Applications of Embedded Systems

7/28/2019 Applications of Embedded Systems

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WORLD IS FLOODED WITH

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS(ES).

So what basically is EMBEDDED SYSTEM???

In layman's language, its like something

which doesnt look like computer but has got a

microprocessor.

Actually ES=hardware+software+other mechanicalparts to perform additional work.


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Examples of ES

Modem, Floppy drive, soundcard

Satellites, Washing machine, robots , cordless phone,

automobiles. Unmanned space probes, computerized traffic lights, aircraft

flight control systems

Kitchen (bread-machine, food processor, oven)

Workplace (Fax machine, pagers, laser printers credit card

readers)

Note: If ES is well designed existence of processor and softwarecould be completely unnoticed by user


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Embedded Systems

The embedded system

is completely enclosedin the main system.

It does not interact

directly with the

environment.


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Attributes of an ES

Computational power

Memory

Real-time

Communication

Dynamic decisions


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Challenges for an ES

Limited OS support for programming

Limited secondary memory

Limited RAM Limited processing time

Interaction with hardware

Absence of standard I/O devices


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Fundamental components of ES

Computational/Processing Power

Memory

Real time


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Real Time Systems

Real time systems have to guarantee that they will

respond to an external event within a specified

amount of time.

Real Time systems dont haveto be real fast.

They do have to be reliably on time.


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Type of Real Time Systems

Based on the type of timing guarantee they

provide, real time systems are classified as

soft real time

or

hard real time.


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Soft Real Time Systems

Soft real time systems provide a time guarantee,

but missing an event is not catastrophic.

For example, image decoding used during

satellite TV reception must be completed within aframe time.

If this guarantee is missed, there will be a visible

glitch.

Annoyingbut not catastrophic!


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Hard Real Time Systems

Hard real time systems are used when missing a

timing deadline will lead to catastrophic results.

For example, a missile guidance system should

not miss any events!


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So why use soft real time

systems at all?

Both soft and hard real time systems provide a

real time guarantee. But if we can afford to miss a

few events, this guaranteed response time can be

much shorter.

Soft real time systems would be used in non-

critical applications which need to be very fast.


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Hard and Soft

Real Time Systems

The time guarantee provided by soft real time

systems is statistical in naturewhereas that

provided by hard real time systems is absolute.

Design of soft real time systems optimizes average

case responsewhereas hard real time systems

must be designed for worst case situations.


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What is an Embedded System?

Embedded systems are more limited in hardware

and/or software functionality than a personal

computer.

An embedded system is designed to perform a

dedicated function. An embedded system is a computer system with

higher quality and reliability requirements than

other types of computer systems.


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Embedded System?

Computational

but not first-and-foremost a computer

Integral with physical processes

sensors

Reactive

at the speed of the environment

Heterogeneous

hardware/software, mixed architectures

Networked

shared, adaptive


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Embedded Systems: Common Situation

Different hardware devices and architectures

Increased complexity

Non-standard tools and design processes

Redundant development efforts

Increased R&D and sustaining costs

Lack of standardization results in greater quality

risks

Customer confusion


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HISTORY of ES

1st micro processor was made in 1971 by INTELproductions.

In 1969, 4004 was designed by Intel for use in a line ofbusiness calculators produced by Japanese company

BUSICOM. Here instead of designing a custom hardware for each

calculator a general-purpose circuit was usedthroughout the line of calculators. The processor was

designed to read and execute a set of instructionssoftware) stored in an external memory chip.

Real idea of Intel --- The software would give eachcalculator its unique feature.


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Embedded systems are on the cutting edge of consumer electronics,

poised to revolutionize various technologies by making them "smarter."

Embedded System Applications describes the latest techniques for

embedded system design in a variety of applications

Music systems

Card Reader

Washing machine Digital watch

Washing machine


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Music system

Includes advanced complex ES

Uses 8-bit micro processor for handling user inputs anddisplay

Decoders for decoding inputs stream for varioussupported media

RAM varies from 64KB to a few MB displaying onhow complex the systems

For real time feature media should be read ,decodedand the stream must be sent to the speaker/videooutput at a predefined rate


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Card Reader

This mechanism is used in security systems of some buildings.

System requirements :

1)A Reader with sensors to give input to

microprocessor which has an access control list

2) Magnetic card of user3)Software in a ROM


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Design of ES


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Difficulties in designing ES


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What the ES stores in the proximity

of future


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Languages used for programming

ES


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Wireless Embedded System Networks


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Embedded System: A Connected Effort

Key Challenges

Control environmental parameters:

Temp, Humidity etc.Minimize power consumption

Cheap and small

Limited operation range of network:

Maximum 50 to 100 m

Low data rate per node: 1

10 bits/node(average)

Low mobility (at least 90% of nodes stationary)

Documents

Applications of Embedded Systems