drivers from malicious intent
1. Bedi, P.; Jindal, V., "Use of Big Data technology in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks," in Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI, 2014 International Conference on , vol., no., pp.1677-1683, 24-27 Sept. 2014 doi: 10.1109/ICACCI.2014.6968352
Questions?
Other Approaches to VANET
Chandrasekaran, Gayathri. "VANETs: The Networking Platform for Future Vechicular Applications." Rutgers Department of Computer Science (n.d.): n. pag. Rutgers. Rutgers University. Web. 25 Oct. 2015. <http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~rmartin/teaching/fall08/cs552/position-papers/006-01.pdf>.
