x Appendix

Physiological Units

G. ThEWS

International system of units. In recent years various international societies and organizations have recommended that a new system of units be introduced to standardize the physical and chem­ical quantities used in physiology, as in other branches of science. Many countries have fol­lowed this recommendation, passing laws that require the use of the new system. This Interna­tional System of Units (SI, for Systeme Interna­tional d'Unites) is based on the seven units listed in Table 1.

Table 1. Names and symbols of the SI base units

Quantity Name Symbol of unit

Length meter m Mass kilogram kg Time second s Electric current ampere A Thermodynamic temperature kelvin K Luminous intensity candela cd Amount of substance mole mol

These base units are defined as follows: Meter (m) - The meter is the length equal to 1,650,763.73 wavelengths in vacuum of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the levels 2plO and 5ds of the krypton-86 atom.

Kilogram (kg) - The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram.

Second (s) - The second is the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom.

Ampere (A) - The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible cross section, and placed one meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 x 10-7 newton per meter of length.

Kelvin (K) - The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic tem­perature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.

Candela (cd) - The candela is the luminous intensity, in a

diation of frequency 540 x 1012 hertz and that has a radiant 'intensity in that direction of (1/683) watt per steradian.

Mole (mol) - The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon-12.

The units of all the other quantities can be de­rived from these base units. Some of them are listed in Table 2. The numerical values of the quantities in Tables 1 and 2 often contain powers of ten as factors. To simplify specification of numerical data, certain commonly used powers often have been assigned special prefixes (Table 3) which are combined with the names of the units in question. The conventional units listed in Table 4 can con­tinue to be used along with the SI units.

Table 2. Names and symbols of some derived SI units

Quantity Name Sym- Definition of unit bol

Frequency hertz Hz S-1 Force newton N m' kg· S-2 Pressure pascal Pa m-1 . kg . S-1 (N . m-2) Energy joule J m2 . kg . S-2 (N . m) Power watt W m2 . kg· S-3 (J . S-I) Electric charge coulomb C s·A Electric volt V m2 . kg . S-3 . A-I potential (W' A-I) difference

Electric ohm a m2 . kg . S-3 . A -2 (V . A-I) resistance

Electric siemens S m-2 . kg-I. S3 . A2 (a-I) conductance

Electric farad F m-2 'kg-1's4 'A2 capacitance (C· V-I)

Magn. flux weber Wb m2 . kg . S-2 . A-I (V . s) Magn. flux tesla T kg· S-2. A-I (Wb' m-2) density

Inductance henry H m2 . kg . S-2 . A-2 (magn. (V·s·A-1) conductance)

Luminous flux lumen 1m cd'sra

Illuminance lux Ix cd· sr . m-2 (lm . m-2) Activity of a becquerel Bq S-1 radioactive substance

given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic ra- a sr (steradian) = SI unit of solid angle

Physiological Units

Table 3. Prefixes and symbols of frequently used power-of-ten factors

Factor Prefix Sym- Factor Prefix Sym-bol bol

10-1 deci d 10 deca da 10-2 centi c 102 hecto h 10-3 milli m 103 kilo k 10-6 micro Jl 106 mega M 10-9 nano n 109 giga G 10-12 pico P 1012 tera T 10-15 femto f 1015 peta P

Table 4. Units not belonging to SI but currently retained

Name of unit Symbol SI equivalent

Gram g 1 g = 10-3 kg Liter I II = 1 dm3

Minute min Imin=60s Hour h 1 h = 3.6 ks Day d 1 d = 86.4 ks Degree Celsius °C t °C= (T -273.16) K

Conversion among units. Within the prOVISIOns of the SI system, concentrations can be given as amount of substance per unit volume (moljl, mmoljl, Jlmoljl) or as mass per unit volume (g/l, mg/l). It is recommended that the substance con­centration always be used for chemically uniform substances of known molecular weight (relative molecular mass). The mass concentration is a use­ful measure in the case of mixtures of dissolved substances - for example, total plasma protein. The conventional concentration units g% (g/ dl), mg% (mg/dl) and meq/l can be converted to SI units by reference to the relations summarized in Table 5. The new system will probably not be used con­sistently in medicine until a fairly long transition period has elapsed. Time is required not only for new equipment to become generally available, but also for the modification of unit-dependent norms to conform to the new system. Not until the most important norms in the new units have become as natural a part of the physician's store of knowledge as the old ones are now will the practicability of the proposed new system have been established. In particular, objections have been raised with regard to the replacement of the traditional unit of pressure, mm Hg, by the less

797

easily visualized pascal. On the other hand, the joule is being increasingly accepted as the unit of energy, in place of the conventional calorie. To help the reader become accustomed to the new units, in this book they are usually used together with the conventional units. Some of the frequently required conversions be-tween SI and earlier units are given in Table 6.

Table 5. Conversion from conventional concentration units (g%, mg%, meqjl) to SI units of mass concentration (gjl) and substance concentration (mmoljl or JlIDoljl)

1 g% = 1 g% =

Plasma protein 10 gjl Hemoglobin 10 gjl 0.621 mmoljl'

1 mg% = 1 meqjl =

Sodium 0.4350 mmoljl 1.0 mmoljl Potassium 0.2558 mmoljl 1.0 mmoljl Calcium 0.2495 mmoljl 0.5 mmoljl Magnesium 0.4114 mmoljl 0.5 mmoljl Chloride 0.2821 mmoljl 1.0 mmoljl Glucose 0.0555 mmoljl Cholesterol 0.0259 mmoljl Bilirubin 17.10 JlIDoljl Creatinine 88.40 Jlmoljl Uric acid 59.48 Jlmoljl

, The molar hemoglobin concentration is based on the relative molecular mass of the hemoglobin monomer (see p. 582)

Table 6. Conversion between SI units and conventional units

Quantity

Force

Pressure

Energy (work) (amount of heat)

Power

(heat flow) (energy metabolism)

Viscosity

Relationships

1 dyn = 10-5 N 1 kgf = 9.81 N

1 N = 105 dyn 1 N = 0.102 kgf

1 cm H20 = 98.1 Pa 1 Pa = 0.0102 cm H20 1 mm Hg = 133 Pa 1 Pa = 0.0075 mm Hg 1 atm = 101 kPa 1 kPa = 0.0099 atm 1 bar = 100 kPa 1 kPa = 0.01 bar

1 erg = 10-7 J 1 m·kgf = 9.81 J 1 cal = 4.19 J

1 J = 107 erg 1 J = 0.102 m·kgf 1 J = 0.239 cal

1 m·kgf/s = 9.81 W 1 W = 0.102 m·kgf/s 1 HP = 736 W 1 W = 0.00136 HP 1 kcaljh = 1.16 W 1 W = 0.860 kcal/h 1 kJ/d = 0.0116 W 1 W = 86.4 kJ/d 1 kcaljd = 0.0485 W 1 W = 20.6 kcaljd

1 poise = 0.1 Pa·s 1 Pa·s = 10 poise

Subject Index

A-band 62 ABO system 435, 436 Abdominal cavity, thermosensitivi-

ty 635 Aberration, chromatic 246 -, spherical 246 Abscess 415 Absorption, definition 693 Acalculia 153 Acaricide 682 Acceleration 675,676 Acclimation 640 -, acid-base balance 669 -, blood cell 669 -, cardiovascular 668, 669 -, erythrocyte 669 -, hemoglobin 669 -, high altitude 668, 669 -, muscle 669 -, oxygen transport 669 -, respiratory 669 Acclimatization, vascular system

530 Accommodation, eye 245 Acetoacetic acid 393 Aceton 393 Acetyl-CoA 393 Acetylcholine 44 -, alimentary canal 694 -, autonomic nervous system 337 -, blocking agents 337 -, heart 449 -, receptor 337 -, small intestine 722 Acetylsalicylic acid 642 Achalasia 708 Acid-base balance, acclimation

669 -, altitude adjustment 668 -, kidney contribution 593 Acid-base disturbance 593, 594 -, compensation 594, 595 Acid-base imbalance, renal com-

pensation 753 Acid-base status, Astrup 595, 596 -, blood 589-596 -, evaluation 595, 596 -, work 651 Acid, definition 589 -, dissociation reaction 589 Acidosis, base excess (BE) 594 -, definition 593 -, diabetic 753 -, metabolic 593, 594, 753 -, metabolic during exhaustion

658 -, nonrespiratory 593, 595, 600 -, respiratory 593, 595, 608, 753 Acoustics 283, 284, see also Hear-

ing -, decibel (dB) 284 -, noise 284 -, sound intensity 284

-, sound pressure 284 -, sound pressure level (SPL) -, tone 284 Acral perfusion 634 Acromegaly 382 Acrylamide 14 ACTH 775 Actin 13,64 -, filament 3 Action potential 22-28 -, afterpotential 22, 23, 26

284

-, compound action potential 37 -, conductance 25 -, conduction mechanism 37, 38 -, conduction velocity 36, 37 -, cortical neuron 131 -, depolarisation phase 22 -, diphasic 37 -, electrotonic spread 39 -, electrotonus 39 -, excitability 23 -, heart 442--445 -, inactivation 25, 26 -, ionic current 23-26 -, membrane conductance 23 -, membrane current 24, 38, 39 -, mixed nerve 37 -, monophasic 37 -, monopolar recording 37 -, Nemst equation 23 -, origin 23, 24 -, overshoot 22 -, potassium current 24 -, propagation 36--40 -, refractory period 26 -, repetitive excitation 39 -, repolarisation 22

-, pain 226, 227 -, sensor 182 -, smell 311 -, thermoregulation 640 -, thirst 316 -, tolerance 641 -, training 661 -, vascular system 530 -, work 658 Addison's disease 387, 749 Additive, residue 682 Adenohypophysis 375, 376, 379-

383 -, glandotropic hormone 379 -, inhibiting hormone 379, 380 -, non-glandotropic hormone 379 -, releasing hormone 379, 380 Adenylate cyclase 393 ADH 757, 758, 759, 765, 771 Adiadochokinesia 107 Adipose, cell 393 -, tissue, thermogenesis 626 Adiposia 316 Adrenal androgen 389 Adrenal cortex system 386--391 -, antiinflammatory action 388 -, glucocorticoid system 386--389 -, mineralocorticoid system 389,

390 -, pathophysiology 389 -, stress reaction 388 Adrenal gland 386 Adrenal insufficiency 527 Adrenal medulla 339, 340, 396,

397 -, peptide 397 Adrenalin 46,47,397

-, rhythmic impulse generation 40, -, adaptation syndrome 658 41

-, sensor 181, 182 -, sodium current 24 -, stabilisation 27 -, threshold 23 -, time course 22 -, upstroke 22 -, voltage clamp 24, 25 Active transport, across mem-

brane 7 -, organelle 11 -, vesicle 11 Actomyosin thread 65 Acupuncture, classical 235 -, ear 235 Acute abdomen 786 Adaptation, behavioral 641 -, cardiovascular system 527 -, cerebellar 104 -, hearing 296 -, heat 640, 641 -, light-dark 256 -, limbic system 364 -, local 641 -, metabolic 641

-, autonomic nervous system 337, 338

-, blood vessel effect 510 -, circulatory system 516 -, metabolic action 339 -, Na channel 31 -, prestart state 652 -, receptor block 338 -, receptor concept 337, 338 -, reversal 338 -, systemic action 339, 340 Adrenogenital syndrome 527,775 Adrenomimetic 338 Aerobic/anaerobic transition 663 Aerobic metabolism 598 Aerobic performance capacity Aerobic threshold 663 Afference copy 105 Afferent, visceral 335 Afterimage 256 Afterpotential 22, 23, 26 -, depolarizing 23, 26 -, hyperpolarizing 23, 26 Age, definition 789 -, nutrition 689

663

Agglomeration, erythrocyte 483 Agglutinable substance 434 Agglutination, blood 434 -, immune system 431 Agglutinin 434 Agglutinogen 434 Aging 789-793 -, alimentary canal 792 -, genetic component 790 -, respiratory tract 792 -, theory 790 Agonist, definition 48 -, partial 48 Agranulocytosis 417 Agraphia 153 Air - conditioner 672 - conditioning 674 - embolism 671 - hunger 576 - pollution 674 - sickness 676 Airway, artificial respiration 552 -, dead space 551 -, function 546, 547 -, Hagen-Poiseuille law 556 -, resistance 556, 557 -, subdivision 546 Akinesia 111 Alarm state 522 Albumin-globulin ratio 408 Albumin, blood plasma 407 A1calosis, respiratory 608, 753,

754 Alcohol, energy intake 689 -, toxic effect 689 Aldosterone 389, 390, 518, 737,

771 -, system 520, 521 -, kidney tubule 747,748 Alexia 153 Algesimetry, clinical 227 -, multidimensional 227 -, objective 227 -, SUbjective 226, 227 Alimentary canal 693-733 -, absorption 693 -, acetylcholine 694 -, active transcellular transport

703, 704 -, biliary system 717-721 -, colon 730--733 -, composition 693 -, deglutition 707-709 -, digestion 693 -, electrolyte secretion 704 -, enteric brain 694 -, enterocyte 699,700 -, epithelium 700--704 -, esophagus 705-709 -, food transport 693 -,GALT 697 -, gas content 697

800

Alimentary canal, gastric secretion 710-714

-, hormone 694, 695 -, hormone action 710 -, hydrostatic pressure gradient

704 -, immune system 697 -, innervation 694 -, intestinal transport 698-702 -, liver 717-721 -, malabsorption 704 -, mastication 705 -, motility 695, 696 -, myoelectric motor complex 696 -, nervous system 693, 694 -, oral cavity 705-709 -, pancreas 715-717 -, paracellular transport 702, 703 -, peptide 694, 695 -, peristalsis 695, 696 -, Peyer's plaque 697 -, pharynx 705-709 -, pylorus 709 -, salivation 705, 706 -, secretion mechanism 696, 697 -, segmentation 695 -, small intestine 721-730 -, stomach 709-715 -, storage function 693 -, sympathetic innervation 694 -, transport route 700 -, vagus nerve 694 -, wall structure 693 -, water absorption 704 -, water secretion 704 Alkalosis, base excess (BE) 594 -, definition 593 -, metabolic 753 -, nonrespiratory 593, 595 -, oxygen transport effect 586 -, respiratory 593, 595 All-or-none law 23 -, muscle 69, 70 Allergy 433, 434 Allocortex 363 -, definition 127 Allodynia 232 Alpha-gamma coactivation 91,

329 Alpha-gamma linkage 91 Altitude 666-670 -, hypoxia 666 -, oxygen deficiency 666, 667 -, oxygen tolerance 666 -, short-term adjustment 667,

668 -, sickness 666, 667 -, tolerable 668 Alto 301 Aluminium 682 Alveolus, function 547, 548 -, gas analysis 562 -, gas concentration 561 -, gas diffusion 564, 565 -, hyperventilation 563 -, hypoventilation 563 -, partial pressure 562, 563 -, surface area 547 -, surface-active substance 547,

548 -, surface tension 547, 548 -, surfactant 547, 548 -, ventilation 567 -, water-vapor pressure 562 Amanita muscaria 337 Amblyopia 268, 269 Amegakaryocytosis 418

Amenorrhea 383 -, hypothalamic 781 -, postpartum 788 Amino acid, transport 9,10 -, essential 679 Ammon's horn 363 Amnesia 158-161 -, anterograde 158, 160 -, hysterical 160 -, retrograde 160, 161 Amphetamine 369 Amygdala 110,363 -, destruction 364 -, epilepsy 365 -, function 364 Amygdalafugal bundle 363 Amygdaloid body, function 364 Amygdalotomy 164 Amylase 716,726 Amylopectin 726 Amylose 726 Amyotropic lateral sclerosis 72 Anabolic 660, 783 Anabolism 614 Anaerobic metabolism 598 Anal sphincter 730 Analgesia 232 -, opiate 233 -, stimulatin produced (SPA) 233 Anaphylactic shock 533 Androgen 389 -, anabolic action 777, 778 Androgen-binding protein (ABP)

777 Androgenital syndrome (AGS)

389 Anemia 586 -, aplastic 412 -, definition 411, 581 -, Diamond-Blackfan 412 -, Fanconi 412 -, functional 609 -, hemolytic 412 -, hyperchromic 581 -, hypochromic 581 -, hypochromic microcytic 412 -, iron-deficiency 411,412, 687 -, megaloblastic 412 -, normochromic 581 -, pernicious 411,412,581,714 -, sickle-cell 411,412 -, spherocytic 411 Anesthesia 232 -, dolorosa 233 -, local 234, 235 ANF 748 Angina pectoris 347 Angioarchitectonic 129 Angiocardiography 467 Angioneurotic edema 432 Angiotensin 343, 517, 518, 519,

520, 737, 747, 766 -, thirst 316 Angiotensin I 389, 390 Angiotensin II 47, 382, 390, 391 Angiotensinase 517 Angiotensinogen 389 Animal starch 680 Anisocytosis 411 Anode 34 Anomaloscope 271 Anorexia nervosa 321 Anosmia 307,313 Anoxia 610,611 -, heart 478 Antagonist, competitive 48 -, definition 48

Anti-D prophylaxis 437 Anti-G suit 528 Antiadrenergic drug 338 Antiandrogen 778 Antibody 426, 427 -, blocking 431 -, definition 429 -, heterologous 431 -, natural 433 Anticipatory hypertension 526 Anticoagulant 425 Antidepressive drug 369 Antidiuresis 743 Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 315,

316, 318, 376, 377, 519, 520 Antigen-antibody reaction 431 Antigen-binding fragment (Fab)

429 Antigen, definition 429 -, determinant 429 -, hapten 429 Antinomy 682 Antiplasmin 424 Antiport 10.747 Antipyretic 642 Antithrombin 424 Antivitamin 680, 681 Antivitamin K 681 Anvil 285 Anxiety 366 -, diving 671 Aortic arch 512 -, baroreceptor 765 -, paraganglion 573 Aortic body 573 Aortic stenosis 527 Aortic-arch syndrome 527 Aortic-isthmus stenosis 527 Apatite 770 Apex cardiogram 466 Apex impulse 465, 466 Aphagia 322 Aphasia 151-153 -, acalculia 153 -, agraphia 153 -, alexia 153 -, amnesic 152, 153 -, diagnosis 153 -, global 152 -, motor 151-153,304 -, sensory 151, 153 Aphonia 304 Apnea 516, 563, 571, 576 -, sleep 144 Apneusis 569 Appendix inflammation 347 Appetite 321 Apraxia 153 Aptitude test 662, 664 Aqueous humor 248 ARAS 146, 184,214 -, consciousness 148 -, mental fatigue 657 Archicerebellum 105 Arcus senilis 793 Area postrema 765 Areflexia 96 Argentaffin cell 711, 723 Arousal 146 Arrhythmia, heart 461 Arsenic 682 Arterial chemoreceptor reflex 516 Arterial pressure, defense line 521 Arterial system 491-497 -, flow pulse 491,492 -, flow velocity 492 -, pressure 493

Subject Index

Arteriole, neural regulation 509, 510

-, renal 736 -, vasomotion 508 Arteriosclerosis 11, 791 -, overweight 690 -, risk factor 679 Arteriovenous anastomose, sympa-

thetic vasodilator fiber 510 Artery, celiac 724 -, definition 440 -, ductus arteriosus 537 -, mesenteric 724 -, pial 510 -, renal 736 -, umbilical 537 -, volume receptor 765 Articulation, mechanism 301,302 Artificial hibernation 625 Artificial respiration 552, 553 Arytenoid cartilage 299 Asphyxia 564 Association cortex 124, see also

Cerebral cortex, see also Brain Associative learning 154, 155 Astigmatism, eye 245, 246 Astrup method 595, 596 Ataxia, cerebellar 106, 281 -, gait 106 -, trunk 106 Athetosis 111 Athlete, endurance limit 655, 656 -, heart 648, 658, 661 -, menstrual cycle 660 -, metabolic acidosis 658 -, metabolic rate 617 -, performance limit 655, 656 -, test 662 Atmosphere, partial pressure 562 ATP 13,16.64-66 ATPase 7,12 Atrial fibrillation 461 Atrial flatter 460 Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

316, 398 Atrial receptor 515 Atriopeptin 316 Atrioventricular (A V) node 441 Atrophy 72 -, muscle 661 Atropine 337,634 -, eye 245 Attack behavior 98 Attack center 98 Attack program 98 Attentiveness 659 Audiogram 297 Audiometry 296,297, s.a. Hearing Auditory evoked potential (AEP)

133,134 Auditory pathway, anatomy 293,

294, see also Hearing Auditory sensation, see Hearing Auditory system, central pathway

293-296 Auerbach's plexus 343, 700 Auscultatory method 538 Autoimmune disease 432 Automatic bladder 351 Autonomic dystonia 658 Autonomic nervous system 333-

370 -, alimentary canal 694 -, brainstem 348 -, central organization 345-350 -, final common path 345 -, hyperthalamus 348

Subject Index

-, learning 156 -, neurohumoral transmission

337-340 -, peripheral 333-344 -, resting activity 345, 346 -, subdivision 333-335 -, synaptic organization 340--343 -, transmitter 342, 343 Autonomic reflex arc 346, 347 Autoradiography, blood flow 601 Autoreceptor, hormonal 375 Autoregulation, kidney 737 -, mechanogenic 508 -, metabolic 507 -, myogenic 508 -, regional blood flow 507, 508 -, renal 535 -, smooth muscle 79 -, splanchnic blood flow 534 Autoregulatory escape 534 Autorhythmicity, blood vessel 508 -, heart 441 Aviation 669, 670 Avidin 681 Axillary temperature 628 Axon, axonal transport 13, 14 -, giant 40 -, myelinated 40 -, unmyelinated 39,40 Axon reflex, definition 510 -, triple response 510 Axonal transport 13, 14 -, actin 14 -, anterograde 14 -, colchicine 14 -, hormone release 377 -, organelle 14 -, pathology 14 -, rapid 13 -, retrograde 14 -, slow 14 -, tubulin 14 -, velocity 14 -, vesicle 14

Babinski sign 120 Bacteria, intestinal 733 Bad air 674 Bainbridge reflex 515 Ballismus 111, 112 Baroreceptor 512,513,514,515,

765 -, lung 525 Barotrauma 669, 671 Basal ganglia 107-112 -, akinesia 111 -, amygdala 110 -, athetosis 111 -, ballismus 111,112 -, caudate nucleus 108 -, cholinergic neuron 110 -, chorea 111, 112 -, cogwheel phenomenon 111 -, complex loop 109,110 -, component 108 -, connection 107, 108 -, corticostriate projection 108 -, disinhibition 108 -, dopamine system 110 -, GABA 108 -, gaze control 109 -, globus pallidus 108 -, glutamate 108 -, hemiballismus 112 -, Huntington chorea 112 -, information flow 108-11 0

-, locus coeruleus 11 0 -, loop connection 110 -, micromodular organization 111 -, modulation 110 -, MPTP 112 -, oculomotor loop 109 -, pallidum 108 -, Parkinson 11 0 -, pathophysiology 111, 112 -, peptidergic neuron 110 -, putamen 108 -, raphe nuclei 11 0 -, rigidity 111 -, saccade 109 -, skeletomotor loop 108, 109 -, striatum 108 -, striosome 111 -, substantia nigra 108, 11 0 -, survey 107, 108 -, transmitter 108 -, tremor 111 Basal metabolic rate (BMR) 615,

616 Basal tone, blood vessel 509, 510 Base, buffer function 592, 593, 596 -, conjugate 589 -, definition 589 -, dissociation reaction 589 Base deficit 593 Base excess (BE) 593, 594, 595,

596 Basilar membrane 290 Basket cell 103 Bass 301 Bathmotropy, heart 449 Bauhin's valve 730 Bayliss effect 737,487 Bed-wetting 144 Behavior, aggressive 778 -, approach system 368 -, avoidance system 368 -, defense 360 -, diencephalic cat 360 -, disturbance 366 -, emotional 364 -, hormone contribution 360 -, hypothalamic control 360--362 -, monoaminergic system 366-369 -, negative reinforcement 367 -, neuroendocrinology 375 -, nutritive 360 -, pleasure 368 -, positive reinforcement 367 -, punishment system 368 -, reproductive 360 -, reward system 368 -,sexual 360,778 -, species-specific pattern 364, 365 -, stereotaxic operation 366 -, stress 368 -, thermoregulatory 360 -, unpleasantness 368 Behavioral adaptation 641 Behavioral memory 154-156 Bekhterev nucleus 280 Benzodiazepine 369 Beriberi 14 Bernhard-Soulier syndrome 418 Beta-endorphin 382 Bezold-larisch reflex 516 Bile, composition 717 -, enterohepatic circulation 720 -, formation 717-719 -, function 718 -, gallbladder 719 -, hepatic 719 -, pathophysiology 721

-, secretion 718 Bile acid 718,719 -, circulation 720 Biliary system 717-721 Bilirubin 718,719 -, circulation 721 Bilirubin-binding globulin 407 Billroth II operation 715 Binocular fusion 268 Binocular rivalry 261 Binocular stereoscopy 267, 268 Binocular summation 261 Bioassay, hormone 374 Biofeedback, visceral function

205,206 Biological fuel value 678 Biological oxidation 598-600 Biot's breathing 576 Biotin 681, 685 Birth 787, 788 Bit 167,168 Black body 631 Black -out, diving 670 Bladder, urinary 350--352 Bleeding time 418 Bloated condition 697 Blood 402-437 -, acid-base status 589-596 -, agranulocytosis 417 -, anemia 581,687 -, arterial partial pressure 568 -, base deficit 593 -, base excess (BE) 593, 594, 595,

596 -, basic concept 402 -, buffer base 592 -, buffer capacity 588 -, buffer property, 590--592 -, carbon dioxide content 588 -, chloride shift 588 -, cholesterol 679, 680 -, clearing factor 416 -, clotting 420 -, clotting factor 420 -, C02 transport 587-589 -, coagulation 419,420 -, corpuscle sedimentation 413,

414 -, eosinophilia 416 -, erythrocyte 409-411 -, erythropoiesis 411 -, erythropoietin 411 -, function 402 -, gas level during work 650 -, gas pressure 568 -, Hamburger's shift 588 -, hematocrit 402, 403 -, hemoglobin concentration 580 -, hemolysis 434 -, Henry-Dalton law 582,583 -, homeostasis 402 -, hypercholesterolemia 679 -, hyperlipoproteinemia 679 -, hypervolemia 402 -, hypovolemia 402 -, iron-deficiency anemia 687 -, leukemia 417 -, leukocyte 414-417 -, leukocytosis 414 -, leukopenia 414,417 -, loss 530, 531 -, lymphopenia 417 -, normovolemia 402 -, oxygen capacity 582, 583 -, oxygen content 584 -, oxygen transport 582-587 -, oxygenation 565-568

801

-, pancytopenia 412 -, pH 589, 590 -, pH-regulating mechanism 593-

595 -, polarography 568 -, pus 415 -, reticulocyte 411,412 -, serum lipolysis 416 -, standard bicarbonate 595 -, thrombocyte 417,418 -, transfusion 437 -, transport 402 -, viscosity 403, 482, 483 -, volume 402 Blood-brain barrier 22 Blood flow, autoradiography 601 -, autoregulation 507, 508 -, autoregulation in kidney 737 -, cerebral cortex 118, 119, 136,

137 -, cutaneous 535, 536 -, dynamic work 647 -, Fick principle 600 -, measurement 539-541 -, muscle 647 -, overall regulation 511-522 -, regional regulation 506-511 -, renal 736-738 -, small intestine 724 -, splanchnic 534 Blood gas transport, definition

544 -, measurement 568 Blood group 434-437 -, ABO system 435, 436 -, agglutination 434 -, inheritance 435 -, Rh system 436, 437 -, test 437 Blood plasma 403-409 -, albumin 407 -, albumin-globulin ratio 408 -, buffer function 406 -, ceruloplasmin 407 -, clearing factor 416 -, density-gradient centrifugation

406 -, electrolyte 403, 404, 408 -, electrophoresis 406 -, fibrinogen 408 -, globulin 407 -, glucosaminoglycan 407 -, glycoprotein 407 -, homeostasis 404 -, hyperiipoproteinemia 408 -, hypertonicity 404 -, immunoelectrophoresis 406 -, mucopolysaccharide 407 -, mucoprotein 407 -, nonprotein nitrogen (N.P.N.)

409 -, osmotic pressure 403, 404, 405 -, pH 589 -, protein fraction 407 -, proteine 404-408 -, proteoglycan 407 -, serum lipolysis 416 -, standard bicarbonate 595 -, trace element 408, 409 -, transferrin 408 -, transported component 408, 409 -, vitamin 408 Blood poisoning 533 Blood pressure 482 -, age-dependence 525 -, anticipatory hypertension 526 -, autoregulation 514

802

Blood pressure, cardiovascular shock 531-533

-, circadian periodicity 526 -, cold pressure test 530 -, dream 526 -, exercise 649 -, exercise effect 530 -, first-order wave 526 -, food intake 526 -, hepatic 534 -, homeostatic mechanism 514 -, human 525-527 -, hypertension 514, 526, 527 -, hypotension 527 -, Korotkoff sound 538 -, Mayer wave 526 -, measurement 537-539 -, norm 525 -, pain 526 -, palpation method 539 -, pathophysiology 526, 527 -, posture 527-529 -, pulse wave 526 -, renal volume-control system

518,519 -, rhythmic fluctuation 526 -, second-order wave 526 -, sleep 526 -, splanchnic 534 -, third-order wave 526 -, training effect 530 -, work 649 Blood sugar 391-393 Blood supply, regional regulation

506-511 Blood vessel, 5-hydroxytryptamine

(5-HT) 511 -, adrenalin effect 510, 516 -, autoregulatory contraction 487 -, basal tone 509, 510 -, Bayliss effect 487 -, bradykinin 511 -, capacitance vessel 489 -, compliance 486, 487 -, critical closing pressure 488 -, delayed compliance 487,517 -, elastic property 486 -, exchange vessel 488, 489 -, histamine 511 -, hydrostatic pressure 499 -, hypersensitivity 510 -, intrathoracic 524 -, kallikrein-kinin system 511 -, Laplace law 485 -, long-term control mechanism

518-521 -, lymph 505, 506 -, metarteriole 502 -, microcirculation 501-505 -, neural regulation 509, 510 -, noradrenalin effect 510, 516,

517 -, passive stretch 487 -, periodic dilation 510 -, precapillary sphincter 502 -, pressure-volume diagram 494 -, pressure-volume flow relation-

ship 487, 488 -, prostacyclin 511 -, prostaglandin 511 -, pulse-wave reflection 495, 496 -, pulse-wave velocity 495, 496 -, reactive hyperemia 508 -, regional flow regulation 506-

511 -, resistance 489, 490 -, resistance vessel 488

-, resting tone 521 -, serotonin 511 -, shunt vessel 489 -, sphincter vessel 488 -, stress relaxation 486,487, 517 -, structure 485 -, thromboxan 511 -, transmural pressure 485 -, vascular tone 486 -, vasomotion 508 -, volume 490, 491 -, volume elasticity coefficient 486 -, volume pulse 494 -, wall tension 485 -, Windkessel 488, 494 Blood volume, baroreceptor effect

515 -, defense line 521 -, measurement 541 Body, composition 690, 691 -, core temperature 627, 628 -, homeothermic core 627 -, lean body mass 691 -, poikilothermic shell 627 -, surface area 691 -, total oxygen uptake 620-622 Body building 690 Body counter 691 Body image 196 Body plethysmograph 550, 557 Body temperature 626, 627--629 -, axillary 628 -, circadian periodicity 628 -, diurnal rhythm 628 -, esophageal 628 -, exercise 629 -, marathon runner 629 -, mean 628 -, meatus 628 -, menstrual cycle 629 -, periodic fluctuation 628 -, rectal 628 -, regulation 632--639 -, set point 641 -, sublingual 628 -, work 629 Body weight, significance 663 -, evaluation 690, 691 Bohr effect 584, 585 Bohr equation 551 Bone marrow 427 Bone, calcium content 769 Boron 682 Botallo's duct 440 Bowel evacuation 352 Bowman's capsule 738,741 Boyle-Mariotte law 670,671 Bradykinin 511, 634 -, shock 533 Bradymetabolism 624 Bradypnea 563 Brain 792, see also Cerebral cor-

tex, see also Neocortex -, blood flow 533, 534 -, circulation 533, 534 -, enteric 694 -, frontal 364 -, functional limit 611 -, hypercapnia 607 -, hypoxia 607 -, neomammalian 363 -, olfactory 363 -, oxygen pressure 605 -, oxygen supply 601 -, paleomammalian 363 -, Positron emission tomography

(PET) 600, 601

-, protoreptilian 363 -, resuscitation limit 611 -, sexual differentiation 775 -, temporal 364 -, visceral 363 Brain imaging, 137, 138 -, computed tomography (CT) 138 -, nuclear magnetic resonance

(NMR) 138 -, positron-emission tomography

(PET) 138 Brainstem, control of body pos-

ture 97 -, control of muscle tone 97 -, decerebrate rigidity 97,98 -, motor center 96,97, 101 -, autonomic capability 348-350 -, autonomic center 348 -, chemosensitivity 573 -, definition 213 -, gaze center 263 -, oculomotor center 240 -, oculomotor nucleus 244 -, respiratory center 569 -, reticular formation 213,214 -, somatosensory function 213,

214 -, thermosensitivity 635 Breathing, see also Lung, see also

Respiration -, Biot's 576 -, chemical regulation 573, 574 -, Cheyne-Stokes 576 -, control 593 -, drive 574 -, elastic resistance 559 -, exercise 650 -, expiration 545 -, frequency 548 -, gasping 576 -, Hering-Breuer reflex 571 -, hyperventilation 668 -, inspiration 545 -, Kussmaul 576 -, maximum breathing capacity

(MBC) 560 -, maximum volume flow 560 -, mechanical control 571 -, mechanical factor 553-560 -, mechanics 559, 560 -, movement 544-548 -, nonelastic resistance 559 -, oxygen deficiency 572 -, pathophysiology 576 -, pH effect 572 -, pH-regulating mechanism 593 -, pressure-volume relation 557-

559 -, respiratory quotient 551 -, rib movement 544, 545 -, thorax movement 544-546 -, tidal volume 548 -, Tiffenau test 559, 560 -, training 661 -, unspecific drive 574 -, work 559 -, work performance 650 Breathlessness 571 Broca area 151 Broca index 690 Broca's diagonal band 363 Bronchial asthma 432, 559 Bronchial innervation 546, 547 Bronchial tree 546, 547 Bronchiole 546 Bronchitis 547, 559 Bronchoconstriction 546, 547

Subject Index

Bronchodilation 546 Bronchus 546, 547 -, stretch receptor 571 Brown adipose tissue 626, 641 -, foodstuff 678 Brown-Sequard syndrome 208 Brunner's gland 713, 726 Brush border 744,750 BTPS condition 561 Buffer base 592, 593, 596 Buffer system, bicarbonate 590,

591 -, characteristic 590 -, Henderson-Hasselbalch equa-

tion 590, 591 -, phosphate 591 Buffer value 590 Bulbourethral gland 785 Bundle of His 441 Bunsen coefficient 582 Butter yellow 682 Butyrophenone 369 Bycicle ergometer 646

Cacosmia 313 Cadmium 682 Calciferol 396 Calcite crystal 277 Calcitonin 395, 396, 748, 771 Calcium, balance 769, 770 -, hormonal control 769, 770 -, ion pump 769 -, requirement 686 -, residual 55 -, switch 67 -, tubular transport 748 Caliper 690, 691 Calmodulin, smooth muscle 80 Calorimeter 618 Calorimetry 618 Camera obscura 242 cAMP 16,17,31 Canal of Hering 718 Capacitance vessel 489 Capillary, cerebral cortex 604 -, colloid osmotic pressure 503 -, cross-sectional area 502 -, density 502, 604 -, diffusion 503 -, edema 505 -, exchange process 503-505 -, exchange surface 501, 502 -, filtration 503 -, filtration pressure 504 -, filtration rate 504, 505 -, filtration-reabsorption equilibri-

um 515 -, fluid movement 504 -, hydrostatic pressure 503, 504,

505 -, interstitial pressure 504 -, lymph 505 -, muscle 604 -, myocardium 604 -, number 502 -, osmotic pressure 503 -, permeability 504, 505 -, precapillary sphincter 502, 508 -, protein permeability 504 -, reabsorption 503, 505 -, reabsorption pressure 504 -, structure 502 -, sympathetic vasodilator fiber

510 -, transcapillary volume shift 517 -, ultrastructure 503

Subject Index

Capump 8 Car sickness 676 Carbamino-hemoglobin 588 Carbhemoglobin 588 Carbohydrate 678, 680 -, oxidation 619 -, balanced diet 688 -, minimal requirement 683, 684 -, small intestine 726, 727 Carbon dioxide (C02), transport

587 -, dissociation curve 588, 589 -, Christiansen-Douglas-Haldane

effect 588, 589 Carbon monoxide (CO) 586, 587 Carbonic anhydrase 587 Carbopeptidase 727 Cardiac catheter 467 Cardiac infarction, risk factor 679 Cardiac insufficiency 479, 527 Cardiac output 468 -, measurement 540 Cardiac perfusion 533 Cardiac reserve 472 Cardiogenic shock 532 Cardiography 455, s.a. Electrocar-

diogram Cardioplegic solution 451 Cardiovascular control center 521,

522 Cardiovascular disease 527 Cardiovascular regulation, goal

512 Cardiovascular shock 531-533 Cardiovascular syncope 527, 533 Cardiovascular system 480, s.a.

Vascular system -, hypothalamic control 359, 360 -, training 661 Caretenoid 681 Carotid body 572, 573 Carotid pulse 466, 467 Carotid sinus 512, 514 -, baroreceptor 765 Carotid-sinus syndrome 514 Castration 776,778,781,614,619 Catabolism 614,619 Cataract 793 Catecholamine 337, 338 -, action 397 -, distribution 396, 397 -, metabolic action 339 -, physiological action 339 -, receptor system 397 Cathode 34, 35 Causalgia 59, 231, 347, see also

Pain CCK 720,731 Cecum 730 Celiac disease 730 Cell 2-17 -, clone 429 -, actin filament 3 -, active level 615 -, active transport 7, 11 -, argentaffin 711, 723 -,ATP 16 -, calcium as messenger 16 -,cAMP 16 -, chief 711 -, cholesterol 2, 3 -, compartment 2 -, control of function 15-17 -, cyclic adenosine monophos-

phate 16 -, cytoskeleton 3 -, cytosol 3, 4

-, DG 17 -, diacylglycerin 17 -, diffusion 4, 5, 11 -, endoplasmic reticulum 3 -, energy conversion 598 -, energy expenditure 614 -, enterocyte 699, 700 -, excitation 23 -, G-protein 16 -, gluconeogenesis 4 -, glucose requirement 600 -, glycolysis 4, 598, 600 -, glygocen granule 4 -, glykolipid 2 -, Golgi apparatus 3 -, granule 312 -, growth factor 15 -, GTP 16 -, guanosine triphosphate 16 -, histamine 15 -, hyperoxia 610 -, inositol triphosphat 17 -, intermediary filament 3 -, intestinal epithelial 699, 700 -, ion concentration 4 -,IP3 17 -, Leydig's interstitial 391,774 -, lipid bilayer 2 -, local chemical agent 15 -, lysosome 3 -, M 723,724 -, maintenance level 615 -, membrane, s. plasma membrane -, membrane potential 8,9,15 -, metabolism 4, 598 -, microtubule 3 -, mitochondrium 3 -, mitral 313 -, mucous 723 -, Napump 7 -, Na-K pump 7 -, nerve growth factor 15 -, NGF 15 -, nucleus 3 -, olfactory 310 -, oocyte 774 -, organelle 11 -, organelle membrane 3 -, oxygen requirement 600, 601 -, parietal 711 -, peroxisome 3 -, phosphoinositol 17 -, phospholipid 2, 3 -, plasma membrane 2, 3 -, proopiomelanocortin 386, 387 -, prostaglandin 15 -, protein 3 -, protein secretion 11 -, readiness level 615 -, resting potential 6, 7 -, ribosome 3, 4 -, second messenger 15, 16 -, Sertoli 774, 777 -, sodium content 769 -, synaptic transmitter 15 -, thermosensitive 635 -, vitamin function 680 -, volume 8, 9 Cellulose 682, 687 Cellulose fiber 680 Center, ciliospinal 244 -, medullary circulatory 521,522 -, oculomotor 240 -, vasomotor 512 Central chemosensitivity 573 Central nervous system 793 Central venous pressure 497, 498

Cerebellum 102-107 -, adiadochokinesia 107 -, afference copy 105 -, anterior lobe 105, 106 -, archicerebellum 105 -, ataxia 281 -, basket cell 103 -, climbing fiber 103-107 -, comparator function 105 -, Deiters' nucleus 106 -, dentate nucleus 106 -, disinhibition 104 -, dysarthria 107 -, dysmetria 107 -, effect of lesion 106 -, efference copy 105 -, emboliform nucleus 106 -, error signal 105 -, fastigial nucleus 106 -, flocculus 104, 105 -, folia 102 -, fractionated somatotopy 104 -, globose nucleus 106 -, Golgi cell 103 -, granular layer 103 -, hemispheric function 106,107 -, inhibition 104 -, intention tremor 107 -, lesion 106, 107 -, longidudinal strip 104 -, microcircuitry 102-104 -, microorganization 104, 105 -, microstrip 104 -, modular fractionation 104 -, molecular layer 103 -, mossy fiber 103, 106, 107 -, motor adaptation 104 -, motor learning 104 -, neuronal operation 102-105 -, neuronal organization 103 -, nodulus 105 -, noradrenergic fiber 103 -, nucleus 104 -, nucleus interpositus 106 -, paleocerebellum 106 -, paraflocculus 106 -, parallel fiber 103-105 -, paravermis 106 -, plasticity 104 -, pontocerebellum 106 -, Purkinje cell 103, 104, 105 -, rebound phenomenon 107 -, serotonergic fiber 103 -, somatotopic arrangement 104,

105 -, spinocerebellum 106 -, stellate cell 103 -, structure 102-104 -, survey 102 -, symptom 102 -, synergy 107 -, uvula 106 -, vermal part 105 -, vermis 106 -, vestibular connection 281 -, vestibulo-ocular reflex 104 -, vestibulocerebellum 105, 106 Cerebral circulation 533, 534 Cerebral cortex, see also Neocortex -, ablation 219 -, AEP 133, 134 -, agranular 129 -, allocortex 127, 363 -, angioarchitectonic 129 -, area-5 218 -, area-7 218,263 -, area-17 258, 259

803

-, area-Vl 258, 259, 268, 273 -, area-V2 258, 261, 263, 268 -, area-V3 258, 261 -, area-V4 261,273 -, association fiber 129 -, autoradiography 601 -, blood flow 136, 137, 533, 534 -, Broca area 151 -, capillary 604 -, cardiovascular control 522, 523 -, cause interpreter 149, 150 -, chemoarchitectonic 129 -, circulation 533, 534 -, column 217,218 -, .commissural fiber 129 -, cortical map 112 -, cortical neuron 129--131 -, corticofugal fiber 129 -, corticopetal fiber 129 -, corticothalamic information ex-

change 130 -, CT 138 -, DC potential 134 -, definition 112 -, deoxyglucose 601 -, dysgranular 129 -, electrical stimulation 218,219 -, electrocorticogramm (ECoG)

132 -, electroencephalogram (EEG)

134--136 -, event related potential (ERP)

133,134 -, evoked potential (EP) 133, 134,

217 -, extrastriate visual 261, 262 -, feature extraction 218 7, fiber connection 129 -, frontal lobe 162-164 -, gliarchitectonic 129 -, granular 129 -, hemispheric dominance 150 -, hemispheric dysfunction 150 -, Heschl's gyrus 294 -, heterotypical 129 -, histology 127-131 -, history 112 -, homotypical 129 -, human 216 -, information processing 130,131 -, insula 363 -, intracortical communication

130 -, intracortical information

transfer 130 -, isocortex 127, 363 -, koniocortex 129 -, language area 150, 151 -, layer 127 -, limbic 162, 163 -, magnetencephalography (MEG)

136 -, map 127-129 -, mesocortex 363 -, metabolism 136, 137 -, motor cortex 112-117 -, myeloarchitectonic 129 -, neocortex 127 -,NMR 138 -, nociception 230 -, orbitofrontal 313, 363 -, oxygen consumption 136,137,

601 -, oxygen pressure 605 -, pain 230 -, partial oxygen pressure 605 -, PET 138

804

Cerebral cortex, physiology 127-136

-, postcentral gyrus 216,217 -, prefrontal 162, 163 -, premotor cortex 113 -, primary auditory 294, 295 -, primary visual 258 -, projection fiber 129 -, pyramidal cell 129-131 -, secondary auditory 294 -, secondary visual 258 -, sensory topography 216 -, SEP 133, 134 -, SI 216,218 -, SII 216,218 -, somatosensory homunculus

216,217 -, somatosensory projection area

216-219 -, somatotopic representation 216 -, split-brain 148-150 -, stellate cell 129-131 -, surface 127 -, synaptic activity 131,132 -, taste 309 -, temporal 363 -, tertiary visual 258, 261 -, thalamocortical fiber 129 -, thickness 127 -, transmitter substance 131 -, VEP 133, 134 -, visual 258 -, visual area 240 -, visual integration region 262 -, visual neuron 260 -, volume 127 -, Wernicke area 151, 152 Cerebral localization 124 Ceruloplasmin 407 Cerveau isole 145, 146 Cervix 786 Cesium 682 Chagas' disease 708 Channel 5 Channel state 28, 29 -, energy profile 5 -, ion channel 5 -, ionic at synapse 57, 58 Charley horse 657 Chemoarchitectonic 129 Chemoreceptor 307, 512 Chemotactic substance 433 Chemotaxis 415 Chenodeoxycholic acid 719 Chewing 100, 101,705 Chewing center 101 Cheyne-Stokes breathing 576 Chicken pox 426 Chilblain 634 Chloride shift 588 Chlorpromazine 369 Cholecystokinin (CCK) 339, 396,

397, 694, 716 -, stomach 709 Cholera 687 -, thirst 318 Cholesterol 2, 3, 11, 390, 679, 680,

775 -, esterase 729 Cholic acid 719 Cholinesterase 49 -, eserine 49 -, inhibitor 49 Chondrocyte 381 Chondrogenesis 381 Chorda tympani 307 Chordotomy 235

Chorea 111,112 Christiansen-Dougias-Haldane ef-

fect 588, 589 Chromatolysis 14 Chromosome 790 Chronotropy, heart 448 Chylomicron 699, 700 Chylomicron formation 729, 730 Chyme 698 Chymotrypsin 727 Ciliary zonule 245 Cilium, olfactory cell 310 Cimetidine 714 Cineradiography 709 Cingulotomy 235 Cingulum 364 Cintigraphy 709 Circadian periodicity, body temper­

ature 628 Circadian rhythm 138-140,258,

526 -, bicircadian rhythm 139 -, free-running rhythm 138 -, hormone release 359 -, jet lag 140 -, performance variability 659 -, pineal body 397, 398 -, Zeitgeber 139, 140 Circulation 480, s.a. Vascular sys-

tem -, altitude adjustment 667, 668 -, central control 521-523 -, centralization 673 -, coronary 533 -, cutaneous 535, 536 -, fetal 536, 537 -, hepatic 534 -, indicator-dilution technique 540 -, long-term control mechanism

518-521 -, placental 536 -, portal 534 -, regulation 511-522 -, renal 535 -, splanchnic 534 -, subdivision 439 -, uterine 536, 537 -, volume receptor 765 -, work adjustment 653, 654 Circulatory system 480, s.a. Vascu-

lar system -, centralization 673 -, diving 670 -, posture 527-529 -, regulation 511-522 -, snorkling 670 -, thermal stress 530 Cisterna 11 Citrate cycle 598, 599 Civetone 307 C-kinase 17 Clamp current 28 Clasp-knife phenomenon 93 Clearance concept 740 Clearance procedure 742 Clearance, PAH 757 Climate 672--674 Climateric 792 Climatology 673, 674 Climbing fiber 103-107 Clitoris 354, 355, 774, 785 Clotting, inhibition 425 Clotting factor 420 Clumping, immune system 431 CO poisoning 586, 587 Coactivation, alpha-gamma 91,

329

Coagulation 419,420 -, clotting factor 420 -, disturbance 425 -, inhibition 425 Coagulopathy 425 Cocaine 307 Cochlea 285, 286, see also Ear, see

also Hearing -, annular ligament 286 -, basilar membrane 286 -, damage 293 -, endolymph 286 -, hair cell 286, 287 -, helicotrema 285, 286 -, organ of Corti 286 -, perilymph 285, 286 -, Reissner membrane 286 -, round window 286 -, scala media 285, 286 -, scala tympani 285, 286 -, scala vestibuli 285, 286 -, spiral ganglion 286, 287 -, stria vascularis 287 -, tectorial membrane 287 Cochlear microphonic (CM) 291,

292 Coenzyme Q 599 Cognitive learning 156-158 Cogwheel phenomenon 111 Coinnervation, cerebral cortex 522 Coitus 785, 786 Colchicine 14 Cold, anesthesia 673 -, hypothermia 673 -, local injury 673 -, necrosis 673 Cold dilation 634 Cold pressure test 530 Cold sensor 636 Cold shock 531 Cold stress 530 Cold vasodilation 634 Colitis 731 Collateral vasoconstriction 529 Colloid osmotic pressure, capillary

503 -, plasma 504 Colon 730-733 -, absorption 731-733 -, anal sphincter 730 -, Bauhin's valve 730 -, constipation 731 -, contraction pattern 731 -, diarrhea 731,732,733 -, digestion 731-733 -, functional anatomy 730 -, gastrocolic reflex 731 -, haustra 730 -, Hirschsprung's disease 731 -, Holzknecht's movement 731 -, hormonal control 730,731 -, ileocecal valve 730 -, irritable 731 -, megacolon, 731 -, microvillus 730 -, mucosa 730 -, mutility 730, 731 -, neural control 730, 731 -, pathophysiology 731,733 -, rectum 730 -, sigmoid 730 -, tenia 730 Color blindness 274 Color vision 269-275 -, anomaloscope 271 -, anomaly 274, 275 -, color anomia 274

Subject Index

-, color blindness 274 -, color circle 269 -, color constancy 271 -, color mixing 271 -, color mixture 271 -, color solid 269,272 -, color sphere 270 -, complementary color 271,272 -, cortical disturbance 274 -, defect 274, 275 -, deficit 271 -, description 269 -, deuteranope 274 -, dichromat 274 -, hue 269 -, Ishihara chart 274, 275 -, law 269 -, lightness 269 -, metric system 270 -, physiology 272-274 -, protanope 274 -, pseudo-isochromatic chart 274,

275 -, saturation 269 -, theory 272 -, trichromacy 271,272 -, trichromatic theory 251 Colorimetry, hemoglobin 581 Column, cortical neuron 217,218 Coma, diabetic 395 Comfort, condition 672 -, thermal 674 -, zone 672 Common bile duct 718 Complement-binding reaction 432 Complement factor 433 Complement immune system 431 Compliance, blood vessel 486, 487 -, lung 555, 556 -, vascular system 540 Compound action potential (CAP)

292 Computed tomography (CT) 138 Conception 782 Condiment 682 Conditioning, classical 155, 156 -, instrumental 155 -, operant 155, 156 -, reflex 93 -, reinforcement 155 Conductance, action potential 25 -, K 25 -, Na 25,26 -, thermal 630 Conduction, heat flow 629,630 -, mechanism 37, 38 -, myelinated axon 40 -, saltatory 39,40 -, unmyelinated axon 39, 40 Conduction velocity, action poten-

tial 36,37 -, determining factor 39, 40 -, fiber diameter 39, 40 -, measurement 36,37 -, saltatory conduction 39, 40 Cone-model 604 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

389 Congenital heart defect 537 Connexon 58, 59 Consciousness 147-150 -, altitude sickness 667 -,ARAS 148 -, cause interpreter 149, 150 -, form 147 -, gradation 147 -, human 147-150

Subject Index

-, phylogeny 147 -, split-brain 148-150 -, structural prerequisite 148 Consolidation, memory 157 Consonant 302 Constant field equation 7 Constipation 690, 731 Contact time 564 Continence, fecale 352 -, urinary bladder 350 Contraception 782 -, pill 782 Contractility measurement, heart

473 Contraction, afterload 469 -, afterloaded 74, 75 -, auxotonic 72 -, calcium action 66, 67 -, calcium switch 67 -, elementary form 468 -, energetics 76-78 -, energy consumption 64-66 -, excitation-contraction coupling

66-70 -, fatigue 77 -, Fenn effect 77 -, force 75, 76 -, force velocity relation 76 -, heart 465 -, Hill relation 76 -, isometric 72, 468 -, isometric contraction maximum

73, 74 -, isotonic 74, 75, 468 -, load 75, 76 -, mechanical summation 72, 73 -, mechanism 62-64 -, metabolism 77 -, regulation 66-72 -, regulation of force 70-72 -, resting tension curve 73 -, smooth muscle 80 -, summation 68, 69 -, tetanus 69, 72, 73 -, twitch 68, 72, 73 -, two-component model 468 -, velocity 75, 76 Contracture 70 -, smooth muscle 80 Contrast, simultaneous 254, 255 -, enhancement 185 -, visual 254, 255 Control circuit, accuracy of regula­

tion 328 Control circuit, anticipatory con-

trol function 331 -, characteristic curve 327 -, closed-loop function 330 -, closed-loop step response 328 -, coupling 331, 332 -, dead time 328 -, dynamic behavior 327-330 -, dynamic property 327 -, endocrine 375 -,functional analysis 326, 327 -, gain 328 -, instability 328 -, motor control 331 -, movement program 332 -, open-loop 326, 327, 330 -, oscillation 328 -, polarity 327 -, principle 325 -, reference signal 332 -, regulation factor 328 -, regulator 325, 326 -, reversal of sign 327

-, servomechanism 325, 326, 329 -, set point 325, 326 -, spinal 332 -, stability of regulation 328 -, static behavior 327 -, steady-state operation 329, 330 -, step response 327, 328 -, stretch reflex 326, 327, 329 -, structure 325 -, undamped oscillation 328 -, variable gain 330, 331 Control system, s. Control circuit Control theory, definition 324 Controlled system 325 Controlled variable 325 Controller 325 Convection, heat flow 629, 630 -, heat transfer 634 Convergence, dorsal horn 212 -, nociception 232 -, sensory system 183 Conversion neurosis 224 Convulsion 610 Coombs test 431 Copper 682, 686 Coriolis acceleration 283 Cornea 241 Coronary - arteriosclerosis 791 - chemoreflex 516 - circulation 477 - flow 478 - insufficiency 476 - reserve 478 - vessel 477 Corpus luteum 390, 775, 779 Cortex, see also Cerebral cortex,

see also Neocortex -, subcallosal 363 Corti's organ 286 Cortical ablation 219 Corticotropin 379 Cortisol 386, 387 -, antianabolic action 388 -, antiinflammatory action 388 -, catabolic action 388 -, osteoporosis 388 -, pathophysiology 389 -, stress reaction 388 Cortisol-binding globulin 407 Cotransmitter 47 Coughing 547 Coulomb 769 Coumarin 681 Countercurrent diffusion 738 Countercurrent principle 758 -, heat flow 630 Countercurrent system 738 C-reactive protein 432 Creatine phosphate 65 Creatinine clearance 740 Cretinism 386 Cricoid cartilage 299 Critical flicker frequency (CFF)

257 Crohn's disease 721 Cross-adaptation, smell 311 Cross-bridge 63, 64 Crude fiber 680, 682, 690 Crypt 723, 730 Crystallizable fragment (Fc) 429 Cumarin 425 Cupula 277 -, mechanics 279,280 Curare 48, 96 Cushing's disease 389 Cushing's syndrome 387, 389, 527

Cyanmethemoglobin 581 Cybernetics, definition 166, 324

see also Information Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

16 Cyclopean eye 268 Cystic duct 718 Cystine stone 756 Cystometogram 350 Cytochrome 599 Cytochrome oxidase 604 Cytoplasm, glycolysis 598 Cytoskeleton 3, 10, 12 Cytosol 3, 4, 12 Cytotoxin 416

Dale's principle 47 Dalton's law 670 DC potential, cerebral cortex 134 Dead space, anatomical 551 -, Bohr equation 551 -, measurement 551 -, physiological 551 -, ventilation 552 Deafening, permanent 675 -, reversible 675 Deafness 299 Death, biological 552 -, clinical 552 Decerebrate rigidity 97, 98 Decerebration 97, 98 -, chewing movement 101 Decibel (dB) 284 Decompression, diving 671 -, table 671 Defecation 352, 733 Defibrillation, electrical 461 -, heart 461 Deglutition 707-709 Dehydration 771 -, hypertonic 532, 771, 772 -, hypotonic 771 -, isotonic 771 Dehydroepiandrosterone (DEHA)

389 Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate

(DHEAS) 787 Deiter nucleus 280 Delayed-reinforcement task 164 Delta sleep inducing peptide

(DSIP) 147 Denervation, atrophy 72 -, supersensitivity 341, 342 Deoxycholic acid 719 Deoxyglucose 601 Deoxyhemoglobin 578, 579 -, pH 592 Depolarization 40,41 -, rhythmic impulse generation 40,

41 Depot reserve 684 Depression 369 -, EEG 150 -, synaptic 56 Dermatoheliosis 792 Dermatome 210,231,232, 347 Desensitization, nociceptor 229 Determinant, antigen 429 Deuteranope 274 Dextrin 726 DG 17 Diabetes insipidus 318, 378, 393,

394, 748, 771 Diabetes mellitus 771 -, acidosis 593 -, load-tolerance limit 656

-, overweight 690 Diabetic coma 393, 395 Diacylglycerin 17

805

Dialysis 760 Diamond-B1ackfan anemia 412 Diapedesis 415 Diaphragm 545, 546 Diarrhea 727, 731, 732, 733, 771 Diastole, definition 439 Diathermy 36, 235 Dichiorisoproterenol 338 Dichromat 274 Dicortication 98 Dicrotic wave 496 Diencephalic cat 360 Diencephalon, motor control 98 Diet, balanced 687,688,689 -, crude fiber 690 -, formula 689 -, low-energy 689 -, measure 688 -, special 689 Dietary fiber 682 Diffusion 4, 5, 11 -, capillary 503 -, conductivity 564 -, equilibrium 5, 6 -, facilitated 603, 703 -, Fick's first law 603 -, Fick's law 4 -, free 603 -, path 603 -, potential -, resistance 603 Digestion, definition 693 Digestiv juice 696, 697 Dihydrotestosterone 776 Dihydroxycholecalciferol 770 Dilation, periodic 510 Dinitrophenol 8 Diodrast 756 Diopter 243 Diphtong 302 Disaccharide 680 Disease, vitamin-deficiency 685 Dishabituation, reflex 93 Disinhibition 90 -, basal ganglia 108 -, cerebellar 104 Disparity, horizontal 267,268 Disse's space 717 Dissociation constant 590 Dissociation reaction 589 Disturbance, control circuit 325 Diuresis 743, 765 -, osmotic 771 Diurnal rhythm, body tempera-

ture 628 Divergence, nociception 232 -, sensory system 183 Diving 670, 672 -, air embolism 671 -, black-out 670 -, caisson 671 -, compressed-air equipment 671 -, decompression 671 -, hearing 672 -, hyperoxic injury 672 -, hyperventilation 670 -, mixed-gas device 672 -, orientation 672 -, oxygen device 671, 672 -, oxygen poisoning 671,672 -, rapture of the deep 671 -, rule 672 -, vestibular system 672 -, vision 672

806

Diving, with equipment 671, 672

-, without equipment 670, 671

-, work of breathing 671 Dizziness 283, 610 DNP 8 Donnan equilibrium 766 Donnan factor 741 Dopamine 46,47,343 -, basal ganglia 109 -, hormone 382 Dopaminergic system 367 Doping 659, 660 Doppler effect 539 Dorsal hom, convergence 212 -, output 210 Double image, vision 268 Douglas bag 621,622 Drainage, lymphatic system

506 Dream 142-144,526, see also

Sleeping -, hallucination 241 Drinking 763 -, primary 317 -, secondary 317 Drive, homeostatic 314 Drive to act 84 Dromotropy, heart 449 Drumstick, granulocyte 416 d-Tubocurarine 48 Dualist 1, 193 Dubois formula 691 Duct, Wirsung 715 Ductus arteriosus 444 Drinking, 537 Duodenum 721 Dwarve, hormone mechanism

382 Dye, residue 682 Dynein 12,13 Dynorphin 233 Dysarthria 107 Dysentery 687 Dysmetria 107 Dyspnea 563, 571 Dystonia, autonomic 658 Dystrophy, muscle 72

Ear, see also Hearing -, anvil 285 -, basilar membrane 290 -, cochlea 285, 286 -, cochlear microphonic (CM)

291,292 -, compound action potential

(CAP) 292 -, endocochlear potential

291 -, endolymphatic duct 290 -, eustachian tube 285 -, external 284, 285 -, hair cell 286, 287 -, hammer 285 -, helicotrema 290 -, incus 285 -, inner 285 -, inner ear events 290-293 -, malleus 285 -, meatus 285 -, middle 285, 289, 290 -, middle ear muscle 290 -, organ of Corti 286 -, ossicle 285 -, pinna 296

-, Reissner membrane 290 -, round window 289,290 -, spiral ganglion 286, 287 -, stapedius 290 -, stapes 285 -, stirrup 285 -, stria vascularis 291 -, tensor tympani 290 -, tuning curve 292, 293 -, tympanic membrane 285 -, tympanum-ossicle apparatus

289 Ebullition 670 Eccentric hypertrophy 608 Echocardiography 467,663 Ectothermic heat 624 Edema, angioneurotic 432 -, capillary 505 -, cellular 404 -, generalized 772 -, interstitial 405, 505 -, nutritional 684 -, pulmonary 610,668 -, triple response 510 Effector, control circuit 325 Efference copy 105 -, proprioception 207 Eicosanoid 607 Eigengrau 241 Einthoven's triangle 454,

456 Ejaculation 353, 354, 777,

785 -, oxytocin action 378 Elasticity, muscle 73 Electroacupuncture 235 Electrocardiogram (ECG) 451-

462 -, abnormality 458, 459 -, amplitude 454, 455 -, chest lead 456, 457 -, diagnosis 458 -, dipole 453 -, direction 454, 455 -, Einthoven's triangle 454, 456 -, excitation wave 452 -, form 451 -, integral vector 453, 454 ~, length offree way 452 -, limb lead 456 -, myocardial infarction 458 -, nomenclature 451 -, normal 452 -, origin 452-454 -, P wave 452, 454 -, PQ segment 452, 454 -, precordial lead 457,458 -, QRS complex 452, 454 -, QRS vector 454 -, recording technique 455-458 -, ST segment 452, 454, 459 -, T wave 452, 454, 459 -, vector cardiography 455 Electrocardiography, His-bundle

467 Electrochemical equivalent 769 Electrocorticogramm (ECoG)

132 Electrode, extracellular 34, 36 -, reference 35 -, stimulating 35 Electroencephalogram (EEG)

134-136 -, age dependence 135 -, computer analysis 136 -, death diagnosis 136 -, definition 134

-, diagnostic significance 135, 136

-, flat 136 -, Fourier analysis 136 -, interpretation 134, 135 -, isoelectric 136 -, origin 134 -, recording 134 -, wave 135, 136 Electrogenic pump 7 Electrolyte balance 768, 769 Electrolyte concentration 768,

769 Electrolyte intoxication 682 Electromagnetic flow meter 539 Electrometry, pH 589 Electromyography (EMG) 71,

72 Electronarcosis 233 Electroolfactogram (EOG) 310 Electropherogram 406 Electrophoresis 406 Electroretinogram (ERG) 252,

310,267 Electrotonic potential, definition

33 Electrotonus 33-36 -, definition 33 -, elongated cell 33, 34 -, homogeneous 33 Embryo 786 Emergency reaction 340, 654 -, artificial 660 -, work 658 Emission, penis 353, 354, 785 Emotion, autonomic nervous sys-

tem 365 -, expression 365 -, inborn reaction 365 -, James-Lange theory 206 -, motor behavior 365 -, psychophysiological theory 205,

206 Emotionalload 654 Emotional sweating 634 Emphysema 559 Emulsion 729 Encephale isole 145, 146 Encephalization, 95, 126 -, factor 126 -, homo sapiens 126 End plate 43, 44 -, acetylcholine 44 -, current 44 -, micromorphology 53 -, potential 43, 44, 53, 54 Endocrine control circuit 375 Endocrinology 371-399, s.a. Hor-

mone Endocytosis 10 Endocytosis 12 Endolymph 277 Endolymphatic duct 290 Endometrium 780 Endopeptidase 716,727 Endoperoxide 419 Endoplasmic reticulum 3, 11 Endorphin 233, 382, 387, 694 Endothermic heat 624 Endurance capacity 655, 656 Endurance limit 655, 656 Energy balance 614-623 Energy conversion 614 Energyequivalent 619 Energyexpenditure 614 Energy unit 614 Engram 156

Subject Index

Engram, dynamic 161 -, localization 162 -, neuronal mechanism 161,162 -, structural 161 Enkephalin 47,233, 397, 694 Enteric brain 694 Enteric nervous system 333, 343,

344 Enterocyte, functional anatomy

699, 700 -, small intestine 723 -, transport route 700 -, unit membrane 700 Enterokinase 716, 727 Enuresis 144 Environmental physiologiy 666-

676 Enzymatic splitting 726, 727 Enzyme, digestive 696, 697 -, pancreatic 716 Eosinophilia 416 Ephaptic transmission 59 Epididymis 777 Epiglottis 547 Epilepsy, focal 365 -, temperal-lobe 365 Epinephrine 397 Epithelial cell, surface charge 701 Epithelium, active sodium trans-

port 702 -, alimentary canal 700-704 -, small intestine 723 -, transport potential 702 EPSC 45 EPSP 44,45 Equilibrium, diffusion 5, 6 Equilibrium potential 6, 7 -, inhibitory 45, 46 Erect stance 99 Erection, penis 353, 354, 785 Ergometer 646, 663 Ergometric performance capacity

646 Ergometry 646, 647 Ergosterol 396 Ergotropic reaction 361 Error catastrophe theory 790 Error, control circuit 325 Erythroblastosis fetalis 437 Erythrocyte 409-411 -, acclimation 669 -, agglomeration 483 -, anisocytosis 411 -, chloride shift 588 -, counting 410 -, deformability 412 -, erythropoiesis 411 -, exercise effect 650 -, Hamburger's shift 588 -, hemoglobin 578 -, hemoglobin concentration 580,

581 -, hemolysis 413 -, hyperchromic 581 -, hypochromic 581 -, macrocytosis 411 -, megalocyte 411 -, membrane property 412 -, metabolism 412 -, methemoglobin 412 -, microcytosis 411 -, normochromic 581 -, normocyte 409 -, number 409 -, osmotic property 412,413 -, osmotic resistance 413 -, pancytopenia 412

Subject Index

-, pernicious anemia 411 -, plasticity 410 -, poikilocytosis 411 -, Rh property 436 -, sedimentation (ESR) 413,414 -, shape 409 -, sickle cell 410 -, size 409,410 -, spherocyte 410,411 -, spherocytic anemia 411 -, thalassemia 411,412 -, work effect 650 Erythrocytosis 608 Erythropoiesis 398, 411 -, acclimation 668, 669 Erythropoietic system 411 Erythropoietin 398, 411, 608 Eserine 49 Esophageal pressure 554 Esophageal speech 304 Esophageal temperature 628 Esophagus 705-709 -, achalasia 708 -, cineradiography 709 -, cintigraphy 709 -, deglutition 708 -, diffuse esophageal spasm 709 -, pathophysiology 708, 709 -, peristalsis 708 -, reflux esophagitis 708 -, sensation 205 -, sphincter muscle 708 -, vagus nerve 708 Estradiol 776, 779, 781, 783 Estrogen 390, 391, 776 Euler-Liljestrand mechanism 566 Euphoria, altitude sickness 667 -, diving 671 Eupnea 563 Eustachian tube 285 Evans blue 541,767 Event-related potential (ERP) 133,

134 -, auditory evoked potential

(AEP) 133, 134 -, clinical diagnosis 133 -, DC potential 134 -, evoked potential (EP) 133 -, expectancy potential 133 -, mechanism of origin 133 -, premotor positivity 133 -, readiness potential 133 -, somatic evoked potential (SEP)

133,134 -, steady potential 134 -, visual evoked potential (VEP)

133,134 Evoked potential (EP) 133, 134

-, oxygen consumption 601 -, performance pulse index (PPI)

650 -, respiratory drive 574 -, risk factor 662 -, sweating 638 -, vasodilation 638 -, ventilation 650 -, vitamin requirement 684 Exhaustion 656-659 -, chronic 658 -, definition 656, 657 Exocytosis 10, 11, 12 Exopeptidase 727 Exophthalmos 386 Exophthalmos-producing factor

386 Exostosis 382 Expectancy potential Expiration 569 Exteroceptor 306 Extinction 580

133

Extracorporeal hemodialysis 760 Extrapersonal space 237 Extrapyramidal system 101 Extrasensory perception (ESP)

177,178 Extrasystole 459 Eye, accommodation 245 -, afterimage 256 -, aqueous humor 248 -, astigmatism 245, 246 -, atropine 245 -, binocular fusion 268 -, binocular movement 237 -, binocular rivalry 261 -, binocular summation 261 -, camera obscura 242 -, cardinal point 244 -, chromatic aberration 246 -, ciliary zonule 245 -, cone 248, 249 -, conjugate movement 237 -, convergence movement 237 -, convergence response 244 -, cornea 241 -, corneoretinal potential 252 -, cyclopean 268 -, cyclorotatory movement 237 -, dark adaptation 256 -, depth perception 267, 268 -, diopter 243 -, dioptric apparatus 241, 242 -, divergence movement 237 -, drift 239 -, electro-oculography 238 -, electroretinogram (ERG) 252,

267 -, auditory 298 -, fixation period 239 -, somatosensory 217 -, focal length 242, 243 -, visual (VEP) 267 -, fovea centralis 241 Evoked response audiometry 298 -, gaze control 240 Exchange vessel 488, 489 -, glare 256, 257 Excitation 19-42 -, glaucoma 248 -, all-or-none law 23 -, horizontal disparity 267,268 -, definition 23 -, horopter 268 -, heart 440-445 -, hypermetropia 246, 268 -, muscle 67,68 -, hyperopia 246 -, repetitive 39 -, image formation 243 Excitatory postsynaptic current 45 -, image production 242-244 Excitatory postsynaptic potential -, intraocular pressure 248

44,45 -, iris 241 Exercise, blood gas level 650 -, lacrimal gland 242 -, body temperature 629 -, lens 241 -, cardiovascular effect 529, 530 -, light-dark adaptation 256 -, hematocrit 650 -, light response 244 -, lack 662 -, local adaptation 256

-, luminance 255 -, micro saccade 239 -, microspectrophotometry 249 -, miosis 244 -, movement 237 -, movement control 240 -, mydriasis 244 -, myopia 246 -, near-vision response 244 -, nearsightedness 246 -, negative afterimage 256 -, neostigmine 245 -, nodal point 243 -, nystagmus 239 =-, ophthalmoscope 247 -, optical axis 243 -, optical defect 245, 246 -, perimeter apparatus 266 -, periodic afterimage 257 -, photoreceptor 248-252 -, presbyopia 245 -, pressure phosphene 257 -, pupil 241 -, pupil response 244 -, pupillomotor muscle 244 -, reading 240 -, reduced 244 -, refraction 242, 243 -, refraction measurement 247 -, refractive anomaly 245, 246 -, retina 241,248-254 -, retinoscopy 246, 247 -, rod 248 -, saccade 237-239 -, schematic 243, 244 -, scotoma 266 -, smooth pursuit movement 239 -, spectacles 247 -, spherical aberration 246 -, squint 268, 269 -, stereoscopy 267, 268 -, strabismus 268, 269 -, symmetrical movement 237 -, tapetum lucidum 256 -, tears 242 -, tonometry 248 -, vergence movement 237 -, visual acuity 255 -, visual contrast 254, 255 -, visual field 266 -, visual neglect 263 -, visual pigment 248 -, visus 265, 266 -, vitreous body 241 -, Zinn's zonule 245

Facilitated diffusion 703 Facilitation, heterosynaptic 52 -, learning 52 -, spatial 50 -, temporal 50 Factor S 147 Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect 483 Fallopian tube 780 Famotidine 714 Fanconi anemia 412 Faraday 769 Faraday constant 6 Fasciculus, medial telencephalic

636 Fat 678,679 -, animal origin 679 -, balanced diet 688 -, body content 690 -, caliper measurement 690, 691 -, chemical composition 679

807

-, concealed 679 -, insulin action 393 -, minimal requirement 683,684 -, oxidation 619 -, plant origin 679 -, visible 679 -, water content 767,768 Fatigue 656-659 -, ARAS 657 -, central 657, 658 -, definition 656, 657 -, heart rate 648 -, mental 657,658 -, monotony 658 -, muscle 70, 77 -, muscular 656, 657 -, pause 657 -, performance-limiting factor 654 -, physical 656, 657 -, psychological 656 -, recovery 657 -, residuum 657 Fatty acid 393, 679 -, essential 679 Feature extraction, cortical neuron

218 -, sensory system 185 Fechner law 187,188,191 Fechner psychophysical relation

188 Fechner psychophysics 187, 188,

191 Feedback signal 325 Feedback,hormonal 375 Female fertility 782 Fenn effect 77 Ferguson's reflex 378, 788 Fertilization 780, 786 Fetus, expulsion 787,788 -, vascular system 536, 537 Fever 641 Fiber, adrenergic 509 -, cholinergic 510 -, cholinergic sympathetic 607,

634 -, parasympathetic cholinergic va-

sodilator 510 -, sympathetic vasodilator 510 -, vasoconstrictor 509 -, vasodilator 510,607 Fibrillation, 658 -, heart 460, 461 -, myocardial 643 Fibrin 422 Fibrinogen 408,419,422 Fibrinolysin 423, 420 Fibrinolysis 422-424 Fibrinolysokinase 423 Fick's equation 703 Fick's law 564 Fick's law of diffusion 4, 603 Fick's principle 540, 600, 739 Fictive locomotion 101 Figurines, motor cortex 113 Filia olfactoria 310 Filopodium 12 Filtration fraction 738 Filtration pressure 738 Filtration rate, measurement 739 Filtration, capillary 503 Flare 510 Flavin adenine dinucleotide

(FAD) 599 Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)

599 Flavoring, residue 682 Flexor reflex 93, 94

808

Flexor-reflex afferent 94 Flicker-fusion frequency 257 Flocculus 105 Flow meter, electromagnetic 539 -, thermoelectric 539 -, ultrasonic 539 Flow pulse 491,492 Fluid compartment 767 -, measurement 767 Fluid manometer 537 Fluorine 682, 686 Flying 676 Fold of Kerckring 723 Folic acid 681 Follicle maturation 778 Follicle-maturation phase 780 Food dye, residue 682 Food, palatability 321 -, vitamin content 680 -, water content 763 Food intake, 526 -, predictive 319 -, regulation 318, 319 Foodstuff 678-680 -, balanced diet 687,688 -, biological value 687 -, content 679 -, deficiency disease 682 -, deficiency symptom 684 -, depot reserve 684 -, energy content 679 -, functional protein minimum

683 -, isodynamic effect 678 -, minimal requirement 683 -, origin 688, 689 -, overdosage 684 -, preparation 689 -, protein balance 683 -, protein minimum 683 -, recommended intake 682, 683 -, utilization 687 -, vitamin content 680 -, water content 763 Formant 302 Formula diet 689 Fornix 363, 364 Fovea centralis 241 Frank-Starling mechanism 471,

473, 500, 524 FRC 549, 550, 557 Frey hair 197 Fricative 302 Frontal lobe, connection 163 -, delayed-reinforcement task 164 -, function 162-164 -, lesion 163, 164 -, leukotomy 164 -, lobotomy 164 -, perseveration 163, 164 Frostbite 634 Fructose 680, 726, 727 FSH 776,777,778,779,781,782 Full radiator 631 Fullness 320 Functional protein minimum 683 Functional residual capacity

(FRC) 557 Fungicide 682 Funiculus, anterolateral 212, 636 Fuzzy coat 700

GABA 49,131 -, basal ganglia 108 Gain, control circuit 328 Galactopoiesis 382

Galactorrhea 383 Galactose 727 Gallbladder, inflammation 347 -, bile 719 -, capacity 719 -, motility 720 -, pathophysiology 721 Gallstone 721 Gamma-spindle loop 90, 91 Ganglion, blocking agent 337 -, celiac 334 -, inferior mesenteric 334 -, intramural 335 -, parasympathetic 335 -, pterygopalatine 242 -, spiral 286, 287 -, superior cervical 242, 341 -, superior mesenteric 334 -, supersensitivity 341 -, sympathetic 333-335, 342 -, transmitter release 342 -, vestibular 278 Gap junction 21, 58, 59 -, smooth muscle 79 Gas, Bunsen coefficient 582 -, dissolved 582 -, Henry-Dalton law 582,583 -, intestinal 697, 698 -, partial pressure 582 Gas analyzer 622 Gas diffusion 564, 565 Gas equation 561 Gas exchange, cone-model 604 -, Krogh's tissue cylinder 603, 604 -, lung 560-565, s.a. Lung -, model 603 Gas level, work 650 Gasmeter 621 Gasping 576 Gastric juice, composition 712,

713 Gastric mucosa, anatomy 710,711 Gastric secretion, cephalic phase

713 -, gastric phase 713 -, intestinal phase 714 Gastric ulcer 714 Gastrin 396,694, 710, 731 Gastrointestinal tract, s. a. Alimen-

tary canal -, sensation 205 Gastrointestinal-associated lym-

phoid tissue (GALT) 697 Gate 281 Gate-control theory 228 Gating current 32 Gauer-Henry reflex 378, 520 Gaze 237,281 Gaze, brain stem center 263 -, control 109 -, neuronal control 240 General gas equation 561 Generator potential, nociceptor

229 Genitalia, external 774 -, internal 774 -, sexual differentiation 774, 775 Genital reflex, woman 354, 355 -, man 353, 354 Giant axon 40 Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium 740,

741,768 Gigantism 382 GIP 710 Gland, adrenal 386 -, Brunner's 713, 726 -, bulbourethral 785

-, digestive 696, 697 -, lacrimal 242 -, mammary 378, 788 -, parotid 705 -, salivary 705, 706 -, stimulus-secretion coupling 706 -, sublingual 705 -, submandibular 705 Glandular water loss 631 Glanzmann-Naegeli thrombasthen-

ia 419 Glare 256, 257 Glaucoma 248 Glia 22 Gliaarchitectonic 129 Glial cell 20,21 Globulin, blood plasma 407 Globus pallidus 108 Glomerular filter 740-742 Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

738 Glomerulotubular balance 745,

746 Glomerulus, filtration 738-742 Glomerulus, juxtamedullary 737 Glottis 299, 554 Glucagon 393, 394, 396, 710, 717,

731 -, secretion 394 -, work adjustment 653 Glucoaminoglycan 407 Glucocorticoid system 386-389 -, pathophysiology 389 Glucokinase 392 Gluconeogenesis 4, 388, 393, 688 Glucose 680, 726, 727 -, metabolism 392 -, phosphatase 392 -, energy content 598 -, muscle metabolism 65 -, renal threshold 749 -, work effect 651 Glucose-dependent insulinotropic

peptide (GIP) 695 Glucose-tolerance test 394 Glucosuria 749 Glucuronide 721 Glugoplastic amino acid 688 Glutamate 46,47 -, basal ganglia 108 Gluten hypersensitivity 730 Glycerine 679 Glycine 46,47 Glycocalix 700 Glycogen 392, 680, 726 -, catecholamine action 397 -, granule 4 -, synthetase 392 Glycogenolysis 393 Glycolysis 4, 598, 600 Glycoprotein, blood plasma 407 Glycosidase 726 Glykolipid 2 Goiter 386 -, endemic 687 Goldman equation 7, 702 Golgi apparatus 3, 11, 377 Golgi -, cerebellum 103 Golgi complex 11 Golgi tendon organ, see Tendon or­

gan Gonad, development 774 Gonadal function, hormonal regu-

lation 775, 776 -, man 776, 777 -, regulation 776, 777 Gonadotropin 379,775

Good air 674 Gout 754 -, overweight 690 G-protein 16

Subject Index

Graafian follicle 778, 779, 780 Granulocyte 414, 415,433 -, basophilic 416 -, drumstick 416 -, eosinophilic 416 -, neutrophilic 415,416 Granulomer 418 Grape sugar 680 Gravity load 675, 676 Grey-platelet syndrome 418 Grinding of teeth 144 Growth hormone 393 Growth, hormone action 381 GTP 16 Guanosine triphosphate 16 Gut, meteorism 697,697, s.a. Ali-

mentary canal Gymnema silvestre 307 Gyrus, see also Cerebral cortex -, angular 274 -, cingulate 363, 364 -, circumflex 274 -, dentate 363 -, inferior temporal 262 -, parahippocampal 363, 364

H2 breath test 699 Habituation 154 -, neuronal mechanism 161,162 -, reflex 93 -, synaptic 56 Hagen-Poiseuille law 484, 556 Haldane effect 588, 589 Hallucination 224 -, visual 241 Haloperidol 369 Hamburger's shift 588 Hammer 285 Hapten 429 Hareduck 176 Haustra 730 Hay fever 416 HCI formation, stomach 711,712 Head zone 205,210,212, 347 Hearing 283-299, see also Ear -, acustics 283, 284 -, adaptation 296 -, aging 793 -, airborne 289 -, airborne sound 297 -, audible area 289 -, audiogram 297 -, audiometry 296, 297 -, auditory cortex 294-296 -, auditory pathway 293, 294 -, auditory pattern recognition

295 -, auditory threshold 287, 288 -, battery hypothesis 291 -, binaural 295, 296 -, bone conduction 290, 297 -, brain lesion 295 -, central auditory system 293-296 -, central neuron 294, 295 -, childhood 299 -, cochlear damage 296 -, cochlear microphonic (CM)

291,292 -, coding of sound 292, 293 -, compression theory 290 -, deafness 297, 298, 299 -, decibel (dB) 284

Subject Index

-, directional 295, 296 -, diving 672 -, dorsal cochlear nucleus 293, 294 -, endocochlear potential 291 -, evoked response audiometry

(ERA) 298 -, frequency dispersion 291 -, frequency-difference threshold

289 -, hearing aid 299 -, Heschl's gyrus 294 -, impedance matching 289,290 -, inferior colliculus 294 -, infrasound 289 -, inner-ear damage 298, 299 -, inner-ear deafness 297 -, intensity-difference threshold

288 -, isophon 287,288 -, lateralleminiscus 294 -, loudness 287,288 -, loudness level 287, 288 -, Mach's theory 297 -, medial geniculate body 294 -, middle ear 289,290 -, middle-ear damage 296, 298 -, middle-ear deafness 297 -, music 289 -, noise 284 -, noise reaction 288, 289 -, noise suppression 296 -, olivary complex 294 -, pathophysiology 296-299 -, periodicity analysis 293 -, permanent threshold shift 288 -, phon 287 -, pinna 296 -, pitch 289 -, place theory 291 -, presbycusis 289,298 -, primary auditory cortex 294,

295 -, psychophysics 287-289 -, recruitment 298 -, retrocochlear damage 296 -, Rinne test 297 -, secondary auditory cortex 294,

295 -, SISI test 298 -, sone 288 -, sound extraction 295 -, sound intensity 284 -, sound pressure 284 -, sound pressure level (SPL) 284,

288 -, sound trauma 288 -, spatial orientation 295, 296 -, speech area 289 -, speech region 289 -, superior olive complex 296 -, temporary threshold shift (TTS)

288 -, threshold audiometry 297 -, tone 284 -, tonotopic organization 295 -, transduction process 291, 292 -, trapezoid body 294 -, ultrasound 289 -, ventral cochlear nucleus 293,

294 -, Weber's test 297 Heart-lung preparation 470 Heart, 439--479 -, A receptor 450, 515 -, absolute arrhythmia 461 -, acceleration work 475 -, acclimation 668, 669

-, acetylcholine 449 -, action potential 442--445 -, activity phase 462--464 -, Adams-Stokes syncope 441 -, adaptation to posture 527 -, adaptation to pressure load 471,

472 -, afferent innervation 450 -, afterload 470 -, afterload contraction 469,470 -, aging 791 -, all-or-none response 441 -, altitude adjustment 667, 668 -, angiocardiography 467 -, anoxia 478 -, apex cardiogram 466 -, apex impulse 465, 466 -, arterial chemoreceptor reflex

516 -, athlete's 648, 658, 661 -, atrial fibrillation 461 -, a trial flatter 460 -, atrial receptor 515 -, atrioventricular (A V) node 441 -, autonomic innervation 447--450 -, autonomic transmitter action

449,450 -, autoregulation 471 -, autorhythmicity 441 -, auxotonic contraction 470 -, B receptor 450, 515 -, Bainbridge reflex 515 -, bathmotropy 449 -, Bezold-larisch reflex 516 -, blood loss 530 -, blood supply 477 -, bundle of His 441 -, bundle-branch block 442 -, calcium ion action 446 -, cardiac catheter 467 -, cardiac dynamics 473 -, cardiac output 468 -, cardiac perfusion 533 -, cardiac power 474,475 -, cardiac reserve 472 -, cardiac stretch-receptor reflex

515,516 -, cardiac work 474,475 -, cardioplegic solution 451 -, cardiovascular shock 531-533 -, carotid pulse 466, 467 -, cerebral cortex control 522, 523 -, chronotropic action 447,472 -, chronotropy 448 -, cold stress 530 -, complete block 441 -, congenital defect 537 -, congenital disease 566 -, contractility measurement 473 -, contraction 465, 468--470 -, contraction period 462 -, coronary chemoreflex 516 -, coronary circulation 533 -, coronary flow 478 -, coronary insufficiency 476 -, coronary reserve 478 -, coronary supply 478 -, coronary vessel 477 -, defibrillation 461 -, diastasis 463 -, diastole 439 -, diastolic murmur 466 -, diving 670 -, dromotropic action 447 -, dromotropy 449 -, echocardiography 467,663 -, ejection fraction 463, 473, 474

-, ejection period 463 -, electrocardiogram (ECG) 451-

462 -, endurance limit 655 -, enhanced contractility 472 -, equilibrium curve 469 -, escape rhythm 441 -, excitation 440--445 -, excitation-contraction coupling

445,446 -, exercise effect 529, 530 -, external signal 465--467 -, extracardially initiated regula-

tion 468 -, extrasystole 459 -, failure 479 -, fetal 440 -, fibrillation 460,461,643,658 -, Fick principle 540 -, filling period 463 -, forms of contraction 468--470 -, Frank-Starling mechanism 471,

473, 500 -, frequency inotropism 447 -, geometry of propagation 441 -, glycoside action 447 -, His-bundle electrocardiography

467 -, hyperplasia 474 -, hypertrophy 474 -, indicator-dilution curve 467 -, inotropic action 447,472 -, inotropy 449,473 -, intracardial phonography 467 -, intracardial regulation 468 -, ionic environment 451 -, ischemia 478 -, ischemic response 516 -, isometric contraction 468 -, isotonic contraction 468 -, isotonic maxima 469, 470 -, isovolumetric maxima 469,470 -, left ventricle contraction 465 -, longitudinal system 446 -, mechanical action 462--468 -, murmur 466 -, myoglobin content 602 -, nutrient consumption 475,476,

477 -, output in human 540 -, output measurement 540 -, oxygen consumption 475, 601 -, oxygen uptake 649 -, pacemaker 441,442,444,445 -, parasympathetic innervation

447 -, paroxysmal tachycardia 514 -, passive tension curve 469 -, pathological state 474 -, percussion 467 -, pharmacological effect 450 -, phonocardiogram 466 -, phonocardiography 466 -, postextrasystolic potentiation

447 -, preload 470 -, pressure-volume diagram 469 -, pressure-volume relation 468-

470 -, pressure-volume work 475 -, pulmonary circulation 523-525 -, Purkinje fiber 441 -, rate 473 -, refractory period 443 -, relativ volume 691 -, relaxation period 463 -, reserve volume 463,471

809

-, resting potential 440, 441 -, resuscitation 478 -, resuscitation limit 479 -, right ventricle contraction 465 -, roentgenogram 467 -, SA rhythm 458 -, sensation 205 -, sinoatrial (SA) node 441 -, sound 466 -, staircase phenomenon 447 -, Starling preparation 470, 471 -, Starling's law 472 -, stroke volume 463, 648 -, structure 439 -, sympathetic innervation 447 -, sympathetic tone 448 -, systole 439 -, systolic murmur 466 -, systolic reserve volume 472 -, tachycardia 514 -, tension-time index 476 -, thermal stress 530 -, training 661 -, transverse tubular system (T sys-

tem) 446 -, vagal tone 448 -, vagus action 447 -, Valsalva's maneuver 501 -, valve 462 -, valve malfunction 464 -, valve-plane mechanism 465 -, venous pulse 467 -, ventricular fibrillation 461 -, ventricular flatter 461 -, ventricular movement 464, 465 -, ventricular receptor 516 -, volume test 663 -, vulnerable period 461 -, wall pressure 464 -, wall tension 464 -, work adjustment 648, 653, 654 -, work diagram 470, 472 -, X-ray examination 467 Heartbeat, acceleration work 475 -, energetics 474--479 -, forms of work 474,475 -, oxygen consumption 475 -, pressure-volume work 475 Heat adaptation 640, 641 Heat collapse 640, 652, 655, 673 Heat death 627 Heat flow 629, 630 -, external 630, 631 Heat loss 629--{'32 -, control 633, 634 -, dry 631 Heat production 624, 625 -, neural control 633 Heat sensation 202 Heat shock 533 Heat stress 530, 533, 642, 673 -, marathon 655 Heat syncope 642 Heat transfer, coefficient 630, 631 -, conduction 630 -, convection 630 -, convection 634 -, evaporative 631 -, radiation 630 Helicotrema 285, 286, 290 Helium-dilution method 550 Hemagglutinogen 434 Hematin 579 Hematocrit (HCT) 581,402,403,

541 -, exercise effect 650 -, work effect 650

810

Heme 578, 682 Hemiballismus 112 Hemiplegia 120 Hemodialysis 760 Hemodynamics 481--485 -, physics 481--483 Hemoglobin, absorption band 579 -, absorption spectra 579 -, acclimation 669 -, adult 579 -, age 580 -, altitude adjustment 668 -, Bohr effect 584, 585 -, buffer capacity 588 -, buffer function 591 -, Christiansen-Douglas-Haldane

effect 588 -, CO poisoning 586, 587 -, color 579 -, colorimetry 581 -, corpuscular 581 -, deoxygenation 578 -, fetal 579, 586 -, fetus 581 -, Haldane effect 588, 589 -, Hufner's number 582 -, iron deficiency 581 -, isobestic point 580 -, Lambert-Beer-Iaw 580 -, light absorption 579 -, maternal 586 -, mean corpuscular (MCH) 581 -, measurement 581 -, model 579 -, molecular weight 578 -, newborn 580 -, norm concentration 580 -, oxygen binding 582, 583 -, oxygen dissociation curve 583,

584 -, oxygen saturation 583 -, oxygenation 578 -, pathophysiology of oxygen trans-

port 585, 586 -, PC02 584 -, pH 584, 592 -, pigment component 578 -, protein component 579 -, Soret's band 579 -, spectrophotometry 579,581 -, structure 578, 569 -, temperature 584 -, transmittance 579 Hemolysis 434 -, osmotic 413 Hemophilia 425 Hemorrhage 530, 531 Hemorrhagic diathesis 418 Hemostasis 418--425 -, Bernhard-Soulier syndrom 418 -, primary 418 -, secondary 419,420 -, thrombocyte adhesion 418 -, von Wille brand factor 418 Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

590, 591 Henle's loop, countercurrent princi-

ple 758 -, electrolyte transport 746, 747 Henry-Dalton law 582, 583, 670 Heparin 425 Hepatic duct 718 Hepatocyte 717 Herbicide 682 Hering-Breuer reflex 571 Herpes virus 14 HeschJ's gyrus 294

Hexose 727 Hidromiosis 640 High-altitude intoxication 667 High-pressure system 524 Hill relation 76 Hippocampus 363, 364 Hirschsprung's disease 731 Hirsutism 389 Hirudin 425 His' bundle 441 Histamine 15 -, blood vessel effect 511 Histidine 592 Histiocyte 416, 417 Holzknecht's movement 731 Homeostasis 314 -, blood 402 -, blood plasma 404 -, definition 324 Homeothermy 624 Homo sapiens, encephalization

126 Homunculus, motor 113 -, somatosensory 216,217 Hookworm infestation 412 Hormone, 386--391 -, antidiuretic (ADH) 519,520 -, adaptation to posture 527 -, Addison's disease 387 -, adrenal androgen 389 -, adrenal medulla 396, 397 -, adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)

379,386, 387, 389, 390 -, aldosterone 389, 390, 518, 519 -, aldosterone system 520, 521 -, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating

(alpha-MSH) 387 -, androgen 775 -, androgen synthesis 390 -, androgenital syndrome (AGS)

389 -,ANF 748 -, angiotensin 519, 520 -, angiotensin II 382 -, angiotensinogen 389 -, antidiuretic (ADH) 315,316,

318, 376, 377 -, atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

316, 398 -, atriopeptin 316 -, beta-endorphin 382, 387 -, bioassay 374 -, break down 373 -, calcitonin 395, 396, 748, 771 -, catecholamine 396, 397, 510,

511 -, cholecystokinin (CCK) 321,

694,695 -, cholesterol 390 -, classification 371,372 -, congenital adrenal hyperplasia

389 -, corticotropin 379 -, corticotropin-releasing (CRH)

380, 386 -,cortisol 386,387 -, Cushing's syndrome 387 -, dehydroepiandrosterone

(DEHA) 389 -, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate

(DHEAS) 787 -, dihydrotestosterone 391, 776 -, dopamine 382 -, endocrine control circuit 375 -, enzymatic degradation 373 -, enzyme system 373 -, erythropoietin 398, 411

-, estradiol 776.779,781 -, estrogen 776 -, estrogen synthesis 390 -, fetal 787 -, follicle-stimulating (FSH) 379,

775, 776, 777, 778, 781, 782 -, follicle-stimulating-hormone-re-

leasing (FSHRH) 380 -, function 371 -, gastrin 694, 695 -, gastrointestinal 694, 695 -, gastrointestinal peptide 394 -, glandotropic 379 -, glucagon 393, 394, 396 -, glucocorticoid system 386--389 -, gluconeogenesis 388 -, GnRH 775 -, gonadal function in woman

778-782 -, gonadotropic 379 -, gonadotropin 775 -, gonadotropin-releasing (GnRH)

380 -, growth 381, 393 -, growth-hormone-inhibiting

(GHIH) 380 -, growth-hormone-releasing

(GHRH) 380, 382 -, hirsutism 389 -, human chorionic gonadortropin

786 -, human growth (HGH, GH)

379,380 -, human placental lactogen

(HPL) 787 -, hyperaldosteronism 520, 521 -, hyperparathyroidism 396 -, hypoparathyroidism 396 -, immunological assay 374 -, inhibin 781 -, inhibiting 379, 380 -, insulin 391-393 -, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)

381 -, interleukin-1 427 -, interleukin-2 414, 428 -, interstitial-cell-stimulating

(ICSH) 379, 775 -, kidney 398 -, luteinizing (LH) 379,775-777,

780-782 -, luteinizing-hormone-releasing

(LHRH) 380,775-782 -, lysosome 373 -, mechanism of action 372 -, metabolic action 339 -, method of study 374 -, mineralocorticoid system 389,

390 -, natriuretic 748 -, neurohormone 374 -, NILA 381 -, non-glandotropic 379 -, oxytocin 378, 781 -, pancreatic 391-394 -, paracrine action 373, 374, 694 -, paracrine substance 398 -, parathyroid (PTH) 395, 748,

770 -, peptide 372 -, pineal body 397,398 -, placenta 775 -, posttranslational processing 373 -, pregnenolone 390, 775 -, prepro form 373 -, production 371 -, progesterone 390, 391, 775, 779

Subject Index

-, progestin 77 5 -, prolactin 379, 380, 382, 383 -, prolactin-inhibiting (PIH) 382 -, prolactin-releasing (PRH) 382 -, prolaction 788 -, proteine 372 -, radioimmunoassay (RIA) 374 -, receptor location 371, 372 -, relaxin 781, 788 -, releasing 358, 379, 380 -, releasing factor (RF) 380 -, renin 389 -, rickets 396 -, secretin 694, 695 -, sex 775 -, sex steroid 775 -, somatomedin 381,382 -, somatostatin 380, 394 -, somatotropic (STH) 379 -, somatotropin 379 -, steroid 390, 391 -, synthesis 373 -, target 373, 374 -, testosterone 775, 776, 777, 778 -, tetraiodothyronine (T4) 384,

385 -, thyrocalcitonin 395 -, thyroglobulin 384 -, thyroid 372, 682 -, thyroid system 383-386 -, thyroid-stimulating (TSH) 379,

383,384 -, thyrotropin 379 -, thyrotropin-releasing (TRH)

380,382,383,384 -, thyroxine 383, 384 -, thyroxine-binding globulin

(TBG) 384 -, thyroxine-binding prealbumin

(TBPA) 384 -, tissue 398 -, tissue hormone 374 -, triiodothyronine (T3) 383, 384,

385 -, vasoactive intestinal peptide

(VIP) 47,397,695,710,716 -, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

(VIP) 339, 382 -, vasomotor response 519 -, vasopressin 315,316 -, virilization 389 -, vitamin D 395, 396, 398, 770 -, work adjustment 652, 653 Horopter circle 268 Horsepower 617 Horseradish peroxidase 14 Hot flush 784 Hot nodule 386 H-reflex 88, 115 Hufner's number 582 Human chorionic gonadotropin

(RCG) 786 Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)

428 Human placental lactogen (HPL)

787 Humidifier 674 Humidity 631,632 Hunger 318-322 -, anorexia nervosa 321 -, aphagia 322 -, appetite 321 -, center 361 -, central mechanism 321 -, cholecystokinin (CCK) 321 -, food intake 318, 319 -, glucoreceptor 319

Subject Index

-, glucostatic hypothesis 318, 319 -, hyperphagia 322 -, hypothalamus 321, 322 -, lipostatic hypothesis 319 -, obesity 321 -, origin 318, 319 -, palatability 321 -, postabsorptive satiety 319, 321 -, preabsorptive satiety 319, 320 -, psychology 321 -, satiety 318,319-321 -, stomach contraction 318 -, thermostatic hypothesis 319 Huntington chorea 112 Hyalomer 417 Hydration 587 Hydrolase 716 Hydrostatic indifference level 499 Hydrostatic pressure, capillary

503, 504, 505 Hydroxybutyric acid 393 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 46,

47,511 Hyperaldosteronism 520, 521, 748,

749,772 Hyperalgesia 232, 347 Hyperaminoaciduria 751 Hyperbaric oxygen therapy 610 Hypercalcemia 771 Hypercapnia 571,608 -, brain 607 Hypercholesterolemia 679, 689 Hyperemia, reactive 508 Hyperesthesia 232, 347 Hyperhydration, hypertonic 772 -, hypotonic 772 -, isotonic 771, 772 Hyperlipemia, digestive 730 Hyperlipoproteinemia 408, 679 Hypermetropia 246, 268 Hyperopia 246 Hyperoxic injury, diving 672 Hyperparathyroidism, primary

396 -, secondary 396 Hyperpathia 232 -, sympathetic contribution 347 Hyperphagia 322 Hyperphosphatemia 396 Hyperplasia, heart 474 Hyperpnea 563 Hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea

383 Hypersensitivity, blood vessel 510 Hypertension, anticipatory 526 -, blood pressure 514, 526, 527 -, primary 526 -, renal 518, 527 -, secondary 526, 527 -, symptomatic 526 Hyperthermia 627, 642 -, malignant 642 Hyperthyroidism 386 -, metabolic rate 623 Hypertrophy, heart 474 Hyperventilation 563,571,619,

620 -, altitude adjustment 668 -, diving 670 Hypervitaminosis 682, 685, 686 Hypervolemia 771, 772 Hypoaldosteronism 749 Hypoalgesia 232 Hypocalcemia 396, 770 Hypocapnia 608 Hypoesthesia 232 Hypoglycemia 381,688

Hypoglycemic shock 395,688 Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

(Kallmann's syndrom) 312 Hypoparathyroidism 396 Hypophysiotropic zone 359 Hypophysis, adenohypophysis

376, 379-383 -, anterior pituitary 376, 379-383 -, intermediate lobe 376 -, neurohypophysis 376 -, posterior pituitary system 376-

378 Hyposmia 312,313 Hypotension, blood pressure 527 -, hypodiastolic orthostatic 529 Hypothalamo-hypophyseal system

358,359 Hypothalamus 765, 766 -, afferent connection 357, 358 -, alarm state 522 -, behavior 360-362 -, cardiovascular system 359, 360 -, circulatory center 522 -, damage 361,362 -, efferent connection 357, 358 -, ergo tropic reaction 361 -, functional anatomy 357, 358 -, functional disturbance 362 -, general circulatory response 522 -, hunger center 322 -, lateral 357 -, medial 358 -, median eminence 357,775 -, neocortical control 360 -, osmoreceptor 377,765 -, principle of organization 361 -, releasing hormone 358 -, retinal connection 258 -, satiety center 322 -, stress 358 -, subdivision 357 -, thermoregulation 522, 635 -, thermosensor 634 -, trophotropic reaction 361 Hypothermia 601,625,627, 632,

642, 643, 673 -, induced 643 -, myocardial fibrillation 643 -, tolerance adaptation 641 Hypothyroidism 385, 386, 527 -, metabolic rate 623 Hypothyroidism screening 386 Hypoventilation 563 Hypovolemia 531 Hypovolemic shock 531 Hypoxemia 608 Hypoxia 572 -, altitude 666 - anemic 609 -, arterial 608, 609 - brain 607 - critical threshold 667,671 - diving 671 - ischemic 609 -, myocardium 607 - skeletal muscle 608 -, tissue 608 - venous 608, 609 Hypoxic vasoconstriction 566 H-zone 63

I"band 63 Icterus 721 Ileocecal junction 722 Ileocecal valve 722, 723, 730 Ileum 721

Illness, metabolic rate 622, 623 -, vitamin requirement 684 Illusion, Miiller-Lyer 264,265 -, optical 264.265 Imipramine 369 Immune system, agglutination 431 -, alimentary canal 697 -, allergy 433, 434 -, antigen-antibody reaction 431 -, clumping 431 -, complement 431 -, cross reaction 431 -, delayed response 428 -, genetic control 430 -, humoral response 428, 429 -, hypersensitivity reaction 434 -, immediate response 428 -, lymphocyte 426-428 -, specific 425-431 -, unspecific 426 -, unspecific cellular defense 433 -, unspecific defense mechanism

431-433 -, vaccination 434 Immunization 434 Immunoelectrophoresis 406 Immunoglobulin (Ig) 429,430 Immunological assay, hormone

374 Immunological memory 426 Immunological tolerance 430, 434 Imprinting 155 Impulse generation 40, 41 Inactivation, action potential 25,

26 -, ionic channel 32 Incisura 493 Incus 285 Indicator-dilution technique 540 Induced hypothermia 625 Inflammation, bradykinin 511 -, symptom 388 Inflammatory response 432 Information, bit 167, 168 -, coding 166, 167 -, content 166 -, decoding 167 -, frequency modulation 169,170 -, measurement 167 -, neuronal flow 172 -, noise 170 -, probability 167 -, psychology 171, 172 -, psychophysical flow 172 -, redundancy 168, 171 -, symbol 166,167 -, theory 166-173 -, transfer 19-42, 166 -, uncertainty 167 Inhibin 781 Inhibition, autogenic 92 -, cerebellar 104 -, descending 220, 221, 228 -, direct 90 -, disynaptic 89, 90 -, equilibrium potential 45, 46 -, feed-forward 95 -, feedback 94,95 -, lateral 185 -, olfactory bulb 312 -, postsynaptic 50, 51 -, presynaptic 51, 52, 94, 95, 228 -, proactive 158 -, reciprocal antagonist 89, 90 -, recurrent 94, 95 -, Renshaw 94,95,312 -, retroactive 158

811

-, self-inhibition 92 -, sensory system 183,185 -, synaptic 44-46 Inhibitory postsynaptic current 45 Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

45 Inositol triphosphat 17 Inotropy 473 -, heart 449 Insecticide 682 Insensible water loss 631 Insomnia 144 Inspiration 569 Insuffiency, heart valve 464 Insullation 553 Insulation, clothing 631 Insulin 391-395 -, function 391-395 -, metabolic action 391-393 -, structure 391 -, synthesis 391 -, work adjustment 653 Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)

381 Intellectual function, -, 793 Interferon 416,432,433 Interleukin-l 416, 427 Interleukin-2 414,428 Intermediary filament 3 Interoceptor 306 Intestinal transport, basic mecha-

nism 698-702 -, measurement 699 -, terminology 698, 699 -, Ussing chamber 699 Intestine, s. Small intestine, s. Ali­

mentary canal Intoxication, altitude sickness 667 Intracranial self-stimulation 367,

368 Intraocular pressure 248 Intrinsic factor 713 Introspection 365 Inulin 739, 767 Iodine 682,686,687, 767 Iodine prophylaxis 386 Ion, cell concentration 4 -, diffusion equilibrium 5, 6 -, membrane channel 5 Ion channel, synaptic 57, 58 Ionic current, action potential 23-

26 IP3 17 IPSe 45 IPSP 45 Iris 241 Iron 682, 686 -, intestinal absorption 726 Iron deficiency 581, 687 Iron lung 553 Irritable 731 Irritable bowel syndrome 697 Ischemia, heart 478 Ischemic response, circulation 516 Ishihara chart 274, 275 Islet of Langerhans 391, 393, 394 Isoantibody 431 Isobaric oxygen therapy 610 Isobestic point 580 Isocortex 363 -, agranular 129 -, definition 127 -, granular 129 -, heterotypical 129 -, homotypical 129 -, koniocortex 129 Isodynamic effect 678

812

Isohemagglutinin 434 Isoniazid 681 Isophon 287, 288 Isoproterenol 338 Itch 224

James-Lange theory 206 Jaundice 721 Jejunum 721 Jendrassik's maneuver 88, 331 Jet lag 670 Jogger 656 Joule (1) 614

Kallidin 511 Kallikrein 433 Kallikrein-kinin system 511 Kallmann's syndrome 312 Keton body 393 Ketosis 393, 395 Kidney 735-760,792 -, acid-base imbalance compensa­

tion 753 -, adjustment of urine concentra-

tion 757-760 -, afferent arteriole 736 -, aminoacid handling 750, 751 -, antidiuresis 743 -, arterial pressure 736 -, autoregulation 737 -, Bauman's capsule 738,741 -, Bayliss effect 737 -, bicarbonate transport 751 -, blood flow 736-738 -, blood flow resistance 736 -, calcium handling 770 -, carbohydrate filtrate 750 -, circulation 535 -, clearance concept 740 -, countercurrent principle 758 -, countercurrent system 738 -, creatinine clearance 740 -, diabetes insipidus 748 -, diuresis 743, 765 -, Donnan factor 741 -, electrolyte transport 746, 747 -, electrophysiology 742, 743 -, energetic aspect 745 -, failure 759, 760 -, functional unit 735 -, Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium 740,

741 -, glomerular filtration 738-742 -, glomerulotubular balance 745,

746 -, glucose transport 749,750 -, glucosuria 749 -, hormonal disturbance 748 -, hyperaldosteronism 748, 749 -, hypertension 527 -, hypoaldosteronism 749 -, insufficiency 759, 760 -, juxtamedullary glomerulus 737 -, loop of Henle 737 -, macula densa 737 -, micropuncture 742 -, PAH clearance 757 -, patch clamp technique 743 -, perfu,sion rate 736 -, pH-regulating mechanism 593 -, phosphate handling 770 -, phosphate reabsorption 750 -, proton transport 751 -, regional oxygen consumption

601

-, renal medulla perfusion 737, 738

-, sensation 205 -, stone 754,755,756 -, sulfate reabsorption 750 -, survey of function 735, 736 -, transport maximum (TmG) 749 -, tubular transport 742-749 -, ultrafiltrate 740--742 -, vascular architecture 736 -, water excretion 757 Killer cell 428 Kinetosis 283 Kinin 519 Kininogen 511 Kinocilium 277,278 -, olfactory cell 310 Kliiver-Bucy syndrome 364 Knowledge memory 154,156-158 Korotkoff method 538 Korotkoff sound 538 Korsakoff psychosis 241 KostmaB 688 Krogh's diffusion coefficient 564 Krogh's tissue cylinder 603, 604 Kussmaul breathing 576

Labia majora 354 Labia minora 354 Labor, birth 787, 788 Labor, uterus 378 Labyrinth, membranous 277 Lactate 600 -, work 651 Lactation 787, 788 Lactation amenorrhea 383 Lactation anestrus 383, 788 Lactose 680, 726 Lambert-Beer-law 580 Laminar flow, blood vessel 483 Landolt ring 793 Langerhans islet 382, 391, 393,

394 Language 150-153 -, acalculia 153 -, accentuation 151 -, agraphia 153 -, alexia 153 -, amnesic aphasia 152, 153 -, aphasia 151-153 -, area 150,151 -, articulation 152 -, Broca area 151 -, conduction aphasia 152 -, global aphasia 152 -, hemispheric dominance 150 -, intonation 151 -,lateralisation 150,151 -, motor aphasia 151-153 -, motor area 151 -, ontogenetic aspect 153 -, prosodic aspect 151 -, sensory aphasia 151-153 -, speech formation 152 -, Wernicke area 151, 152 -, Wernicke-Geschwind model

152,153 -, word finding 152 Laplace's law 468, 485 Laryngectomy 304 Larynx, dead space 551 -, functional anatomy 299,300 -, muscle 299, 300 Law of "specific sensory energies"

178,179,186 Law of mass action 590

Law of metabolic reduction 625 LDL 11 L-dopa 112, 122 Lead 682 Lean body mass 691 Learning 153-162, see also Memo­

ry -, heterosynaptic facilitation 52,

53 -, motor 104 Lecithin 729 Leisure rate 616 -, performance capacity 660 Lens 241 Leukemia 417 Leukocyte 414-417 -, agranulocytosis 417 -, chemotaxis 415 -, count 417 -, counting 414 -, diapedesis 415 -, emigration 415 -, granulocyte 414 -, interleukin-l 416 -, leftward shift 417 -, leukopenia 417 -, lymphocyte 414 -, lymphocyte 417 -, marathon runner 651 -, monocyte 414,416,417 -, number 414 -, pathophysiology 417 -, phagocytosis 415 -, work effect 651 Leukocytosis 414 Leukopenia 414,417 Leukotomy 164,235 Leukotriene 416 Levodopa 112 Leydig's interstitial cell 391,774,

775 LH 776,777,780,781,782 LHRH 776, 777, 778, 779, 782 Libido 778, 785 Librium 369 Life expectancy 789 Ligand, opiate 233 Light, definition 240 -, intrinsic 241 -, monochromatic 240 Limbic system, afferent connec-

tion 363, 364 -, anxiety 366 -, behavior 362-369 -, circuits of excitation 364 -, component 363 -, efferent connection 363, 364 -, element 363 -, emotion 365 -, function 364 -, incentive to action 362 -, mood 362 Linoleic acid 679 Lipase 393, 716, 729 Lipid 2 -, bilayer 2 -, digestion 729 -, small intestine 728 -, synthesis 729 Lipolysis, catecholamine action

397 Lipoprotein 393, 679 -, LDL 11 Lipoproteinemia 730 Lipsmaking automatism 101 Lithocholic acid 719 Liver 717-721, 792

Subject Index

-, blood flow 534 -, cirrhosis 772 -, osmoreceptor 765 -, pathophysiology 721 -, vascular system 534 Load 645 -, acceleration 675, 676 -, altitude 666 -, emotional 654 -, psychological 654 -, stress 658 Load-tolerance limit 656 Lobotomy 164 Local anesthetic 32 Local response 36 Local sign 93 Lockjaw 14 Locomotion 100, 101 -, fictive 101 Locomotor center, spinal cord 96 Locus coeruleus 11 0, 146, 366, 368 Longitudinal system 67 Loop of Henle 737 Loop, transcortical 116 Loudness 287,288 Loudness level 287,288 Low-pressure system 524 Luminance 240,241,255 Lung, see also Breathing, see also

Respiration -, afferent innervation 525 -, airway 546, 547 -, airway resistance 556, 557 -, alveolar gas concentration 561,

562 -, alveolar gas fraction 560, 561 -, alveolar ventilation 552, 566 -, alveolus 547, 548 -, apnea 563, 571, 576 -, apneusis 569 -, arterial partial pressure 568 -, asphyxia 564 -, A TPS condition 561 -, baroreceptor 525 -, Biot's breathing 576 -, body plethysmograph 557 -, Bohr equation 551 -, bradypnea 563 -, BTPS condition 561 -, capacity 548, 549 -, carbon dioxide partial pressure

571 -, carbon dioxide response curve

571 -, central rhythmogenesis 569-571 -, chemical respiration control 571 -, chemoreceptor 572 -, Cheyne-Stokes breathing 576 -, circulation 523-525 -, compliance 555, 556 -, congenital heart disease 566 -, contact time 564 -, control of breathing 568-576 -, dead space 551 -, dead-space ventilation 552 -, diffusing capacity 564, 565, 566 -, diffusion coefficient 564 -, diffusion conductivity 564 -, dyspnea 563, 571 -, efferent innervation 525 -, elastic resistance 553, 559 -, esophageal pressure 554 -, Euler-Liljestrand mechanism

566 -, eupnea 563 -, expiration 569 -, expiratory reserve volume 548

Subject Index

-, Fick's law 564 -, forced expiratory volume 559,

560 -, functional residual capacity

(FRC) 548, 549, 550, 557 -, gas analysis 562 -, gas diffusion 564, 565 -, gas equation 561 -, gas exchange 560-565 -, Hagen-Poiseuille law 556 -, helium-dilution method 550 -, Hering-Breuer reflex 571 -, hypercapnia 571 -, hyperpnea 563 -, hyperventilation 563, 571 -, hypoventilation 563 -, hypoxia 572 -, hypoxic vasoconstriction 566 -, inspiration 569 -, inspiratory capacity 548 -, inspiratory reserve volume 548 -, insuillation 553 -, iron lung 553 -, Krogh's diffusion coefficient

564 -, Kussmaul breathing 576 -, maximal volume flow 560 -, maximum breathing capacity

(MBC) 560 -, minute volume 551,522 -, newborn 554 -, nitrogen-washout method 550 -, nonelastic resistance 556, 559 -, normoventilation 563 -, obstructive disorder 559 -, orthopnea 564 -, partial pressure 562 -, percussion 546 -, perfusion 524, 525, 565-568 -, perfusion control 525 -, pH etTect 572 -, pleural surface pressure 554 -, pneumothorax 554 -, polarography 568 -, postinspiration 569 -, pressure-volume diagram 558 -, pressure-volume relation 557-

559 -, pulmonary emphysema 559 -, pulmonary perfusion 566 -, regional inhomogeneity 566 -, regional perfusion 566 -, relaxation curve 555 -, relaxation pressure method 554 -, residual volume 548 -, resistance measurement 557 -, respirator 553 -, respiratory failure 552 -, respiratory mechanics 559, 560 -, respiratory neuron 569 -, respiratory quotient 551 -, respiratory rhythm 569 -, restrictive disorder 559 -, right-left shunt 566 -, Scholander's procedure 562 -, static volume-pressure relation-

ship 554 -, STPD condition 561 -, stretch receptor 571 -, surface area 547 -, surface-active substance 547,

548 -, surfactant 547, 548 -, tachypnea 563 -, tank respirator 553 -, Thebesian vein 566 -, tidal volume 548

-, Tiffeneau test 559, 560 -, tissue resistance 557 -, total capacity 548 -, transmural pressure 525 -, transpulmonary pressure 554,

555 -, vagotomy 571 -, vasoconstrictor response 525 -, ventilation 548-553 -, ventilation measure 551, 552 -, ventilation-perfusion ratio 567 -, ventilatory disorder 559 -, viscous resistance 556 -, vital capacity 548, 549, 559,

655,662 -, volume 548 -, volume measurement 549, 550 -, volume-pressure curve 554 -, water-vapor pressure 562 -, work of breathing 559 Luteal phase 780 Luteinising hormone releasing hor-

mone (LHRH) 47,48 Luteinization 779 Luteolysis 780, 781 Lymph, amount 506 -, composition 506 Lymph capillary 505, 506 Lymph node 334,427, 505 Lymph vessel 505 Lymphatic system 505, 506 -, structure 505 Lymphocyte 414,417 -, alimentary canal 697 -, immune system 426--428 -, interleukin-2 414 Lymphokine 427,433 Lymphopenia 417 Lysolecithin 729 Lysosome 3,11 -, hormone degradation 373 Lysozyme 432

Mach's theory 297 Macrocytosis 411 Macrophage 416,417 Macula densa 737 Macula organ 277 -, natural stimulation 278 Macula sacculi 277 - utriculi 277 Magnetencephalography (MEG)

136 Maintenance heat 64 Major histocompatibility complex

(MHC) 428 Malabsorption 704, 730 -, syndrome 412 Malaria 412 Malassimilation 730 Maldigestion 717, 730 Malleus 285 Maltose 726 Maltotriose 726 Mammary gland 378, 788 Mammillary body 364 Manganese 682 Mania, EEG 150 Manometer 537, 538 Marathon, body temperature 629 -, heat collapse 655 -, leukocyte count 651 -, metabolic rate 617 Massage, pain therapy 235 Mast cell 433 Mastication 705

Matrix space, mitochondrion 598, 599

Maximal allowable concentration (MAC) 674

Maximal oxygen uptake test 663 Mayer wave 526 M cell 723,724 MeHe 581 MeV 581 Mean circulation time (MeT) 540,

541 Mean corpuscular hemoglobin

(MeH) 581 Measles 426, 787 Measurement, auscultatory meth-

od 538 -, blood flow 539-541 -, blood gas 568 -, blood pressure 537-539 -, blood volume 541 -, Fick principle 540 -, filtration rate 739 -, fluid compartment 767 -, hemoglobin 581 -, indicator-dilution technique

540 -, Korotkoff method 538 -, metabolic rate 618-620 -, palpation method 539 -, relaxation pressure method 554 -, Riva-Rocci method 539 -, vascular system 537-541 -, venous pressure 539 Meatus temperature 628 Mechanoreception, see also Touch -, cutaneous 196-203 -, psychophysics 196-198 -, spatial resolution 197, 198 -, threshold 196 Mechanosensor, see also Sensor -, coding 200, 201 -, cutaneous 198-201 -, histology 199, 200 -, innervation density 201 -, low threshold 198-200 -, Meissner corpuscle 199 -, Merkel disk 199 -, Pacinian corpuscle 199, 200 -, Pinkus-Iggo corpuscle 200 -, rapidly adapting (RA) 198 -, receptive field 201 -, Ruffini ending 199 -, SA-I 200 -, SA-II 200 -, skin 198-201 -, slowly adapting (SA) 198 Medial forebrain bundle 357, 364,

366, 367, 636 Median eminence 357, 775 Medicine, residue 682 Medulla oblongata, cardiovascular

center 349 -, circulatory center 521, 522 -, circulatory control 349, 350 -, respiratory neuron 569 -, swallowing center 707 -, thermosensitivity 635 -, vasomotor center 512, 513 MEG 136 Megacolon 731 Megaesophagus 708 Megaloblast 412 Megalocyte 411,412 Meissner corpuscle 199 Meissner's plexus 343 Mel 394 Melatonin 398

Membrane, s.a. cell, s.a. plasma membrane

-, active transport 7 -, antiport 10 -, basilar 290 -, ea pump 8 -, channel 5 -, diffusion 4, 5 -, Napump 7 -, Na-K pump 7 -, organelle 3 -, permeability 5 -, Reissner 290 -, symport 9, 10 -, transport protein 5 -, vesicle 10 Membrane capacitance 32 Membrane capacitor 33 Membrane channel 28-32 -, adrenalin 31 -, ea channel 30, 31 -,cAMP 31 -, el channel 31 -, glycoprotein 31, 32 -, inactivation 32 -, K channel 30 -, local anesthetic 32 -, modulation 30,31 -, patch clamp 28-32

813

Membrane conductance 23 Membrane length constant, defini-

tion 34 Membrane manometer 538 Membrane polarization, anode 34 -, cathode 34 -, extracellular electrode 34, 35 Membrane potential, definition 19 Membrane time constant, defini-

tion 33 Memory 153-162 -, amnesia 158-161 -, anterograde amnesia 158-160 -, associative learning 154, 155 -, autonomic nervous system 156 -, behavioral 154-156 -, biological significance 153 -, classical conditioning 155 -, cognitive learning 156-158 -, conditioning 155 -, consolidation 157 -, declarative 158 -, disturbance 158-161 -, engram 156 -, episodic 158 -, established 158 -, forgetting 157,158 -, genetic 162 -, habituation 154 -, hippocampus 159 -, hysterical amnesia 160 -, immunological 162,426 -, imprinting 155 -, instrumental conditioning 155 -, knowledge 154, 156-158 -, limbic system 159 -, long-term 156, 158 -, motor program 160 -, neuronal mechanism 161,162 -, non-associative learning 154 -, operant conditioning 155,156 -, orienting response 154 -, primary 158 -, proactive inhibition 158, 163 -, procedural 158 -, protein synthesis 162 -, recent 158 -, reinforcement 155

814

Memory, remote 158 -, retroactive inhibition 158, 164 -, retrograde amnesia 160, 161 -, reverberating excitation 161 -, secondary 158 -, semantic 158 -, sensitization 154 -, sensory 157 -, short-term 156, 158 -, Skinner box 155 -, storage capacity 154 -, tertiary 158 Memory cell 428 Meniere syndrome 283 Menopause 784, 792 Menstrua1 cycle 775, 778, 779,

780, 792 -, athlete 660 -, body temperature 629 -, performance capacity 660 Menstrual flow 780 Mercury 682 Merkel disk 199 Mesencephalic reticular formation

(MRF) 240 Mesocortex 363 Metabolic rate 615,616 -, hyperthyroidism 623 -, hypothyroidism 623 -, measurement 618-620 -, shock 622 -, thyroid disorder 623 Metabolism, aerobic' 598, 647 -, anaerobic 598, 647 -, cell 598 -, cerebral cortex. 136, 137 -, diet-induced 678 -, motor cortex 118 -, postaggression 619 -, structural 683 Metabolite, vasodilatation 507,

508 Metal, residue 682 Metarteriole 502 -, sympathetic vasodilator fiber

510 -, vasomotion 508 Metenkephalin 339 Meteorism 697,698 Methane, intestinal 698 Methem 579 Methemoglobin 412, 579 Micelle 719,720,729 Microcirculation 501-505 Microcirculation, gas exchange

604 Microcytosis 411 Microfilament 12 Microgravity 676 Microneurography 194, 195,

199 Microsaccade 239 Microspectrophotometry 249 Microtubule 12 Microvillus 700, 730 Micturition 350-352 -, definition 350 Midbrain animal 98, 99 Midbrain, thermosensitivity 635 Migraine, phosphene 241 Milk ejection 788 -, reflex 378 Milk synthesis 382 Mind-body problem 177 Mineralocorticoid system 389,

390 Minute volume 551, 552

Miosis 244 Mitochondrion, biological oxida­

tion 598-600 -, critical oxygen partial pressure

604,605 -, matrix space 598, 599 -, oxygen partial pressure 604, 605 Mitochondrium 3 Mitral stenosis 527 M-line 63 Modality, quality 185 -, sensory 185 Modulation, pain 228 Modulator, synaptic 46, 47 Molybdenum 682 Monist 177,193 Monoaminergic system, behavior

366-369 -, central organization 366 -, intracranial self-stimulation 367 -, psychotropic drug 368, 369 Monoclonal antibody 427 Monocyte 414,416,417,433 Monokine 427,433 Monosaccharide 680, 727 Morphine 234 Mossbauer radiation 5 Mossy fiber 103, 106, 107 Motilin 696,710 Motility, gastric 709,710 Motion sickness 283, 676 Motoneuron, homonymous 87 Motor act 82, 83 Motor apraxia 153 Motor axon, alpha 86 -,gamma 86 Motor center 82 -, brain stem 101 -, brain stem 96-102 -, function 83, 84 -, hierarchical order 83 -, hierarchical structure 96, 97 -, location 83, 84 -, phylogenetic viewpoint 97 Motor cortex 112-117, see also

Motor system -, area-6 118 -, blood flow 118 -, central movement command

116 -, cortical map 113 -, corticofugal control 117 -, definition 113 -, efference copy 117 -, efferent microzone 117 -, feedback circuit 117 -, figurines 113 -, H-reflex 115 -, lesion 118, 120-122 -, metabolism 118 -, microzone 117 -, motor behavior 113-116 -, motor homunculus 113 -, motor map 115 -, motor potential 116 -, neuronal activity 113-116,119 -, premotor cortex 113 -, primary motor area 113 -, pyramidal tract 117 -, readiness potential 118 -, restitution 120-122 -, secondary motor field 113 -, sensorimotor cortex 116 -, simiusculus 113 -, somatosensory feedback 116 -, supplementary motor area 113 -, transcorticalloop 116

Motor end plate 43, 44 Motor map 115 Motor system 82-122, see also Mo-

tor cortex -, Babinski sign 120 -, functional recovery 120-122 -, hemiplegia 120 -, higher 84 -, movement 82---S5 -, paraplegia 120 -, plasticity 121 -, posture 82-85 -, quadriplegia 120 -, redundancy 120, 121 -, regeneration 121, 122 -, spasticity 120 -, spinal 84 -, spinal shock 120 -, sprouting 120, 121 -, supersensitivity 121 -, transplantation 122 Motor unit 70, 71 Mouth-to-nose ventilation 553 Movement, anticipatory 99,100 -, automatic 82, 83 -, central program 82 -, chewing 100, 101 -, goal-directed 83 -, human 99, 100 -, inherited 82 -, involuntary 83 -, locomotion 100,101 -, postural synergy 99 -, program-controlled 62 -, reflex-controlled 82 -, spinal coordination 95 -, stepping 100, 101 -, voluntary 83 MPTP 112 Mucopolysaccharide 407 Mucoprotein 407 Miillerian duct 774, 775 Miillerian duct-inhibiting factor

774, 775 Mumps 426 Murmur, heart 466 Muscarine 337 Muscle 62-80 -, A-band 62 -, abducence 237 -, acclimation 669 -, actin 64 -, actomyosin thread 65 -, aerobic metabolism 65, 77 -, afferent innervation 85, 86 -, afterloaded contraction 74,75 -, all-or-none law 69, 70 -, amyotropic lateral sclerosis 72 -, anaerobic metabolism 65, 77 -, annulospiral ending 85, 86 -, arytenoid 300 -, ATP 64--66 -, atrophy 72, 661 -, autoregulation 79 -, auxotonic contraction 72 -, blood flow 535 -, calcium action 66, 67 -, calcium release 68, 69 -, calcium switch 67 -, capillary 604 -, cardiac s. Heart -, Charley horse 657 -, circulation 535 -, contraction energy 64--66 -, contracture 70, 80 -, control circuit muscle length

326, 327

Subject Index

-, creatine phosphate 65 -, cricoarytenoid 300 -, cricothyroid 299, 300 -, cross-bridge 63, 64 -, denervation atrophy 72 -, diaphragm 545, 546 -, distribution 86 -, dystrophy 72 -, efferent innervation 86 -, efficiency 77 -, elasticity 73 -, electromyography (EMG) 71,

72 -, endurance limit 656 -, energertics 76-78 -, energy turnover 76, 77 -, esophagus 708 -, excitation-contraction coupling

66-70,80 -, extrafusal fiber 85, 86 -, eye, external 237 -, fatigue 70, 77, 657 -, Fenn effect 77 -, force of contraction 75, 76 -, force velocity relation 76 -, gamma motor axon 86 -, gap junction 79 -, glucose 65 -, glucose metabolism 392 -, glycolysis 77 -, group Ia fiber 85, 86 -, group II fiber 85, 86 -, H-zone 63 -, heat 76 -, Hill relation 76 -, hypoxia 608 -, I-band 63 -, initial heat 77 -, inspiratory 545 -, intercostal 545 -, intrafusal fiber 85, 86 -, intrafusal muscle fiber 85, 86 -, isometric contraction 72 -, isometric contraction maximum

73, 74 -, isotonic contraction 74, 75 -, length 73 -, length control 89 -, load 75, 76 -, longitudinal system 67 -, M-line 63 -, maintenance heat 64, 77 -, mechanical summation 72, 73 -, mechanics 72-76 -, mechanism of contraction 62-

64 -, metabolism 647 -, metabolism during static work

653 -, morphology 85, 86 -, motor innervation 86 -, motor unit 70, 71 -, myogenic activity 78 -, myogenic exaltation 78, 79 -, myogenic excitation 72-80 -, myogenic rhythm 79 -, myoglobin content 602 -, myoglobin-poor 65 -, myosin 64 -, myosin filament 62 -, myotonia 72 -, nexus 79 -, non-spontaneous 79 -, nuclear bag fiber 86 -, nuclear chain fiber 86 -, oculomotor 237 -, oxygen consumption 601

Subject Index

-, oxygen debt 78 -, oxygen partial pressure 606 -, pacemaker 79 -, parallel elasticity 73 -, perfusion during static work

653 -, perfusion during work 655 -, poliomyelitis 72 -, posttetanic potentiation 70 -, power 76 -, primary ending 85, 86 -, pupillomotor 244 -, recovery heat 77 -, reddish 65 -, reflex tonus 71 -, refractory period 69 -, regulation of contraction 66--72 -, regulation of force 70--72 -, relaxant 48, 553 -, respiratory 571 -, response to stretch 79 -, resting tension curve 73 -, rigidity 70 -, rigor 70 -, rigor mortis 64 -, sarcomere 62, 63 -, sarcoplasmic reticulum 67 -, secondary ending 85, 86 -, sliding-filament theory 62--{)6 -, slow wave 79 -, smooth muscle 78-80, see also

Smooth muscle -, spasticity 92 -, stapedius 290 -, sternohyoid 300 -, stiffnes 92 -, structure 85, 86 -, summation 68, 69 -, T-system 67 -, tensor tympani 290 -, terminal cisterna 67 -, tetanus 69, 72, 73 -, thermosensitivity 635 -, thyroarytenoid 300 -, tone 97,99 -, tonus 71 -, transmitter 80 -, transverse tubule 67 -, triad structure 67 -, trochlear 237 -, tropomyosin 67 -, troponin 67 -, twitch contraction 68, 72, 73 -, twitch superposition 72, 73 -, vasodilator fiber 607 -, velocity of contraction 75, 76 -, viscoelastic behavior 80 -, vocal 300 -, white 65 -, Z-disk 62 -, Z-line 63 Muscle spindle 85-92 -, discharge pattern 86, 87 -, fusimotor nerve fiber 87 -, intrafusal prestretching 87 -, number 86 -, position 86 -, receptor function 86, 87 -, secondary ending, function 87 Music, hearing 289 Myasthenia gravis 49 Mydriasis 244 Myeloarchitectoni 129 Myocardial infarction 458 Myocardium 440, s.a. Heart -, capillary 604 -, hypertrophy 608

-, hypoxia 607 -, myoglobin content 602 -, oxygen pressure 605 Myoelectric motor complex 696 Myoepithelium 378 Myogenesis 381 Myoglobin 583 -, buffer function 602 -, oxygen diffusion 603 -, oxygen storage 601,602 -, oxygen store 606 -, transport function 602 Myoma 792 Myometrium 788 -, oxytocin action 378 Myopia 246 Myosin 12, 13, 64 Myosin filament 62 Myotome 210 Myotonia 72 Myxedema 385, 386

NADH molecule 599 Na-K pump 7,9,22 Naloxone 233 Napump 7 Nasal consonant 303 Nasopharyngeal cavity 547 Natural antibody 433 Nearsightedness 246 Necrosis, cold injury 673 Neglect, visual 263 Neocortex, see also Cerebral cortex -, association area 124, 125 -, cardiovascular control 522, 523 -, cerebral localization 124 -, chemical demarcation 126 -, definition 127 -, definition of center 126 -, encephalization 126 -, encephalization factor 126 -, equipotentiality 124 -, functional subdivision 126 -, holistic view 124 -, homo sapiens 126 -, language center 126 -, multisensory representation 126 -, phrenology 124 -, unspecific area 124, 125 Neomammalian brain 363 Neostigmine, eye 245 Nephron 735 -, filtration rate 739 Nephrotic syndrome 772 Nephrotoxin 760 Nernst equation 6,7,20,21,23 Nerve, block 234 -, cardiac depressor 512 -, carotid sinus 512, 514 -, chorda tympani 307 -, ciliary 244 -, cranial 213 -, facial (VII) 213, 307, 308, 309,

335 -, glossopharyngeal (IX) 213,

307,308, 309, 310, 311, 335, 512, 573

-, inferior laryngeal 300 -, oculomotor (III) 335 -, olfactory 312 -, petrosal 242 -, phrenic 545 -, recurrent 300 -, superior laryngeal 300 -, trigeminal (V) 213,242,310,

311

-, vagus (X) 213, 310, 311, 335, 516,571, 573, 694

-, vasoconstrictor 509 -, vestibular 278 Nerve fiber, auditory 292, 293 -, axonal transport 13, 14 -, classification 38 -, conduction velocity 38-40 -, diameter 38 -, fiber type 38 -, function 38 -, fusimotor 87 -, glucose metabolism 392 -, group Ia 85, 86 -, group Ib 86 -, group Ib 92 -, group II 85, 86 -, group III 229 -, group IV 229 -, vasodilator 607 Nerve growth factor 15 Neuralgia 59, 231, see also Pain Neuroendocrine control circuit

375 Neuroendocrinology, definition

375 Neurogenic shock 532, 533 Neurohormone, definition 374 Neurohypophysis 376 Neuroleptic drug 369

. Neuroma 59 Neuron, ADH-producing 377 -, adrenergic 337, 340, 341, 344,

349,367 -, auditory 294, 295 -, autonomic 345 -, catecholaminergic 368 -, cholinergic 110 -, cold-sensitive 635 -, complex 218 -,cortical 129-131,217,218 -, dopaminergic 367 -, dorsal-<:olumn nucleus 212 -, enteric 344 -, expiratory 569, 570 -, face-specific 262 -, feature extraction 218 -, inspiratory 569, 570 -, multireceptive 212 -, nociceptive 212,218 -, noradrenergic 349, 366 -, oxytocinergic 349 -, parasympathetic 344 -, peptidergic 110, 349 -, postganglionic parasympathetic

334 -, postganglionic sympathetic 334 -, preganglionic parasympathetic

334 -, preganglionic sympathetic 333,

334 -, propriospinal 95 -, reference 639 -, relay 213 -, respiratory 569, 570 -, retinal 252-254 -, serotonergic 349 -, serotonergic 367 -, simple 218 -, stereoscopic depth perception

261 -, sympathetic 344 -, terminal integrating 359 -, thalamic 216 -, thermoinsensitive 635 -, thermoresponsive 635 -, thermosensitive 212,218,635

-, vasoconstrictor 346 -, vasopressinergic 349 -, visual cortex 260 -, w- 254 -, warm-sensitive 635 -, X- 254 -, y- 254 Neuropathy 59 Neurophysin 377 Neurotensin 339 Neurotropic virus 14 Newborn, fever reaction 642 -, pleural surface pressure 554 Newton's law of cooling 626 Nexus 341 -, smooth muscle 79 NGF 15 Niacin 681,685,686 Niacinamid 681 Nicotine 337, 516 Nidation 786 Night terror 144 Night work 659 Nightmare 144

815

Nitrogen-washout method 550 Nociception, central conduction 230 -, central processing 230 -, cerebral cortex 230 -, convergence 232 -, definition 227 -, divergence 232 -, pathophysiology 231-233 -, pathway 230 -, prime noxa 229 -, thalamus 230 -, theory 227,228 Nociceptor, afferent conduction

229,230 -, deep tissue 230 -, definition 227 -, desensitization 229 -, excitation 229 -, generator potential 229 -, human 228 -,joint 230 -, modality 228, 229 -, muscle 230 -, receptor potential 229 -, sensitivity 232 -, sensitization 229 -, skin 229 -, structure 228, 229 -, transduction 228-230 -, transformation 228-230 -, visceral 230 Nodulus 105 Noeud vital 569 Noise 675 -, aural 675 -, definition 284 -, extraaural 675 -, sleep disturbance 675 Non-pyramidal system 101 Non-REM 141 Nonprotein nitrogen (N;P.N.) 409 Nonsuppressible insulin-like activi-

ty (NILA) 381 Nontropical sprue 730 Noradrenalin 46,47,396,397 -, autonomic nervous system 337,

338 -, blood vessel effect 509, 510 -, circulatory system 516, 517 -, metabolic action 339 -, receptor block 338 -, receptor concept 337,338 -, systemic action 339, 340

816

Norepinephrine 396, 397 Norm, definition 663 Normocyte 409 Normoventilation 563 Noxa 227 NREM 141-144, see also Sleeping Nuclear magnetic resonance

(NMR) 138 Nucleoprotein, small intestine 728 Nucleus, abducens 240 . -, accessory optic tract 258 -, accumbens 363 -, ambiguus (NA) 569 -, amygdala 110, 363 -, amygdaloid 262 -, anterior thalamic 363 -, Bekhterev 280 -, caudate 108 -, cell 3 -, central autonomic 345 -, cerebellar 104 -, cochlear 293,294 -, Deiter 106,280 -, dentate 106 -, dorsal cochlear 293, 294 -, dorsal-column 102,212 -, Edinger-Westphal 244,245,345 -, emboliform 106 -, eye muscle 240 -, fastigial 106 -, globose 106 -, hypothalamic 361 -, inferior colliculus 294 -, intercalatus 345 -, intermediolateral 345 -, interpositus 106 -, interstitial of Cajal 102 -, lateral geniculate (LGN) 258,

259 -, lateralleminiscus 294 -, locus coeruleus 11 0, 146 -, medial geniculate body 294 -, motor thalamic 215 -, nonspecific thalamic 215 -, oculomotor 240,244,281 -, olivary complex 294 -, optic tract (NOT) 258 -, paraventricular 349, 376 -, principal sensory 213 -, raphe 110, 146, 349, 367, 636 -, red 101 -, retrofacial 569 -, Roller 280 -, ruber 101 -, Schwalbe 280 -, septal 363 -, solitary 309 -, solitary tract (ST) 569 -, specific thalamic 215, 216 -, spinal tract 213 -, subcoeruleus 636 -, superior colliculus 258, 263 -, superior olive complex 296 -,supraopticus 376,765,766 -, tractur solitarius 349, 765 -, trapezoid body 294 -, trigeminal 636 -, trochlear 240 -, ventral cochlear 293, 294 -, ventral posterolateral (VPL) 216 -, ventral posteromedial (VPM)

216 -, ventrobasal (VB) 215,216 -, vestibular 101,280,281 Null cell 428 Nutrition 678-691 -, senescence 793

Nutritional requirement 682-687 Nutritionist 682 Nystagmogramm 282 Nystagmus, caloric 282, 283 -, diagnostic significance 282 -, horizontal 282 -, optokinetic (OKN) 239 -, postrotatory 282 -, spontaneous 282 -, vestibular 282

Obesity 321, 679, 682 -, diet 689 -, risk factor 690 -, slimming 689 Objectivity, test 662 Odor classification 310, 311 Odor molecule 310 Odor quality 310, 311 Ohm's law 484 Old age 789-793 Olfactory bulb 310, 312, 363, 366 -, histology 312 -, surround inhibition 312 Olfactory cell 310 Olfactory epithelium 310, 312 Olfactory hallucination 313 Olfactory mucosa 310 Olfactory region 309, 310 Olfactory tract 313 Olfactory tubercle 363 Oligosaccharidase 726 Oligosaccharide 2, 3, 680 Oliguria 760 Oncotic pressure 405 Oocyte 774, 782 Open-loop system 325 Operant learning 155,156 Ophthalmoscope 247 Ophthalmoscopy 247 Opiate 234, 343 -, ligand 233 -, receptor 233 Opioid 234 Opsin 250 Opsonization 430, 432, 433 Optic chiasm 258 Optic radiation 258 Optic tract 258 Oral cavity 705-709 Orchiectomy 785 Organ, blood flow measurement

600 -, Corti 286 -, Fick principle 600 -, metabolic rate 620 -, positron emission tomography

(PET) 600 -, water content 767,768 Organ function, recovery time 611 -, survival limit 611 Organ perfusion, regulation 607,

608 Organelle 3, 11 -, membrane 3 Orgasm 353, 354, 785, 786 -, definition 356 -, female 355 Orgasmic platform 355 Orienting response 154 Orthopnea 564 Orthostatic collapse 528, 533 Orthostatic hypotension 528 Orthostatic syncope 528, 533 Osmoreceptor 377,765, 766 Osmoregulation 764, 765, 766

Osmosensor 377 Osmotic hemolysis 413 Osmotic pressure, blood plasma

403,404,405 -, capillary 503 -, reflection coefficient 701 Ossicle 285 Osteoclast 770 Osteoporosis 388, 784, 793 Otoconia 277 Otolith membrane 277 Ouabain 7,8 Ovarian peptide production 781,

782 Overloading syndrome 654,

658 Overshoot 22 Oviduct 774 Ovulation 779, 780, 786 Oxalic acid 686 Oxalic acid stone 755, 756 Oxidation, biological 598--600 Oxygen, acclimation 669 -, altitude adjustment 668 -, altitude dependance 666, 667 -, altitude sickness 666, 667 -, availability 602 -, consumption, Fick principle

600 -, consumption, temperature effect

601 -,debt 602,622,649,655 -, deficiency 666 - dissociation curve 583, 584 -, diving 671 -, heart rate during uptake 649,

650 -, inadequate supply 599, 600 -, muscular during work 655 -, partial tissue pressure 604-607 -, poisoning 610,671,672 - pressure, brain 605 -, cerebral cortex 605 -, myocardium 605 -, skeletal muscle 606 -, relation to heart rate 649, 650 - release 584 - reserve, tissue 601, 602 - saturation 583 - therapy 610 -, alkalosis 586 -, fetal 586 -, pathophysiology 585, 586 -, transport 582-587 -, utilization 602 -, utilization coefficient 602 Oxygen uptake, body 620--622 -, Douglas bag 621,622 -, during work 649 -, test 663 Oxyhemoglobin 578, 579, 583 -, pH 592 Oxytocin 376,377, 378, 781

PABA test 717 Pacemaker, artificial 441,442 -, heart 441,442,444,445 -, smooth muscle 79 Pacinian corpuscle 199 PAD 51,52 Pain, acupuncture 235 -, acute 224 -, adaptation 226, 227 -, affective component 225 -, algesimetry 226, 227 -, allodynia 232

Subject Index

-, analgesia 232 -, anesthesia 232 -, anesthesia dolorosa 233 -, angina pectoris 347 -, autonomic component 225 -, blood pressure 526 -, bradykinin 511 -, causalgia 231, 347 -, central 233 -, centrifugal control 228 -, cerebral cortex 230 -, characterization 223-227 -, chordotomy 235 -, chronic 224 -, cingulotomy 235 -, cognitive component 226 -, component 224-226 -, congenital insensitivity 232, 233 -, control 233 -, conversion neurosis 224 -, coping strategy 234 -, deep 224 -, definition 223 -, delayed 224 -, descending control 233 -, diathermy 235 -, dynorphin 233 -, electrical brain stimulation 235 -, electrical stimulation 235 -, electroacupuncture 235 -, electronarcosis 233 -, emotional component 225 -, endogenous control 233 -, endorphin 233 -, enkephalin 233 -, evaluation 225, 226 -, expression 225, 226 -, function 224 -, gate-control theory 228 -, hallucination 224 -, histamine 224 -, hyperalgesia 232 -, hyperesthesia 232 -, hyperpathia 232, 347 -, hypoalgesia 232 -, hypoesthesia 232 -, inhibition 233-235 -, initial 224 -, intensity theory 228 -, itch 224 -, learning 226 -, leukotomy 235 -, massage 235 -, measurement 226, 227 -, modulation 228 -, morphine 234 -, motor component 225 -, naloxone 233 -, narcotic analgesic 234 -, neuralgia 231 -, neuralgic 231 -, neurophysiology 227-230 -, neurosurgery 235 -, nociception 227 -, nociceptive system 227 -, nociceptor 227-230 -, opiate 234 -, opioid 234 -, origin 227, 228 -, pathophysiology 231-233 -, pathway 230 -, pattern theory 228 -, persistent 224 -, phantom 233 -, pharmacology 234 -, physical treatment 235 -, point 224, 227, 228

Subject Index

-, posttraumatic 347 -, projected 231 -, psychogenic 224 -, psychological therapy 235 -, psychometor component 225,

226 -, quality 223,224 -, recurrent 224 -, referred 231,232,347 -, reflex sympathetic dystrophy

347 -, sensitivity 232 -, sensitization 227 -, sensory component 224, 225 -, social function 224 -, somatic 223, 224 -, spontaneous 231 -, stimulation-produced analgesia

(SPA) 233 -, Sudeck's syndrome 347 -, superficial 223, 224 -, thalamic 233 -, thalamotomy 235 -, thalamus 230 -, theory 227, 228 -, therapy 233-235 -, tourniquet test 227 -, transcutaneous electrical nerve

stimulation (TENS) 235 -, treatment 233-235 -, visceral 224, 225 Palatability, food 321 Paleocortex, cardiovascular con-

trol 522, 523 Paleomammalian brain 363 Pallidum 108, 109 P-aminohippuric acid (PAH) 756 Pancreas 715-717 -, anion-exchange hypothesis 715 -, basal secretion 717 -, cephalic phase 717 -, duct ofWirsung 715 -, gastric phase 717 -, hormonal stimulation 716 -, intestinal phase 717 -, neuronal stimulation 716,717 -, PABA test 717 -, papilla of Vater 715 -, pathophysiology 717 -, secretin-CCK test 717 -, secretion 715-717 -, self-digestion 716 -, two-component hypothesis 715 Pancreatic insufficiency 730 Pancreatitis 716,717 Pancreozymin 396 Pancytopenia 412 Panhypopituitarism 382 Panreatic juice, enzyme 716 Pantothenic acid 681 Papilla of Vater 715 Papilla, foliate 307 -, fungiform 307 -, vallate 307 Paracellular shunt 744 Paracrine action, hormone 373,

374 Paracrine substance 398 Paradoxical cold sensation 204 Paraflocculus 106 Paraganglion 573 Parallel fiber 103-105 Paramedian pontine reticular for-

mation (PPRF) 240 Paraplegia 96, 120 Paraplegia, autonomic reflex 347,

348

-, defecation 352 -, thermoregulation 643 -, urinary bladder 351 Parapsychology 177 Parasympathetic cholinergic vaso-

dilator fiber 510 Parasympathetic system 333-335 -, control of salivary gland 706 -, craniosacral system 333 -, neurohumoral transmission

337-340 -, organ effect 335, 336 -, peptide transmitter 339 -, vasoactive intestinale polypeptide

(VIP) 339 Parasympatholytic 337 Parasympathomimetic 337,634 Parathyroid hormone (PTH) 395 Paravermis 106 Paresthesia 59 Parkinson 110-112,122 -, MPTP 112 -, pathophysiology 112 Parkinson's disease 367 Parosmia 313 Paroxysmal tachycardia 514 Partial pressure, gas 582 -, lung 562 Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

425 Patch clamp 28-32 -, channel state 28, 29 -, clamp current 28 -, kidney tubule 743 -, Na current 28, 29 -, outside-out clamp 28 -, principle 28 -, seal 28 Pathway, central shivering 636 -, rubrospinal 101 -, thermoafferent 635, 636 -, visual 258, 259 Pause, timing 657 Pavor nocturnus 144 PD-controller, motoneuron 328 Penis 353, 354, 774, 785 Pentagastrin 714 Pepsin 713, 727 Pepsinogen 713 Peptidase 716, 727 Peptide, adrenal medulla 397 -, angiotensin II 47 -, delta sleep inducing (DSIP) 147 -, enkephalin 47 -, gastrointestinal 694, 695 -, luteinising hormone releasing

hormone (LHRH) 47,48 -, neurotransmitter 46,47 -, somatostatin 47 -, substance P 47 -, tubular transport 754 -, vasoactive intestinal peptide

(VIP) 47 Perception, definition 176 -, depth 267,268 -, form 263-265 -, heart beat 205 -, neuronal base 219 -, visual movement 268 Perception psychology, definition

177 Percussion, heart 467 -, lung 546 Performance 645 -, adaptation syndrome 658 -, attentiveness 659 -, blood gas level 650

-, capacity 654, 655 -, capacity in disease state 656 -, capacity maintenance 660 -, circadian rhythm 659 -, daily vigilance 659 -, doping 660 -, endurance limit 655 -, exercise lack 662 -, exhaustion 658 -, fatiguing 654 -, feedback 658, 659 -, heart rate 648 -, heat adjustment 655 -, improvement 660 -, long-term 654, 655 -, maximal capacity 655 -, medium-term 654 -, movement 83 -, overloading syndrome 658 -, physical 646 -, prognosis 664 -, psychological 646, 654 -, range 656 -, regulation 658, 659 -, relation heart rate / oxygen up-

take 649, 650 -, short-term 654 -, test 662 -, test interpretation 663, 664 -, training 660-662 -, variability 659 -, ventilation 650 -, Zeitgeber 659 Performance capacity 646 Performance limiting factor 654,

655 Performance pulse index (PPI) 650 Perilymph 277 Perimeter apparatus 266 Perimetry 266 Periodic dilation 510 Peristalsis 344, 695, 695, 708 Permeability, reflection coefficient

701 Permselectivity 742 Pernicious amenia 411,581 Peroxisome 3 Perseveration 163, 164 Perspiration, insensible 763 -, work 652 Pesticide, residue 682 Petechia 418 Pettenkofer's number 674 Peyer's patch 334 Peyer's plaque 697 pH, arterial 589 -, blood 589, 590 -, definition 589 -, electrometry 589 -, kidney contribution 593 -, measurement 589 -, regulating mechanism 593-595 Phagocytosis 415,433 Phagolysosome 433 Phagosome formation 433 Phantom pain 233 Pharynx 705-709 -, dead space 551 Phenothiazine 369 Pheochromocytoma 527 Phon 287 Phonation, Bernoulli oscillation

300,301 -, mechanism 300,301 -, register 301 -, speech 299-301 Phonocardiogram 466

Phonocardiography 466 Phopholipid 729 Phosphat stone 756

817

Phosphate, balance 769, 770 Phosphatidylcholine 2 Phosphene 241, 257 Phosphofructokinase 392 Phosphoinositol 17 Phospholipase 729 Phospholipid 2, 3, 679 Phosphorylase 392 Phosphorylation 17, 599 Photopic vision 248 Photoreceptor, early receptor po-

tential (ERP) 250 -, late receptor potential (LRP)

251 -, primary potential 250 -, retina 248-252 -, rhodopsin 249 -, secondary potential 251 -, visual pigment 248 Phrenology 124 Physical activity, adjustment 647-

653 Physical therapy 662 Physical work capacity (PWC170,

W170) 663 Physiology, definition 2 Phytohemagglutinin 417 Pill, contraception 782 Pilocarpine 634 Pineal body 397, 398 Pinkus-Iggo corpuscle 200 Pinna 296 Pinocytosis 703 Pirenzi pine 714 Piriform lobe 313 Pitch 289 -, speech 299 Pituitary stalk 376 Pituitary-adrenocortical system,

work 652 Placenta, function 787 -, hormone production 775 Placental barrier 787 Placental circulation 536, 537 Placentation 786 Plant food, protein content 679 Plant starch 680, 726 Plasma membrane 2, 3, S.a. mem-

brane, s.a. cell Plasma pH 589 -, protein 3 Plasma protein, buffer function

591 Plasmin 423 Plasminogen 423 Plasminogen activator 423 Plasticity, cerebellar 104 -, motor system 120, 121 -, neuronal mechanism 161,162 Platelet 418 Platelet factor 418 Platelet factor-3 419 Platform paradigm 99 Plausibility, test 662 Plethysmogram 497 Plethysmograph 550, 557 Plethysmography 539 Pleural surface pressure 554 Plexus, Auerbach's 343, 694, 708,

722 -, Meissner's 343, 694 -, myenteric 343, 694, 708, 722 -,submucosal 343 -, submucosus 694

818

Plosive 302, 303 Pneumotachogram 550 Pneumotachograph 549, 550, 622 Pneumotachygraphy 549, 550 Pneumothorax 554 Podocyte 741 Poikilocytosis 411 Poikilotherm 625 Poikilothermy 624 Polarography 568 Poliomyelitis 72 Poliomyelitis virus 14 Polyneuropathy -, alcoholic 14 Polysaccharide 680 Pons, circulatory center 521 Pontocerebellum 106 Positron emission tomography

(PET) 138 -, organ blood flow 600 Postaggression metabolism 619 Posterior pituitary system 376-378 -, functional organization 376, 377 -,hormone 376,377 Postextrasystolic potentiation 447 Postinspiration 569 Postmenopausal state 784 Posttraumatic pain syndrome 347 Postural synergy 99, 101 Posture 82-85 -, brain stem control 97 -, cardiovascular effect 527-529 -,hormonaleffect 527 -, work 653 Posturography 99 Potassium, balance 769 Potential, corneoretinal 252 Potential, endocochlear 291 -, generator 229 -, receptor 229 -, visual evoked (yEP) 267 Potentiation, posttetanic 56 -, posttetanic, muscle 70 -, synaptic 55, 56 -, tetanic 55, 56 Precapillary spincter 502 -, vasomotion 508 Prediabetic metabolic state 388 Pregnancy 786, 787 -, duration 787 -, extrauterine 786 -, Rh incompatibility 436, 437 Pregnenolone 390, 775 Premenopausal state 784 Premotor cortex 113 Premotor positivity 133 Prepiriform area 313 Preprovitamin D 396 Presbycusis 289, 298 Presbyopia 245, 793 Pressoreceptor 512 Pressure, diastolic 493 -, injury 671 -, mean arterial 493 -, phosphene 257 -, point 227,228 -, pulse 493 -, systolic 493 -, volume diagram 558 Presubiculum 363 Price-Jones curve 409,411 Primary afferent depolarization

51,52 Primary motor area 113 Primordial follicle 774 Primordial germ tissue 774 Proerythroblast 608

Profibrinolysin 423 Progesterone 390, 391, 775, 779 Progestin 775 Prolactin 379, 380, 382, 383, 788 Proopiomelanocortin cell 386, 387 Propagation, action potential 36-

40 Properdin 432 Proprioception 196, 206, 207 -, definition 206 -, efference copy 207 -, quality 206 Prosopagnosia 262 Prostacyclin 398, 511, 607 Prostaglandin 15,398,416,511,

519,607,738,777 -, pyrogenic action 642 Prostaglandin-E 343 Prostate adenoma 792 Protanope 274 Protease 716 Protein 678, 679 -, absorption 727,728 -, animal food 679 -, balanced diet 688 -, blood plasma 404-408 -, cell membrane 3 -, composition 679 -, density-gradient centrifugation

406 -, digestion 727,728 -, electroPhoretic mobility 406 -, functional minimum 683 -,O-type 16 -, metabolism 619 -, oxidation 619 -, plant food 679 -, tubular transport 754 Protein balance. 683 Protein F -actin 12 Protein minimum 683 Protein secretion 11 Proteoglycan 407 Proteolysis, catecholamine action

397 Prothrombin 419,420,422 Protoporphyrin 578 Proto reptilian brain 363 Provitamin 680 Pseudo-isochromatic chart 274,

275 Psychology, information measure-

ment 171, 172 Psychometric function 189, 190 Psychopharmacology 369 Psychophysical law 187, 188 Psychophysics, definition 177 -, direct 192 -, information theory 171, 172 -, James-Lange theory 206 -, mechanoreception 196-198 -, neuronal base 219 -, power function 192,193 -, Stevens 191-193 -, thermoreception 202, 203 Psychophysiology, definition 177 Psychosis, endogenous 369 -, Korsakoff 241 Psychosurgery 164 -, limbic system 366 Puberty 782, 783 Pulmonary circulation 523-525 Pulmonary emphysema 559 Pulmonary perfusion 565-568, s.a.

Lung Pulmonary respiration 544-577 Pulmonary vessel 523, 534

Pulse, contour 496, 497 -, dicrotic wave 496 -, pathoPhysiology 497 -, pulmonary 523 -, quality 496, 497 Pulse wave 526 Pulse-wave reflection 495, 496 Pulse-wave velocity 495, 496 Pupil 241 -, convergence response 244 -, dilator muscle 244 -, light response 244 -, miosis 244 -, mydriasis 244 -, near-vision response 244 -, response significance 244 -, sphincter mus1e 244 Purkinje pH cerebellum 103, 104,

105 Purkinje pH heart 441 Pus 415 Putamen 108, 109 Pygmies 382 Pylorus 709 Pyrogen 641,642

Q10 601 Quadriplegia 120 Quaternary ammonium base 337 Quetelet index 690 Quick test 425

Radioimmunoassay (RIA), hor-mone 374

Ranitidine 714 Ranvier node 24 Raphe nuclei 110,146 Rapture of the deep 671 RA sensor 198,199 Reabsorption, capillary 503 Reaction-time test 104 Reactive hyperemia 508 Readiness level 615 Readiness potential 118 Readiness potential 133 Reading, eye movement 240 Rebound Phenomenon, cerebellar

107 Recalcification time 425 Receptive field, complex 261 -, innervation density 182 -, Mechanosensor 201 -, primary 182 -, retinal neuron 252-254 -, sensor 182, 183 -, simple 261 -, visual cortical neuron 261 Receptor, see also Sensor -, A 450,515 -, adrenalin 397 -, adrenergic 338 -, alpha 509, 510 -, alpha blocker 338 -, alpha receptor 338 -, alpha-beta 397 -, arterial chemoreceptor 516 -, atrial 515 -, autoreceptor 375 -, B 450,515 -, baroreceptor 765 -, beta 509, 510 -, beta blocker 338 -, beta receptor 338 '--, catecholamine 510, 511 -, channel capacity 172

Subject Index

-, chemoreceptor 307, 512, 516, 572

-, cold 634 -, cold sensor 636 -, cone 248, 249 -, cooperative 56 -, definition 179 -, desensitization 57 -, exteroceptor 179, 306 -, gastrin 714 -, generator potential 308 -, glucoreceptor 319 -, hair cell 286, 287 -, histamine 714 -, ideal 169, 171 -, interoceptor 179, 306 -, liporeceptor 319 -, noradrenalin 397 -, olfactory 310 -, opiate 233, 234 -, osmoreceptor 315,316,377,

765, 766 -, photoreceptor 248-252 -, postsynaptic 56 -, potential 308 -, proprioceptor 179 -, protein 307 -, real 170 -, reception site 307 -, rod 248 -, sensory-physiological 179 -, steroid 375 -, stretch 571 -, taste bud 307 -, taste cell 307 -, thermoreceptor 319, 331 -, thermosensor 634 -, thirst 315 -, ventricular 516 -, vestibular organ 277, 278 -, volume 765 -,warm 634 -, warm sensor 636 Recovery pulse sum 648 -, fatigue 657 Rectal temperature 628 Rectum 730 -, sensation 205 Red cell count 581, s.a. Erythro-

cyte Red shock 533 Redundancy 168,171 -, motor system 120, 121 Reference electrode 35 Reference neuron 639 Reference signal 325 Reference weight 690 Reflection coefficient 701 Reflex, afferent pathway 87 -, alpha-gamma coactivation 91 -, anticipatory 99, 100 -, arc 87 -, areflexia 96 -, arterial chemoreceptor 516 -, autonomic 93, 346, 347 -, axon 510 -, Bainbridge 515 -, baroreceptor 512,513,514,515 -, Bezold-Jarisch 516 -, cardio-cardiac 347 -, central neuron 87 -, chewing 100, 101, 705 -, circulatory 522 -, clasp-knife phenomenon 93 -, classical conditioning 155,156 -, closed-loop operation 324 -, conditioned 155, 706, 713

Subject Index

-, conditioning 93 -, conduction time 87 -, coronary chemoreflex 516 -, coughing 547 -, crossed extensor 93, 94 -, decerebrate rigidity 97, 98 -, definition 82 -, deglutition 707 -, dishabituation 93 -, efferent pathway 87 -, evacuation 347 -, Ferguson's 378, 788 -, fictive locomotion 101 -, flexor 93, 94 -, flexor-reflex afferent 94 -, gamma-spindle loop 90, 91 -, gastrocolic 731 -, gastrointestinal 344 -, Gauer-Henry 378, 520 -, genital 352-356 -, H- 88, 115 -, habituation 93 -, Hering-Breuer 571 -, human 87 -, inhibitory 89, 90 -, innate 82 -, intestino-intestinal 347 -, Jendrassik's maneuver 88, 331 -, joint afferent 94 -, knee-jerk 88 -, labyrinth 99 -, learned 82 -, local sign 93 -, locomotion 95,96, 100, 101 -, long loop 99 -, milk ejection 378, 788 -, monosynaptic stretch 87, 88 -, movement program 84 -, muscle group III afferent 94 -, muscle group IV afferent 94 -, muscle length control 89 -, muscle tonus 71 -, myotatic 87 -, newborn 96 -, patellar tendon 88 -, pathway 87 -, plasticity 93 -, polysynaptic 93-95 -, postural 99 -, postural compensation 99 -, postural program 84 -, pressoreceptor 512, 513 -, protective 93 -, regulatory process 324 -, respiratory 571 -, retching 309 -, righting 99 -, salivation 705, 706 -, secondary muscle-spindle 91,92 -, sensitization 93 -, servomechanism 91 -, silent period 88 -, somatic 93 -, spasticity 92 -, spinal 84, 95, 96 -, spinal autonomic 347,348 -, spinal cord transection 347 -, spinal motor 87-96 -, spinal-segmental 347 -, spinal standing 96 -, static 98, 99, 281 -, statokinetic 98, 99, 281 -, stepping 96, 100 -, stretch 87-90, 326, 327, 329 -, summation 93 -, swallowing 707 -, T-reflex 88

-, tendon organ 92, 93 -, tendon reflex 88 -, time 87,93 -, tone maintenance 89 -, tonic neck 99 -, transcortical loop 116 -, unconditioned 155,713 -, unloading 100 -, vestibular 281-283 -, vestibulo-ocular 104 -, voiding 351 -, volume-control 520 Reflex sympathetic dystrophy 347 Reflux esophagitis 708 Refraction, eye 247, see also Eye Refractory period 26 -, absolute 26 -, heart 443 -, muscle 69 -, relative 26 Regeneration, motor system 121,

122 Regulation, general principle 324-

332 Regulation factor, control circuit

328 Regulator, control circuit 325, 326 Regulatory thermogenesis 625 Reissner membrane 290 Relaxin 781, 788 Reliability, test 662 REM-sleep 141-144, see also

Sleeping -, dream 142-144 Renal cortex, oxygen consumption

601 - energy turnover 745 - failure 759, 760 - hypertension 527 - insufficiency 759, 760, 772 - plasma flow (RPF) 738 - volume-control system 518, 519 Renin 389, 398, 737, 747 Renin-angiotensin system 390,

517, 518, 520 -, thirst 316,766 Renshaw cell 94, 95 Renshaw inhibition 94, 95 Repolarisation, action potential 22 Reproductive organ, -, 792 Res cogitans 186 Reserpine 369 Residual calcium 55 Residual volume, lung 548 Residue 682 Resolution phase 785, 786 Respiration, see also Breathing, see

also Lung -, abdominal type 546 -, acclimation 669 -, airway 546, 547 -, altitude adjustment 668 -, alveolar respiration 552 -, artificial 552, 553 -, chemical control 571 -, chemical regulation 573, 574 -, closed room 674 -, costal type 546 -, coughing 547 -, dead-space ventilation 552 -, definition 544 -, diaphragm 545, 546 -, drive during exercise 574 -, elastic resistance 559 -, exercise 650 -, frequency 548, 551, 552 -, Hering-Breuer reflex 571

-, hyperventilation 668 -, internal 544 -, Kussmaul breathing 576 -, mechanical control 571 -, mechanics 559, 560 -, mouth-to-nose 553 -, nonelastic resistance 559 -, obstructive disorder 559 -, oral ventilation technique 553 -, partial pressure 562 -, pH effect 572 -, pH-regulating mechanism 593-

595 -, pulmonary 544-577 -, restrictive disorder 559 -, rib movement 544, 545 -, subprocess 544 -, thoracic type 546 -, thorax movement 544-546 -, tissue 598-611 -, training 661 -, unspecific drive 574 -, work adjustment 653 -, work performance 650 Respirator 553 Respiratory center 569 - chain phosphorylation 599 - exchange ratio 619 - failure 552 - gas exchange 603, 604 - mechanics 553 - quotient (RQ) 619, 620, 621 - quotient 551 - reflex 571 - rhythm 569 - tract, aging 792 Resting potential 19-22 -, constant field equation 7 -, cortical neuron 131 -, definition 19 -, Goldmann equation 7 -, magnitude 19 -, measurement 19 -, Nernst equation 6,7,20,21 -, origin 20 Resting tone, vascular system 521 Resuscitation, heart 478 Resuscitation limit 611 Reticular formation 213,214 -, circulatory center 521, 522 -, function 214 -, mesencephalic MRF) 240, 263 -, nonspecific system 210 -, paramedian pontine (PPRF)

240,263 Reticulocyte 411.412 Reticuloendothelial system (RES)

405 Reticulum, sarcoplasmic 67 Retina 241 Retina 248-254 -, color vision 273 -, critical flicker frequency (CFF)

257 -, electroretinogram 267 -, flicker-fusion frequency 257 -, ganglion cell class 253, 254 -, hypothalamic connection 258 -, interplexiform cell 257 -, neuronal network 252-254 -, opsin 250 -, retinol 250 -, scotoma 266 -, tapetum lucidum 256 -, W-neuron 254 -, X-neuron 254 -, Y-neuron 254

Retinol 250 Retinoscopy 246, 247 Reverse stress relaxation 517 Reynolds' number 484 Rh system 436, 437 Rhinencephalon 363 Rhodopsin 249 Rhubarb 686 Rhythmogenesis 568 Rib, movement 544, 545 Ribonuclease 716 Ribosome 3, 4 Rickets 396 Rigidity 70, 111 Rigor 70 Rigor mortis 64 Rinne test 297 Risk factor 662 -, cholesterol 679 Riva-Rocci method 539 Roentgenogram 467 Roller nucleus 280 Romanticism 237 Room, air conditioning 674 -, respiratory gas fraction 674 -, ventilation 674 Rubella 787 Ruffini ending 199 Running, metabolic rate 617

Saccade 109, 237-239

819

Safety limit, altitude sickness 667 Saliva, composition 706, 707 Salivation 705, 706 -, neural control 706 Salt 681 -, requirement 686 Saltatory conduction 39, 40 Saluretic 771 Sarcomere 62, 63 Sarcoplasmic reticulum 8, 67 -, smooth muscle 80 SA sensor 198,199 Satiation 319 Satiety 205 -, center 361 -, cholecystokinin (CCK) 321 -, hunger 319-321 -, thirst 317 Scala media 285, 286 - tympani 285, 286 - vestibuli 285, 286 Scarlet fever 426 Schizophrenia 368, 369 Scholander's procedure 562 Schwalbe nucleus 280 Scotoma 266 Scotopic vision 248 Scrotum 774 Sea sickness 676 Second messenger 15,16 -, smooth muscle 80 Secondary motor field 113 Secretin 694,710,716,731 Secretin-CCK test 717 Secretion, alimentary canal 696,

697 -, gastric 710--714 Sedimentation, erythrocyte (ESR)

413,414 Segmentation 695 -, small intestine 722 Self-stimulation 367, 368 Sella turcica 376 Semen 777 semicircular canal 277

820

Semicircular canal, natural stimula-tion 279

Seminal fluid 777 - receptacle 355 - vesicle 777 Semivowel 302 Senescence 793 Senescence, nutrition 793 Sensation, basic dimension 185,

186 -, behavioral measurement 188,

189 -, cardiovascular 205 -, cold 202, 203 -, concept of threshold 194 -, cross-modality comparison 193 -, definition 176 -, dimension 185,186 -, discriminability 191 -, Fechner psychophysics 187, 188,

191 -, gastrointestinal 205 -,general 204,314 -, heat 202 -, intensity 191 -, interval scale 192 -, just noticeable difference (j.n.d.)

186 -, method of adjustment 189 -, method of constant stimuli 189,

190 -, method oflimits 188, 189 -, modality 185 -, nominal scale 192 -, ordinal scale 192 -, pain 227 -, paradoxical cold 204 -, power function 192,193 -, psychometric function 189, 190 -, pulmonary 205 -, quality 185 -, rational scale 192 -, renal 205 -, scale 191, 192 -, sensory decision theory 190 -, sensory detection theory (SDT)

190 -, Stevens psychophysics 191-193 -, threshold 186, 187 -, threshold 194 -, visual analog scale 193 -, warm 202, 203 -, Weber law 186, 187 -, chemical 306 -, cold 202 -, five classical 186 -, force 206 -, gustatory 306 -, lower 196 -, movement 206 -, olfactory 306 -, posture 206 -, temperature 202 -, warmth 202 Sense, categorization 179 Sense of equilibrium 277-283, s.a.

Vestibular organ Sense organ, aging 793 -, specificity 178 Sensibility, deep 206, see also Pro­

prioception -, kinesthetic 206, see also Pro-

prioception -, visceral 204-206 -, test 662 Sensitization, learning 154 -, neuronal mechanism 161, 162

-, nociceptor 229 -, pain 227 -, reflex 93 Sensor 325, see also Receptor -, acceleration 200 -, action potential 181,182 -, adaptation 182 -, barosensor 377 -, channel capacity 172 -, chemoreceptor 180 -, cold 203, 204, 636 -, definition 179 -, differential (D) 200 -, exteroceptor 179, 306 -, generator potential 179-182,

308 -, giucoreceptor 319 -, ideal 169, 171 -, information transmission 169 -, interoceptor 179, 306 -, joint 206, 207 -,liporeceptor 319 -, mechanoreceptor 180 -, mechanosensor 198-201 -, olfactory 310 -, osmoreceptor 315,316 -, osmosensor 377 -, Pacinian corpuscle (PC sensor)

180, 181 -, PD 182,200 -, phasic response 182 -, potential 179-182, 308 -, proportional (P) 200 -, proportional-differential (PD)

328 -, proprioception 206, 207 -, proprioceptor 179 -, rapidly adapting (RA) 198,199 -, real 170 -, reception site 307 -, receptive field 182, 183 -, slowly adapting (SA) 198, 199 -, smell 312 -, taste bud 307 -, taste cell 307 -, temperature 331 -, thermoreceptor 319 -, thermosensor 203, 204 -, thirst 315 -, tonic response 182 -, transduction 179-181 -, transformation 181, 182 -, type 180 -, vibration 200 -, volume 377 -, warm 203, 204, 636 Sensorimotor cortex 116, see also

Motor cortex Sensory deficit, spinal injury 208 Sensory excitation, spatial aspect

182 -, temporal aspect 182 Sensory physiology, general as-

pects 176--195 -, information theory 168-171 -, integrative 177,193-195 -, objective 176 -, subjective 176 Sensory stimulus, definition 176 Sensory system, channel capacity

172 -, contrast enhancement 185 -, convergence 183 -, divergence 183 -, feature extraction 185 -, general aspects 176--195 -, information flow 172

-, inhibition 183,185 -, lateral inhibition 185 -, nonspecific 184 -, psychophysical channel capacity

172 -, somatovisceral 196--221 Septic shock 533 Septum 364 Sequestration 531 Serotonin 46,47,511,516 -, shock 533 Sertoli cell 774, 777 Serum sickness 434 Servomechanism, control circuit

325, 326 -, mode of operation 329 Set point 325, 326 -, body temperature 638,639, 641 Sex steroid 775 Sex-hormone-binding globulin

(SHBG) 776, 777 Sexflash 356 Sexual differentiation 774-776 Sexual function 774-784 -, female 778-782 -, regulation 778-782 Sexual intercourse 785 Sexual response cycle 356 Shift work 659, 660 -, timer (Zeitgeber) 659 Shivering 625, 633, 638 -, oxygen consumption 601 Shock, anaphylactic 533 -, cardiogenic 532 -, cardiovascular 531-533 -, cold 531 -, hypoglycemic 395 -, hypovolemic 531 -, irreversible 531 -, metabolic rate 622 -, neurogenic 532, 533 -, oxygen debt 622 -, red 533 -, septic 533 -, spinal 533 -, treatment 533 -, warm 533 Short increment sensitivity index

(SISI) 298 Shunt, vessel 489 -, paracellular 744 Sickle cell 410 Sigma phenomenon 483 Sigmoid -, 730 Silent period, post-reflex 88 Silver 682 Simiusculus, motor cortex 113 Sinoatrial (SA) node 441 SISI test 298 Skatole 312 Skeletal muscle, see Muscle Skeleton, calcium content 769 Skin temperature 628 Skin, aging 792 -, circulation 535, 536 -, perfusion during work 652 -, sense organ 196 -, sensitivity 197 -, tactile exploration 201 -, two-point threshold 197,198,

201 -, vasoconstriction 634 Skinner box 155 Sleeping 138-146 -,ARAS 146 -, arousal 146 -, bed-wetting 144

Subject Index

-, bicircadian rhythm 139 -, biological function 147 -, blood pressure 526 -, circadian oscillator 138, 140 -, classification 141 -, deafferentation theory 145 -, delta sleep inducing peptide

(DSIP) 147 -, depriviation 143, 144 -, depth 140-141 -, disorder 144 -, dream 142-144 -, endogenous sleep factor 147 -, enuresis 144 -, Factor S 147 -, grinding of teeth 144 -, growth hormone 381 -, hormone 146 -, human behavior 140-144 -, insomnia 144 -, jet lag 140 -, locus coeruleus 146 -, mechanism 144-147 -, memory 143,144 -, night terror 144 -, nightmare 144 -, non-REM 141 -, NREM 141-144 -, ontogeny 144 -, pavor nocturnus 144 -, phenomenology 140-144 -, phylogenetic aspect 144 -, raphe nuclei 146 -, REM 141-144 -, reticular theory 146 -, rhythm 138-140 -, serotonergic theory 146 -, sleep apnea 144 -, sleep factor 147 -, sleep paralysis 144 -, sleepwalking 144 -, slow-wave (SW) 141 -, snoring 144 -, somnambulism 144 -, stage 140-142 -, synchronized 141 -, theory 145-147 -, transmitter 146 -, Zeitgeber 139, 140 Sliding-filament theory 62-66 Sludging 531 Small intestine 721-730, see also

Alimentary Canal -, absorption 722-730 -, acetylcholine 722 -, amino acid absorption 727,728 -, arterial supply 724 -, Auerbach's myenteric plexus

722 -, bicarbonate 726 -, calcium 726 -, carbohydrate 726, 727 -, chylomicron formation 729, 730 -, electrolyte absorption 725, 726 -, function 721 -, hormonal control 722 -, ileocecal junction 722 -, iron 726 -, lipid 728, 729 -, lipid synthesis 729 -, malabsorption 730 -, malassimilation 730 -, maldigestion 730 -, motility 721-723 -, neuronal control 722 -, nUcleoprotein 728 -, peptide absorption 727, 728

Subject Index

-, protein 727, 728 -, segmentation 722 -, sodium absorption 724, 725 -, subdivision 721 -, VIP 722 -, water absorption 724 Smell 309-113 -, adaptation 306, 311 -, anosmia 311, 313 -, cacosmia 313 -, central connection 313 -, central processing 312 -, classification 306 -, coding 312 -, cross-adaptation 311 -, detection threshold 312 -, electroolfactogram (EOG) 310 -, emotional component 313 -, functional disorder 313 -, hedonic component 313 -, human 312 -, hyposmia 312,313 -, Kallmann's syndrome 312 -, odor quality 310, 311 -, olfactory bulb 312 -, olfactory hallucination 313 -, olfactory tract 313 -, orbitofrontal cortex 313 -, parosmia 313 -, piriform lobe 313 -, prepiriform area 313 -, recognition threshold 312 -, response spectrum 310 -, sense cell 312 -, sensitivity 306, 312 -, sensor 310, 312 Smooth muscle, see also Muscle -, basal myogenic activity 346 -, calmodulin 80 -, innervation 341 -, sarcoplasmic reticulum 80 -, second messenger 80 Snake toxin 425 Sniffing 310 Snoring 144 Snorkel 670 Snorkling 670 Sodium chloride, requirement 686 Sodium cotransport 725 Sodium load 744 Sodium, balance 768 -, intestinal absorption 724, 725 Solitary nucleus 309 Solvent drag 702, 725, 745 Somatic evoked potential (SEP)

133,134 Somatogram 690 Somatomedin 381,382 Somatosensory system, anatomy

207-210 -, centrifugal control 219, 220 -, descending inhibition 220, 221 -, modulation 219-221 Somatostatin 47, 380, 394, 397,

710,717 -, secretion 394 Somatotropin 379 Somnambulism 144 Sone 288 Soprano 301 Sorel's band 579 Sound, coding in auditory nerve

fiber 292, 293 -, Korotkoff 538 Sound spectrogram 303 Sound spectrography 303 Sound trauma 288

Space flight 670, 676 Space sickness 676 Space travel 669 Space, extrapersonal 237,263 Spacecraft 528 Spastic bronchitis 559 Spasticity 92, 120 Specificity, test 662 Spectacles 247 Spectrography, sound 303 Spectrophotometer 579 Spectrophotometry, hemoglobin

579, 581 Speech 150--153, see also Lan-

guage -, aphonia 304 -, articulation 299,301-303 -, central disturbance 304 -, consonant 302 -, diphtong 302 -, electronic aid 304 -,esophageal 304 -, formant 302 -, fricative 302 -, impediment 303, 304 -, laryngectomy 304 -, motor aphasia 304 -, nasal consonant 303 -, peripheral apparatus 299-304 -, peripheral disturbance 303, 304 -, phonation 299-301 -, pitch 299 -, plosives 302, 303 -, semivowel 302 -, sound spectrogram 303 -, sound spectrography 303 -, stop consonant 302 -, vocal tract 301 -, vowel 302 -, whispering 299, 301, 304 Sperm cell 777 Sperm motility 777 Spermatocyte 777 Spermatogenesis 777 Spermatogonium 777 Spermiogenesis 777 Spherocyte 410,411 Spherocytic anemia 411 Sphincter vessel 488 Sphygmogram 497 Spinach 686 Spinal cord, areflexia 96 -, automatism 95 -, autonomic neuron 345 -, ciliospinal center 244 -, dorsal horn 210--213 -, encephalization 95 -, injury 208 -, integrated function 95 -, intermediate zone 345 -, isolated 95, 96 -, locomotion 95, 96 -, locomotor center 96 -, movement coordination 95 -, newborn 96 -, paraplegia 96 -, propriospinal neuron 95 -, propriospinal tract 95 -, reflex connection 95 -, spinal shock 96 -, spinal standing 96 -, stepping reflex 96 -, thermosensitivity 635 -, transection 347 -, transecti on 96 Spinal shock 96, 120, 348, 533 Spinal standing 96

Spinal transection, vascular reac-tion 523

Spinocerebelum 106 Spirogram 549 Spirometer 549,620 Spirometry 549 Spleen 427 Splenomegaly 417 Split-brain 148-150 Spring fever 685 Sprouting, motor system 120, 121 SQUID 136 Squint 268, 269 SRS-A 533 Staircase phenomenon 447 Stance 281 Standard bicarbonate 595 Standard volume 621 Stapes 285 Starch 680, 726, 727 Starling preparation 470,471 Starling's law 472 Starling's principle 738 Statolith organ 277 Stefan-Boltzmann equation 630 Stellate cell 103 Stenosis, heart valve 464 Stepping 100, 101 Stereocilia 277 Stereoscopy, binocular 267,268 Steroid hormone 390, 391 Stethoscope 538 Stevens psychophysics 191-193 Stimulating electrode 35 Stimulation, definition 33 Stimulus 33-36 -, adequate 178 -, definition 35 -, limen 186 -, local response 36 -, near-threshold 35, 36 Stimulus-secretion coupling, sali­

vary gland 706 Stirrup 285 Stomach 709-715, see also Ali-

mentary Canal -, adaptive regulation 709 -, argentaffin cell 711 -, bicarbonate formation 712 -, Billroth II operation 715 -, chief cell 711 -, cholecystokinin 709 -, emptying 710 -, gastric mucosa 710,711 -, gastric secretion 710--714 -, gastrin 710 -, GIP 710 -, glucagon 710 -, HCl formation 711,712 -, hormone action 710 -, intrinsic factor 713 -, motilin 710 -, motility 709,710 -, parietal cell 711 -, pathophysiology 714-715 -, pepsin 713 -, pepsinogen 713 -, peristaltic wave 709 -, pylorus 709 -, receptive relaxation 709 -, secretin 710 -, secretory capacity 714 -, slow wave 709 -, somatostatin 710 -, storage function 709 -, structure 709 -, vagal action 71 0

-, vagotomy 713 -, VIP 710 Stop consonant 302 Storage pool disease 418 STPD condition 561, 621 Strabismus 268, 269 Strain 645, 646

821

Strain-gauge manometer 538 Stress, adaptation syndrome 658 -, catecholamine action 397 -, cold 530 -, definition 658 -, heat 530 -, locus coeruleus 368 -, thermal 530 Stress reaction 388 Stress relaxation 517 -, blood vessel 486, 487 Stressor 658 -, psychological 658 Stretch reflex, control circuit 326,

327 -, Jendrassik's maneuver 331 -, servomechanism 329 Stria terminalis 363 - vascularis 287, 291 Striatum 108, 109 -, longitudinal organization 110,

111 -, modular organization 110, 111 -, striosome 111 -, transmitter compartment 110,

111 -, transplantation 122 Stroke 527 -, risk factor 679 Strontium 682 Strophanthin 7 Struma 386 Subcallosal cortex 363 Subiculum 363 Sublingual temperature 628 Substance P (SP) 39,47,397,510,

716 Substantia nigra 108, 110 Sucrose 680, 726 Sudeck's syndrome 347 Sugar transport 9 Sugar, simple 680 Sulcus, lunate 261 Sulcus, superior temporal 262 Sulfanilamid 681 Sulfation factor 381 Summation, binocular 261 -, muscle contraction 68, 69 -, reflex 93 -, spatial 50 -, synaptic 50 -, temporal 50 Sun stroke 673 Sunlight, spectrum 241 Supersensitivity, autonomic effec-

tor 341 -, motor system 121 Supplementary motor area 113 Suppressor cell 428 Surface-active substance 547, 548 Surfactant 547, 548 Survival time 611 SW -sleep 141, see also Sleeping Sweat, composition during work

652 -, work 652 Sweat gland 634 Sweat secretion 627, 634 Sweating 634, 638, 765, 771 Symbol, binary 167,168

822

Symbol, non-binary 167, 168 Sympathectomy 340,347,510,528 Sympathetic ganglion 333-335 Sympathetic system 333, 334 -, alimentary canal 694 -, cardiovascular shock 532 -, control of salivary gland 706 -, hypersensitity 510 -, neurohumoral transmission

337-340 -, organ effect 335, 336 -, peptide transmitter 339 -, thoracolumbar system 333 -, vasoactive intestinale polypeptide

(VIP) 339 -, vasoconstrictor nerve 509 Sympathetic trunk 334 Sympathetic vasodilator fiber 510 Sympathico-adrenergic system 340 -, work 652, 654 Sympatholytic 511 Sympatholytic drug 338 Sympatholytic drug 528 Sympathomimetic 338 Symport 9, 10 Synapse, axo-axonal 51 -, electrical 58, 59 -, EPSe 45 -, EPSP 44, 45 -, inhibitory 44, 45 -, inhibitory electrical 59 -, interaction 49-53 -, IPSe 45 -,IPSP 45 -, microphysiology 53-58 -, plasticity 161 -, slow autonomic 47,48 -, sympathetic ganglion 342 Synaptic - agonist 48, 49 - antagonist 48, 49 - cleft 43 - cotransmitter 47 - current 50 - depression 56 - electrical transmission 58, 59 - facilitation 55 - habituation 56 - inhibition 50-52 - ion channel 57, 58 - microphysiology 53-58 - modulation 47 - posttetanic potentation 56 - potential 43-46 - potentiation 55, 56 - quantum 54 - release 54 - summation 50 - tetanic potentiation 55, 56 - transmission 43-60 - transmitter 44 - transmitter 46-49 - vesicle 53 Syncope 527, 528, 533 -, diving 670 -, heat 642 -, vasovagal 670 Syncytiotrophoblast 786 Syncytium, functional 58, 59 Syndrome, Brown-Sequard 208 -, Kliiver-Bucy 364 -, Meniere 283 Synsepalium dulcificum 307 System, anterolateral-funiculus

207-209 -, descending noradrenergic 102 -, descending serotonergic 102

-, dorsal-column 207-209 -, extrapyramidal 101 -,lemniscal 207-209 -, length-control 90, 92 -, longitudinal 67 -, non-pyramidal 101 -, nonspecific 210 -, T- 67 -, tension-control 92 Systole, definition 439

Tabanin 425 Tabanus 425 Tachycardia 514 Tachymetabolism 624 Tachypnea 563 Tactile exploration 201 Talent test 664 Tank respirator 553 Tapetum lucidum 256 Taste 307-309 -, adaptation 306 -, biological significance 309 -, bud 307 -, cell 307, 308 -, central neuron 309 -, characteristic substances 309 -, classification 306 -, emotional component 309 -, gustatory ability in man 309 -, gustatory sense cell 307 -, profile 308. -, quality 309 -, retching reflex 309 -, sensitivity 306 -, vomiting 309 -, water 309 T-cell system 427, 428 TEA 24 Tears 242 Tellurium 682 Temperature, axillary 628 -, esophageal 628 -, meatus 628 -, rectal 628 -, skin 628 -, sublingual 628 Tempory threshold shift (TTS) 288 Tendon organ, clasp-knife phenom-

enon 93 -, discharge pattern 86, 87 -, distribution 86 -, function 92 -, group Ib fiber 86 -, number 86 -, position 86 -, receptor function 86, 87 -, structure 86 -, tension-control system 92 Tenia 730 Tenor 301 Tension-time index 476 Terminal cisterna 67 Terminal vascular bed 501-505 -, 502 Test, criteria 662 -, external criterion 662 -, final 664 -, objectivity 662 -, performance 662, 663 -, plausibility 662 -, reliability 662 -, sensitivity 662 -, specificity 662 -, validity 662 Testicular feminization 775

Testosterone 775, 776, 777, 778 Testosterone-binding globulin

(TBG) 777 Tetanus toxin 14 Tetanus, muscle 69, 72, 73 Tetany 27 -, hypocalcemic 396 Tetraethylammonium 23, 24 Tetraiodothyronine (T4) 384, 385 Tetraplegia, urinary bladder 351 Tetrodotoxin 24, 25, 32 Thalamic animal 98, 99 Thalamic pain 233 Thalamotomy 235 Thalamus 214-216 -, anatomy 214,215 -, associative nucleus 215 -, motor nucleus 215 -, neuron 216 -, nociception 230 -, nonspecific nucleus 215 -, pain 230 -, specific nucleus 215, 216 -, taste relay 309 -, ventral posterolateral nucleus

(VPL) 216 -, ventral posteromedial nucleus

(VPM) 216 -, ventrobasal complex 216 -, ventrobasal nucleus (VB) 215,

216 Thalassemia 411,412 Thallium 682 Thebesian vein 566 Theory, color vision 272 -, nociception 227,228 -, opponent-process 272 -, pain 227,228 Thermal - balance 626, 627 - comfort 631, 632 - conductance 630 - discomfort 632 - information processing 637 - insulation 630 - insulation 641 - probe 539 - resistance 630 - stress 530 Thermoelectric flow meter 539 Thermogenesis, control 633 -, diet-induced 678, 688 -, nonshivering 625, 626, 633, 641 -, regulatory 625 -, thermoregulatory 625 Thermometer 628 Thermoneutral zone 624,627,631 Thermoreception 634, 635 -, psychophysics 202, 203 Thermoregulation 632-639 -, acclimation 640 -, adaptation 640 -, autonomic 624 -, behavioral 624, 633 -, behavioral adaptation 641 -, central nervous structure 635-

638 -, cold adaptation 641 -, control circuit 331 -, environment 640 -, exercise 652 -, fever 641 -, hypothalamus 635 -, local adaptation 641 -, metabolic adaptation 641 -, newborn 639,640 -, ontogenetic change 639

Subject Index

-, paraplegia 643 -, pathophysiology 641-643 -, physiological adaptation 640 -, set point 638, 639, 641 -, somatomotorsystem 633 -, sympathetic system 633 -, tolerance adaptation 641 -, work 652 Thermoregulatory range 627 Thermoregulatory thermogenesis

625,626 Thermosensitivity, brainstem 635 -, medulla oblongata 635 -, midbrain 635 -, spinal cord 635 Thermosensor 203, 204, 634 Thiamin 681,685 Thiosulfate 767 Thirst 314-318,766 -, adaptation 316 -, adequate stimulus 315 -, adipsia 316 -, angiotensin II 316 -, antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

315,316 -, atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

316 -, atriopeptin 316 -, central integration 316 -, cholera 318 -, clinical 318 -, diabetes insipidus 318 -, false 316 -, hyperosmotic 766 -, hypovolemic 315 -, hypovolemic 766 -, intense 315 -, origin 314,315 -, osmoreceptor 315, 316 -, osmotic 315 -, peripheral component 316 -, postabsorptive satiety 317 -, preabsorptive satiety 317 -, primary drinking 317 -, quenching 317 -, receptor 315 -, renin 316 -, renin-angiotensin system 518 -, secondary drinking 317 -, sensor 315 -, symptom 315 -, threshold 317 -, vasopressin 315,316 Thorax, breathing movement 544-

546 -, diving 670 Threshold 35, 36 -, absolute 186 -, action potential 23 -, aerobic 663 -, altitude sickness 667 -, auditory 287, 288 -, behavioral measurement 188,

189 -, concept 194 -, determination 188-190 -, differential 186 -, method of adjustment 189 -, method of constant stimuli 189,

190 , -, method of limits 188, 189 -, sensory decision theory 190 -, sensory detection theory (SDT)

190 -, statistical analysis 190, 191 -, thirst 317 -, two-point 197,198,201

Subject Index

Thrombasthenia, Glanzmann-Nae-geli 419

Thrombin 419,420,422 Thrombin time (TT) 425 Thrombocyte 417,418 -, adhesion 418 -, aggregation 419 -, exercise effect 651 Thrombocytopenia 418 Thrombocytopenic purpura 418 Thromboplastin 419,420 Thromboplastin time 425 Thrombopoietin 417 Thrombosis 419 Thrombosthenin 420 Thromboxan 398,416,418,419,

511, Thymus 398,427 Thyriod cartilage 299 Thyrocalcitonin 395 Thyroglobulin 384 Thyroid disorder, metabolic rate

623 Thyroid system 383-386 -, function 385 -, hormone production 383, 384 -, pathophysiology 385, 386 -, tetroiodothyronine (T4) 384,

385 -, thyroglobulin 384 -, thyroid-stimulating hormone

(TSH) 383, 384 -, thyrotropin-releasing hormone

(TRH) 383, 384 -, thyroxine 383, 384 -, thyroxine-binding globulin

(TBG) 384 -, thyroxine-binding prealbumin

(TBPA) 384 -, triiodothyronine (T3) 383, 384,

385 Thyrotropin 379 Thyroxine 383, 384 Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)

384,407 Thyroxine-binding prealbumin

(TBPA) 384 Tiffenau test 559, 560 Tight junction 341, 699, 744 -, ion selectivity 701, 702 Time-zone jump 670 Tiredness 657 Tissue, anoxia 608, 610 -, cone-model 604 - hormone 374, 398 - hypoxia 608 - insulation, neural control 633 -, Krogh's cylinder 603, 604 - macrophage 416,417 -, oxygen partial pressure 604--607 -, oxygen requirement 600, 601 -, oxygen reserve 601, 602 -, oxygen supply 601-607 - respiration 598-611 -, respiratory gas exchange 603,

604 Tocopherol 685 Tolerance, immunological 430 Tolerance adaptation 641 Tone, basal 509, 510 -, definition 284 -, muscle 89 -, resting vascular 521 -, vasomotor 509 -, vasomotor 513 Tonometry 248 Tonsil of the intestine 730 Tonus, muscle 71

Total peripheral resistance (TPR) 490

Touch, see also Mechanoreception -, clinical test 197, 198 -, psychophysics 196, 197 -, spatial resolution 197,198 -, threshold 196 -, two-point threshold 197,198,

201 -, von Frey hair 197 Tourniquet pain quotient 227 Trace element 681, 682 -, requirement 686, 687 Trachea 546 -, dead space 551 -, stretch receptor 571 Tract, mediallemniscal 212,213 -, neospinothalamic 209 -, olfactory 313 -, optic 258 -, propriospinal 95 -, reticulospinal 281 -, retinohypothalamic 398 -, sensory 183 -, spinal cord 210-213 -, spinocerebellar 209 -, spinocervical 209 -, spinoreticular 209 -, spinothalamic 209, 636 -, vestibulospinal 281 Training 660-662 -, adaptation 661 -, age dependence 661 -, cardiovascular effect 530 -, definition 660 -, endurance 661 -, glucagon effect 653 -, insulin effect 653 -, interval 661 -, performance limit 660, 661 -, performance maximum 661 -, quota 660 -, special form 661 -, strength 661 -, task-specific 661 Tranquilizer 369 Transcobalamin 407,713 Transcortin 407 Transcutaneous electrical nerve

stimulation (TENS) 235 Transducer, fluid pressure 538 Transduction 179-181 -, hair cell 291, 292 Transferrin 408 Transformation, sensor 181,182 Transmission, cell to cell 43-{i0 -, chemical synaptic 43--49 -, electrical synaptic 58, 59 -, ephaptic 59 Transmittance, hemoglobin 579 Transmitter, 5-hydroxytrypta-

mine 46,47 -,5HT 46,47 -, acetylcholine 337 -, adrenain 46,47, 337, 338, 397 -, basal ganglia 108, 110, 111 -, catecholamine 396, 397 -, cerebral cortex 131 -, dopamine 46, 47 -, duration of action 49 -, epinephrine 397 -, GABA 49, 131 -, glutamate 46, 47 -, glycine 46, 47 -, neuropeptide 131 -, noradrenalin 46,47, 337, 338 -, norepinephrine 396, 397

-, parasympathetic ganglion 342 -, peptide 46,47 -, postsynaptic receptor 56 -, quantum 54 -, release mechanism 53-56 -, serotonin 46, 47 -, sleeping and waking 146 -, smooth muscle 80 -, sympathetic ganglion 342 -, synaptic 46--49 Transplantation antigen 428 Transplantation, striatum 122 Transport granule 377 Transport protein 5

823

-, transport of threshold substance 749, 750

-, urea handling 754 -, uric acid handling 754 Tubulin 12 Tuning curve, auditory nerve fiber

292,293 Turbulent flow, blood vesel 483,

484 Twitch 72, 73 Twitch contraction 68 Tyrosin 396

Transpulmonary pressure 554, 555 Ulcer 714 Transverse tubule 67 Ulcerative colitis 731 Treadmill 95 U1trafiltrate, kidney 740-742 T-reflex 88 Tremor, cerebellar 107 -, intention 107 -, Parkinson 111 Triad structure 67 Trichromacy 271,272 Triglyceride 393, 679, 730 Trigonum vesicae 350 Triiodothyronine (n) 383, 384,

385 Triple response 510 Tritium 767 Trophoblast 786 Trophotropic reaction 361 Tropomyosin 67 Troponin 67 Trypsin 716 Trypsinogen 716, 727 Tryptophan 685 T-system 67 TTX 24,25 Tubular transport 742-749 Tubule cell 744 Tubule, active transport 744, 745 -, ADH action 757, 758, 759 -, ammonia mechanism 752,753 -, atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

748 -, calcium handling 770 -, calcium transport 748 -, carbonicanhydrase mechanism

751 -, concentration process 758,759 -, countercurrent principle 758 -, coupled transport 744, 745 -, distal 747, 748 -, electrolyte transport 746, 747 -, extrarenal control of transport

747, 748 -, glomerulotubular balance 745,

746 -, glucose transport 749,750 -, hydrogen ion handling 751,752 -, ion transport 747 -, mechanism of secretion 756 -, natriuretic hormone 748 -, nitrogenous substance transport

754, 755 -, osmolarity 757 -, peptide transport 754 -, phosphate handling 752, 770 -, protein transport 754 -, pump-and-Ieak mechanism 751 -, reabsorption of fluid 743 -, reabsorption of salt 744 -, secretion of organic compount

756, 757 -, solvent drag 745 -, titratable acid handling 752 -, transport mechanism 744, 745

Ultrasonic flow meter 539 Umbilicus 537 Upstroke 22 Urate stone 755 Urea 619,754 Uremia 760 Ureta 351 Uric acid 754 Urinary bladder, cystometogram

350 -, innervation 350 -, paraplegia 351 -, structure 350 -, suprapontine control 351 -, tetraplegia 351 -, trigonum vesicae 350 -, urine retention 351 Urinary incontinence 351,352 Urine, concentrating mechanism

757, 758 -, glucosuria 749 Urobilinogen 721 Urokinase 423 Ussing chamber 699 Uterus 786 -, sexual excitation 355 -, vascular system 536 Uvula 106

Vacation, performance capacity 660

Vaccination 434 Vagina 355, 785 Vagotomy 571,713 Validity, test 662 Valium 369 Valsalva's maneuver 501 Valsalva's test 671 Valve-plane mechanism 465 Valve, aortic 462 -, atrioventricular 462 -, insuffiency 464 -, malfunction 464 -, mitral 462 -, pulmonary 462 -, stenosis 464 -, tricuspid 462 Van't HoWs rule 601,624,625 Variability, norm definition 663 Vas deferens 777 Vascular system 480--542 -, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)

511 -, acclimation 668, 669 -, adaptation to posture 527 -, adrenalin effect 510,516 -, aging 791 -, aldosterone system 520, 521 -, altitude adjustment 667, 668

824

Vascular system, arterial chemore-ceptor reflex 516

-, arterial system 491-497 -, autoregulation 514, 534 -, autoregulatory response 519 -, autorhythmicity 508 -, baroreceptor reflex 512, 513,

514,515 -, basal tone 509, 510 -, blood flow regulation 506-511 -, blood pressure 482 -, blood viscosity 482, 483 -, blood volume 490, 491 -, blood volume measurement 541 -, bradykinin 511 -, capacitance vessel 489 -, cardiovascular shock 531-533 -, central control 521-523 -, central venous pressure 497, 498 -, centralization 673 -, cerebral 533, 534 -, cold pressure test 530 -, cold stress 530 -, collateral vasoconstriction 529 -, compliance 540 -, coronary 533 -, cortical influence 522, 523 -, cutaneous 535, 536 -, defense line 521 -, depressor response 521, 522 -, Doppler effect 539 -, effect of gravity 499 -, effect of posture 527-529 -, exchange vessel 488, 489 -, exercise effect 529, 530 -, fetal 536, 537 -, Fick principle 540 -, filling pressure 530 -, flow measurement 539-541 -, flow pulse 491, 492 -, Frank-Starling mechanism 524 -, function 480, 481 -, functional organization 488-491 -, Gauer-Henry reflex 520 -, Hagen-Poiseuille law 484 -, hemodynamics 481-485 -, hepatic 534 -, high-pressure system 525 -, histamine 511 -, human blood pressure, 525-527 -, hydrostatic indifference level

499 -, hydrostatic pressure 499 -, hypersensitivity 510 -, indicator-dilution technique 540 -, intermediate-term control mecha-

nism 517, 518 -, ischemic response 516 -, kallikrein-kinin system 511 -, kidney 535 -, laminar flow 483 -, long-term control mechanism

518-521 -, loss of blood 530, 531 -, low-pressure system 525 -, lymph 481 -, lymphatic system 505, 506 -, mean circulation time (MeT)

540, 541 -, measurement 537-541 -, microcirculation 501-505 -, muscle pump 500 -, myogenic effect 508 -, neural regulation 509, 510 -, noradrenalin effect 510, 516,

517 -, orthostatic collapse 528

-, orthostatic response 528 -, orthostatic syncope 528, 533 -, overall regulation 511-522 -, periodic dilation 510 -, physics 481-483 -, placental 536, 537 -, plethysmography 539 -, portal 534 -, pressoreceptor reflex 512, 513 -, pressure measurement 537-539 -, pressure pulse 493 -, pressure response 521 -, pressure-volume diagram 494 -, prostacyclin 511 -, prostaglandin 511 -, pulmonary circulation 523-525 -, pulse-wave velocity 495, 496 -, reactive hyperemia 508 -, regional flow regulation 506-

511 -, renal 535 -, renal volume-control system

518,519 -, renin-angiotensin system (RAS)

517, 518, 520 -, resistance 489, 490 -, resistance vessel 488 -, respiratory pump 500 -, resting tone 509 -, resting tone 521 -, septic shock 533 -, serotonin 511 -, short-term control 512 -, shunt vessel 489 -, skeletal muscle 535 -, sphincter vessel 488 -, spinal influence 523 -, spinal transection 523 -, stress relaxation 517 -, structure 480, 481 -, sympathectomy 510 -, terminal vascular bed 501-505 -, thermal stress 530 -, thromboxan 511 -, total peripheral resistance

(TPR) 490 -, transcapillary volume shift 517 -, transmural pressure 525 -, turbulent flow 483, 484 -, uterine 536, 537 -, Valsalva's maneuver 501 -, vasoconstrictor nerve 509 -, vasomotion 508 -, vasomotor response 519 -, vasomotor tone 513 -, vasopressin system 520 -, venous part 497-501 -, venous pressure measurement

539 -, venous pulse 498 -, venous return 499, 500 -, vessel 480 -, volume pulse 494 -, volume receptor 765 -, volume-control reflex 520 -, Windkessel vessel 488, 494 -, work adjustment 653, 654 Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

47,397,695,710,716 -, small intestine 722 Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

(VIP) 339,382 Vasoconstriction, alpha-receptor

510 -, collateral 529 -, cutaneous 634 -, hypoxic 566

-, neuronal regulation 346 -, skin 634 Vasoconstrictor nerve fiber 509 Vasodilation, autoregulation 507,

508 -, beta-receptor 510 -, cold 634 -, exercise 638 -, heat transfer 634 -, mechanogenic 508 -, metabolic factor 507, 508 -, myogenic 508 Vasodilator fiber 510 Vasodilator response 509 Vasomotion, intrinsic 508 Vasomotor center 512, 521, 522 Vasomotor response 519 Vasomotor tone 509,513 Vasopressin 315, 316, 376, 377,

531 Vasopressin system 520 Vater's papilla 715 VB 215,216 Vection 268 Vector cardiography 455 Vegetarian, vitamin deficiency 684 Vein, definition 440 -, density of innervation 509 -, Thebesian 566 -, volume receptor 765 Venous pooling 532 Venous pressure, measurement 539 Venous pulse 467,498 Venous return 498, 499, 500 Venous system 497-501 -, flow 498 -, pressure 497 Ventilation, artificial 552, 553 -, lung 548-553 -, measure 551, 552 -, mouth-to-nose 553 -, room 674 -, work performance 650 Ventilatory disorder 559 Ventricular receptor 516 Veratrum alkaloid 516 Vermis 106 Very low density lipoprotein

(VLDL) 730 Vesicle, active transport 11 Vessel, definition 480 -, pressure-volume relationship

486-488 Vestibular ganglion 278 Vestibular nerve 278 Vestibular organ, acute interrup-

tion 283 -, adequate stimulus 277,278 -, ampulla 277 -, anatomy 277 -, Bekhterev nucleus 280 -, central connection 281 -, central system 280, 281 -, cilia 277 -, clinical examination 279 -, clinical test 281-283 -, coriolis acceleration 283 -, cupula 277 -, cupular mechanics 279,280 -, Deiter nucleus 280 -, disorder 283 -, endolymph 277 -, kinetosis 283 -, kinocilium 277,278 -, labyrinth 277 -, macula 277 -, macula organ 278

Subject Index

-, Meniere syndrome 283 -, motion sickness 283 -, nucleus 280,281 -, nystagmus 282 -, otolith membrane 277 -, perilymph 277 -, receptor 277, 278 -, reflex 281-283 -, Roller nucleus 280 -, Schwalbe nucleus 280 -, semicircular canal 279 -, statolith organ 277 -, stereocilia 277 Vestibular system, see also Vestibu-

lar organ -, diving 672 Vestibulocerebellum 105, 106 Vibration 675 -, clinical test 198 Vigilance 659 Villus 723, 724 Virilization 389, 775 Virolysis 432 Visceral afferent 335 Visceral brain 363 Visceral sensibility 204-206 Visceroception 196 Viscosity, blood 482, 483 Vision, acuity 255 -, aging 793 -, amblyopia 268, 269 -, binocular fusion 268 -, color 251, 269-275 -, depth perception 267, 268 -, diving 672 -, double image 268 -, duplicity theory 248 -, hypermetropia 268 -, imaginary phenomena 241 -, movement perception 268 -, optical illusion 264, 265 -, photopic 248 -, prosopagnosia 262 -, scotopic 248 -, squint 268, 269 -, stereoscopic depth perception

261 -, strabismus 268, 269 -, trichromatic theory 251 -, vection 268 Visual evoked potential (VEP)

133, 134, 267 Visual field 266 -, defect 266 Visual neglect 263 Visual system, central pathway

258,259 -, electrophysiology 267 -, electroretinogram 267 -, signal processing 258-263 -, vection 268 Visus 265, 266 Vital capacity 548, 549, 559, 655 -, performance test 662 Vitamin, 680, 681 -, B12 713 -, B12-binding globulin 407 -, D 748,770 -, D hormone 395, 396, 398 -, classification 680 -, deficiency 684, 685 -, definition 680 -, fat-soluble 681 -, function 680 -, K deficiency 425 -, overdosage symptom 685, 686 -, pecularity 685

Subject Index

-, precursor 680 -, requirement 684-686 -, storage in body 685 -, survey 681 -, water-soluble 681 Vitreous body 241 Vocal cord 299 Vocal muscle 300 Vocal tract 301 Voice, production 300, 301 -, singing 301 Voit's Kostmal3 688 Voltage clamp 24, 25 Volume elasticity coefficient 486 Volume-control reflex 520 Volume-pressure relationship, lung

554 Volume receptor 765 Vomiting 771 Von Frey hair 197 Von Willebrand factor (vWF) 418 Vowel 302 VPL 216 VPM 216

Waking 138-146, see also Sleeping Wallace rule 691 Warm sensor 636 Warm shock 533 Water 681 Water, absorption in alimentary ca-

nal 704 -, absorption in colon 731,732 -, balance 686, 763-768, 771, 772 -, body content 690 -, deficiency symptom 686 -, distribution in body 763 -, diuresis 743, 765 -, drinking 763 -, heavy 767 -, intake 763, 764 -, intestinal absorption 724 -, intoxication 682, 772 -, loss 763 -, measurement 767 -, minimal turnover 763

-, organ content 767,768 -, osmoregulation 764, 765, 766 -, overdosage symptom 686 -, oxidation 763 -, reabsorption from intestine 764 -, regulation hierarchy 765 -, requirement 686 -, three-compartment model 704 -, total body 767 -, transcellular 763 -, tritium-labelled (THO) 767 -, volume in body 763 -, volume loss 765 -, volume receptor 765 -, volume regulation 765 Waterhouse-Friedrichsen syn-

drome 749 Weber fraction, 186, 187 Weber law, sensation 186, 187 Weber's test, hearing 297 Weber's three-bowl experiment

203 Weight, body mass index (BMI)

690 -, Broca index 690 -, ideal 690 -, normal 690 -, Quetelet index 690 -, reference 690 -, somatogram 690 Weightlessness 670 Weltsinn 237 Wernicke area 151,152 Wernicke-Geschwind model 152,

153 Wheatstone bridge 538 White matter, oxygen consump-

tion 601 Willebrand factor (vWF) 418 Windkessel vessel 488, 494 Wintrobe's method 402, 403 Wirsung's duct 715 Wolffian duct 774 Work, acid-base status 651 -, acidosis 658 -, adaptation syndrome 658 -, adrenalin 652, 654

-, blood flow 647 -, blood gas level 650 -, blood pressure 649 -, body temperature 629 -, capacity in disease state 656 -, cardiovascular adjustment 648,

649 -, circulation 653 -, corticosteroid 652 -, doping 660 -, dynamic 648-653 -, dynamic fatiguing 655 -, electrolyte in blood 651 -, emergency reaction 658 -, endurance capacity 655, 656 -, endurance limit 655, 656 -, erythrocyte 650 -, exhausting 655 -, exhaustion 658 -, fatigue 657 -, fatiguing 654 -, feedback 658, 659 -, foodstuff in blood 651 -, free fatty acid 651 -, glucose level 651 -, glycerol 651 -, heat adjustment 655 -, heat collapse 652, 655 -, hematocrit 650 -, holding 653 -, holding endurance 656 -, hormonal regulation 652, 653 -, insulin-glucagon system 653 -, lactate level 651 -, leukocyte number 651 -, metabolic rate 616 -, muscle metabolism 653 -, muscle perfusion 653 -, night 659 -, non-fatiguing 657 -, noradrenalin 652 -, overloading syndrome 658 -, oxygen debt 649 -, oxygen uptake 649 -, performance pulse index (PPI)

650 -, performance range 656

825

-, perspiration 652 -, physiology 645-665 -, pituitary-adrenocortical system

652 -, postural 653 -, psychological 654 -, recovery time 648 -, rectal temperature 652 -, regulation 658, 659 -, respiration 653 -, shift work 659, 660 -, skin perfusion 652 -, skin temperature 652 -, static 653, 654 -, static fatiguing 655 -, stimulant 658 -, stroke volume 648 -, sweating 652 -, sympathico-adrenergic system

652,654 -, terminology 645 -, thermoregulation 652 -, thrombocyte number 651 -, training 660-662 -, vasodilation 638 -, ventilation 650 W-neuron 254 World sense 237

X-neuron 254 Xylose test 699

Y-neuron 254

Z-disk 62 Zeitgeber 139, 140,659 -, social 659 -, terrestrial 659 Zinc 682 Zinn's zonule 245 Z-line 63 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome 714

R. F. Schmidt, University

ofWlirzburg

G. Thews, P. Vaupel, University of Mainz

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo HongKong

Fundamentals of Neurophysiology Translated from the German by M. A. Biederman-Thorson

Springer Study Edition

3rd revised edition. 1985. 139 figures. IX, 346 pages. Soft cover ISBN 3-540-96147-X

Contents: The Structure of the Nervous System. - Excitation of Nerve and Muscle. - Synaptic Transmission. - The Physiology of Small Groups of Neurons; Reflexes. - Muscles. - Motor Systems. - Regulatory Functions of the Nervous System, as Exemplified by the Spinal Motor System. - The Autonomic Nervous System. - Integrative Functions of the Central Nervous System. - Suggested Readings. - Answer Key. - Index.

All of the chapters in this newest edition of Prof. Schmidt's popular book have been updated, including major revisions to the sections on the auto­nomic nervous system and the integrative function of the central nervous system. Key features include: new presentation of smooth muscle fiber· physiology, increased emphasis on postsynaptic adrenergic receptors, cover­age of brain metabolism and blood flow, and insights into recent results of research on splitbrain and aphasic patients.

From the reviews of the second edition:

" ... This is a student textbook and it is well produced. Its most obvious and substantial strength is the wealth of really excellent illustrations ... A student who knew the contents of this book would be well prepared for

clinical neurology." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology

Autonomic Functions in Human Physiology Translated from the German by M.A.Biederman-Thorson

Springer Study Edition

1985. 171 figures. IX, 384 pages. Soft cover ISBN 3-540-13217-1

From the reviews:

"The subjects described in this book are blood; circulation of blood; heart function; respiration; energy balance and work physiology; thermal balance; nutrition; function of GI tract; renal function and micturition; water, elec­trolyte and acid base balance; hormonal regulatory systems; sexual func­tions.

The text is very well written, there are excellent illustrations in black and red, and the subject is presented clearly, concisely and interestingly. A first class volume for students." General Pharmacology

R. F. Schmidt, University

ofWiirzburg (Ed.)

Springer -Verlag Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo HongKong

Fundamentals of Sensory Physiology Translated from the German by M. A. Biederman­Thorson

Springer Study Edition

3rd revised and expanded edition. 1986. 143 figures, mostly in color. XI, 300 pages. Soft cover ISBN 3-540-15870-7

Contents: General Sensory Physiology, Psychophysics. - Somatovisceral Sensibility. - Neurophysiology of Sensory Systems. - Nociception and Pain. - Physiology of Vision. - Physiology of Hearing. - Physiology of the Sense of Equilibrium. - Physiology of Taste. - Physiol­ogy of Olfaction. - Thirst and Hunger: General Sensa­tions. - Suggested Reading. - Answer Key. - Subject Index.

The basic aim of this highly-acclaimed work remains unchanged: it gives students with physiology as either a major or minor subject a superb introduction, based on neurophysiology, to the fundamental physiological mechanisms underlying human sensations.

From the reviews:

"This updating of an already excellent standard text­book on sensory physiology is most welcome. This edition retains the best features of its predecessors, most notably the carefully constructed outline organi­zation matched to an extraordinarily complete index.

Contemporary Psychology-Medicine