Application of Cogeneration on a Housing Complex - JOCET · was from coal fired boilers and steam turbine generators, Abstract — Cogeneration systems and equipment suitable for

Abstract—Cogeneration systems and equipment suitable for

residential and small-scale commercial applications like

hospital, hotel or institutional building are available, and new

systems have developed. These products are used or aimed for

meeting the electrical and thermal demands of a building for

space and domestic hot water heating. In last years

cogeneration has played a significant role in Turkish energy

strategy, with plans to satisfy the considerable portion of

Turkey’s requirements for electricity from cogeneration. The

main purpose of this work is to supply the demand for

electricity and heat for housing complex in Turkey.

In this study, it is showed that cogeneration systems in

housing complex are an extremely profitable investment for

country and consumers. Here application of cogeneration on

housing complex was made in Istanbul. It is stressed that this

technology should be applied as an energy method in old and

new housing complex.

The aim of this paper is to maintain a study by using real

consumptions of housing complex in Turkey. Electricity and

natural gas consumption quantities have been obtained from

housing complex. Finally as it is resulted from payback period

approach the system is paid off itself in 1.33 year,

approximately 16 months.

Index Terms—Cogeneration, energy efficiency, Turkey.

I. INTRODUCTION

Cogeneration also called combined heat and power (CHP)

is the simultaneous production of electrical or mechanical

energy (power) and useful thermal energy from a single

energy stream such as oil, coal, natural or liquefied gas,

biomass or solar [1]. The conventional sources of energy are

getting consumed at a very fast rate, which has focused

attention to the clean and renewable sources of energy [2].

Cogeneration is widely recognized worldwide as an attractive

alternative to the conventional power and heat generating

options due to its low capital investment, short gestation

period, reduced fuel consumption and associated

environmental pollution, and increased fuel diversity [3].

Cogeneration is not a new concept. Industrial plants led to the

concept of cogeneration back in the 1880s when steam was

the primary source of energy in industry, and electricity was

just surfacing as a product for both power and lighting [4].

The use of cogeneration became common practice as

engineers replaced steam driven belt and pulley mechanisms

with electric power and motors, moving from mechanical

powered systems to electrically powered systems. During the

early parts of the 20th century, most electricity generation

Manuscript received October 13, 2014; revised April 23, 2015. This work

was supported in part by the Republic of Turkey Marmara University

Scientific Research Commission in Istanbul FEN-A-120514-0156. The authors are with the Faculty of Technology, Department of

Mechanical Engineering, Marmara University, Kadikoy, Istanbul 34722

Turkey (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]).

was from coal fired boilers and steam turbine generators,

with the exhaust steam used for industrial heating

applications. In the early 1900s, as much as 58% of the total

power produced in the USA by on-site industrial power

plants was estimated to be cogenerated [5]. Because of

energy price increases and uncertainty of fuel supplies,

systems that are efficient and can utilize alternative fuels

started drawing attention. In addition, cogeneration gained

attention because of the lower fuel consumption and

emissions associated with the application of cogeneration [6].

Today, because of these reasons, various governments

especially in Europe, US, Canada and Japan are taking

leading roles in establishing and/or promoting the increased

use of cogeneration applications not only in the industrial

sector but also in other sectors including the residential sector

[5].

In the literature, many studies can be seen about

cogeneration systems. Allen and Kovacik [7] studied

advantages of cogeneration systems with a gas turbine and

heat recovery system that uses the exhaust of a gas turbine.

Sahin et al. [8] and Sahin and Kodal [9] performed

performance analyses of cogeneration foundations with

respect to maximum exergy criterion using finite time

thermodynamics. Yilmaz [10] has carried out a performance

analysis based on alternative performance criteria for a

reversible Carnot cycle, modified for cogeneration, with

external irreversibilities. Criterions used in examining

cogeneration systems have been evaluated by Feng et al. [11];

a new thermodynamic performance criterion named

cogeneration efficiency has been propounded. According to

new criterion, not only should the energy utilization factor be

considered but also the rate of cost of heat and electric should

be determined. Benelmir and Feidt [12] studied cogeneration

systems and strategies of energy management. They

compared conventional energy systems with cogeneration

systems in terms of cost of investment, economic advantage,

and time of repayment. Bilgen [13] performed exergetics and

thermoeconomic analyses for a cogeneration unit with a gas

turbine. He examined cogeneration systems with gas turbines

and combined cogeneration systems depending on the ratio

of heat/power and the determined time of repayment based on

efficiencies of the first and second law of thermodynamics

and costs. Khaliq and Kaushik [14] examined the second-law

approach for the thermodynamic analysis of the reheat

combined Brayton/Rankine power cycle. They found that the

exergy destruction in the combustion chamber represents

over 50% of the total exergy destruction in the overall cycle.

The combined cycle efficiency and its power output were

maximized at an intermediate pressure-ratio, and increased

sharply up to two reheat-stages and more slowly thereafter.

Marrero et al. [15] analyzed a combined triple (Brayton/

Rankine/ Rankine) (gas/ steam/ ammonia) power cycle. One

goal of their study was to find what configuration would

Application of Cogeneration on a Housing Complex

M. Atmaca, E. Yilmaz, and A. B. Kurtulus

Journal of Clean Energy Technologies, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2016

129DOI: 10.7763/JOCET.2016.V4.266

achieve a thermal efficiency of 60% when reasonably

practical constraints for system parameters are used. Lund et

al. [16] and Lund and Andersen [17] studied implementation

strategy and optimization of cogeneration plants. Recently,

optimization studies on exergetic performance of gas turbine

based cogeneration systems can be seen in the references [18],

[19].

The aim of this paper is to maintain a study by using real

consumptions of housing complex in Turkey. A cogeneration

system is considered for the study. Electricity and natural gas

consumption quantities have been obtained from housing

complex for this study. Cost analysis study was conducted.

According to cost analysis study, it is found that cogeneration

system is economical and depreciation time is very quickly.

Finally as it is resulted from payback period approach the

system is paid off itself in 1.33 year, approximately 16

months.

II. DEVELOPMENT OF COGENERATION IN TURKEY

For the last years cogeneration has played a significant part

in the Turkish energy strategy, with plans to satisfy a

considerable portion of Turkey’s requirements for electricity

from cogeneration [20]. Turkey, with its young population

and growing energy demand per person, its fast growing

urbanization, and its economic development, has been one of

the fast growing power markets of the world for the last years.

It is expected that the demand for electric energy in Turkey

will be 556 billion kWh by the year 2020 [21].

In 1998, of Turkey’s final energy consumption 38% was

used by the industrial sector, followed by residential at 34%,

transportation at 19%, the agricultural sector at 5%, and the

nonenergy use at 3%. The share of the industrial sector in this

consumption is expected to continue to grow at

approximately 9% per year and to 59% in 2020. As Turkey’s

economy has expanded in recent years, the consumption of

oil has increased. This growth in consumption is expected to

continue up to the year 2020 at a rate of about 4.5% per year.

The proportion of oil is expected to decrease somewhat as

natural gas usage increases. In this regard, oil accounted for

46% of this consumption, with coal at 20% and natural gas at

8% in 1998. It is projected that these figures will be 29% for

oil, 35% for coal, and 11% for natural gas by 2020 [22], [23].

Notable efforts are assigned to ensure the use of domestic

resources insofar as is possible in order to meet the demand of

energy, but as is already known, the meeting of energy

demand of the country totally by local resources is out of

question [24]. Because of its limited energy resources,

Turkey is heavily dependent on imported oil and gas. There

are major oil and gas pipelines going through Turkey and

additional pipelines are being constructed or are being

planned. Turkey has approximately 8 billion tons of coal

reserves, of which a large portion is of low quality [20]. This

means that there is some production of lignite, which is used

as a fuel for thermal power plants, domestic consumers, and

industry. Turkey does not have satisfactory reserves of

natural gas. As of the end of 1998, the known total reserves

were 15.5 billion m3, of which 12.4 billion m

3 is recoverable.

The production of natural gas in Turkey began in 1976 and

was realized as 253 and 565 million m3 in 1997 and 1998,

respectively. However, this production is estimated to be 150

million m3 in 2010 and 121 million m

3 in 2020 [22]. Turkey’s

potential indigenous sources available for power generation

are comprised of 105 billion kWh lignite, 16 billion kWh

hard coal, and 125 billion kWh hydroelectric resources. The

total potential adds up to 246 billion kWh [24]. The Fig. 1

shows the installed cogeneration capacity development in

Turkey [21].

Fig. 1. Installed capacity of cogeneration in Turkey.

III. APPLICATION OF COGENERATION ON A HOUSING

COMPLEX

In this study application of cogeneration on housing

complex was made in Istanbul. It is shown in Fig. 2, a

housing complex in Istanbul.

Fig. 2. A housing complex, Istanbul, Kucukcekmece — Kayabasi.

Site: Housing complex with 1340 flats

Operating hours: 8060 h

Total hours in a year = 24×365=8760 h

( )

(1)

The plant life (n) is 20 years and it is consumed natural gas

as fuel in there. There is no steam requirement at the system.

Hot water between 70-90°C is needed at the central heating

installation. Main purpose is to supply electricity demand of

housing complex and partially supplying heating demand.

In calculations, electricity produced more than

requirement is sold with 20% discount rate [25], [26]. Natural

gas used for cooking at houses is not included to calculations.

The full stop is used as thousand separators while comma is

used as decimal point. Electricity and natural gas demand of

housing complex can be seen in the Table I and Table II [26].


130

TABLE I: ELECTRICITY DEMAND OF HOUSING COMPLEX

Months Consumption

Number

of

Houses

Total

[kWh]

January 167 1340 223780

February 149 1340 199660

March 171 1340 229140

April 115 1340 154100

May 128 1340 171520

June 139 1340 186260

July 141 1340 188940

August 138 1340 184920

September 157 1340 210380

October 134 1340 179560

November 163 1340 218420

December 158 1340 211720

Ee 2358400

TABLE II: NATURAL GAS DEMAND OF HOUSING COMPLEX

Months Cons.

[m3]

Cons.

[kWh]

Number

of

Houses

Total

[kWh]

January 137 1288 1340 1726569.9

February 146 1373 1340 1839994.2

March 120 1129 1340 1512324.0

April 90 846 1340 1134243.0

May 23 216 1340 289862.1

June 17 160 1340 214245.9

July 19 179 1340 239451.3

August 17 160 1340 214245.9

September 22 207 1340 277259.4

October 84 790 1340 1058626.8

November 119 1119 1340 1499721.3

December 132 1241 1340 1663556.4

Et 10535857.2

In Table I and Table II, Ee and Et represent total annual

electricity demand and total annual natural gas demand

respectively. These consumption distributions can be seen

explicitly at Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 monthly.

Fig. 3. Monthly electricity consumption (kWh).

Fig. 4. Monthly natural gas consumption (kWh).

One of the ways to select capacity is according to peak

consumption value. As it seen from the electricity

consumption figure, the most electricity consumption in the

year was occurred in March. Electricity demand in this month

is 229140 kWh. According to assumption of facility operates

24 hours and 30 days.

Power Requirement;

(2)

When the systems losses and inner electricity

consumptions are taken in to consideration, it is suitable to

choose system power more than calculated power

requirement. GE’s Jenbacher type 2 gas engine is suitable to

supply electrical demand of the site as shown in Fig. 5. The

cost of system is 290000$. Systems’ efficiencies, outputs and

NOx emissions are at the Table III and Table IV. The

technical properties of gas engine is as shown at the Table V.

TABLE III: OUTPUTS AND ELECTRICALLY EFFICIENCIES OF GAS ENGINE

Natural Gas 1500 rpm/50 Hz

NOX Type Pel (kW) ηel (%)

500 mg/m3N 208 330 38.7

TABLE IV: OUTPUTS AND THERMAL EFFICIENCIES OF GAS ENGINE

Natural Gas 1500 rpm/50 Hz

NOX Type Pth (kW) ηth (%)

500 mg/m3N 208 363 42.6

TABLE V: TECHNICAL DATAS OF GAS ENGINE

Configuration In line

Bore (mm) 135

Stroke (mm) 145

Displacement/cylinder (L) 2.08

Speed (rpm) 1.500 (50Hz), 1.800 (60Hz)

Mean piston speed (inch/s) 7,3 (1.500 rpm), 8,7 (1.800 rpm)

Scope of supply

Generator set, cogeneration

system, generator set/

cogeneration in container

Applicable gas types

Natural gas, flare gas, propane,

biogas, sewage gas, landfill gas,

coal mine gas, special gases (e.g.

coke, wood, and pyrolysis gases)

Engine type J208 GS

Number of cylinders 8

Total displacement (L) 16.6

Fig. 5. GE Jenbacher type 2330kW gas engine.

Natural gas is used at the system, and values of natural gas


131

are given below:

( )

( )

( )

(3)

( )

( ) (4)

( ) (5)

( ) (6)

where Pth is thermal power capacity of the plant:

Heat generated from cogeneration does not supply the total

heat demand. Additional heat demand will be supplied by

using natural gas individually.

Revenues of the system consist of only the electricity sales.

The amount of electricity and heat are determined with the

specifications of chosen gas engine. More electricity which is

not needed is sold to another consumer.

A. Savings in Electricity

Turkey’s demand for energy and electricity is increasing

rapidly. Energy consumption has increased at an annual

average rate of 4.3% since 1990 [27]. As would be expected,

the rapid expansion of energy production and consumption

has brought with it a wide range of environmental issues at

the local, regional and global levels. Turkey’s carbon dioxide

(CO2) emissions have grown along with its energy

consumption.

BEDAS is responsible for electricity distribution in

European side of Istanbul.

The amount of electricity is not purchased from:

( )

( )

( ) (7)

( ) (8)

( ) (approximately 20% discount is accepted for private user)

( ) (9)

( ) (10)

B. Final Stage

Without cogeneration:

( )

( ) (11)

With cogeneration:

( )

(12)

( )

(13)

( )

(14)

( )

where ηb is efficiency of boiler and

This calculation indicates if we obtained that energy by

using boiler that is efficiency 0,95, what fuel consumption

would be. In other words, this value, also, reveals natural gas

savings from thermal energy by using cogeneration.

( ) (15)


132

( ) (16)

Natural gas consumption will be rised with cogeneration

system when compared to case without cogeneration,

because of the natural gas consumption of gas engine to

produce electricity.

C. Economic Feasibility

In this study, economic feasibility of the system is assessed

according to two different methods. One of these is payback

period, another is lifetime levelized cost method. Payback

period is the one of the simplest method to assess economic

feasibility of the system. Payback period gives information

about how much time required system pays itself off.

Payback period are calculated as follow:

(17)

( ) (18)

( )

(19)

( )

(20)

D. Lifetime Levelized Cost of Energy of CHP Plant

Lifetime levelized cost method is complicated than

payback period method. In this method, Interest and

escalation rate is taken into consideration over system life.

This method is based on finding electricity cost per kWh in a

year. This cost is compared with cost of electricity taken from

grid to decide whether system is feasible or not.

The cost per kWh is calculated via the levelized cost of

energy (Ce)

(21)

(

)

( )

(22)

( )

( ) [28]

( ) ( ) ( )

(23)

(

)

( )

(24)

(25)

( )

( ) (26)

( )

( )

( ) [29]

(27)

( )

(28)

( )


133

where Ce, levelized cost of electricity per kWh; Cc, levelized

capital cost per kWh; Cf, levelized fuel cost per kWh; Co&m,

operating and maintenance cost per kWh; r, escalation rate; E,

annual total energy demand; Ee, annual electricity energy

demand; Et, annual thermal energy demand; i, interest rate; Z,

total capital cost; Fo, annual fuel cost; CELF,

constant-escalation levelization factor; CRF, cost reduction

factor; n, plant life; , efficiency of plant; Hu, lower heating

value; f, Price of Natural Gas.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Turkey, with its young population and growing energy

demand per person, its fast growing urbanization, and its

economic development, has been one of the fast growing

power markets of the world for the last two decades. It is

expected that the demand for electric energy in Turkey will

be by the year 2020 [30]. Turkey is heavily dependent on

expensive imported energy resources that place a big burden

on the economy and air pollution is becoming a great

environmental concern in the country. Air pollution from

energy utilization in the country is due to the combustion of

coal, lignite, petroleum, natural gas, wood and agricultural

and animal wastes. On the other hand, owing mainly to the

rapid growth of primary energy consumption and the

increasing use of domestic lignite, SO2 emissions, in

particular, have increased rapidly in recent years in Turkey.

The electricity losses come from the transmission and

distribution systems. The loss in the transmission line of

Turkey is about 2.5–3%, which is within world standards.

However, the distribution loss is considerably high at 15%

[30]. It is expected that the distribution losses will be reduced.

Cogeneration, or autoproduction, is known as Combined

Heat and Power (CHP), which has been developed by

governmental support to support the continuing need for

additional electricity generation. The main advantage of

cogeneration is that less input energy is consumed than would

be required to produce the same thermal and electrical

products in separate processes. Additional benefits of

cogeneration often are reduced environmental emissions.

There were only for cogeneration plants in operation in 1994,

with a total capacity of only 30MWe. Since then, incentives

were offered by TEDAS (Turkish Electricity Distribution

Company) in the form of a 100% tax deduction, duty

exemptions for autoproduction facilities, and guaranteed

purchasing of any surplus electricity [31].

Consequently, cogeneration systems will consume less

fuel per unit, so that consumers will be protected from

unstable energy prices. However, the distribution losses

occurring in the transmission of electricity will be prevented.

Thus, consumers will reach with a more reliable way to

electricity and heat. As the amount of fuel consumed per unit

of energy in cogeneration systems is less, cogeneration

systems will reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas

emissions.

Although this method containing the additional cost

increased the investment costs in the first phase, it is clear

that cogeneration systems are useful systems in terms of user

and an environmental in the long run. TOKI (Turkish housing

administration) should pursue innovator policies in creating a

sustainable environment and it should apply in its projects. In

addition, TOKI should guide other construction company.

IV. CONCLUSION

At the end of the study, as it is clearly seen from payback

period approach the system is paid off itself in 1.33 year,

approximately16 months. When the system is evaluated

according to levelized life cycle cost, it can be understood the

electricity production by CHP is cheaper when compared to

that sold by BEDAS. Moreover the fuel expenditure of

system consists of notable parts of cost of electricity. If the

result is checked according the administrive approach, it is

clearly seen that system is very profitable. Although the

investment cost is high, supplying energy demand, possibility

of selling surplus electricity production and using energy

resources efficiently enhance application chance of this

cogeneration system. This cogeneration system, also, will

reduce transmission line losses at grid that are formed when

electrical energy is carried to consumer.

Based on Turkish Renewable Energy Law, for maximum

500 kW installed capacity combined heat and power system,

there is no need legal obligation and establish a company.

Non-legal and legal person can be installed the system and

they can sell surplus energy.

NOMENCLATURE

ADN Annual day number

AEG Annual electricity generation

AEP Average electricity price AFC Annual fuel consumption

AHG Annual heat generation

Ce Levelized cost of electricity Cc Levelized capital cost

Cf Levelized fuel cost

COM Levelized operating and maintenance cost CELF Constant escalation levelization factor

CF Capacity factor CRF Cost reduction factor

E Annual total energy demand

Ee Annual electricity energy demand Et Annual thermal energy demand

ES Electricity sold

f Price of natural gas

fe Electricity sale price

F0 Annual fuel cost

FC Fuel cost FCGE Fuel consumption of gas engine

FCH Fuel consumption per hour

FFR Fuel flow rate HU Lower heating value of natural gas

HGC Heat generated from cogeneration

HR Heat revenue i Interest rate

IES Income from electricity sold

n Plant life NAI Net annual income

NGE Natural gas expenditure without generation

NGSC Natural gas savings for cogeneration OH Operating hours

OMC Operating and maintenance cost

Pth Thermal power capacity


134

Pel Electricity power capacity

PP Payback period

SE Saving in electricity SFC Specific fuel consumption

TAH Total annual hours

TCC Total capital cost TNDGC Total natural gas demand with cogeneration

TNGEC Total natural gas expenditure with cogeneration

TSE Total savings from electricty UOMC Unit operating and maintenance cost

Z Cost of system

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for small CHP-plants in a competitive market: The case of Lithuania,‖

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Mustafa Atmaca was graduated in 1993 from Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Mechanical

Engineering. In 1994, he was with Marmara

University, Faculty of Technical Education as a research assistant in the Department of Mechanical,

his academic life was started from here. Then he

received the master's degree in 1996 and completed doctorate study in 2003. In 2010 he was a faculty

member as well as an associate professor in Marmara

University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering. He is a member of Chamber of Mechanical Engineers. His main research

areas include wind tunnel testing and optimization, exergy, HVAC systems,

energy efficiency in building.

Ender Yilmaz was born in Istanbul in 1983. He works now in Istanbul Technical University. He is a research assistant in Marmara University. His

main research areas are energy efficiency in buildings, exergy, energy

economy. He is a member of Chamber of Mechanical Engineers.

Ahmet Berk Kurtulus was born in Istanbul in 1988. In

2010, he was graduated from the Faculty of

Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sakarya University. Then he continued his study in

2011 at the Department of Mechanical Engineering of

Thermal-Fluid Program, Istanbul Technical University Institute of Science. In the same year, he was also

worked at the Faculty of Technology Department of

Mechanical Engineering Marmara University, as a research assistant. Currently, his graduate education and research

assistantship are continues. His main research areas include two-phase

flows, transfer mechanisms in porous media, exergy, HVAC systems, energy efficiency in buildings, cryogenic systems and applications. He is a Chamber

of Mechanical Engineers member as well as a member in Turkish Heat

Science and Technique Association.


135

Documents

Application of Cogeneration on a Housing Complex - JOCET · was from coal fired boilers and steam turbine generators, Abstract — Cogeneration systems and equipment suitable for