Appendlx 1: Construction Project - Model Radio-Control System

The radio-control system described in the text makes an interesting and instructive constructional project. It is more complicated than the average 'student construction project', but has the advantages that it pulls together something of radio and digital techniques and the end-result is worthwhile in itself. There should be no serious prob­lems if the circuits and instructions given in the text of this book are followed carefully, and with an understanding of the way the systems work.

If reliable results are to be obtained, it is a good idea to follow the circuit layouts given in this appendix quite closely. The printed-circuit board patterns are reproduced full size, and many students will want to make their own. However, all the printed­circuit designs given in this appendix are available as ready-made boards, tinned and drilled. Contact the Editor for the Macmillan Master Series at the publishers for details of prices etc.

The boards are designed with rather more 'space' than would be the case for com­mercial designs, to ease construction. The transmitter, receiver, encoder and decoder are all on separate circuit boards, so that they can, if required, be put together by sepa­rate project groups. Also included are oscilloscope photographs, illustrating the wave­forms that are to be expected at various points in the circuit. This should help with fault-finding in projects that do not work first time.

This model control system requires no licence to operate it in the UK. However, it is a legal requirement that the correct model-control crystals must be used. The system is compatible with most makes of model-control servo.

374 MASTERING ELECTRONICS

Figure A 1 .1 Underside of printed circuit layout for the transmitter

APPENDIX 1 37 5

i f OV tiiV

SUPPLY

l AERIAL

t FIXINGS "'3 POSNS

Transmitter component layout

R 1 :2.7 c, : 47p c12 : 0 .047~

R2 : 100 C2 : trimmer, 40p c,3 : 27p R 3 : 2.2k c3 : 100p c,4 : lOp R 4 : 100 c4 : trimmer, 40p c. s : 27p Rs : 150 Cs : 47p R6 : 10k c6 : 0.01~ R7 : 22k c7 : 0.1~

Cs : 10~ c9 : 0.047~ C10 : lOOp CJ I : 0.047~

TRl : BFY51 TR2 : 2N3702 TR3: BC109C

L1-L 3 :(see text) L4 : 15~H

Ls : 15~H

SKTl : type 25u socket

Figure A 1.2 Component positions for the transmitter; TR I should be fitted with a clip-on heat radiator; the connecting wire to the aerial should be short; a I .4 m telescopic aerial is

recommended

37 6 MASTERING ELECTRONICS

Printed circuit board for encoder.

Figure A1.3 Underside of printed circuit layout for the transmitter encoder

SUPPLY ......-ov

Encoder component layout

R 1- R4 : (see text) Rs : 68k R& : 68k R1 : 68k R 8 : 1.2M R 9 : 120k

R 1 0 : 220 Rtt : 10k R 12 : 4.7k

cl -C1 : 0.022 JJ. C8 : 0.01 JJ. c9 : o.0047 JJ.

cl o : 10 JJ.

TR1 : BC479 (or BC179) IC1 :4022 IC2 : 4078 IC3: 4001

Figure A1.4 Component positions for the transmitter encoder; link wires are marked 'LK'. and the numbered connecting pads go to the control potentiometers; if commercially made joystick' controls are used, the values of the fixed resistors R 1 to R7 may need to be changed

APPENDIX 1 377

Figure AI.S Underside of printed circuit layout for the receiver

378 MASTERING ELECTRONICS

Receiver component layout

R1 : lOOk R2: 1.5k R3: 1.5k R4 : 47 R5 :47 R6 : 15k R7: 1k Ra : 150k Rg : 3.9M R10 : 33k R11 : 4.7k

c, : 47JJ. c2 : 22n C3 : 15p C4 : 15p Cs : 47p Cs : 470n c7 : 22n Cg : 101J. Cg: 2.2JJ. C1o : 22n

All electrolytic capacitors should be tantalum 'bead' type, 10V working or more. All resistors 0.25W, 10%.

01: 1N4148 TR1 : 2N4124* TR2: 2N5457 TR3- 6 : 2N4124 * L 1 : (see text) L2 : Toko 113CN 2K159DZ L3: Toko LPC 4200A L4: Toko LPCS 4201A L5 : Toko LMC 4202A SKT1 : type 25u socket

*BC184L can be used instead of 2N4124 if more easily available.

Figure A 1 .6 Component positions for the receiver; 'LK' is a wire link

APPENDIX 1 379

1/)

!!! .... ~ 0 (!)

IE: w 0 0 (.) w 0

0

Figure A 1. 7 Underside of printed circuit layout for the receiver decoder

R1: 1.5k R2 : 470k

.... ~ 0 (!)

IE: w 0 0 (.) w 0

CDO> .... i; .. + ~0 -~· ·0 ~:g ·0 ~ ..,0

... 0 - ~ ~ .. coO .Q. N ...

(.) •O:.J ... c:::J (.) coO 00 - ... .,

Decoder component layout

c, : 22J.L

c2 : 10n

c3 : 47J.L

ICI : 4017

D1 : 1N4148

TAl: 2N4124 or BC184L Battery : 4 .8V NiCd

Figure A1.8 Component positions for the decoder. The numbered connections go to the servos, along with suitable power supply lines taken directly from the battery. It is advisable

to use a socket for the CMOS/IC

380 MASTERING ELECTRONICS

Figure A I. 9 The output waveform of the transmitter encoder; all channels are set about midway; the long gap is the synchronising period

A A

Figure A I . I 0 The waveform at the receiver output

APPENDIX 1 381

level

Trigger

On -

Of

a, gt.rl

Figure A 1 .11 The receiver decoder output. measured at the RESET input of the 40 I 7. pin I 5; the large excursion is the only time that the signal should rise above half the supply

voltage, to reset the counter

I Notes on Tuning the Radio Control Receiver I When setting up the receiver you will find that L2, L3 and lA have a powerful effect, and need to be tuned very carefully. LS has less effect, and is best adjusted to give the longest range and freedom from servo 'jitter'.

As an alternative to setting up using a meter, an oscilloscope can be used to view the output at the collector of TR4, setting L2, L3 and lA for the greatest amplitude. LS is still best adjusted as above, but it can be interesting to view the waveform at the collector ofTRS.

I would like to express my sincere thanks to Terry Tippett of Micron Radio Control for permission to use the receiver circuits.

382 MASTERING ELECTRONICS

Appendix 2: Construction Project - Computer Control Interface

The interface described in Chapter 31 enables most computers to control up to eight external devices. It has been tested with a variety of machines, and I have written demonstration programs in GW BASIC running on an IBM PC (or compatible), and on the BBC Microcomputer; see Figures A.2.2 and A2.3.

I have tested the interface successfully with other computers, including an old Sinclair QL with a serial-to-parallel adapter: as far as I can tell it works with almost any computer! The program is in principle very simple, so writing something suitable for a different machine should be easy.

At the time of writing, a kit is available for the interface, complete with all compo­nents including PCB, relays, and Centronics connector. Contact Cirkit Distribution Limited, Park Lane, Broxboume, Hertfordshire EHlO 7NQ, UK for details.

The circuit layout is given in Figures A2.4 and A2.5.

Figure A2.1 The completed interface unit ready to be plugged into a standard Centronics printer cable

APPENDIX 2 383

10 REM CENTRONICS INTERFACE DEMO PROGRAM 20 REM GW BASIC Version 30 REM Requires IBM-compatible with parallel printer port 40 REM • 50 REM * 60 CLS 70 PRINT 80 PRINT "Press number keys corresponding to channels 0 to 7, followed" 90 PRINT "by ENTER. When you have selected the channels you want," 100 PRINT "press ENTER on its own.• 110 PRINT 120 PRINT "Press ENTER before any numbers to turn all channels off." 130 PRINT 140 A•240 150 INPUT A$ 160 IF A$>"7" OR A$<"0" THEN GOTO 260 170 IF A$="0" THEN A=A+1 180 IF A$="1" THEN A=A+2 190 IF A$="2" THEN A•A+4 200 IF A$•"3" THEN AaA+8 210 IF A$•"4" THEN A=A-16 220 IF A$="5" THEN A=A-32 230 IF A$="6" THEN A=A-64 240 IF A$="7" THEN A=A-128 250 GOTO 150 260 REM Send character to interface 270 ON ERROR GOTO 300 280 LPRINT CHR$(A); 290 GOTO 60 300 REM Ignore spurious device errors only 310 IF ERR•25 THEN RESUME 290 320 ON ERROR GOTO 0 330 STOP

Figure A2.2 Demonstration program for IBMs: some machines drive the interface correctly but complain about it; the 'on error' routine makes the program ignore the spurious

error messages

10 REM CENTRONICS INTERFACE DEMO PROGRAM 20 REM BBC BASIC Version 30 REM Requires BBC Microcomputer 40 :REM * 50 REM * 60 MODE 3 70 CLS 80 PRINT 90 PRINT "Press nul!lber keys corresponding to channels 0 to 7, followed" 100 PRINT "by ENTER. When you have selected the channels you want," 110 PRINT "press ENTER on its own." 120 PRINT 130 PRINT "Press ENTER before any numbers to turn all channels off." 140 PRINT 150 A•240 160 INPUT A$ 170 IF A$>"7" OR A$<"0" THEN GOTO 270 180 IF A$•"0" THEN A•A+1 190 IF A$•"1" THEN A•A+2 200 IF A$•"2" THEN A•A+4 210 IF A$•"3" THEN A•A+8 220 IF A$•"4" THEN A•A-16 230 IF A$•"5". THEN A•A-32 240 IF A$•"6" THEN A•A-64 250 IF A$•"7" THEN A•A-128 260 GOTO 160 270 REM Send character to interface 280 VDU 2,1,A,J 290 GOTO 70

Figure A2.3 Demonstration program for the BBC Microcomputer: the VDU' command sends the single character, whose ASCII code is held in A, to the printer port

384 MASTERING ELECTRONICS

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Appendix 3: Glossary of Technical Terms

A Ampere (amp); the unit of electric current. a.c. Alternating current. AF Audio frequency. alternating current An electric current that alternates in its direction of flow. The fre­

quency of altenation is given in hertz. AM Amplitude modulation. am.plitude modulation A system of modulating a carrier in which the amplitude of the

carrier is changed in sympathy with the modulating signal. analogue (American: analog) A system in which changing values are represented by a con­

tinuously variable electrical signal. ai'II18ture In any machine involving magnetism, the armature is the moving part.

Examples are the rotating part of an electric motor, and the moving part of a moving­iron meter.

astable A circuit which has no stable condition, and so oscillates at a frequency determined by circuit values. See also oscillator.

audio Relating to a system concerned with frequencies within the range of human hearing.

bandwidth The range of frequencies to which a system will respond in the required manner.

base One terminal of a bipolar transistor. binary A number system to the base 2. bipolar transistor A transistor in which current is carried through the semiconductor

both by holes and electrons. bistable A system which can have two stable states, and which can remain in either state

indefinitely. breakdown A sudden loss of insulation properties, resulting in a rapid and large current

flow. Typically, breakdown might occur in a semiconductor device operated at too high a voltage.

camcorder A combined video camera and VTR. candle Unit ofluminous intensity. capacitor A component used in electronic circuits, exhibiting the property of capaci­

tance. CCFP Common Control Fixed Part - the 'radio telephone exchange' that controls a

cellular telephone system. CD-ROM Compact Disc Read-only Memory - a compact disc used to record computer

software or data. The technical formats of music CDs and CD-ROMs are the same. CdS Cadmium sulphide; used in photoresistors.

APPENDIX 3 387

chrominance In a television system, the part of the television signal concerned with colour.

circuit breaker A form of switch that opens when the current passing through it (when it is closed) exceeds a predetermined value.

class A amplifier An amplifier in which the output transistor is operated at approxi­mately half the supply voltage, resulting in a continuous heavy current flow, but low distortion.

class B amplifier An amplifier in which the output is shared between two transistors, resulting in much more efficient operation but potential problems from crossover distortion.

commutator The part of an electric motor that conducts current to the armature wind­ings, switching the current as the armature rotates.

compact disc (usually with a 'c', unlike a computer disk which always has a 'k') The most popular medium for sales and distribution of digital musical recordings.

computer modelling (also: computer simulation) Using a computer program to repre­sent a physical system (in this case, usually an electronic circuit) to determine how it will perform without having to construct the circuit itself.

conductor A material through which an electric current can flow relatively easily. conduit A metal or plastic pipe for protecting electrical cables from physical damage. conventional current Electric current, regarded as flowing from positive to negative.

Opposite direction to electron flow. CPU Central Processing Unit - the main processor of a digital computer. The term

was coined when the CPU was housed in a massive cabinet, separate from the rest of the computer system.

CRT Cathode ray tube. crystal Usually refers to quartz crystal, used as a precision timing element in many cir­

cuits. May refer to a piezo-electric crystal pick-up. Darlington pair Transistors used in configuration giving high gain and high input

impedance. dB Decibel: one-tenth of a bel, the unit of relative power. d.c. Direct current. decibel One-tenth of a bel. A measure of power, on a logarithmic scale. Symbol dB.

The decibel is a convenient unit for representing a very large range of powers. demodulation The recovery of a modulating signal from a modulated carrier. denary The 'normal' number system we all use, to the base 10. diac A bi-directional breakover diode. Often used for triggering a triac. digital electronics The branch of electronics concerned with the processing of digital

systems. DIL-pack The standard package used for digital integrated circuits, and many analogue

integrated circuits. diode A component, either semiconductor or thermionic, that permits current to flow

through it in one direction only. direct current An electric current that flows steadily in one direction (compare alternat­

ing current). discrete Used to refer to systems constructed from individual components- e.g. transis­

tors, capacitors, diodes, resistors - as opposed to systems made using integrated circuits. Dolby® A system for improving the signal-to-noise ratio of a tape recorder, by selectively

boosting certain frequencies, depending also on their loudness. doping The addition of tiny amounts of impurities to semiconductor material during the

manufacture of semiconductor devices. electrolysis Conduction of electric current accompanied by the transfer of matter, result­

ing in chemical changes at the electrodes. electroplating The process of depositing a layer of metal on a conductive base (usually

388 MASTERING ELECTRONICS

also metal) by means of electricity flowing through a solution of a metallic salt. e-mail electronic mail - mail sent via the internet, or via a local area network. e.m.f. Electromotive force. The force that tends to cause movement of electric current

around a circuit. emitter One terminal of a bipolar transistor. energy The capacity for doing work. Energy is usually measured in joules or kilowatt­

hours. extrinsic semiconductor A semiconductor material produced artificially by the addition

of impurities. F Farad: The unit of capacitances. See farad. fan-in The number of standard devices that can be connected to the input of a digital cir­

cuit. farad Unit of capacitance. The farad is a very large unit, the largest practical unit being

the microfarad. ferrite A finely divided ferrous dust, suspended in a plastic material. Ferrite has useful

magnetic properties, but does not conduct electricity. field timebase In television, the oscillator used to control the vertical scanning of the

picture. field-effect transistor A type of transistor characterised by a very high input resistance. flip-flop General term for a bistable, astable or monostable circuit. flux Various meanings, but usually a resin added to solder in order to prevent the forma­

tion of oxides on the material being soldered. Also: magnetic field intensity. FM Frequency modulation. frequency The number of waves, vibrations of cycles of any periodic phenomenon, per

second. Unit hertz. frequency response Generally the range of frequencies that can be processed by an elec­

tronic system. fuse A circuit element designed to interrupt the flow of current when it exceeds a prede­

termined value. Usually takes the form of a thin wire that melts when the current exceeds the rated value.

gain The factor by which the output of a system exceeds the input. gate (a) A component in digital logic circuits

(b) One terminal of a field-effect transistor, or other semiconductor device. Ge Chemical symbol for germanium, a semiconductor. geosynchronous Refers to a satellite that is in an orbit that circles the Earth once per day

(approximately 35 750 km above sea level) in the same direction as the rotation of the Earth, thus appearing to hover over a fixed point on the Earth's surface.

GSM Global System Mobile - the international standard for digital cellular telephones. H Henry: the unit of inductance. Hall effect A change in the way that current flows through a conductor or semiconductor

when subjected to a magnetic field. henry Unit of inductance. hertz The unit of frequency. One hertz equals once cycle per second. hexadecimal A number system to the base 16 - used in computing. hi-fi High-fidelity - used to apply to audio systems that reproduce the entire audio spec-

trum, and beyond, with minimal distortion. Hz Hertz: the unit of frequency. IC Integrated circuit. IGFET Insulated Gate Field-Effect Transistor. impedance The ratio of the voltage applied to a circuit to the current flowing in the cir­

cuit. Similar to resistance, but applicable to alternating currents and voltages. induction motor An electric motor in which there are no electrical connections to the

APPENDIX 3 389

armature, current being induced in the armature windings magnetically. inductor A component exhibiting inductance. insulator A material through which electric current will not easily flow. integrated circuit An electronic system, or part of a system, produced on a silicon chip

using microelectronic techniques. intermediate frequency In radio and television, the frequency generated as a result of

mixing the local oscillator and incoming signal. Internet A global computer communications system, originally conceived by the US

Department of Defense, but now established world-wide and under no-one's control. JUGFET Junction Gate Field-Effect Transistor. laser Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation - a source of coherent

light, emitted at a single frequency. LC oscillator An oscillator that uses an inductor and a capacitor in a resonant circuit as a

timing element. LCD Liquid crystal display. See liquid crystal display. LED Light-emitting diode. light-emitting diode (LED) An electronic component in which electric current is con­

verted directly into visible or infra-red light. line timebase In a television, the oscillator circuit concerned with horizontal scanning of

the picture. linear electronics Electronic systems in which quantities are represented by continu­

ously varying electrical signals. See also digital electronics and analogue. liquid crystal display (LCD) A reflective display, used in digital systems for the presenta­

tion of output. The liquid crystal display is characterised by very low power consumption. logic Usually used as an abbreviation for 'digital logic', referring to systems involving

logic gates. LSI Large-scale integration - the construction of highly complex circuits on a single sili­

con chip. luminance In television, the part of the signal concerned with the brightness of the image

on the tube. microprocessor A computer CPU that is built on a single LSI chip. modal dispersion Degradation of light passing through an optical fibre caused by light

rays travelling slightly different distances down the fibre. modulation Controlled variation of the frequency, phase or magnitude of a high fre­

quency waveform in accordance with a waveform of lower frequency. monomode fibre An optical fibre designed to minimise modal dispersion by having a very

small central core. monostable A system with a single stable state. MOS Metal Oxide Semiconductor. MOSFET Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor. multimeter A general-purpose measuring instrument, usually able to measure resistance,

current and voltage. negative feedback Feedback applied to a system in such a way that it tends to reduce the

input signal that results in the feedback. NiCd Chemical symbols for nickel and cadmium; used to refer to nickel-cadmium accu­

mulators. NiMH Nickel-metal hydride; used to refer to this type of battery, which is an improve­

ment on the NiCd battery for most purposes. nMOS n-channel MOS. npn Negative-positive-negative (although always pronounced 'en-pea-en'); refers to one

of the two alternative types of bipolar transistor. NTSC National Television Standards Committee. The American body that defined the

390 MASTERING ELECTRONICS

American television standard. 'NTSC' is used to refer to the type of TV system used in the USA.

Q Ohm: the unit of resistance. operational amplifier A highly stable, high gain, d.c. amplifier, usually produced as a

single integrated circuit. optical fibre (sometimes: fibre-optic) A glass or plastic fibre used for the transmission of

light over long distances. optoelectronics Electronic systems or devices that involve the use of light. opto-isolator An optoelectronic component used to couple signals from one system to

another, while retaining a very large degree of electrical isolation between the two sys­tems.

oscillator An electronic system that produces a regular periodic output. oscilloscope An instrument for displaying electrical waveforms on a cathode ray tube. PAL Phase Alternation by Line. The colour television system used in the UK and else-

where. It has advantages over the NTSC system that preceded it. passive component A component that does not involve the control of electrons in a

thermionic or semiconductor device. PCB Printed circuit board. p.d. Potential difference. The difference in electrical states existing between two points. photoresistor (also: LDR - light-dependent resistor). A resistor whose value depends

upon the amount of light falling on it. piezo-electric effect The direct conversion of electrical to mechanical energy, or vice

versa, in some crystalline materials. pMOS p-channel MOS. pnp Positive - negative - positive (although always pronounced 'pea-en-pea'); refers to

one of the two alternative types of bipolar transistor. positive feedback Feedback applied to a system in such a way that the feedback tends to

increase the input signal causing the feedback. potentiometer A variable resistor having connections to each end of the track and also to

the brush. power The rate of doing work. Power is usually measured in watts. primary cell A device that produces electrical energy from chemicals. The chemical

reactions are not reversible, and a primary cell cannot be recharged. PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network. PVC Polyvinyl chloride. A tough plastic often used for electrical insulation. quartz crystal oscillator A very stable oscillator, depending for its stability on the

electromechanical properties of a quartz crystal. RAM Random-Access Memory. raster The pattern of horizontal lines produced on a television screen. relay An electromechanical device in which an electric current closes a switch. resistance The property of a material that resists the flow of electrical current. resistor A component exhibiting a known amount of resistance. RF Radio frequency. ROM Read-Only Memory. rotor The rotating part of an electrical generator. Rx Abbreviation for 'receiver'. satellite (correctly: artificial satellite) A device placed in orbit so that it continuously cir­

cles the Earth. Often used to relay telecommunications transmissions, especially tele­vtston. See geosynchronous.

secondary cell A device that produces electrical energy from chemicals. The chemical reactions in a secondary cell are reversible, so the cell can be recharged by the applica­tion of a source of e.m.f. to the electrodes.

APPENDIX 3 39 I

semiconductor A material with properties that lie between those of insulators and con­ductors. Extensively used in modern electronics.

shunt (as in 'shunt resistor') Connected 'in parallel to' as compared with 'series resis­tor'.

Si Chemical symbol for silicon, a semiconductor. SI units The International System of units (Systeme International d'Unites), an agreed

standard used throughout the world, with very few exceptions. slip-ring Part of an electric motor or generator, designed to conduct electric current to

the rotating part of the machine. Unlike a commutator, a slip-ring does not switch the current.

speaker (also: loudspeaker) An electromechanical device for converting electrical energy into sound.

step index fibre The simplest and cheapest form of optical fibre; monomode fibre is used if it is necessary to minimise modal dispersion.

stepping motor An electric motor in which the rotation of the armature is controlled externally to the motor, usually by a computer. The output shaft of a stepping motor can thus be made to rotate to any position.

superheterodyne A radio receiver system in which the radio-frequency input is mixed with a frequency generated within the receiver to produce an intermediate frequency.

teletext Any system that involves production of digitally generated text and pictures using standard television broadcast systems.

thermionic Electronic devices involving electrons generated by heat, usually in a vac­uum.

thyristor A component similar to a semiconductor diode but having in addition a gate connection by which the component, normally non-conducting, can be triggered into conduction.

tolerance Generally the amount by which a specified component value can vary from the marked value.

triac A semiconductor component similar to the thyristor but which will conduct in either direction.

tube In the UK refers to a television picture tube; in the US to what is known in the UK as a 'valve'.

Tx Abbreviation for 'transmitter'. ultrasonic A frequency above the range of human hearing. Note that 'supersonic' is

now generally used to mean 'travelling faster than the speed of sound'. unijunction transistor A semiconductor device used in some oscillators. V Volt: the unit of electrical potential. valve (American: tube) A thermionic device, in its simplest form having three terminals

(a triode) in which the voltage on a control terminal determines the current flowing through the other two.

varicap diode A semiconductor diode in which the junction capacitance varies according to an applied voltage. This effect is inherent in all semiconductor diodes, but in the varicap diode the property is deliberately enhanced. Used in tuning circuits in radio and television.

VDU Visual Display Unit. VHS Video Home System; now the international standard for home video recording tapes. video (a) In television, the demodulated vision signal.

(b) More generally, anything relating to the recording, replaying, transmission or reception of pictures.

VTR Video tape recorder. wavelength The physical distance between two similar and successive points on an

alternating wave.

392 MASTERING ELECTRONICS

World Wide Web A standard system designed to provide a 'user-friendly' way of view­ing documents and images on the internet.

Zener diode A semiconductor diode, used for voltage regulation. When the Zener diode is reverse-biased, it exhibits a sudden increase in conductivity at a certain specific voltage.

APPENDIX 3 393

Index

accumulator 141 Ada 347 ADC 324 address 332 aerial 188 AGC 201 AM 193 amp 11 Ampere, A. 11 amplifier

basic FET 99 basic transistor 87 operational 14 7 record player 113 triode valve 61

amplifiers audio 164 IC 172 multistage 118

amplitude modulation 193 AND 278 anion 10 anode 58, 139

final 61 focus 61

antimony 106 arsenic 106 assembly language 340 astable multivibrator 128 astable timer 309 atom 9, 65 audio amplifiers 164, 172 audio mixer 152 automatic bias 115

Baird, J. 263 balance, stereo 1 7 6 bandwidth 147, 221 bar-graph display 228 base 86, 91 base current 87 BASIC 345 batteries 138, 145 Baxandall tone-control 170 Bell, A. 263

394 MASTERING ELECTRONICS

Bell Laboratories bias signal 180 binary 273 binary addition 327 binary counter 299 binary subtraction 329 bistable 283, 294 bistable multivibrator 127 bit 267 Bohr, N. 9, 65 Boolean algebra 281, 330 boron 71 Bosing, B. 263 bridge rectifier 134 buffer 352 bus 337 bypass capacitor 11 7

c 347 cable 11 calculators, accuracy 22 camcorder 224 camera, video 223 capacitance meter 4 7 capacitor 29

bypass 117 ceramic 31 charging 30 electrolytic 32 mylar 31 variable 33

capacitor coupling 11 7, 168 capacitors in parallel 34 capacitors in series 34 carbon dioxide extinguisher 5 carrier 193 cartridge, stereo 1 7 6 cassette recorders 184 cathode 58, 139 cathode ray tube 61 cation 10 CCD 223 CCFP 265 CD 244, 276, 363 CD-ROM 350

cell internal resistance 139 lead-acid 142 lithium 141 manganese alkaline 140 mercury 141 nickel-cadmium 143 nickel-iron 144 nickel-metal hydride 144 silver oxide 141 zinc-air 141

cell capacity 138 cellular telephones 265 characteristic curves 92 charge carriers 69, 70 charging factor 145 chrominance 213 chromium dioxide 179 CIRC coding 364 circuit breaker 15 circuit diagrams 40 Clarke, A. 218 Class-A amplifiers 165 Class-B amplifiers 166 CMOS 289, 291 CMRR 147 COBOL 347 collector 86, 90 colour burst 214 colour killer 214 colour television 213 colour TV tube 215 common emitter 92 computer simulation 158 computer system 337, 341 conduction band 69 conductor 11, 68 counter

synchronous 302 up-down 303

counters 294 CPU 336,338 CRO 48 cross-over distortion 16 7 CRT 61 crystal set 1 97 crystal-controlled oscillator 131

DAC 321 Darlington pair 124 DAT 185 de Forest, L. 60 decoder, PPM 317 decoupling

power-supply 121 stage 121

deflection electrostatic 63 magnetic 63

denary 274 depletion region 77, 82 desoldering 52 detector 194

diac 248 digital audio tape 185 digital electronics 273 DIL 108 diode

construction 78 fabrication 1 05 forward biased 78 light-emitting 83 pn 75 power dissipation 78 reverse biased 78 reverse breakdown 80 reverse leakage 80 thermionic 58 varicap 82 Zener 81, 136

direct coupling 168 dish, satellite 21 9 disk

floppy 348 hard 349

distortion 1 7 4 Dolby 185 dot matrix 233 double-insulated appliance 4 drain 98 DRAM 333 dry powder extinguisher 5 DTL 285

earthed appliance 4 Edison, T. 57 electret 257 electric shock 3 electronic mail 267 electrons 9 electrostatic charge 290 e-mail 267 e.m.f. 11 emitter 86, 91 encapsulation 287 encapsulations 95 encoder, PPM 317 energy band 66 energy level 66 energy-level diagram 67, 68 EPROM 334 erasing 180 error message 346 EX-OR 280

facsimile 267 fan-out 286 Farnsworth, P. 263 FAT 349 fax 267 feedback 182, 320

negative 114 feedback capacitor 118 ferrite 179 FET 98 field-effect transistor 98 fire 5

INDEX 395

fire blanket 6 first aid 4 Fleming, J 57 flip-flop 296 flyback 207 FM 193 foam extinguisher 5 forbidden gap 66 FORTH 347 FORTRAN 347 forward voltage drop 75 frequency modulation 193 frequency response 156, 175 FSD 43 fuse 14

gain 147 gate 98 geostationary 218 geosynchronous 218 germanium 69, 92 GESECA 159 grid 60 GSM 265,266

Hall effect 251 Hartley oscillator 131 heads, rotating 222 heat radiator 93 heat sink 93 Heisenberg, W. 65 helical scanning 222 henry 35 hi-fi 164, 172 holes, movement of 70 HTML 268, 269 hue 215 hydrogen 142 hypertext 268

IC regulator 136 ICs, testing and packaging 108 1FT 200 IGFET, physics 101 impedance 122 inductance meter 4 7 inductive reactance 35 inductor 34 input, analogue 357 input impedance 122 insulation tester 4 7 insulator 68 integrated circuits 108 interface, computer 351 interlaced scanning 208 intermediate frequency 200 Internet 267 ion 10 isolating transformer 5, 126

JUGFET 99 physics 99

Jugner, W. 143

396 MASTERING ELECTRONICS

Kirchhoff, G. 17 Kirchhoff's Laws 1 7

laser 243, 365 semiconductor 244

laser diode 243 latch 302 LC oscillator 129 LCD 231 leakage current 93 Leclanche, G. 139 Leclanche cell 139 LED 83,226

construction 83 light-emitting diode 226 line synchronisation 209 linear 92 liquid crystal 232 USP 347 LNB 220 load 13 logic gate 277 luminance 213

mainframe computer 359 mains power 134 Marconi, G. 263 memory, computer 331 meter

analogue 42 digital 47 moving coil 42 moving iron 43

microphone capacitor 257 crystal 256 moving-coil 257

microprocessor 110,339,370 MicroSim 161 minicomputer 359 modal dispersion 240 model control receiver 202 model radio control 189 modem 267 monochrome 207 monomode 242 monostable timer 308 Morse, S. 263 MOSFET

depletion 102 enhancement 101 uses of 103

moving pictures 207 multimeter 46 multiplex 229 mutual inductance 35

NAND 278 negative feedback 114, 118, 149 neon lamp 126 network 361 noise 175 NOR 279 NOT 280

NTSC 214 nucleus 9, 65

octave 221 offset null 149 Ohm, G. 16 Ohm's Law 15, 16, 38 op-amp 147

ideal 148 inverting 150 non-inverting 151 oscillators 154

op-amp outputs 148 operational amplifier 111 optical fibre 240, 264 optoelectronics 226 opto-isolator 238 OR 279 orbit 218

atomic 66 oscillator 126, 200

crystal-controlled 131 op-amp 154 relaxation 126

oscilloscope 48 oscilloscope graticule 49

PAL 214 PAL-D 214 Pascal 347 Pascal, B. 346 passive 21 p.d. 11 permanent magnet 43 personal computer 360 personal stereo 185 phase control 249, 250 phase-locked loop 194 phosphor 25 phosphorus 71, 1 06 photo-Darlington 237 photodiode 23 7 photoresistor 234 photo-sensitive IC 238 phototransistor 237 photovoltaic cell 239 picture tube, colour 215 piezo-electric effect 132 piezo-electric sounder 256 PIL 216 pixel 234 plumbing analogy 16 polarise 231 port

Centronics 351 control 357 parallel 351 RS232 356 serial 356

positive feedback 152 potentiometer 28 power 174 power dissipation 3 7

PPM 315 pre-amplifiers 169 preferred values 23

resistors 24 prefixes, SI 1 7 primary cells 138 program 336 programming 339 programming languages 344 PSTN 263 pulse-position modulation 365 pulse-width modulation 315 PVC 12 PWM 315

quartz crystal 132 quiescent output 121

radar 1 radio 187 radio control encoder 318 radio energy detector 192 radio receiver, TRF 198 radio receivers 197 radio spectrum 189 radio transmission 188 RAM 331 raster 207 reactance 34 recording, digital 275 records,vinyl 176 rectifier 134 reed relay 253 reel-to-reel recorders 184 regulator 136, 287 relay 252 reservoir capacitor 135 resistance 15 resistor 21

code table 26 colour code 25 types of 25 variable 27

resistors series 44 shunt 44

resistors in parallel 22 resistors in series 21 robots 372 ROM 224,334

sand 5 satellite 217, 240, 264 satellite TV system 21 7 saturated 93 saturation 215 Schmitt trigger 31 0 Schottky TIL 289 SCR 246 screen, LCD 234 secondary cells 141 semiconductor

extrinsic 70 intrinsic 69

INDEX 397

semiconductor - contd. manufacture 72 n-type 71 p-type 71

server, network 361 servo 183,319,354,366 seven-segment display 229, 230 shells, atomic 65 shift register 303 signal generator 50 silicon 72, 75, 92

purity 105 silicon dioxide 1 06 simulation software 158 sink 286 smoothing capacitor 135 solar cell 239 soldered joints 53 soldering 50 soldering gun 51 soldering iron 52 solenoid 255 sound, television 21 0 source 98, 286 speaker 255 SpiceAge for Windows 159 stage decoupling 121 standardisation 372 step-index 240 stepping motor 258, 348, 355 stereo systems 175 Strowger, A. 264 supercomputer 360 superhet mixer 200 superhetrodyne 199 switches 13

tape, backing 348 tape drives 182 tape head 179 tape recorder 179 telecommunications 263 telegraph 252 telephone 263

mobile 264 telephony 263 teletext 211 television 207 television system 212 television tube 207 teleworking 362 terminal

computer 359 smart 360

thermionics 57 thermistor 250 thyristor 246 timebase

field 209 line 208

timer CMOS 309 IC 307

398 MASTERING ELECTRONICS

logic gate 309 tolerance 23

resistors 24 tone control 170 touch switch 153 tracking, CD 367 traffic lights 312 transformer 35 transformer coupling 120, 169 transistor, bipolar 86

characteristics 92 class 95 construction 89 physics 89 specification 95

transistor tester 50 transistors, typical 97 transmitters 188 TRF 197 triac 247 Trinitron 216 triode, thermionic 60 TTL 285 tube 2 tuned circuits 191 tuner 223 Turing, A 336 TV 207

colour 213 tweeter 256

urr 249 ultrasonic bias 181 unijunction transistor 250 URL 269

valence band 69 vco 194 VDR 251 VHS 221 VHS-C 222 video tape recorder 221 Video-S 223 volt 11 Volta, A. 11 voltage regulator 136 voltage-dependent resistor 251 VTR 221

water extinguisher 5 watt 38 waveform, television 21 0 wavelength 188 Wien bridge oscilator 155 woofer 255 workstation 361 World Wide Web 268 www 268

yield 108

Zener, C. 81 Zener diode 81, 136