Application of Remote sensing and GIS in siting IDPS' Camp

7/24/2019 Application of Remote sensing and GIS in siting IDPS' Camp

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THE USE OF REMOTE SENSING AND

GIS IN SITING AND ESTIMATION OF

INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS

(IDPS) CAMP: ISSUES, CHALLENGESAND CONSIDERATIONS

BY1

Okegbola, M.O.2

Oyebanji, S.T.3

Isaac, K.O.4Olaosegba, S.O.1,2,3,4 Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics,

Federal School of Surveying, Oyo, Oyo State.


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Abstract

In an occurrence through any course whatsoever of aninternal displacement of person(s), estimating the size

of forcibly displaced population is highly needed,

documenting their records is a great key to highlighting

their plight and allocating sufficient resources andspaces to their assistance as e.g (individuals, from

individuals to family, from families to community, from

communities to village, from villages to town etc.)

obtaining and keeping the records of the displacedpersons will help in the preparation and siting of the

IDPScamp, in terms of the size and resources expected,

but this is not often done especially during the most


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Abstract (contd.)

difficult phase of displacement in this country and someothers around the world specifically in African

countries, due to critical issues and methodological

challenges of inaccessibility and unavailability of

materials and resources including funding and

sponsorships for the establishments of IDPS camp

among others. In this study we explored the potential

use of very high resolution imagery (IKONOS 1mresolution) to remotely estimate the population of

internally displaced persons and as well to aid the

preparation for the choice of the best site for theIDPS


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Abstract (contd.)

camp in terms of the requirements. A terrestrialsurveying approach was also used to compliment the

choice of the site while GIS was used to store further

database records of the displaced persons, among other

things which were looked into in this paper are the

issues and challenges faced while trying to choose a

good IDPScamp and finally a geomatic engineers (A

Surveyors) considerations and recommendations areproffered for better and quick choices.


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Keywords

Remote Sensing, GIS, Siting, Estimation, InternallyDisplaced Person, Challenges


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Introduction

According to (International Federation of RedCross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), 1994).In a world of complex conflict situations, man-made and natural disasters affect continuously an

increasing number of people. It is observed thatthis resulted in having refugee and internallydisplaced person (IDP). The main difference

between a refugee and an internally displaced

person is that an internally displaced person takesrefuge within his or her country of nationality andhas not crossed an internationally recognized

border.


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Introduction (contd.)

In the context of this presentation, emphasis will be laidon IDP which is literarily synonymous with

Refugee as well. The relief agency often has very

limited knowledge of the causes of displacement, area

affected, the number of people involved, their location,

condition etc. It thus calls for a need to receive up-to-

date and objective geographic information system on

the area of interest (Bouchardy 1995), find out the bestmethods on how such situations will be managed.


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Most relief operations can be divided into threephases, each with varying needs for geographic

information system. These phases include:

Emergency relief, Moni tor ing phase and

Rehabilitationphase

During an emergency phase, maps are used to

disseminate baseline information on the area of

interest.


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In the monitoring phase, relief agencies needupdated information on the number of IDP needing

assistance, and the IDPspopulation density.

During the rehabilitation phase, relief agenciesneed information on the environmental conditions

on the IDPs area of origin as well as other

background information.


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This paper describes a concept study to assess thepotential capabilities of the use of high spatial

resolution (HSR) satellite imageries to map IDPs

camps on an operational basis. This paper thus

describes the use of remote sensing and GIS in

siting and estimating the population of internally

displaced persons (IDPS) camp; other issues

relating to its management, challenges in sitingIDPscamp and considerations.


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IDPS STATISTICS IN NIGERIA

According to statistics from related presentation fromJanuary 2013 to February 2014 the National

Commission for Refugees, Migrants and IDP

(NCRMID) recorded no fewer than 613,729 displaced

Nigerians living in various IDP camps across the nation,

Their displacement was induced by various conflicts

and natural disasters witnessed in recent times. But with

the increase in violent attacks, abductions and killings inthe Northern part of Nigeria (Borno, Yobe, Gombe,

Plateu, Kano, Kaduna and Niger) this figure is assumed

to have risen by at least 100%.


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DIKWA IDP CAMP, BORNO STATE


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CHALLENGES OF IDPS IN NIGERIA

The Nigerian government has been rather reactive ratherthan proactive in addressing the factors that lead to IDPs.

In some occasions the Nigerian government both at the

federal and state level have increased IDPs through

developmental policies that do not put the rights ofNigerians into considerations. This can be seen in several

demolition exercises which have seen houses, villages,

settlements, water fronts destroyed without proper

compensation, re-instatement and settlements of thedisplaced by the government. Some states affected by

government demolition are; Abuja, Lagos (Ijora, Makoko,

Oshodi), and Rivers etc.


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THE CAUSES OF IDPSNatural Disasters including floods, erosion, oil

spillage, drought amongst others

clashes between Fulani Herdsmen and Farmers

Conflicts between government security agents and

armed militias.

Development Projects and resource sharing e.g (Jabi

inhabitants relocation to Kuchiko village during FCC

implementation)

Handing over of Nigerias Territory to other

countries e.g (the Bakassi returnees due to the ruling

of the International Court of Justice on the case) etc.


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CHALLENGES AND IMPACTS OF

THESE CAUSES OF IDPS

Destruction of houses and property (looted orburnt).

IDPs take-up refuge on temporary shelters

schools, police stations, military barracks, publicbuildings & places of worship.

Camping is done in congested shelters that are

isolated, insecure and inhospitable.

Insecurity, exploitation, unwanted pregnancy,human trafficking and gender based violence/abuse

including most especially rape crimes.


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Challenges (contd.)

IDPs face injustice (discrimination on healthissues, discrimination on the basis of ethnicity and

religion, sexual violence and deprivation of

livelihood).


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GIS AND SATELLITE REMOTE

SENSING IN SITING IDPS CAMP

A Geographic informationsystem (GIS) integrateshardware, software and datafor capturing, storing,managing, analyzing anddisplaying all forms ofgeographically/spatiallyreferenced information. GISallows us to view,understand question,interpret and visualize dataas maps, charts, globes andreports. (www.esri.com).
http://www.esri.com/http://www.esri.com/http://www.esri.com/http://www.esri.com/http://www.esri.com/http://www.esri.com/


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SITING IDPS CAMP (contd.)

Remote sensing is the method

where the observation of

features is done without having

contacts with them and this

includes the use of aerialphotographs, satellite

imageries from different

sources which vary in

resolutions. Differentrequirements on satellite

imagery depend on application,

meanwhile quality is

relative.


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What can we see on a satellite image?

View the affected areawith abilities to vectorize

View Tents/Buildings

Camp facilities can beviewed

Huts can be seen

Fences can be located

Trees and buses are seenand interpreted

Agricultural land use canbe identified etc.


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ESTIMATING AND MONITORING

POPULATION OF IDPS

Estimating average population numbers and distributions

at high spatial-resolution is difficult; measuring dynamic

population sizes and densities is an even greater

challenge. Population estimation could be done with the

use of remote sensing and GIS by extracting image

objects and classifying different dwelling types (e.g. tents,

huts etc.) according to spectral, geometrical and attribute

information. This could be modeled in order to have anup-to-date map which will guide in the planning of the

area or extents of space needed for the IDPs in order to

allocate a confortable space for individuals.


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SITING OF A FRESH CAMPSiting is an act of finding a site for something and in this

context it is finding a camping site for the internally displaced

persons (IDPs)and while siting an IDPscamp, lots of factors

are considered and series of processes are involved among

them is the fact that the terrain must be of a good topography

not a rugged one, security of the location, proximity tofacilities needed at the camp etc. If a land surveyor will want

to use the land surveying approach to get the product of the

terrain configuration which is referred to as Topographic

surveying the immediate need and urgency of the campconstruction will be delayed. But the employment of remote

sensing and GIS makes the siting including the faster planning

of the IDPscamp an easy task. Hence calls for this study.


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SITING OF A FRESH CAMP

Satellite imagery of theentire area

Satellite imagery of the

study area (as extractedfrom the entire area


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Showing points used forgeorefrencing

An overlay of the

vectorized map on theimagery


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Vectorised map of thestudy area A designed geodatabasetable for the IDPs


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To calculate Total Area for all buildings

and the mean area


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To calculate Total number of IDPs and as

well find the aggregate member in a family


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Sample Query where IDPs are hailed

from Kaduna state


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CONCLUSION

During an emergency phase the determining factor istime. In any crisis, where satellite imagery is used,

techniques for fast response are of high interest. Such

circumstances eventuate when no useful information

can be acquired from the ground due to the remotenessof area or a potential threat, i.e. natural dangers or

armed conflicts. For humanitarian relief organizations

population estimations for refugee and IDP camps are a

key-factor for their general logistics.


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CONCLUSION (contd.)

The newest generation of earth observation satellites(WorldView-1) with a spatial resolution of 0.5 meter

and higher offer new opportunities for more detailed

mapping approaches. More differentiated results are

expected from these data for visual interpretation andsupplementary object-based methods designate a high

potential due to the ability to define shape and size of

diverse settlements in camps with a semi-automatic

approach.


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CONCLUSION (contd.)

Thus, it cannot be kicked out that land survey is stillneeded to increase and check accuracies and it is also a

good opportunity to carry out a field survey to verify the

assumptions that could be made in the vectorization

processes. Of course it should be taken into account thattravelling into such crisis regions can be very risky

(which highlights the advantages of remote sensing).

One possible solution to solve this problem might be the

close collaboration with relief organizations working in

the area of interest and to receive ground truth

information from their field teams.


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REFERENCES

Bjrgo, E. (1999): Very high resolution satellites: A new sourceof information in humanitarian relief operations. In: Bulletin of

the American Society for Information Science, Year 1999

Oct/Nov. Pp. 4-10.

Gonzalez M. C., Hidalgo C. A., Barabasi A. L. (2008):

Understanding individual human mobility patterns. Nature

2008; Pp. 45, 82-779.

Haack, B.N. and E. Terrance Slonecker (1994): Merged

Spaceborne Radar and Thematic Mapper Digital Data for

Locating Villages in Sudan,Photogrammetric Engineering &

Remote Sensing, Vol. 60, No. 10, 1994, Pp. 1253-1257.


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Application of Remote sensing and GIS in siting IDPS' Camp