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Applications of proximal gamma ray soil sensor systems.
Eddie LoonstraEGU 2011, SSS5.6 Vienna
The Soil Company, Leonard Springerlaan 9, 9727 KB Groningen, The Netherlands +31 50 5773240, [email protected] , www.soilcompany.com
Contents
1. Introduction Mole technology
2. Mole Nuclide Maps Apps
3. Mole derived Soil Maps Apps
4. Conclusion
Mole technology
• Soils contain heavy unstable isotopes.
• Disintegration of atoms.
• Radio active radiation: α, β, and γ.
Mole technology
Main emitted γ radiation and their half life times:
• 238U 4.46*109 yr
• 232Th 1.39*1010 yr
• 40K 1.3*109 yr
• 137Cs 30 yr
Mole technology
• 1992 State University Groningen (RuG) -> The Soil Company.
• Mobile soil sensor system The Mole:– Detector material CsI
– Standard spectra crystal specific
– Full Spectrum Analysis (Chi-
squared algorithm)
Surveys
Mole nuclide maps
• Quantitative output in Bq/kg: TC, 40K, 238U, 232Th, and 137Cs.
123250 123300 123350 123400 123450
416450
416500
416550
416600
416650
416700
416750
416800
416850
416900
123250 123300 123350 123400 123450
416450
416500
416550
416600
416650
416700
416750
416800
416850
416900
123250 123300 123350 123400 123450
416450
416500
416550
416600
416650
416700
416750
416800
416850
416900
123250 123300 123350 123400 123450
416450
416500
416550
416600
416650
416700
416750
416800
416850
416900
123250 123300 123350 123400 123450
416450
416500
416550
416600
416650
416700
416750
416800
416850
416900
Mole nuclide maps
• Quality of soil:– Sport pitches during
construction.
– Variation Th to predict clay variation.
• Contamination– Tsjernobyl
– High unnatural U content
• General soil types
213700 213720 213740 213760 213780 213800
566460
566480
566500
566520
566540
566560
11.522.533.544.555.566.577.588.599.51010.51111.51212.513
T h
38.032 38.034 38.036 38.038 38.04 38.042 38.044 38.046 38.048 38.05
53.878
53.88
53.882
53.884
53.886
53.888
53.89
53.892Cs
110120130140150160170180190200210220230240250260270280290300310320330340350360370
Mole nuclide maps
• Soil abnormalities or disturbances– Dump spots of waste
– Old brooks
– Archeological sites
– Deposits of dredging
1 9 8 1 0 0 1 9 8 2 0 0 1 9 8 3 0 0 1 9 8 4 0 0 1 9 8 5 0 0 1 9 8 6 0 0 1 9 8 7 0 0
5 4 1 6 0 0
5 4 1 7 0 0
5 4 1 8 0 0
5 4 1 9 0 0
5 4 2 0 0 0
5 4 2 1 0 0
5 4 2 2 0 0
T C
182550 182600 182650 182700 182750
437850
437900
437950
438000
438050
438100 T C
1 8 1 0 0 0 1 8 1 0 5 0 1 8 1 1 0 0 1 8 1 1 5 0 1 8 1 2 0 0 1 8 1 2 5 0 1 8 1 3 0 0
4 9 8 8 0 0
4 9 8 8 5 0
4 9 8 9 0 0
4 9 8 9 5 0
4 9 9 0 0 0
4 9 9 0 5 0
4 9 9 1 0 0
4 9 9 1 5 0
T C
135850 135900 135950 136000432500
432550
432600
432650
432700
432750
Mole derived Soil Maps• Regression analysis comparing nuclide information with soil
properties.• Correlations gamma and physical soil properties relative
comparable for different regions and soil types (from Sweden down to India).
loam = 1.096(U+Th) - 9.1042
R2 = 0.86
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
U + Th in Bq/kg
loa
m c
on
ten
t in
%
OM = 0.0023K2 - 0.7717K + 71.734
R2 = 0.84
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0
40K in Bq/kg
Org
anic
Mat
ter
in %
Mole derived Soil Maps• Texture maps:
– Clay%, sand%, grain size, soil type.– R2 0.75 – 0.9.
• Nutrient maps: – Organic matter, pH, P, K, Mg, Ca. – R2 0.6 – 0.85.
• Pedotransfer maps: – bulk density, water retention, field capacity, saturated hydraulic
conductivity.– Models WUR.
• Risk maps:– Compaction, Trichodorides.– Models.
Mole derived Soil Maps
Quality of soil, maintenance.
• Bulb growers:– Barrenness of soil based on %
sand, % OM and grain size.
• Soccer pitches: – % sand, % OM, % clay and
grain size.
• Garden bushes & trees:– % sand, % OM, % clay and
grain size.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
1344150 1344250 1344350 1344450 1344550 1344650 1344750 1344850 1344950 1345050 1345150
6463625
6463725
6463825
6463925
6464025
6464125
6464225
6464325
6464425
6464525
6464625
0 100 200 300 400
Hush
Bjertorp 34
25.3 ha
200700604
N
Average: 2.6
Name:
Field:
Size:
Subject:
O rganic m atter (% )
Organic matter (%)
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
231250 231270 231290 231310 231330 231350 231370
584050
584070
584090
584110
584130
584150
584170
0 10 20 30 40
Naam:
Perceel:
Projectie:
Gemeente Groningen
Old Forward 2
200801102
Gem iddelde: 21.6
W aterretentie(M axim aal % voor de p lant beschikbare hoeveelheid
vocht / cm 3 bodem )
W aterretentie
N
Mole derived Soil Maps
Quality of soil for crop
• Golfcourse– pH and liming vs street grass
• Agriculture, risk spots: – Variation pH for onions.
– Clay content as habitat for trichodorides for potatoes.
N
142600 142800 143000 143200
467200
467400
467600
467800
468000
468200
468400
468600
468800
0
4.5
0 100 200 300 400
pH
pH
Naam:
Holenr:
Projectie:
Hilversumsche Golfclub
1 t/m 18
Mole derived Soil Maps
Quality of soil for crop
• Golfcourse– pH and liming vs street grass
• Agriculture, risk spots: – Variation pH for onions.
– Clay content as habitat for trichodorides for potatoes.
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
244825 245025 245225 245425 245625 245825 246025 246225
616525
616725
616925
617125
617325
617525
617725
617925
0 100 200 300
Naam :
Perceel:
Omvang:
Projectie:
Holstar
Tarwestoppel
109 ha
Gemiddelde: 5.4
201001701
pH
pH
N
52600 52800 53000 53200 53400 53600 53800 54000 54200 54400
393300
393500
393700
393900
394100
394300
394500
394700
394900
395100
0 100 200 300 400
Naam:
Perceel:
Projectie:
KMW P
Trichodorus overzicht
200402999
N
Trichodorus ris ico
Trichodorus risico
H oog ris ico
G em atigd ris ico
Laag ris ico
zeer gem atigdris ico
Mole derived Soil Maps
Precision Agriculture (NL)
• Variable rate application– Liming
– Fertilization
– Irrigation
– Planting and seeding
– Herbicides
– Soil preparation to prevent compaction
Mole derived Soil Maps
Precision Ag: nitrogen.
• Starch potatoes production:– Soils high variation in OM
– Available nitrogen varies
– VRA of liquid fertilizers leads to 3% yield increase
• Consumer potatoes:– Heterogeneous soils for clay
and OM
– VRA of liquid fertilizer leads to a 15% financial benefit.
Mole derived Soil MapsVariable planting distance • Seed potatoes:
– Clay map or water retention base for planting distance.– Size 28-55 best paid.– Average 4% income increase.– 240 – 500 euro/ha benefit.
• Wheat and sugar beet
Irrigation
• Consumer potato Egypt– Combining Mole water
related soil maps and local weather information and water soil probe.
– Applying right amount at the right time
– Yield increase 8%, soft rot % drops with 3% to 1-2%.
Mole derived Soil Maps
Miscellaneous:
• Land pricing estate agents
• Land degradation for nature (phosphates)
• Pollution of heavy metals.
243400 243600 243800 244000 244200 244400 244600 244800 245000 245200568000
568200
568400
568600
568800
569000
569200
569400
569600
569800
0 150 300 450 600
Naam :
Perceel:
Projectie:
Tusschenwater
Alle velden
Fosfor
Gemiddelde: 24.9
200710030
N
0
10
20
30
40
50
100
150
200
250
P (P2) in m m ol/kg
Conclusions• Although not very wide spread in use, Mole gamma ray
sensors can be a very powerful device for the quantitative mapping of top soil.
• Nuclide data are applicable for building models of more or less stable soil properties.
• Variation of nuclide values or modeled soil properties can be directly applied to get information on soils or indirectly for soil related practices, like precision ag.
Thank you for your attention.
The Soil Company, Leonard Springerlaan 9, 9727 KB Groningen, The Netherlands +31 50 5773240, [email protected] , www.soilcompany.com
iSOIL- “Interactions between soil related sciences – Linking geophysics, soil science and digital soil mapping” is a Collaborative Project (Grant Agreement number 211386) co-funded by the Research DG of the European Commission within the RTD activities of the FP7 Thematic Priority Environment.
This publication reflects the author’s views. The European Commission is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.