Application of the DPSIR framework to the eco-governance of transitional waters

Alice Newton

IMAR-Institute of Marine Research

University of the AlgarveGambelas Campus

8005-139 FARO

Tel. +351919110026 ; Fax +351289800066

http://w3.ualg.pt/~anewton/ anewton@ualg.ptLecce, June 2008

Application of the DPSIR framework to the eco-governance of transitional waters

Alice Newton

IMAR-Institute of Marine Research

University of the AlgarveGambelas Campus

8005-139 FARO

Tel. +351919110026 ; Fax +3512898000066

http://w3.ualg.pt/~anewton/ anewton@ualg.pt

Lesson 1: Definitions and development of the DPSIR framework, Drivers and Pressures

Lecce, June 2008

DPSIR framework for eco-governance of transitional watersDefinitions and development of the DPSIR frameworkAlice Newton

Table of contents

Definition of DPSIRDevelopment of the DPSIR frameworkDrivers and Pressures

An arrow pointing downwards means that there is more information below the slide in the note section.You will also have lesson notes for each lesson and a number of important papers in pdf format

Concepts and knowledge presented in the lesson

DPSIR framework for eco-governance of transitional watersDefinitions and development of the DPSIR frameworkAlice Newton

~Definition of DPSIR~The development of the DPSIR

framework and its application to transitional and coastal waters, especially with respect to eutrophication

~Drivers and pressures associated with biomass production and extraction

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What is DPSIR?~Drivers~Pressures~State~Impacts ~Responses

OECD (1993). OECD core set of indicators for environmental

performance reviews. OECD Environment Monographs No. 83. OECD. Paris.

The DPSIR framework links economics, social sciences and natural sciences

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~Drivers: socio-economic activities, e.g. tourist development

~Pressures: that affect the environment and the ecosystem e.g. increase nutrient runoff

~State: quantifiable metrics, indicators of environmental and ecological quality e.g. Dissolved Oxygen, chlorophyll a concentration

~ Impacts: ~environmental e.g. increase turbidity,~ecological, e.g. loss of biodiversity, ~economic e.g. lower fish catches, ~social e.g. loss of fishing jobs

~Responses: of society to manage or abate the problem, e.g. new management criteria, new infrastructure, new policy

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Origins of DPSIR~1979 Rapport and Friend:

stress response model~1993 OECD:

P-S-R model (updated 2004)~1999 EEA

DPSIR model~2001 EEA:

DPSIR applied to eutrophication in transitional waters

Carr et al 2007

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PSR + eutrophication P

SR

BODDONutrients

OECD 1993

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DPSIR + eutrophication + EU coastal waters

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Pressures WFD TCW

Borja, A. et al 2006

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DPSIR +

lagoons

Aliaume, C., Do Chi, T, Viaroli, P., and Zaldivar, J.M.,2007. Coastal lagoons of Southern Europe: Recent changes and future scenarios. Transitional Waters Monographs 1:1-12.

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DPSIR + lagoon

Aliaume, C., Do Chi, T, Viaroli, P., and Zaldivar, J.M.,2007. Coastal lagoons of Southern Europe: Recent changes and future scenarios. Transitional Waters Monographs 1:1-12.

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Transitional waters and lagoons play a key role in the Earth System functioning.

They provide a significant contribution to the life support systems of most societies. Goods and services derived from coastal systems depend strongly on multiple trans-boundary interactions with the land, atmosphere, open ocean and sea bottom.

Socio-economic drivers such as urbanization, food production, tourism and transportation accelerate the pressures on the coastal zone and resources.

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Socio-economic, e.g. tourist development

e.g. increase nutrient runoff

Drivers and Pressures

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Socio-Economic DriversAliaume et al list• Agriculture• Aquaculture• Industry• Urban

development• Climate change

Aliaume, C., Do Chi, T, Viaroli, P., and Zaldivar,

J.M.,2007. Coastal lagoons of Southern

Europe: Recent changes and future scenarios.

Transitional Waters Monographs 1: 1-12.

List for these lectures• Biomass production• Biomass extraction• Water and mineral

extraction• Industry• Transport• Changing land use• Changing lifestyles• Global change

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Socio-Economic Drivers

•Biomass production•Agriculture•Animal rearing•Aquaculture

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Biomass productionAgricultural Drivers Agricultural

Pressures~ Fertilizer use and surplus ~ Nutrient

inputs~ Crop legume N fixation ~ Pesticides

~ Biofuels ~ Herbicides

~ Organic matter~ Animal wastes inputs~ Aquaculture

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Intensive agriculture

Greenhouses

Almeria, ES

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DRIVER: Intensive Agriculture

Photo Bruno Fragoso

Vitacress agricultural development on the Ria Formosa

20Photo Igor Khmelinskii

DRIVER: Agriculture…

…and golf

Quinta do Lago golf development on the Ria Formosa

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AGRICULTURAL Drivers

~Fertilizer use and surplus

~Legume crop N fixation

~Biofuels

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DRIVER: Agriculture and

golfPressures~Use of agrochemicals (fertilizers…)~Wetland drainage ~Animal wastes~Loss of riparian vegetation~Irrigation

~Damming~ Groundwater

extraction

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Synthetic fertilizer use and surplus

Agricultural Drivers

see text below slide

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Fertilizer use http://www.efma.org

~Industrial N- fixation and synthetic fertilizer process invented during WW1

~Not widely used ‘til 1950’s~Steady increase ‘til late 1980s~Slight decline to 1994

(collapse of Soviet collective farms)~Rapid increase since 1995

(China & India)

1996: annual fertilizer use ~83 Tg

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Agriculturalfertilizer

application

easily transferred

directly to the aquatic

environment or via the

atmosphere…

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Agricultural DriversMonoculture of

Legumes~Leguminous plants harbor symbiotic

micro-organisms in their root nodules~The micro-organisms can fix N2 and so

these plants can grow in N-poor soil~Beans, peas etc, protein rich crops ~Grown for human (soybean, peanut) and

animal consumption (clover, lucerne, alfalfa) as well as for biofuels (soybean, peanut)

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Agricultural Drivers

~Sugar cane~Sugar beet~Maize~Palm oil~Soybean

Cultivation of Biofuels crops

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DRIVER: Biomass Production

DRIVER PRESSURE~ Animal rearing ~ Animal

wastes ~Aquaculture ~ Organic

matter inputs

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Biomass production Drivers

~Netherlands: (2000)~Human pop.= 15 700 000

~Denmark (2004)~Human pop. 5 300 000

Animal population?

Livestock's Long Shadow, 2006

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Pollution from human population and domestic sewage is augmented by waste from domestic animals. This may not be treated.

Ringkøbing Fjord, Dk

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Drivers: Biomass production

Animal Rearing~Netherlands: (2000)

~Human pop.= 15 700 000~Cattle = 4 200 000 4:1 ~Pigs = 14 000 000 1:0.9~Chickens 108 000 000 1:7

~Denmark (2004)~Human pop. 5 300 000 1:5~Pigs 25 000 000

…..5 times more pigs than humans…..15 times more pig manure than human

sewage

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Animal rearing

produces meat… … and manure!

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PressureOrganic matter,

manure~USA 5 tonnes animal wastes per

resident p.a.~Netherlands: (2000)

~6 tonnes animal wastes per resident pa

~Government Levy Bureau monitor~Farm inputs (feeds,etc)~Output (meat & dairy)~Manure and what happens to it

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Dairy farm effluent

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Intensive pig farming

Waste production

1 pig=3 humans

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The EU-12 pig farming is a growing sector that is shifting towards fewer holdings with larger numbers of animals.

Evidence is also beginning to emerge of major investments in animal production units in Eastern Europe.

Pig production units often import fodder from outside the EU, thus decoupling protein production from European farming.

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ELME, 2007

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Poultry farms

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Industrial Poultry farms

25000 chicken in each shed

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Fisheries and

Aquaculture

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AquacultureDue to the increase of sea-food demand and the

decrease of natural marine stocks, coastal lagoons are increasingly exploited for aquaculture.

Italy: clams/mussels

France: oysters/mussels

Spain: mussels/clams

Greece: fish

Portugal: clams

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  Thau lagoon (France):

• >10% French oyster production (~13000 tons)

•Direct employment 2220

• ~ 40 M€

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2nd Italian producer of clams (~ 8000 tons) after Venice lagoon

Sacca di Goro (Italy):

•1500 jobs

• ~ 30 M€

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Artesanal culture system for clams in the Ria Formosa

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Culture system for oysters in the Ria Formosa

Even artesanal and extensive aquaculture causes some pressures

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Intensive aquaculture

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~Aquaculture Effluent: Pressures on Inland & Coastal Waters~Eutrophication~Pollution Control~Using Natural Fish Stocks to Feed Farmed Fish~Genetic Conservation & Aquatic Biodiversity~Introduction of Alien Species~Habitat Destruction: Mangrove Forests~Socio-Economic effects and conflicts

http://www.ecasa.org.uk/Documents/Poster.Aqua06.pdfhttp://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/aquacult/overview.php

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•Biomass extraction•Fisheries•Logging

Socio-Economic Drivers

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Fisheries in lagoons are mainly from small artesanal boats because the lagoons are shallowLagoon of Lesina (E.Manini)

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Lagoon of Cabras

52typically multispecies fisheries

Lagoon fisheries are

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Typical small scale, artesanal fishing boats

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Artesanal fishing in coastal lagoon in Greece

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Artesanal fishing in Ringkøbing Fjord, Dk

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~Habitat disruption~Dynamite fishing~Cyanide fishing~Bottom trawling

~Ecological disruption~Overfishing~By catch

Fisheries Pressures

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Biomass extraction, logging and mangrove

removal

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In the next lecture we will continue looking at Drivers

and Pressures…