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Appendix A: List of Homophones
Homophones are words that sound the same but have different meanings.They are usually spelt differently, so that when written they are clearlydistinguishable, but in a speech-based interface they have the potentialto cause ambiguity and confusion and are best avoided. It is worth consulting this list when designing spoken utterances as it is easy to becomeblinkered, thinking only of the particular meaning one has in mind andforgetting that a homophone might exist.
The following list is based onAlan Cooper's Homonym List (http://www.cooper.com/alan/homonym_list.html), and is used here with his permission. The original list attempts to be comprehensive, but this one israther more selective and has been edited to include words that seemmore likely to occur in speech-based devices. It has also been modifiedto reflect British pronunciations and spellings, and includes a number ofwords that are not strict homophones but are close enough in pronunciation to cause confusion.
A ascent
things doneassent
actsaxe chopping tool ate
affect to changeeight
effect result aught
air see: errought
aisle see: I'llauraloral
allowed permittedaloud spoken B
altar raised centre ofworship ballalter to change bawl
ant insect bandaunt parent's sister banned
.151 •
the climbto agree
past tense of eat8
anythingshould
of hearingof the mouth
playful orbto cry
a groupforbidden
bare naked bolder more courageousbear wild ursine boulder large rock
baron minor royalty born brought into lifebarren unable to bear children borne past participle of bearberry small fruit bourn a small stream orbury to take under boundary
base foundation bough tree branchbass the lowest musical bow front of a ship;
pitch or range respectful bend
bases plural of base buoy navigational aidbasis principal constituent boy male child
of anythingbrake stopping device
basses many four-stringedbreak to split apart
guitars
be to exist breach to break through
bee insect breech the back part
beat to hit bread a loafbeet edible red root bred past tense of breed
berth anchorage brewed fermentedbirth your method of arrival brood family
bight middle of a rope bridal pertaining to bridesbite a mouthful bridle horse's headgearbyte eight bits
broach to raise a subjectbilled has a bill brooch an ornament fastenedbuild to construct to clothesblew past tense of blow
buy to purchaseblue colour ofCalifornia sky
by nearboar wild pig bye farewellBoer a South African of
Dutch descent Cboor tasteless buffoonbore not interesting ceiling see: sealing
board a plankEbored not interested
bold brave effect see: affect
bowled knocked over eight see: ate
152 T nllillllllili EMe__1", FlIE] nil' -
APPENDIX A
elicit to draw out for in place ofillicit unlawful fore in front
ere eventually four number after three
err to make a mistake foreword introduction to ae'er contraction of book
"ever" forward the facing directionair gas we breathe
foul grossly offensive to theheir one who will inherit
sensesewe see: yew fowl domestic hen or rooster
frees releases
F freeze very cold
facts objective thingsfrieze a wall decoration
fax image transmission Gtechnology
a chromosomegenesfaint pass out jeans cotton twill trousersfeint a weak, misdirected
attack to confuse the gild to coat with gold
enemy gilled having gills
fair even-handedguild a craft society
fare payment gilt gold-platedguilt culpable
feat an accomplishmentfeet look down gorilla large ape
find to locateguerrilla irregular soldier
fined to have to pay a grate a lattice
parking ticket great extremely good
finish to complete grease lubricant
Finnish from Finland Greece Mediterranean
fir evergreen treecountry
fur animal hair grill to sear cookfurr to separate with strips grille an iron gate or door
ofwoodreaction to hearing agroan
flea parasitic insect punflee to runaway grown has become larger
flour powdered grain guessed past tense of guessflower a bloom guest a visitor
ISS
APPENDIX A
H it's contraction of "it is"
hair grows from your headits possessive pronoun
hare large rabbit Jhall a large room jeans see: geneshaul to carry
hangar garage for aeroplanes K
hanger from which things hang know to possess knowledge
hear to listen no negation
here at this location knows see: noes
heard listened toL
herd a group of ruminants
heirlead heavy metal
see: errled guided
heroin narcotic leak accidental escape ofheroine female hero liquid
hold to grip leek variety of onion
holed full of holes lessen to reduce
hole round opening lesson a segment of learning
whole entirety loan allow to borrow
hour sixty minutes lone by itself
our possessed by us loch a lakelock a security device
I
idle not working M
idol object ofworship made accomplished
illicit see: elicit maid young woman
I'll contraction of "I will" mail postal delivery
isle island male masculine person
aisle walkway maize corn
incite to provoke maze puzzle
insight understanding manner method
innocence a state without guilt manor lord's house
innocents more than one marshal to gatherinnocent martial warlike
154
APPENDIX A
massed grouped together no see: knowmast sail pole
"The noes have it. .. "noesmeat animal flesh nose "Plain as the nose onmeet to connect your face ... "mete a boundary knows "Only the shadow
knows... "medal an awardmeddle to interfere none not one
nun woman ofGodmince chop finelymints aromatic sweets nose see: noes
mind thinking unit 0mined looked for ore
boat propulsion systemoarminer one who digs or alternativeminor small ore mineral-laden dirt
missed not hit one singularitymist fog won victorious
moan to groan oral see: auralmown the lawn is freshly cut ordinance a decreemode condition ordnance artillerymowed a lawn in a well- ought see: aught
trimmed condition our see: hourmoor swampy coastland;
to anchor p
more additional packed placed in a container
morning AM pact agreement
mourning remembering the dead pail bucket
muscle fibrous, contracting pale light coloured
tissue pain it hurtsmussel a bivalve mollusc pane a single panel of glass
N pair a set of two
naval pertaining to shipspare cutting down
and the seapear bottom-heavy fruit
navel pertaining to the passed approved; moved onbelly button past before now
155
patience being willing to wait presence the state of beingpatients hospital residents present
pause hesitate presents what Santa brings
paws animal feet pride ego
peace what hippies want pryed opened
piece morsel pries wedging openpeak mountain top prize the rewardpeek secret look principal head of schoolpique ruffled pride principle causative forcepedal foot controlpeddle to sell Q
peer an equal (a captain at quarts several fourths-of-sea has no peer) gallons
pier wharf (a captain at sea quartz crystalline rockhas no pier)
pi 3.1416 Rpie good eating racket illegal money-makingplace a location schemeplaice a flounder racquet woven bat for
plain not fancy tennis
plane a surface rain precipitation
pleas cries for help reign sovereign rule
please good manners rein horse's steeringwheel
pole big stickraise elevatepoll a votingrays thin beams oflight
poor no money raze to tear downpore careful study; completely
microscopic holepour to flow freely rapped knocked sharply
praise to commendrapt spellboundwrapped encased in cloth
prays worships Godpreys hunts read having knowledge
precedence priorityfrom reading
precedents established coursered a primary colour
of action rest stop working
presidents commanders-in-chief wrest takeaway
156
APPENDIX A
retch call Ralph on the scull rowing motionporcelain skull head bonetelephone
sea oceanwretch a ragamuffin
see to lookreview a general surveyor
sealing closingassessmentrevue a series of theatrical ceiling upper surface of room
sketches or songs seam row of stitches
right correct seem appears
rite ritual seas oceanswright a maker sees lookswrite to inscribe seize to grab
ring circle around your finger sects religious factionswring twisting sex ifyou have to ask, you're
road a broad trailtoo young
rode past tense of ride sew needle and thread
rowed to propel a boat by oars so in the manner shownsol musical note
role part to play sow broadcasting seedsroll rotate
shall is allowedroot subterranean part of shell aquatic exoskeleton
a plantshear to cut or wrenchroute path of travelsheer thin; abrupt turn
rose pretty flowersign displayed boardrows linear arrangement
bearing informationrote by memory sine reciprocal of thewrote has written cosecant
S slay killsleigh snow carriage
sail wind powered water sleight cunning skilltravel slight not much
sale the act of sellingflysoar
saver one who saves sore hurtsavour to relish a taste soared to have sailed throughscene visual location the airseen past tense of saw sword long fighting blade
157
APPENDIX A
solace comfort Tsoulless lacking a soul
tacks small nailssole only tax governmental tithesoul immortal part of a tail spinal appendage
person tale storysome a few tare allowance for thesum result of addition weight of packing
son male child materials
sun star tear to rip
soot black residue of taught past tense of teach
burning taut stretched tight
suit clothes tea herbal infusion
stair a step tee golf ball prop
stare look intently team a group working together
stake wooden pole teem to swarm
steak slice ofmeat tear eyeball lubricant
stationary not moving tier a horizontal row
stationery writing paper teas more than one herbal
steal take unlawfully infusion
steel iron alloy tease tantalizetees more than one tee
storey the horizontaltense
divisions ofa buildingnervous
tents more than onestory a narrative tale
temporary shelterstraight not crooked their belonging to themstrait narrowwaterway
there a placesuede split leather they're contraction of "they are"swayed curved; convinced threw to propel by hand
suite ensemble through from end to end
sweet sugarythroes spasms of pain
summary precis throws discharging throughsummery like summer the air
sundae ice cream with syrup on it throne the royal seatSunday first day of the week thrown was hurled
158
APPENDIX A
tide periodic ebb and flow Wales Western division of UKof oceans whales a pod of ocean
tied passed tense of tie mammals
to towards war large scale armedtoo also conflicttwo a couple wore past tense ofwear
toad frog ware merchandize
toed having toes wear attire
towed pulled ahead where a place
toe forepart of the way path or direction
foot weigh to measure weight
tow to pull ahead whey watery part ofmilk
told what was spoken weak not strong
tolled a bell was rung week seven days
tracked having tracksweather meteorological
conditionstract a plot of land wether a castrated ramtrussed tied up whether if it be the casetrust faith wet watery
whet primeV
whined past tense ofvain worthless whinevane flat piece moving with wind what you do to a
the air clockworkvein blood vessel wined drank well of spirits
verses paragraphs who's contraction ofversus against "who is"
whose belonging to whomW
whole see: holewaist between ribs and hipswaste make ill use of won see: one
wait remain in readiness wood what trees areweight an amount of heaviness made of
would will dowaive give up rightswave undulating motion wrapped see: rapped
159
wrest see: rest Y
wretch see: retch yew a type of tree
wright see: rightyou the second person
write see: rightewe female sheep
wring see: ringyoke oxen harnessyolk yellow egg centre
wrote see: rotethe pastyore
you're contraction of"you are"
your belonging to you
160
Appendix B: Words with More thanOne Meaning
The words listed below can take different meanings depending upon thecontext in which they are used.
Many English words can take several related meanings and function asmore than one part of language without a change in the way they arespoken.Words which can be used as different parts oflanguage but refer tothe same object or function (for example camp, which can be used as eithera verb or a noun) are not included in this list since they pose few problemsin the design ofspeech dialogues. Provided a clause is correctly structured,the way inwhich the word is being usedwill be clear to the listener.
However, where a word can take more than one meaning while functioning as the same part of language (for example jet which, when usedas a noun, can mean either a stream of liquid or an aircraft) it must beused with care in order to avoid ambiguity.
The following list contains a selection ofsuchwords, but is not exhaustive.
Word
AirBark
Bill
Deal
Die
File
Fly
Jet
Jig
Meanings
gaseous mixture, melodyouter sheath of tree trunk, sound made by animal (e.g. dog),abrade
demand for money, act of parliament, beak ofweb-footed bird
fir or pine wood, business agreement, distribution of playingcards or other items
numbered cube used in games of chance, mould used to stampshape in metal, cease living
instrument used to shape or smooth materials, collectionof papers or records, line of people or objects
move through the air, run away, two-winged insect
stream of liquid, black lignite, aircraft
lively tune or dance, device for holding work-piece in machinetool
.161 •
Joint
Just
Keen
Kit
Lace
Lap
Left
Let
Lie
Lock
Mass
Match
Mean
Mine
Mould
Neat
Page
Palm
Peer
Pen
Pole
Quarry
Race
Rail
Rank
Rear
Right
Sack
Sage
162
APPENDIXB
junction between two parts, portion of animal prepared asfood, in common
merely, precisely, in accordance with justice
sharp-edged, enthusiastic
personal effects, equipment or clothing needed for particulartask, set of components
fine fabric, cord used for fastening shoes, etc., act of fasteningusing cord
front of thighs of a seated person, overhanging edge, e.g. offloorboard, single turn around, e.g. race track, cable reel, etc.
remaining, opposite direction to right
hinder or obstruct, allow or enable, hire
make a false statement, adopt a horizontal position, shape orpattern or distribution (e.g. of land)
secure fastening, portion of hair
celebration of the Eucharist, coherent body ofmatter
competitive endeavour, short piece of wood with combustibletip, equal or complementary
stingy, equidistant from two extremes, have as purpose
excavation in earth, explosive device, statement of possession
fungal growth, pattern or template, give shape to
tidy, undiluted
leaf of book, boy employed as servant, summon
inner surface of hand, tropical tree
one who is equal in some respect, noble person, look intently
writing instrument, enclosure
stick, magnetic pole, native of Poland
place from which stone is extracted, object of hunt
ethnic group, competition by speed, strong current
abuse or react strongly against, enclose with rails, bars placedhorizontally and!or in continuous series
line or queue (e.g. of taxis), position within hierarchy,loathsome, corrupt, sort by some criterion
breed, cultivate, rise up, hindmost part
correct, good, opposite ofleft, entitlement
dismiss from employment, pillage, large bag of coarse fabric
herb, wise person
APPENDIXB
Saw
Scale
Shy
Slip
Table
Tablet
Tap
Tend
Wake
Watch
Wax
Vice
Yard
Yarn
observed, cut using a to-and-fro motion, device for cutting, oldsaying
horny plate forming skin of fish or reptile, graduated continuum against which value is measured, device for measuringweight, sequence ofmusical notes
move away suddenly in alarm, throw object, diffident, uneasyor wary in company
unintentional failing (e.g. error, loss of balance), loose cover (forperson, furniture, etc.), artificial slope, travel unobserved
item of furniture, information organized in columns
slab of stone, drug in solid form
draw supplies or information, hit lightly, valve controlling flow(e.g. ofwater), sound (produced, e.g. by light knock on door)
incline towards, look after
funeral ritual, disturbance resulting from passage, e.g. of ship oraircraft, rise from sleep
period of wakefulness especially at night, personal chronometer, observe
sticky substance such as that produced by bees, apply such substance (e.g. to clean or protect surface), grow or increase
immoral or distasteful conduct or habit, device for securingobject while working upon it
unit ofmeasure, small enclosed area
tale, thread
163
Appendix C: Words with More thanOne Pronunciation
The words listed below can take more than one spoken form dependingupon how they are used. In general a change of vowel sound signifies achange ofmeaning; for example, the word "tear" can mean either a dropwhich falls from the eye (pronounced teer) or a break, rip or wound(pronounced tare). Changes in the placement of the stress generallyindicate a change of usage from one part of language to another; forexample, the word "record" is pronounced re-cord when it is used as anoun or an adjective but becomes re-cord when it is used as a verb.
The list below is not exhaustive, but is intended to give some idea of therange of such effects found in spoken English.
Absent ab-sent ab-sent
Abstract ab-stract ab-stractAddict add-ict add-ictAdept ad-ept ad-eptAlly al-Iy al-~
Annex ann-ex ann-exAttribute att-ri-bute att-Ii-buteAugust aug-ust aug-ust
Bow bo bow
Collect col-Iect col-Iect
Combat com-bat com-bat
Combine com-bine com-bine
Deliberate de-lib-er-ate de-lib-er-ate
Detail de-tail de-tail
Finance fi-nance fi-nance
Imprint im-print im-print
Incline in-cline in-cline
- 164-
APPEND.XC
Indent
Insult
Intake
Intern
Interrupt
Intimate
Lead
Live
Mandate
Minute
Object
Perfect
Pervert
Read
Rebel
Record
Row
Second
Tear
Use
Guide to Pronunciation
a= a as in atee = e as in bead
i = i as in lie0=0 as in go
in-dent in-dent
in-suIt in-sult
in-take in-takein-tern in-tern
in-ter-rupt in-ter-rupt
inti-mate inti-mate
leed led
live livman-date man-date
min-it mi-newt
ob-ject ob-ject
per-fect per-fect
per-vert per-vert
reed red
re-bel re-bel
re-cord re-cord
ro row
se-cond se-cond
tair teer
rhymes with fuse rhymes with loose
a= a as in at
e = e as in bed
i = i as in lit
o= 0 as in brow
165
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174
Index
Aabbreviations 62, 64-65, 95acronyms 95active (and passive) sentences 59-60, 70aesthetics 115, 143aircraft, use of speech in 1,7,8, 107, 141,
148alternative questions 77,86-87,102,130ambiguity 14,29,60-62,63,65,70,
83, 145, 151, 161American English 41,128Ananova 144Apple Macintosh 4, 52, 68ASCII 2auditory bandwidth (versus visual) 33auditory glance 106-107,109auditory icons 52auditory streaming 34, 148auditory suffix effect 26-27,31,38,53,
116,123,128Avatars 144-147
Bbandwidth, auditory versus visual 33Bini 20Blindness 1,6,7,9-12,30,44,63,81,
83,91,97,100,104, lOS, 106, 107,124, 140-142
body language 14,145braille 7, 9-11, 140breath group 16-17, 23, 79Brick-wall effect 45British English 16,41, 125, 151BrookesTalk 107browser, web 107
Ccardinal numbers 127-128cars, use of speech in 8-9,30,34,36-37,
58-59,111-118,123,138-139,150
Chinese 20clarification 40, 44-49cockpit (flightdeck) 8, 107, 148Cocktail Party Effect 149cognitive processing 27,148colloquial English 65communication, face-to-face 14computer filenames 39,41,47-48,84,
93-98, 100-103, 107, 108computer files ll, 39, 46, 47-48,
84-85,87,91,97-99,109computer games 53-54,63,104-106,
109computers, wearable & mobile 143content (and function) words 17-18, 81,
82,83,86,89,97Cooperative Principle 28-29,31,49copy synthesis (digitization) 2, 5-6, 119,
121, 144
Ddatabases 140,142dates, speaking 69,127-128Dectalk 5digitization (copy synthesis) 2, 5-6, 119,
121, 144directive 21, 75-77, 84, 87-88disability, illiteracy 142disability, visual 140 (see also Blindness,
Visual Impairment)DOS 44, 46, 95-96, 100DOStalk 44-48
Eearcons 52,53,59,106email 53, 139, 140emotion 14,144English 3-4,23,29,40,41,57,59,
60,73-77,79,87,89,95,96,151,161, 164
.175·
English (cont'd)American 41, 128British 16,41, 125, 151colloquial 65spoken 57,73-77,79,89,151,164
exceptions dictionary 3, 4, 64exclamations 57expectation 39-43,49,61,105expressive power 28
Fface-to-face communication 14feet 16,17,18,19,21,81,82,103filenames, computer 39,41, 47-48,
84,93-98,100-103,107,108files, computer 11,39,46,47-48,84-85,
87,91,97-99,109flightdeck 8, 107, 148focus 33-34,38,106of attention 91-92
football results, reading of 100frustration 124, 146function (and content) words 17-18,81,
82,83,86,89,97
Ggames, computer 53-54, 63, 104-106,
109given information 22-23,54-56,57,58,
70,78,84,88,102evoked 55,58evoked-current 55, 58evoked-displaced 55evoked-from-context 56inferable 56
given versus new information 22-23,54-56,58,70,78,84,88,102
glance, auditory 106--107,109GPS (Global Positioning System) 58grammatical pauses 15, 20, 102Gricean maxims 28-29, 36, 39GUIs (Graphical User Interfaces) 10, 11,
34-35,84,86,140
HHangman 104-109'hat' pattern 19,21, 119head-related transfer function 149
head-tracking 143-144,148helicopters, use of speech in 148homophones 62,151HRTF (head-related transfer function) 149humour 15,32
Iicons, auditory 52illiteracy 142image recognition 11impairment, visual (partial sight) 142imperative structure 84international variationsdate formatting 128English 41
interrogative form 84intonation 1,4,5, 12, 14, 16, 19-22,23,31,
38,42,45,56,73-81,84,85,86,88,89,100-103,114,115,123,129,130,133,134, 135
alternative questions 77,86,102,130directives 77, 88interrogative 31,77statements 77, 78-81Wh-questions 75, 77yes/no questions 75,77,84-85
Kkeyboard 9,11,99,126,140,143keyword spotting 146
LlanguageBini 20body 14,145Chinese 20natural 13,37, 141, 146phonetic 2-3spoken 12,16,17,21,28,57,141Thai 20tone 19-20T\vi 20"user" 126written 12-13,16,57Zulu 20
legislation 139lengthening, prepausal/postpausal 20lexical analysis 42-43
176 • 1111
INDEX
linguistics 13, 15, 17,20,27,28,33,42,54lists, menus, etc. 11,35-38,39,44,47,
86,87,91-109,119-122,123,126,129-134, 135
Loebner Prize 137loudness 100
MMacintalk 4major (and minor) sentences 41,56-58,
70,78,84,86mathematics 53,81,106-107,141Maths Project, The 106-107memory 19,23,30,37,38-39,49,68-69,
83,91,92,94,99,104,116,141memory (external) 92,141,147menus, lists, etc. 11,35-38,39,44,47,86,
87,91-109,119-122,123,126,129-134,135
miniaturisation 143minor (and major) sentences 41,56-58,
70,78,84,86mobile & wearable computers, 143mobile telephones 30,114,117,139-140,
142-143modality effect 25-26'more information' facility 46-48music 16-17,27,31,52,81muting 44, 45, 92, 106
NNatural Language Processing 13,37,141,146new information 22-23,31,32,38,42,
43,49,51,54-56,58,67,68,70,78,79,81,84,85,86,88,89,97,102,103,147
brand-new 55inferred-new 55unused-new 55
new versus given information 22-23,54-56,58,70,78,84,88,102
newsreading 144-145NLP (Natural Language Processing) 13,37,
141, 146non-grammatical pauses 15non-speech sounds 7,26,27,46-48,51-54,
59,70,106,107,112,115-116,117,132,148
notationlinguistic 13mathematical 81written 128
numberscardinal 127-128ordinal 127spoken 6,31,47-48,67-71,114,123,127-128, 134
oOCR 10ordinal data 126ordinal numbers 127
pparamedic 140partial sight 142passive (and active) sentences 59-60, 70pauses 1,5,6,12,14,15-16,19,20,27,
31,32,38,42,69,71,81,82,88,89,101,102,114,116,119,120,123,129,130, 132, 133
grammatical 15,20, 102non-grammatical 15
personality 65-67phonemes 1-2,31phonetic languages 2-3phonetic representation of speech 4phonetics 2-3, 4phonology 54-55, 87politeness 2,31,65-67,76, 119, 146postpausallengthening 20Pragmatic Theory 28Precategorical Audio Store 25prepausallengthening 20pretonic (and tonic) segments 21-22,31,
73-74, 75primacy 23-25, 33, 68primary tones 73-78,79,84,86,87,88,
120, 129, 130, 133, 135priming 104-106, 107, 108prominence 21,22,42,54,55,74,78,81,
84,85,86,88,97,102,129prosody 4,5,12,16,19,41-43,47,70,
73,78,81,84,96,99-100,101-103,104,108,114,119,120, 122, 123,135
777 177
psycholinguistics 27punctuation 5,95, 114
Q
quality of speech 1,4,5,6-7,8, 12, 13,29-31,112,114,134,135
quality of speech, segmental/supra-segmental 13, 135, 138
questions 2,19,21,22,37,40,56-57,78,83-89,107,129,145
alternative 77,86-87,102,130Wh-questions 31,75-76,87yes/no 40,77,84-86
Rrecency 23-25,26,27,33recognition (speech) 67, 145relevance 35-39,40repeat facility 44-46, 123rhythm 4-5,12,15-19,31,64,73,
81-83,85-86,87,88,89,100,103,148
Ssalient syllable 16-19,21,81,82satellite navigation systems 1, 8, 9, 58screen magnifier 142screen-readers 10,11,63,92,140-141segments, tonic/pretonic 21-22,31,73-74,
75Shakespeare 14short-term auditory store 25,27,32,38spatial sound 141-142,143,147-149SpeakEasy NT 118-123speechtelegraphic 83quality 1,4,5,6-7,8,12,13,29-31,112,114,134,135
recognition 67,145synthesis 1,2,-6, 13, 15synthesis, copy 2,5-6, 119, 121, 144synthesis, TTS 2-5,6,8,31,63,64,81,83,134,135
Dectalk 5Macintalk 4quality, segmental/supra-segmental 13,135,138
speech synthesizer museum 6spoken English 57,73-77,79,89, 151, 164
178
INDEX
spoken language 12,16,17,21,28,57,141statements 2,21,22,40,42,57,59,62,73,
75-83,87,89,102-103,107,129streaming, auditory 34,148stress 4,13,14,17,18,23,64,79,81-83,84,
85,86,88,89,102,103,164syllable, salient 16-19,21,81,82syllable, weak 16, 17, 18,81,82,83,86,89syntax 29,30,43,56,57,62-64,69syntax analysis 13, 42-43
Ttelegraphic speech 17, 83telephones 4,8,14,69,71,125,139-140,
143,144telephones, mobile 30,114,117,139-140,
142-143text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis 2-5,6,8,31,
63,64,81,83,134,135Thai 20tone group 16-17,20-22,23,31,51,54,
68-69,73,74,75,91,102tone languages 19-20tonic (and pretonic) segments 21-22,31,
73-74, 75traffic avoidance 1,8,111-118,123,138TrafficMaster Freeway 111-123TTS synthesis 2-5,6,8,31,63,64,81,83,
134, 135Turing test 137,138,142Turing, Alan 137Thri 20
Uuser models 37,56,115,116,147
VVCR (Video cassette recorder) 124-134visual impairment (partial sight) 142vocabulary 4,6,43,134,135voicecommands 9female 112, 119, 144human 2,4,138,144message 118pitch 19timbre 148tone 2
INDEX
voicemail 1.7.111.118-123. 144
Wvvarnillgs 7,10,17,67,77,79,107,113,115vveak syllable 16, 17, 18,81,82,83,86,89vvearable & mobile computers, 143vveb brovvser 107Wh-questions questions 31,75-76,87Windovvs, MS 10
vvordprocessor 11vvorld-vvidevveb (theWeb) 107,139vvritten language 12-13,16,57
yyes/no questions 40,77,84-86
ZZulu 20
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