Appendix Comparison of Pasar Gambir of Batavia, the 1931 Paris International Colonial Exhibition and Taman Mini Indonesia Indah Pasar Gambir of Batavia The 1931 Paris

International Colonial Exhibition

Taman Mini Indonesia Indah

Location Koningsplein, Central of Jakarta

Bois de Vincennes, East of Paris

Pondok Gede, East of Jakarta

Purpose

Promoting, modernism and Dutch power, as well as elebrating the Dutch Queen birthday

Promoting the success of Dutch colonialism, and presenting a modern image of the colony

Educating and uniting the nation, a part of nation-building process, and promoting tourism

Time 1921-1939 (irregularly held since 1898) for two weeks between end of august and early September

6 May – 6 November 1931 Inaugurated on 20 April 1975

Budget The 1926 Pasar Gambir profited 35.000 guilders

The cost to build the Dutch pavilion was nearly 2,5 Million guilders. The French organizers profited 33 million francs

The cost to build Taman Mini was around US$26 million

Visitors Visitors were varied from 15,000 to 35,000 on a daily basis, mostly Indonesian middle class

Most of visitors were European and there were approximately 33 million visitors for the period of 6 months

Around 96% of visitors are local people. Since 2009, yearly visitors is around 4.200.000 people

Organizers

Local Batavia government Paris organizer. The Dutch Pavilion was a collaboration between the Dutch and the Indies governments

Indonesian government, with is Yayasan Harapan Kita as the management

Y. N. Lukito, Exhibiting Modernity and Indonesian Vernacular Architecture,DOI 10.1007/978-3-658-11605-7, © Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden 2016

176 Appendix

Site

A square surrounded by governmental buildings. The square emphasized the Dutch power. The whole square is 90 ha

The site plan shows progress of colonization and a contrast between a modern city of Paris and a zoo. The whole exhibition has an area of 110 hectares. The site for the Dutch pavilion is more than 3 hectares, and the main building is 6,000 square meters.

The concentric plan has three layers: outer part (parks, and museums), middle part (traditional houses), and inner part (the lake). The current site is 250 ha (including an area for Taman Mini’s future development 414,3 ha). The lake is 8.4 ha.

Plan, Organization and Massing

Symmetrical, having 2 layers (outer: exhibits, and theater; inner: exhibits, dance floor, and fountain). Fortress-form-like shape. Symmetrical, central and circular organization.

Copying a Balinese temple, symmetrical composition with courtyards. A big pavilion in a symmetrical organization, and some smaller structures in a courtyard. Voids and solid massing

Referring to original houses for e.g. a famous palace in one province. Some buildings spread in usually a rectangle or a square site facing a lake

Appendix 177

Architecture

Architect: Dutch architect J.H. Antonisse

Architect: Dutch architects P.A.J. Moojen and Zweedijk

Architect: Various local architects

Non permanent. Hybrid, modern and experimental architecture. Operate beyond original architectural references. The scale of buildings varied.

Non permanent, except for the colonial museum. The architect used authentic and indigenous architecture. The pavilion had many ornaments to emphasize authenticity and was overscaled.

Permanent. Vernacular architecture in a modern setting. Over scale buildings, some pavilions have very detailed ornaments.

Gate

One or two buildings as the main gates, usually located in the middle of architectural composition.

Balinese kori agung gate for the main entrance and candi bentar gate for the entrance to the courtyard.

Javanese kala makara gate in the main entrance.

Circulation

178 Appendix

Circular

Free movement in the exhibition site

Directive and linear in the Dutch pavilion.

Directive, from the periphery to the center

Interior

Hybrid style, made to display and advertise products

Modern style interior such as Art Deco

Traditional, refereeing to original vernacular houses

Appendix 179

Material and Construction

Mostly bamboo with a small use of wood, and sirap for roofs. Bamboo construction, a collaboration between a Dutch architect and tukangs.

Various materials, mostly wood, lime stone, stones and sirap for roofs. A combination between traditional and modern constructions. Some parts of the pavilions were built in Indonesia.

Various materials following the original. Most buildings used woods with concrete foundations. A combination between traditional and modern constructions (mostly for foundation).

Unique Meaning

The use of electric lights and advertisements are related to an invitation to join modernity and modernizing the self. The hybrid character of the fair creates a space of encounter for local people. The architecture of the fair becomes a lingua franca of architecture in the Indies. The fair symbolized modernism, Dutch power and order.

The use of the Indies heritages to define the colony. Showing contrast between modern and traditional emphasize the narrative of progress. The pavilion shows the Dutch’s proud of its successful colonization in the Indies. The exhibition symbolized progress of Colonialization, e.g. by walking from West or Metropolitan Paris to the East or the zoo.

Miniature of the nation. The implementation of Javanese power such as Indic or cosmic city. The idea of nation-building, the national culture and museum for the various Indonesian culture in the park. The park symbolized progress and unity of the nation Resurrection of local values and forms.

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