ApPENDIX

Petrographic Analysis of Sandstones

Introduction

The petrographic analysis of sediments, sand­stones in particular, became an organized disci­pline with the development of thin-section tech­niques and the polarizing microscope-a devel­opment attributed to Henry Clifton Sorby. Sorby was making thin sections in 1849, pub­lished a paper on the microscopical structure of "calcareous grit" in 1851, and his paper in 1880 on the non-calcareous stratified rocks was a ma­jor milestone in the thin-section analysis of sandstones. Folk (1965) has ably summarized Sorby's petrographic contributions as has Sum­merson (1978). Until shortly before World War II, most students of sedimentary rocks, unlike those of igneous and metamorphic rocks, failed to "follow through" on Sorby's auspicious be­ginnings. One brilliant exception was Lucien Cayeux (1929). In more recent years, however, the thin-section analysis of sedimentary rocks has become commonplace and is now a fully exploited tool for research.

The prime object of the study of a thin section is, or should be, the reading of rock history. The microscope is the most useful, general method for close study of the mineral composition, fab­ric, and general makeup of a rock. Such close study is a necessary complement to field studies in interpreting the origin of sands and sand­stones.

The study of sand and sandstone in the labo­ratory has proceeded in other directions also, and there has been a proliferation of methods for study of grain size, grain shape and round­ness, porosity and permeability, and the like. Many of these methods, however, are applica­ble only to unconsolidated deposits and, useful as they may be, the thin-section approach re­mains the single most effective means of inves­tigation of sandstones in the laboratory. Its

effectiveness, however, depends on the imagination and skill of the operator.

Rock Description and Analysis

Rock description and analysis are based on study of outcrops, cores, hand specimens, and thin sections. Thin sections can be easily pre­pared for unconsolidated sands also (Middleton and Kraus, 1980). Emphasis here is placed on hand-specimen and thin-section study of either core or outcrop samples.

The art of rock description and analysis is learned by doing and by the study of published examples. Good descriptions of rocks of all types have been published in Bulletin 150 of the U.S. Geological Survey. A number of abbrevi­ated descriptions are given in Grout (I932, pp. 22-28). See also the approach to rock descrip­tions of Ferm and Weisenftuh (1981), an ap­proach that uses colored pictures of rock types with a code name and number.

The use of a well-designed petrographic form develops a regular pattern of description and maximizes the efficiency and effectiveness of any microscopic study. The level of descrip­tion, however, may vary widely-from a con­cise paragraph based largely on qualitative ob­servation and semiquantitative visual estimates to a three- or four-page typed report based on counts of 200 to 500 or more grains; or in place of a written report, the data may be directly entered on a computer disk for later processing.

Choice between semiquantitative and quanti­tative estimates depends on the investigator's objectives, his judgment, and the available time. If very large numbers of samples are to be studied and little time is available for the task, semiquantitative estimates must suffice. Min­eraI percentages can be estimated by compari-

520

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Appendix: Petrographic Analysis of Sandstones

VERBAL SCALE

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MATURE

t ,::~-~-=::-~ ---~ J __ '"~ son charts with a reticle (Terry and Chilingar, 1955). Sorting can also be estimated by compar­ison charts (Fig. A-I). Roundness of individual grains is always so estimated (Fig. A-2). Counts of 50 to 100 grains have usually been made to estimate either average grain roundness or per­centage of angular grains.

But the earmark of the modern petrographer is the point count of 200 to 500 grains per slide for estimates of composition. Quantitative esti­mates are needed for many petrographic classifi­cations and for most subsequent statistical anal­ysis. By using binomial and Poisson confidence charts (Pearson and Hartley, 1954, Tables 40 and 41), one can determine the reliability of an

(After Folk, 1965, p. 104-105)

FIGURE A-I. Sorting images from Harrell (1984. Figs. 3, 4, 5, and 6) and sorting classes from Folk (1968, p. 102). Published by permission of the au­thors and the Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists.

estimate based on a given number of counts. Van der Plas and Tobi (1965) provide a compa­rable chart (Fig. A-3). Dennison (1962) also gives useful charts, all of which are based on the normal and binomial distributions. In prac­tice, it is not uncommon for a petrographer to utilize semiquantitative estimates for some of the petrographic variables and reserve system-

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Appendix: Petrographic Analysis of Sandstones

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atic point counting for the one or two most sig­nificant ones. An automatic electronic stage and counter is both a convenience and an efficient time saver and back scatter election image anal­ysis offers promise of automated point counts (Dilko and Graham, 1985).

Sorting, angularity. and clay content define textural maturity, which should be specified. Table A-I gives a flow chart for this procedure. Sorting can be estimated by comparison with Fig. A-lor one can estimate it by determining the ratio of two representative grain diameters: the diameter in millimeters of a grain of the 84th percentile and the diameter of a grain of the 16th percentile. Conversion to phi units. sub­traction, and division by two yields the sorting. Clay of authigenic origin should be ignored, when clay content is determined.

To facilitate petrographic analysis, we have included two petrographic forms. Table A-2 is a skeletal form and Table A-3 a very detailed one modified from Folk (1968. pp. 133-38). We rec­ognize, of course, that in many studies all the

FIGURE A-3. Ninety-five percent confidence limits for mineral proportions, where 11 is total number of grains counted and p is the estimated proportion of a particular mineral. Curved contours in percent give confidence limits. Worked example: 11 is 500. p is 28 percent. and the confidence limit is 4 percent so that in repeated sampling the true proportion will lie within 24 and 32 percent. (Modified from van der Plas and Tobi. 1965. Fig. 1).

items in these report forms will not be appropri­ate and that there may be special comments that we have not included. The detailed form em­phasizes, however, the comprehensive nature of a full description. The analysis of the Trivoli Sandstone presented below follows this form.

We have included a few amplifying remarks for the most effective use of these forms. After looking at the hand specimen with the naked eye. and hand lens. or binocular, it is best to scan the thin section with low power to appraise its general characteristics. This should be fol­lowed by a grain size analysis of its terrigenous

Rock Description and Analysis 523

TABLE A-I. Textural maturity flow chart. (Modified from Folk. 1968, p. 102).

STEP 1 Clay content (micaceous material less than 30 JJ., excluding authigenic material) a) If greater than 5 percent, sand is immature. b) If less than 5 percent, determine sorting.

STEP 2 Sorting (See Fig. A-I) a) If sorting is greater than 0.5~ (diameter ratio over 2.0), sand is submature. b) If sorting is less than 0.5~ determine roundness.

STEP 3 Roundness (See Fig. A-2) a) If sand-size grains are subangular to angular (3.0 or less on the Powers scale,

Table 3-3), sand is mature. b) If roundness exceeds 3.0, sand is supermature.

TABLE A-2. Short petrographic report for sandstones.

HAND SPECIMEN Color, grain size, sorting, induration, bedding, etc. and field name.

THIN-SECTION DESCRIPTION Abstract: Digest and condense all the petrography and summarize in 25 words. Texture: Modal size, sorting, and nature of grain-to-grain contacts. Bedding. Percent sand, silt, and clay.

Roundness. Mineralogy: Give percent of terrigenous, orthochemical (precipitated cement) and allochemical (transported

grains formed within the basin of deposition) material plus description and amounts of different types of terrigenous debris. A brief paragraph for each constituent.

Interpretation: Character of source area plus type of transportation and character of depositional basin, if possi­ble. Diagenesis.

GENERAL COMMENT Always keep description and interpretation separate. At times you may estimate abundances with 100 point counts or

by using comparison charts.

components under medium or high power. Size analysis is commonly the best way to become acquainted with both the texture and mineral­ogy of the section. Counts of as low as 50 grains to 100 grains are satisfactory for the mean and sorting for many problems, or images can be used (Beard and Weyl, 1973).

Modal mineralogical analysis follows. Counts of 200 to 500 grains are generally sufficient for all but minor constituents (less than I percent) using high or medium power. It is best to esti­mate proportions of varietal types by separate counts. The modal analysis should be always supplemented by a qualitative observation of each component: its median and size range, angularity, inclusions, alteration products, etc. Such descriptions should avoid useless detail such as, for example, enumeration of ordinary optical properties, and should instead be di­rected to useful special features. It is, for exam­ple, pointless to note that the quartz is uniaxial but it may be significant to observe that quartz is composite and well rounded. The relation be­tween grain size and composition and the distri­bution of cementing agents within the section should always be observed. The textural rei a-

tions of one mineral to another are most impor­tant and should be recorded.

Any comprehensive study of thin sections should be supplemented by X-ray analysis of interstitial matrix, (Wilson and Clark, 1978) and microscopic heavy mineral analysis. Thin sec­tions should always be stained for feldspar (Houghton, 1980), but electron probe analysis is desirable for feldspar and other mineralogical compositions. If a chemical bulk analysis is available, it should certainly be cited and re­lated to petrographic features. Any many more methods can be utilized (Table A-4).

Methods vary depending upon the question to be asked. For provenance studies, outcrop samples are satisfactory, and both the micro­probe and SEM-EDX can help significantly with more precise mineralogical determina­tions, as is well shown by Maynard's (1984) study of the detrital plagioclase feldspars. Diagenetic and reservoir studies of sandstones are best made, however, only with subsurface samples and, if possible, only from the plugs from which porosity and permeability were measured. By so doing, diagenetic mineralogi­cal and textural features such as cement history

524

TABLE A-3. Detailed petrographic report form. (Modified from Folk, 1968, pp. 133-38).

I. SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION Formation name, age, and precise geographic location of outcrop and full well name, location, and depth of a core sample.

II. FIELD RELATIONS OR SUBSURFACE DATA Outcrop or core thickness and position of outcrop or core with respect to formational boundaries: associ­ated lithologies, bedding characteristics, sedimentary structures, fossils, deformation, and mineralization.

III. HAND SPECIMEN DESCRIPTION Concise, simple description including a field name consistent with petrographic analysis. Include color, grain size, sorting, roundness, mineral composition, fossils. induration, sedimentary structures, bedding, tectonic deformation. and weathering.

IV. THIN-SECTION DESCRIPTION A. Abstract

Brief comments, perhaps 50 words. Prepare only after all other aspects of the report are complete. Include rock name, summarized modal analysis, interpretation, possible economic significance, and relevance to scientific problems.

B. Texture I. Fabric

Grain-to-grain relations, grain orientation, ce­mentation, and porosity.

2. Grain size Specify mean, median, and range sorting and percent of gravel, sand, silt, and clay. Plot cu­mulative cure on log-probability paper if 100 or more grains are counted.

3. Angularity and sphericity Describe and comment on how they vary with size.

4. Textural maturity C. Porosity, permeability, and water saturation from

subsurface plugs D. Mineralogy

Separate into terrigenous, allochemicaL and ortho­chemical constituents and give percent of each. Reproduce modal analysis in a compact table.

V. INTERPRETATION Here one integrates the data from the thin section with all other evidence: Field or subsurface observations. chemical or microprobe analysis, and the literature. Remember that the best interpretation is one that uses all the relevant facts and exploits their ~ignificance to the fullest-stopping just short f!f the point of unjusti­fied conclusions. A. Source area

Estimate lithologic composition and maturity of sandstones in source plus tectonic state and weathering, location, and distance from deposi­tional site. Plot on QFR or other diagram. How many sedimentary cycles involved? Did more than one source region contribute ') Plate tectonic signifi­cance?

B. Depositional basin Estimate nature and strength of currents and water depth. Identify environment of deposition as fully

Appendix: Petrographic Analysis of Sandstones

as evidence permits. If marine, how far from shore? Utilize biotic constituents and trace fossils as much as possible. Tectonic setting of basin.

C. Diagenesis State and interpret diagenetic history and empha­size the pore system. Are diagenetic effects major or minor? How are they related to porosity and permeability? Ratio of primary to secondary po­rosity?

VI. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE Discuss economic importance and give industrial name. Comment on possible market value and prob­lems of development.

VII. BEARING ON SCIENTIFIC PROBLEMS How does the interpretation of this sample relate to the historical development of the sandstone body or the sedimentary basin') To paleotectonics? To thermal history of basin?

and pore distribution can be directly related to porosity, permeability, and water saturation us­ing straightforward statistical mdhods. See Keelan (1982) for a summary of the petrophysi­cal study of sandstone cores and Sneider el (/1. (1983) on how to estimate some laboratory mea­surements with careful binocular observation. Impregnation under pressure with blue dye is always essential for thin-section study of pore systems. Blue fluorescent dye is also of value (Yangus and Dravis, 1985).

Good report forms clearly separate descrip­tion from interpretation and one should always strive to maintain this separation. But how does one make the interpretation? Table A-5, modi­fied from van Andel (1958, Table I), relates pet­rographic and other properties to the major ob­jectives of the study of sand and sandstone. This table summarizes the essential information of much of the previous material of the book. Table A-5 emphasizes that the fullest interpre­tation requires some knowledge of the size, shape, and orientation of the sandstone body, its associated sediments, and position of the sandstone body in the basin. This underscores the fact that petrographic interpretation is greatly enhanced by other information about the sandstone body from which the sample was obtained.

Table A-5 also underscores another impor­tant point-most petrographic properties arc the response to the joint effect of both inheri­tance and depositional environment. For exam­ple, angularity of quartz may be related to the maturity of the sandstones in the source area as well as the effectiveness of rounding in the last depositional environment. Nor should later

A Comprehensive Petrographic Analysis: The Trivoli Sandstone of Southern Illinois 525

TABLE A-4. Instrumental methods for the study of sandstones.

Method Information obtained

Standard petrographic microscope

Thin sections and heavy separates; QFR, roundness, % matrix, size, fabric, and cement stratigraphy. For subsurface studies use samples impregnated with dye to define aver­age size and sorting of pores and, if possible, study thin sections from plugs to correlate petrologic parameters with porosity, permeability, and water saturation.

Microprobe SEM

Chiefly feldspar types and composition of inclusions and of minerals in rock fragments. Mineralogy and texture of detrital and authigenic phases. Surface textures of grains. On

subsurface sample, examine interiors of pores and their fill for cement stratigraphy and compare and contrast samples of high and low permeability.

SEM-EDX Cathodo-Iuminescence Isotopes

Exact automated mineralogy and porosity. Precise determination of overgrowths and enhanced cement stratigraphy.

Oxygen ('80/ 160) Salinity and temperature of water from which cements and clays were precipitated and exchange with formation waters.

Carbon (13C/12C) Strontium

Carbonate cements from oxidation of organic carbon or primary carbonate. Detrital provenance, ultimate age, and recycling.

Radioactive (87Rb/87Sr; 4OK/40A; 147Sm/14JNd)

Age of detrital minerals.

Porosity, permeability and water saturation deter­mined from core plugs

Fundamental to all reservoir studies. Study petrography on core plugs, if possible; use micropermeameter to investigate small-scale variations of permeability.

Geophysical logs Essential for subsurface studies to define porosity and permeability as well as sandbody geometry and both local and regional distribution. Many types now routinely available; gamma-ray, neutron, density, sonic, self-potential, resistivity, dipmeter, etc.

diagenesis be ignored. In short, a history is in­volved and the petrographer's problem is to de­cipher where and when the particular effect took place: in the source area, in transport, at the site of deposition, or afterward?

Although quantitative petrography is essen­tial, there is not substitute for penetrating quali­tative observation. It alone is the key to what may be worthwhile to count.

A systematic, comprehensive question set can be helpful (Sedimentation Seminar, 1978).

A Comprehensive Petrographic Analysis: The Trivoli Sandstone of Southern Illinois

I. Sample Identification

Trivoli Sandstone Member of the Modesto For­mation, McLeansboro Group, Pennsylvanian System. Basal member of the Trivoli Cyclo­them and named as such by Wanless (1931). Outcrops in parts of western Illinois, especially Peoria and adjacent counties, and southern Illi­nois, especially Williamson and adjacent coun­ties. Known in the subsurface over wide areas of the Illinois Basin. Description is a composite

from samples collected from outcrops and the subsurface in the Illinois Basin.

II. Field Relations

Maximum sandstone thickness is 157 ft (48 m) in Franklin County. Thick or channel phase generally varies from 40-100 ft (12-31 m) and mainly in erosional valleys cut in underlying beds. Thin or sheet phase, ranging from 0-40 ft. (0-12 m), is distributed more uniformly. Sand­stone has a sharp unconformity separating it from the gray marine shale of the West Franklin Limestone of the underlying cyclothem. Grades upward into silty shale and then to the under­clay below the Chapel (No.8) coal bed. Basal part of sandstone may be conglomeratic with locally derived pebbles.

On the outcrop the sandstone weathers into large slabs and flags, and is uniform in appear­ance. Ripple mark and crossbedding are charac­teristic throughout. Crossbedding varies from planar to large troughs. Mean direction of crossbedding is 1580 based on 81 observations (Andresen, 1961, p. 25). Plant fossils are char­acteristic, large fragments of abraded stems and twigs occur in the conglomerates, and smaller particles, not easily identifiable, in the finer­grained beds. Beds are gently deformed, con­formable with the structure of other Pennsylva-

526 Appendix: Petrographic Analysis of Sandstones

TABLE A-5. Objectives of study, relevant petrographic properties, and their interpretation. (Modified from van Andel, 1958, Table I).

Objective

Source

Transportation

Depositional environment

Post-depositional history

Property

Roundness

Directional structures

Mineralogical maturity

Grain size

Mineralogy

Associated sediments

Fossils Mineralogy

Vertical sequence

Sandbody shape and orientation

Textural maturity

Authigenic minerals

Permeability and po­rosity

nian beds in the basin. Dips are so low that they are rarely accurately measurable in the field.

III. Hand Specimen Description

The sandstone, in outcrop, is brown to reddish brown, but in the subsurface it is light gray. It is uniformly fine grained; and well sorted, with shaly, micaceous (muscovite), and carbona­ceous partings. It can readily be identified as a lithic arenite by the abundance of non-quartz grains and the lack of much matrix. Cementa­tion is normally moderate (can easily be disag­gregated without breaking grains), but some specimens show extensive cementation (disag­gregation difficult and breaks grains). Grains appear angular; sparkling facets of euhedral

Remarks

Generally modified but little in a single cycle and hence useful in assessing character of source rocks. Rounded quartz generally, but not always, implies recycling.

Regional mapping outlines current system in basin and thus helps locate source region. May also have some environ­mental significance.

Mature mineralogy commonly reflects cratonic source, re­cycling, and appreciable weathering; immature mineral­ogy indicates uplift and rapid erosion of crystalline rocks. Absence of polycrystalline quartz indicates preexisting sediments.

Generally not diagnostic of environment except for presence or absence of gravel; thick conglomeratic sections indi­cate strong gradients and proximity to source, but pebbly sands may be transported hundreds of kilometers by large streams. Vertical size profile contains environmental in­formation.

Abrasion minimal for sand in all but steepest mountain streams.

Knowledge of lateral equivalents plus preceding and follow­ing units essential for maximum interpretation.

Establish environment of deposition. Argillaceous rock fragments may be eliminated on beaches

with high wave energy; or, if buried, may result in pseudo­matrix, enhance physical compaction, and reduce perme­ability. Detrital feldspar may be dissolved later to enhance secondary porosity.

Vertical variation of grain size, stratification, and lithology is essential key to identification of depositional environ­ment.

Map pattern of sand accumulation tells much about process and environment of sand dispersal in basin.

Clay content and sorting of framework reflect final deposi­tional environment of sand dispersal in basin.

Early and late cements reduce porosity and permeability.

Rough overall measure of the extent of diagenesis. Second­ary porosity favored by early carbonate cement and detri­tal feldspar.

quartz overgrowths and calcite cement crystals hide detrital outlines. Small-scale crossbedding and ripples can be seen in some specimens.

IV. Thin-Section Description

A. Abstract

A typical moderately well-sorted, sublithic to lithic arenite characteristic of many conti­nental Coal Measures (Fig. A-4). Mono- and polycrystalline quartz are subangular to sub­rounded and commonly form about 50 per­cent of the sand, feldspar averages 4 percent, and rock fragments about 9 percent. Clay and badly squashed rock fragments (7 percent) plus calcite and ferroan dolomite (11 percent) bind

A Comprehensive Petrographic Analysis: The Trivoli Sandstone of Southern Illinois 527

FIGURE A-4. Typical appearance of Trivoli Sand­stone as determined by thin section. partially crossed nicols. x 100.

the framework together. Outcrop and extensive subsurface mapping indicate that the Trivoli Sandstone was mostly derived from the Appala­chian mobile belt and was deposited in the Illi­nois Basin as a coastal plain-deltaic complex.

B. Texture

I. Fabric is typical of lithic arenites. Most of the rock is supported structurally by the quartz-feldspar-chert framework. but defor­mation of argillaceous rock fragments has squashed the latter to "clay matrix" which in­trudes into pore space and surrounds compe­tent framework grains. Grain contacts are more numerous than expected for a well-sorted sand. indicating some compaction and rearrangement of grains accompanied by the squashing of rock fragments.

Because most grains tend to be equant. a pre­ferred shape orientation is not obvious, but ori­entation of large detrital mica flakes is excellent and parallel to bedding. Quantitative studies of a similar sandstone lower in the Pennsylvanian, the Pleasantview of western Illinois (Rusnak.

1957), show that there is both a general prefer­red direction of elongate grains in a section par­allel to bedding and imbrication normal to the bedding.

The sandstone is cemented by a combination of the clay matrix with precipitated mineral ce­ments of calcite, ferroan dolomite, siderite, quartz, carbonate, and, on the outcrop, he­matite and limonite. Cement, most of which is carbonate, averages about 20 percent and this, coupled with clay matrix, reduces porosity to about 20 percent from an original porosity that must have been about 40 to 45 percent.

2. Grain size distribution is that of a moder­ately well-sorted fine to medium-grained sand (Fig. A-5). Size distributions are skewed to fine sizes, because of the abundance of clay. The break in the size curve suggests a mixture of two size distributions. If most of the clay were assumed to come from the degradation of argillaceous rock fragments and removed, the sediment would be very well-sorted, fine- to medium-grained sand, corresponding to the fraction coarser than about 3 in Figure A-5.

3. Large numbers of framework grains are subrounded to rounded. but roundness is diffi­cult to estimate in many grains because of lack of preserved border between detrital core and either overgrowth or replacing cement, but vi­sual roundness of quartz is estimated at 0.25;

528

95 90

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§ 10 u 5

Size (phi units)

FIGURE A-5. Grain size analysis of Trivoli Sandstone as determined by thin section (300 counts). Note two populations on arithmetic probability paper.

the feldspar average is 0.5. Sphericity is in the range 0.60-0.85 and is highly variable because of the heterogeneous composition. Coarser sam­ples tend to be better rounded and more spheri­cal.

4. The Trivoli is texturally immature as indi­cated by the sorting and roundness. If most of the clay matrix were not counted as detrital, then many samples would be texturally mature.

C. Mineralogy (Table A-6)

1. Terrigenous detritus

a) Quartz is separable into mono- and polycry­stalline, chert, and secondary overgrowths. Cathodo-luminescence shows that some of the monocrystalline quartz has low luminescence and may be of relatively low-temperature ori­gin-sedimentary to low-grade metamorphic, or low-temperature hydrothermal. Authigenic overgrowth quartz exceeds 5 percent in only a few samples; in most it is about I percent. Sec­ond-cycle grains are present in some samples.

b) Chert is present in small or trace amounts in most samples. A few grains show faint sug­gestions of fossil outlines.

c) Feldspars present are sodic varieties of plagioclase, orthoclase, microcline, and a few grains of anorthoclase. Some grains are kaolin­ized, but it is not certain that they have been altered in place. More microcline grains are al-

Appendix: Petrographic Analysis of Sandstones

TABLE A-6. Some typical modal analyses of the Trivoli sandstone (Andresen, 1961, Table 2).

Minerals Samples

IE CI5B e21A

Quartz Monocrystalline 23 38 24 Polycrystalline 28 23 27

Chert T T Feldspar

Microline T T T Plagioclase I Untwinned 1 5 2

Mica 3 3 I Rock fragments

Metamorphic 4 7 8 Sedimentary 4 2 5

Clay matrix 7 5 5 Cement 23 16 21 Average quartz 0.08 0.18 0.10

tered than plagioclase. Most orthoclase is un­twinned. The ratio of plagioclase to K-feldspar is 1.7 based on X-ray diffraction patterns of the >2IJ- fraction.

d) Rock fragments are dominantly argilla­ceous varieties, both low-grade metamorphic and sedimentary, which grade into clay matrix. Many appear deformed and have corroded edges. Many siltstone and shale fragments look like Pennsylvanian rocks lower in the section and may be of local origin. A few limestone fragments were found.

e) Mica is almost all muscovite, with small amounts of biotite and chlorite, and occurs in shreds and plates, many bent and broken, many deformed around quartz grains. Mica flakes are all oriented parallel to bedding, and are very abundant in thin shaly partings.

o Clay minerals were analyzed by X-ray dif­fraction after separation of the <2IJ- fraction. This fraction probably includes not only matrix but some of the rock fragment clays as well. Clays present are kaolinite, illite, chlorite, and a mixed-layer clay. Kaolinite is well crystallized and some can be seen to be an authigen pore filling with under the SEM. Under cathodo-Iu­minescence kaolinite appears a bright blue, in­dicating a low-temperature origin. Chlorite is poorly crystallized and appears to be an iron­rich variety on the basis of relative intensities of different order of basal spacing (first order low, second order high). Illite shows typical grading into mixed-layered varieties. The mixed-lay­ered varieties are abundant and seem to be ran­domly interlayered. Based on peak intensities, the ratio of kaolinite to chlorite is about 10, chlorite to illite about 0.2, and quartz to illite

A Comprehensive Petrographic Analysis: The Trivoli Sandstone of Southern Illinois 529

about 2.2. Analyses of ground samples of the > 2f.L fraction show a higher ratio of kaolinite to chlorite, 12.3; a higher ratio of quartz to illite, 4.9; and the same ratio of chlorite to illite, 0.2.

g) Heavy minerals are dominantly zircon, tourmaline, and rutile with lesser amounts of apatite and garnet. The ZTR index is very high, indicating high maturity. Opaque heavy miner­als are mainly leucoxene with lesser amounts of pyrite, hematite, and limonite. Roundness of the heavy minerals varies: garnet is angular, rutile is rounded, tourmaline and zircon have both rounded and angular varieties. Some tour­malines show small spikes of authigenic over­growths.

h) Conglomerate pebbles at base of sand­stone in channel deposits are almost entirely sideritic clay concretion fragments. These are the same type as found in shales overlying coal beds in the Illinois Basin. Other pebbles include hematite- and limonite-cemented sandstone similar to other Pennsylvanian sandstones in that part of the section, a few limestone peb­bles, and rarely a coal pebble.

2. Chemical Constituents

a) Calcite is present as a clear untwinned mo­saic of interlocking crystals that fills pore space and replaces detrital grains of quartz and feld­spar and, much more rarely, rock fragments or clay matrix. The only inclusions are of the quartz or other framework grain replaced. Cal­cite is present either in small amounts, about 5 percent, as irregular patchy areas or, in a few samples, as an abundant constituent making up more than 20 percent of the rock. Calcite not only replaces detrital quartz, but is itself re­placed by some sharply euhedral authigenic quartz.

b) Iron carbonates include two varieties, si­derite and ferro an dolomite, both present as small individual or clusters of rhombohedra which replace calcite in some areas and appear to be intergrown in other areas. X-ray diffrac­tion of ground samples indicates both siderite and dolomite; the slight stain caused by oxida­tion of the iron that is ubiquitous in all of the rhomobohedra in outcrop samples implies the presence of iron in the dolomite.

c) Authigenic quartz is present as secondary overgrowths deposited in optical continuity with detrital grains. Some replace calcite. This quartz variety is shown by cathodo-Iumines­cence to be more abundant than indicated by estimates based on ordinary microscopy and in one section is about 8 percent. The difference in

estimates is traceable to the fact that the detrital outlines of original grains are not always distin­guishable and so anhedral overgrowths are not recognized.

d) Authigenic kaolinite is present as well as crystallized, small, vermicular aggregates in pore spaces. A few grains of glauconite, proba­bly authigenic but possibly detrital, are present in a few samples. Colorless authigenic tourma­line overgrowths are rare. Anatase is idiomor­phic and can probably be authigenic.

V. Interpretation

The Trivoli is one of the best known mappable sand bodies of the upper part of the Pennsylva­nian section of the Illinois Basin, primarily from the subsurface but also from its outcrop belt (Fig. A-6). It was the first Pennsylvanian sand­stone of the basin to be given systematic petro­graphic study (Siever, 1954), and one of the few individual sandbodies for which there is a large and useful body of stratigraphic and petrologic data. The only other Pennsylvanian sandbody to be studied in such detail, and a useful com­parison, is the Anvil Rock Sandstone lower in the section in Carbondale Formation of the Ke­wanee Group (Hopkins, 1958).

a) The composition and texture of the Trivoli are consistent with the general interpretation of Pennsylvanian sandstones of the Illinois Basin as part of an alluvial-deltaic complex derived by a major river system primarily from sedi­mentary and metamorphic highlands of the Ap­palachian mobile belt far to the east and north­east. The lack of much feldspar and the abundance of metamorphic and sedimentary rock fragments imply the absence of any large area of eroding igneous rock, either intrusive or extrusive. The many sedimentary rock frag­ments that can be identified easily with rocks of the Illinois Basin section, such as the clay iron­stones and coal, coupled with the abundance of relatively soft pelitic rock fragments, demon­strate that some material was being supplied by local source areas within the basin. Some of the material is multicycled as indicated by the roundness of quartz and heavy minerals and the presence of a few second-cycle grains; but how much of this is from nearby and how much from distant sources is not possible to say. It is possible that a careful comparison of samples from the minor tributaries mapped by Andresen (1961, p. 26) with those of major channels would show differences that would be interpret­able in terms of local versus distant sources.

530

~ SUMMARY CPo

OF TRIVOLI SANDSTONE CROSSBEDDING

~ West Franklin Limestone o No West Franklin Limestone

""7'"-

The Trivoli has much the same composItIOn everywhere; local variance introduced by sam­pling sheet- or channel-phases or coarse- and fine-grained beds is much greater than regional variance. This homogeneity indicates a well­mixed contribution from distant sources. such as would be characteristic of a large river sys­tem, with a contribution from homogenous nearby rocks lower in the section-rocks that we know show little regional variance.

The direction and paleogeography of the source lands can be deduced from paleocurrent and subsurface channel studies that indicate a major source to the east and northeast in the Applachian mobile belt and a lesser source to the north and northwest, from the Transcon­tinental Arch and Canadian Shield. Tectoni­cally, the framework composition of the Trivoli (Table 6A) indicates the tectonic setting of a recycled orogen (Dickinson, 1985, Fig. 1).

b) All of the characteristics of the Trivoli in­dicate a dominantly alluvial origin-the plant remains, the crossbedding, the vaHey system of the channel sandstones, the sorting of the detri­tus, and the lack of any marine fossils. The shoreline must have been to the south but the record of constant marine transgressions and

Appendix: Petrographic Analysis of Sandstones

FIGURE A-6. Paleodrainage at base of Trivoli Sand­stone and crossbedding. (Modified from Andresen. 1961, Fig. 9).

the increasingly marine nature of the section to the southwest in Missouri and Kansas indicate that shoreline to have been no more than a few hundred miles away at any time and probably much closer at many times. Thus the sedimen­tary framework of the Trivoli is that of a del­taic-coastal plain complex.

The difference between coarser channel and finer sheet phases is explainable in terms of higher current shear stress in the high discharge channels and lower shear stress in the lower discharge streams, perhaps braided, of the sheet phase that followed the aggradation of the chan­nels.

c) Two major changes in the sand took place as a result of diagenesis, the transformation of many soft rock fragments into matrix and thc precipitation of secondary quartz and carbonate cement. The alteration of the rock fragments was mainly a mechanical process rather than chemical, for the composition of the matrix is much the same as the rock fragments. Implied

References

is a more or less plastic flow of soft argillaceous material around and between the rigid, compe­tent framework quartz and feldspar grains.

The precipitation of the cement follows the order: calcite, perhaps contemporaneous with iron carbonates but perhaps earlier, followed by secondary quartz. After being brought close to or at the surface by uplift and erosion, hematite and limonite cement were added. The calcite may have been precipitated following sand dep­osition when it was buried only by the overlying silt and clay and a coal swamp [Chapel (No.8) coal]. The probable groundwater movement at this time would have been a circulation through the Trivoli upward to the swamp-typical pat­tern for such swamps-perhaps carrying with it some of the waters still being squeezed from the underlying thick marine shale sequence. Those waters, originally meteoric, may have become acid and depleted in oxygen as a result of pas­sage through strata containing abundant pyrite, leading to the dissolution of carbonate fossils and part of limestone beds and to the disappear­ance of pyrite. The resulting water, passing through the sand and mixing with other less car­bonate-saturated waters, might have thus be­come less acid and so precipitated carbonate, including iron-rich varieties. Alternatively, some of the calcite may simply have been detri­tal or freshwater fossil calcite redistributed by dissolution and reprecipitation in the immediate local area where the cement now is. This alter­native is suggested by the irregular patchy dis­tribution of some cement.

The authigenic quartz overgrowths may owe their origin to a more general pressure-solution process operating later in the sand's history, when it was deeply buried. Because of later erosion, it is difficult to estimate that overbur­den. If some of the clay minerals were altered in such a way as to liberate siliica, as, for exam­ple, from a more siliceous montmorillonite to an illite, then that silica may have been contributed to the groundwater too, later to be precipitated as the groundwater slowly equilibrated with quartz.

VI. Economic Importance

The Trivoli itself is not an economic resource. Its composition makes it unsuitable for molding or foundry sands. It shows no evidence of any oil or gas, now or at any former time. Yet its study has economic significance in relation to exploration for and exploitation of coal beds in

531

the Illinois basin, for sands such as the Trivoli act as cutouts of coal beds and interfere seri­ously with mining operations.

VII. Bearing on Scientific Problems

The Trivoli is very typical of many sandstones in the Illinois Basin and of many alluvial sand­stones in other places, particularly Coal Mea­sure sandstones. The many kinds of informa­tion available-outcrop and subsurface core samples, extensive subsurface stratigraphic data, and surface paleocurrent mapping­make its origin one of the best-supported inter­pretations we have. Problems, such as the rela­tion of composition to near and distant sources and any correlation between that and minor tributaries and major channels, remain to be studied. A detailed analysis of the history of diagenetic events has yet to be made. Such de­tailed studies will help give a broader base for future general models.

References

Andel, Tj.H. van: Origin and classification of Creta­ceous, Paleocene and Eocene sandstones of west­ern Venezuela. Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull. 42, 734-763 (1958).

Andersen, M.J.: Geology and petrology of the Trivoli Sandstone in the Illinois Basin. Illinois Geol. Survey Circ. 316, 31 p. (1961).

Beard, D.C., and Weyl, P.K.: Influence of texture on porosity and permeability of unconsolidated sand. Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull. 57, 349-369 (1973).

Cayeux, L.: Les roches sedimentaires de France­roches siliceuses, 774 pp. Paris: Impr. Nationale 1929.

Dennison, J .M.: Graphical aids for determining relia­bility of sample means and an adequate sample size. Jour. Sed. Petrology 32, 743-750 (1962).

Dickinson, W.R.: Interpretating provenance rela­tions from detrital modes of sandstones. In: Zuffa, G.G. (Ed.), Provenance of arenites. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Pub. Co. (NATO ASI Ser. C 148,333-362, 1985).

Dilko, A., and Graham, S.c.: Quantitative mineral­ogic characterization of sandstones by back-scat­tered election image analysis. Jour. Sed. Petrology 55, 347-355 (1985).

Dott, R.L., Jf.: Wacke. graywacke and matrix­what approach to immature sandstone classifica­tion? Jour. Sed. Petrology 34, 625-632 (1964).

Ferm, J.C., and Weisenfluh, G.A.: Cored rocks of the southern Appalachian coal field, 93 pp. Lex­ington, Kentucky: Univ. Kentucky, Dept. Geol­ogy 1981.

532

Folk, R.L.: Henry Clifton Sorby (1826-1908), the founder of petrography. Jour. Geol. Education 8, 43-47 (1965).

Folk, R.L.: Petrology of sedimentary rocks, 170 pp. Austin. Texas: Hemphill's 1968.

Grout, F.F.: Petrography and petrology, 552 pp. New York: McGraw-Hill 1932.

Harrell, James: A visual comparator for degree of sorting in thin and plane sections. Jour. Sed. Pe­trology 54, 648-650 (1984) .

. Hopkins, M.E.: Petrography and petrology of the Anvil Rock Sandstone of southern Illinois. Illinois Geol. Survey Cir. 256,49 pp. (1958).

Houghton, H.F.: Refined techniques for staining ple­gioclase and alkali feldspar in thin section: Jour. Sed. Petrology 50, 629-631 (1980).

Keelen, D.K.: Core analysis for aid in reservoir de­scription. Jour. Petrol. Tech. 34, 2483-2491 (1982).

Maynard, J. Barry: Composition of plagioclase feld­spars in modern deep-sea sands. Sedimentology 13, 493-501 (1984).

Middleton, L.T., and Kraus, M.J.: Simple tech­niques for thin section preparation of unconsoli­dated materials. Jour. Sed. Petrology 50, 622-623 (1980).

Pearson, E.S., and Hartley, H.D.: Biometrika tables for statisticians, Vol. 1, 238 p. York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1954.

van der Plass, and Tobi, A.C.: A chart for judging one reliability of point counting results. Amer. Jour. Sci. 263, 87-90 (1965).

Powers, M.C.: A new roundness scale for sedimen­tary particles. Jour. Sed. Petrology 23, 117-119 (1953).

Rusnak, G .A.: A fabric and petrologic study of the Pleasantview Sandstone. Jour. Sed. Petrology 27, 41-55 (1957).

Appendix: Petrographic Analysis of Sandstones

Sedimentation Seminar: Studies for students: A question set for sands and sandstones. Brigham Young University Geology Studies 24(2), 1-8 (1978).

Siever, Raymond: Trivoli Sandstone of Williamson County, Illinois. Jour. Geology 57, 614-618 (1949).

Sneider, R.M.; King, H.R.; Hawkes, H.E.: and Davis, T.B.: Methods for detection and character­ization of reservoir rock, Deep Basin Gas Area. Western Canada. Jour. Petrol. Tech. 35. 1725-1734 (1983).

Sorby, Henry Clifton: On the microscopical struc­ture of the calcareous grit of the Yorkshire coast. Geol. Soc. London Quart. Jour. 1-6 (1851).

Sorby, Henry Clifton: On the structure and origin of the non-calcareous stratified rocks. Geol. Soc. London Proc. 36, 46-92 (1880).

Summerson, Charles H., (Ed.): Sorby on geology. University of Miami, Comparative Sedimentology Laboratory, Geological Milestones III, 241 pp. (1978).

Terry, R.D., and Chilingar, G.V.: Summary of "Concerning some additional aids in studying sed­imentary formations" by M. S. Shvetsov. Jour. Sed. Petrology 25, 229-234 (1955).

Wanless, H.R.: Pennsylvanian cycles in western Illi­nois. In: Papers presented at the quarter centen­nial celebration of the Illinois State Geological Survey. Illinois Geol. Survey Bull. 60, 182-193 (1931).

Wilson, M.J., and Clark, D.R.: X-ray identification of clay minerals in thin sections. Jour. Sed. Petrol­ogy 48, 656-660 (1978).

Yavgus, J.E., and Dravis, J.J.: Blue fluorescent dye technique for recognition of microporosity in sedi­mentary rocks. Jour. Sed. Petrology 55, 600-602 (1985).

Author Index Numbers in italics denote complete citations in the References and Annotated Bibliographies.

A Aasheim, S. M., 423 Abbott, P. L., 381,400,405 Abou-Seida, M. M., 303,315 Acaroglu, E. R., 281,317 Adams, A. E., 20 Adams, J., 54, 60 Adams, J. A. S., 3, 4, 11 Adams, K. C., 393,394 Adams, R. W., 190,206, 328,337 Adams, W. L., 86, 92, 448,467 Addison, R., 575 Adler, H. H., 42, 60, 463,468 Ahlbrandt, T. S., 405, 410, 411 Aigner, T., 394,394, 421,422 Albertson, M. L., 378 Allen, D. R., 351 Allen. G .. 378 Allen, G. P., 315, 378, 394 Allen, J. R. L., 16, 43, 60, 86, 92,

101,107, IIO, III, II3, 125, 132, 206, 260,269, 275, 288, 290, 291, 292, 299, 301, 307, 313,315, 323, 328,337, 347, 351, 360, 366,372, 376,378, 421,422

Allen. Percival. 27. 28, 50. 60. 6/. 181,206

Allen, P. A., 315 Allen, Phillips, 378 Allen, R. C., 46, 60, 316, 448,468 Allen, Terence, 70, 92 Allen, V. T., 148, 157, 161, 187,

196, 198, 204,205, 206 Allison, E. C .. 498, 512 Allwardt, A., 488,516 Almagor, G., 513 Almon, W. R., 468 Alpay, O. A., 418, 418 Ambrose, G. J., 385,394 Amsbury, D. L., 329,340 van Andel, Tj. H., 53, 60, 74, 92,

142,206. 325,337, 437, 468, 512, 524, 526,531

Anderson, John B., 71, 92 Anderson, M. J., 525, 528, 529, 530,

531 Anderson, R. Y., 99, 132 Anderton, R., 393, 394 Andresen, A., 308, 309,315 Angelier, J., 488, 516

Angelucci, A., 400, 404 Anhaeusser, C. R., 167,206,419 Anketell, J. M., 333,339 Anstey, N. A., 16, 350,351 Anwar, J., 259,269 Aoyama, H., 134 Aramaki, S., 237, 241 Araujo dos Santos, M. A., 18 Archer, P., 245 Aronson, J. L., 27, 60, 457,468 Arrhenius, G., 48, 60 Artyushkov, Yeo V., 308,315 Arvidson, R. E., 411,516 Ashley, G. M., 363,378 A. S. T. M., 70, 92 Athy, L. F., 431, 468 Atkinson, B. K., 455, 468 Attia, M. I., 358,366 Aubouin, J., 479, 488,512,518 Auden, J. B., 187, 189,206 Audley-Charles, M. G., 372,378,

492, 502,512 Ayers, D. L., 512 Ayres, L. D., 243,244

B Baak, J. A., 324,337 Baba, Jumpei, 281, 282,315 Bachman, S. B., 512, 516 Bacon, M., 353 Baganz, B. P., 367, 374,378,422 Bagnold, R. A., 2, 11, 204,205,284,

286,303,307,310, 311, 312, 315, 317, 319

Bailey, E. B., 165, 167,206 Bajard, Jacques, 293,315 Balk, Robert, 166, 169,206 Ballance, P. F., 512 Ballard, R. D., 244 Bally, A. W., 366,479,481,492,

512 Baker, B. H., 495,512 Baker, F. E., 422, 422 Baker, G., 30, 60, 251, 260, 269,

324,337 Baker, V. R., 296, 315, 321,337,

403,404, 418 Barber, N. F., 296,315 Barclay, W., 353 Barnes, N. E., 404

Barrett, J. P., 335,337 Barskaya, N. V., 12,517 Bart, H. A., 83,92, 311,315 Barth, T. F. W., 149, 151, 153,206 Bartolini, C., 512 Barton, D. c., 153, 203,205, 206 Bartsch-Winkler, S. R., 379 Barwis, J. H., 377,379 Basu, A., 29, 30, 36, 37, 56, 60, 66,

195,206,212, 256, 257, 259, 262,269, 273, 513

Bascom, Willard, 296,315 Basilevsky, A. T., 514 Baskin, Yehuda, 37, 60 Bastin, E. S., 199,205 Bates, C. C., 369,378 Bates, T. F., 60 Bathurst, R. G. C., 206, 468 Battacharyya, D. P., 50, 66 Baturin, V. P., 262,269 Beard, D. C., 71, 89, 92, 523,531 Beard, J. H., 350,353 Beard, L. S., 270 Bebout, D. G., 471 von Beck, J. L., 367 Beck, K. C., 473 Beck, M. E., 504,513 Becker, R. D., 411 Beghtel, F. W., 516 Behrendt, J. C., 500,516, 517 . Behrn, S. H., 387,394 Belderson, R. H., 300,315 Bell, D. L., 50, 60 Bell, F. G., 86, 92 Bell, P., 438, 473 Beloussov, V. V., 268, 269 Ben-Avraham, Z., 478, 495, 499,

504,513, 516 Bennacef, 0.,394 Bennett, R. H., 468 Benson, D. J., 75, 92 Benson, L. V., 473 Bentley, S. P., 32, 66 Benton, J. J., 421, 422 Berg, O. R., 350,351,378,404 Berg, R. R., 16, 92 Berner, R. A., 34, 49, 60, 63, 65,

425,433,438,439,447,450, 463,468, 473

Berthois, L., 19 Bertrand, M., 513

533

534

Best, M, G., 216. 244 Beuf, S., 394 Beutelspacher, H., 40, 60 Beutner, E. C., 132, 132, 360,366 Beveridge, A. 1., 269 Bhatia, M. R .. 29, 56, 58, 59, 60 Bhattacharjee, S. B., 292,319,326.

340 Biddle, K. R., 499, 513 Biehler, S., 514 Bigarella, J. J., 126.134,331, 334.

336, 337, 385,394, 408, 411 Biju-DuvaL B., 394 Billings, M. P., 184, 206 Bird, E. C. F., 315, 383,394 Bird, J. M., 480, 490, 513 Birks, L. S., 60 Biscaye, Pierre, 40, 60 Bittencourt, A. C. S., 378, 379 Bjerrum, L., 308, 309, 315 Bj6erlykke. A., 418,418, 445, 466,

468 Blaas, J., 204,205 Blake, M. C., Jr., 495,513 Blakely, R. F., 346,354 Blanchard, D. P., 29, 60 Blatt. Harvey, 4,5, /1,13.19,25,

30,32,48,53,60,61,65, 176. 207, 254, 255. 256, 257, 263, 270.271,286.294,315,448, 453. 455, 456, 468, 469, 472, 478, 513

Blodgett, R. H., 292,315 Bloomer, R. R., 415, 418 Bluck, B. 1.. 363,366 Blyth, C., 468 Boas, G. S. Y., 379 Bocquier, G., 66 Boersma, J. R .. 292, 300,315 Bogardi, Janos, 275,315 Boggs, Sam, Jr .. 77, 92, 140, 143,

207, 256,270, 300,315 Boguchwal, L. A., 320 Bokman, 1. W., 99,132, 143,169,

207, 256, 270 Boles, J. R .. 37, 55, 60, 174,207,

258,270, 452,453,458,459, 468,473

Bonatti, E., 48, 60 Bond, G. c., 257,270,484,513 Bonis, S. B., 245, 468 Bonis, S. F., 270 Bonnin, 1.. 516 Boothroyd, J. c., 292, 315,363,378 de Booy, T., 165. 172, 196.207 von der Borch. C. C., 400. 404 Borchet. H .. 48, 60 Bosellini, A .. 241,244 Bostick. N. H .. 52, 60. 466,468 Boswell, P. G. H .. 10. /I, 164,207,

260.261,262,270 Botvinkina, L. H .. 125.132,216,

244 Bouma. A. H .. 287. 388,394,397,

404 Bourgeois, Joanne, 20, 298, 300.

316,340, 393.394 Bowen, A. 1.. 303.316 Boyles, J. M .. 333,337,390,394 Boynton. W. Y .. 518

Brace. W. F .. 432, 468 Bradley. W. F .. 63 Bradshaw. M. A .. 121. 122.132 Braile, L. W., 495, 513 Braitsch, 0 .. 48. 61 Brakenridge. G. R .. 270 Bramlette. M. N., 427. 437. 468 Brammall, A .. 261, 270 Brannon, J. C .. 29, 60 Bredehoeft. J. D., 443. 468 Breger, I. A .. 61, 64 Brenchley. P. J., 146. 173,207,318,

432. 468 Brenner, R. L .. 388.394 Brett. G. W .. 179,207,431.468 Bretz, J. Harlen, 321,337 Brewer, Ray, 70. 92 Breyer, J. A .. 73, 95, 485.513 Bridge, D., 247 Bridge, J. S .. 286. 291, 294,316,

421.422 Briggs, David, 13 Briggs, L. 1.,42,61,77.92 Briggs, L. J .. 282.316 Brindley, G. W .. 38, 61 Brinkman, R., 321, 330, 337 Brisson, H., 245 Broche. Jacques, 20 Brockman, S. R., 518 Brongiart, A., 148, 197, 205 Brookfield, M. E., 405. 410, 411 Brookins, D. G .. 27, 61 Broussard, M. L., 378, 379 Brown. B .. 133 Brown. G., 38, 61 Brown. L. D., 503.513 Brown, L. F., Jr.. 14, 351. 353,374,

378,404 Brown, P. J., 258,270 Brueckner. H. K., 65 Brundsen. D., 317 Brunsden, D., 133 Brush, B. M .. 302. 317 Bryan, T. M .. 401,404 Bryant, W. R .. 431. 468 Bryhni, lnge, 366, 420. 422 Bubb. J. N., 12, 518 Bucher. W. H., 110. 132 Buchman. 480 Bugnicourt, D., 133 Bull, P. A., 32, 61 Bullard. F. M .. 216,244 Bullard. T. F .. 63 Bunker. C. M .. 65 Burchard. E. F .. 185,209 Burchliel, B. S .. 497. 513 Burger. Heinz. 72. 92 Burke. C. A .. 514,518 Burke. K .. 495. 496,513,515 Burman, H. R .. 95, 340 Burnett, A. I., 393, 394 Burruss. R. C .. 466.468,513 Burst, J. F., 50.61, 187.207 Busenberg. E .. 34.61 Bushinsky, G. I.. 188, 189,207 Butera. J. G., 338 Butt, A .. 516 Butter, J. C., 515 Butterfield, A. W., 303, 319 Buttram, Frank, 177, 207

Author Index

Byerlee, J. D .. 432. 468 Byers, C. W .. 387, 388.394, 421.

422

C Cady, W .. 514 Cady, W. M., 169,207 Callender, 43, 61,261. 270 Callis. C. F .. 70, 93 Calquhoun. D. J .. 270 Calvert, S. E .. 30, 61 Cameron. K. L.. 263. 270 Campbell, C. Y .. 101,132,343,378,

382, 386, 394 Campbell. K. S. W .. 337 Campbell, R. H .. 513 Cananova, Roger, 20 Cant, D. J., 129,132,292.316,335.

337, 363,366 Carchione, D. A .. 395 Card, K. D., 244 Carder, K. L., 61 Carey, J .. 385, 394 Carey. S. N., 233, 241,244,249 Carman, M. F .. 515 Carozzi, A. Y., 258.272 Carpenter, A. B .. 443, 468 Carr, D. D .. 393,394 Carr. M. H., 408, 411 Carr, T. R., 347.353 Carroll, D .. 38, 40, 61 Carter, C. H .. 331, 337 Carter, L., 391. 394 Carter, R. M., 306,316 Caruccio, F. T .. 367. 422 Cas, R. A. F., 235. 245 Casey. 28. 61 Casshyap. S. M .. 199.201,204.205,

205 Cavaroc. Y. Y., 195.210,263.272 Cayeux. L .. 8, /I, 158. 161, 178.

184. 188,202,205,207, 445. 468,519.531

Cecil. C. B., 472 Chaabani, F .. 64 Chab. Jan. 143.207 Chanda. S. K .. 159, 207 Chang, Shih-Chicao. 143. 207 de Chapel, D., 394 Chapin. C. E., 248 Chapman, R. E .. 316 Chapman, W. L.. 275, 366,366 Charles, R. G .. 53, 61 Chave, K. E .. 435, 468 Chen, P. Y., 43, 207 Chepil, W. S., 311,316 Chernaya. I. M., 514 Chilingar. G. Y .. 468. 520, 532 Chilingarian, G. Y., /7, 353, 431,

468 Chow, Y. T .. 283. 316 Chowdhuri. K. R .. 126. 132, 385,

394 Christ, C. L., 37, 41, 47. 62,433.

440, 442, 450, 463, 469 Christiansen, R. L.. 226. 246 Christie, J. M .. 30. 60, 176,207,

256,270 Christie, P. A. F .. 460. 472

Author Index

Christie-Blick, Nicholas, 499, 513 Church, M., 363, 366 Churkin, M., 504,513 Clague, D. A., 487, 513 Clapperton, Chalmers M., 216,245 Claque, J. J., 231,245,376,378 Clark, D. R., 523,532 Clarke, F. W., 4, 9, 11, 36,61, 158,

193. 207 Clarke, S. H .. Jr., 499, 516 Clarke, T. 1..,396 Clayton, R. N., 56, 61 Cleary, W. J., 61 Clemency, C. V., 34, 61 Clifton, H. E., 296, 297, 299, 300,

303, 316, 331,337, 392, 394, 395

Clocchiatti. R., 31, 61 Cloet, R. 1..,300,316 Cloos, H., 321,338 Cloud, P. E., Jr., 61. 187, 189,207 Clough, C. T., 211 Cobbing, E. J., 478,513 Cogley, J. G., 515 Cohee, G. V., 471 Colby, B. R., 283,316 Cole, D. J., 364, 366 Coleman, James M., 126, 132,292,

310.316,319,363,366,369, 376,378. 389

Colemar., R. G., 65, 487,513 Collins, A. G., 430, 442, 443, 468 Collins, W. H., 177,207 Collinson, James D., 17, 99, 127,

132, 292,316, 326, 354,366 Colton, G. W., 7,11,338 Columbo, Umberto, 61 Comer, J. J .. 60 Comford, C .. 470 Committee on Sedimentation, 285,

303.310.316 Condie, K. C., 268,270 Coney, P. E., 575 Coney, P. J., 504,513 Conolly, J. R., 256,270 Contescu, I.. R., 336, 338 Conybeare, C. E. B., 13,17, 125,

132 Cook, P. J., 50, 61 Cook, T. D., 353 Cooke, R. U., 405, 411 Coombs, D. S., 52, 61, 458, 468 Corbett, K. 0., 132 Cordell, 1..,495,513 Cordiner, F. S., 419 Corletta, A., 381 Cornish, Vaughn, 286,316 Corrales, I., 13 Correns, C. W., 40, 61,465,468 Cotter, Edward, 362,367,394,510,

513 Coumes, F., 21 Cousineau, P., 245 Cowan, D. S., 270 Cowley, J. L., 510,5/3 Cox, A., 513, 515 Cox, .r. W., 14, 358, 378 Cram, J. M., 394 Crandell, D. R., 231,245 Crawley, R. A., 318

Crimes, T. P., 121, 122, 132,132, 321,338,389,394,421,422

Crone, A. J., 66, 518 Cronin, L. E., 315, 378 Crook, A. W., 207 Crook, K. A. W., 52, 58, 61, 65,

125, 132, 143, 164, 165, 167, 169, 175,207,223,245,266, 270, 458,472, 480,484,513

Crooke, R. V., 411 Cros, P., 19 Crossley, J. D., 121, 132, /32 Crowe, B. M., 326, 335, 338 Crowell, J. C., 117,132,477,495,

498,499,513 Cucci, M., 133 Culver, S. J., 32,61 Cummins, W. A., 146, 163, 164,

172, 173, 175,207 Curray, J., 481, 483, 492, 513, 514 Curray, J. K., 325, 338 Currey, J. R., 378,512 Curtis, C. D., 34, 61,262,270,432,

468 Curtis, G. H., 62 Cushing, H. P., 177,207

D Dai, Y. B., 378 Dake, C. 1..,8,11, 179,207,252,

256,270, 388,394 Dalrymple, R. W., 126, 132, 292.

316 Daly, R. A., 514 Dalziel, r. W. D., 101,132 Dapples, E. C., 71, 84, 92, 142,207,

451,468 Davidson-Arnett, R. G. D., 126, 132 Davies, D. K., 45, 61,76,92, 195,

207, 208, 229, 233, 234, 235, 236,245,247, 253,270, 322, 323,338, 376,378,419, 445,468

Davies, J. 1.., 374,378 Davis, E. F., 166, 169, 207 Davis, John C., 85, 92 Davis, J. L., 378 Davis, J. R., Jr., 329. 338 Davis, R. A., Jr., 14, 132, 133, 296,

316,317, 343,353, 383,394,395 Davis, T. B., 95, 532 Daw, T. B., 422, 422 Dean, W. E., Jr., 99,132,466,469 De Boer, R. B., 455, 456. 469 DeCelles, P. G., 103,132 Decker, B., 489, 514 Decker, R., 489, 514 Deer, W. A., 33, 43, 51, 61 Deery, J. R., 385,394 Deffeyes, K. S., 468 Degens, E. T., 61, 469, 495,514 Della Favera, J. C., 379 DeMela, U., 379 Dennen, W. H., 32,61 Dennis, D., 92 Dennison, J. M., 366,367,520,531 DePaolo, D. J., 27, 61 Derby, C. A., 261,270 DeReamer, John, /34, 354 DeRosa, E., 404

DeSitter, L. U., 443,469 Devay, J. C., 257,270 Devismes, Pierre, 20 DeVoto, R. H., 418, 418

535

Dewey, J. F., 480, 495, 496, 513, 515

DeWindt, T. J., 385,394 Dibblee, T. W., Jr., 513 Dickerson, P. W., 515, 516 Dickey, P. A., 374,378 Dickinson, G., 431, 469 Dickinson, W. R., 9, 11, 140,141,

143, 144, 146, 167, 174, 196, 207.245, 259, 262, 266, 267, 269,270,271,480,483,489, 491, 495, 499, 500, 502, 504, 514.518, 530,531

Dickson, F. H., 403, 405 Didyk, B. M., 516 Dietz, V., 42, 61,263,270 Dilko, A., 522,531 Dill, R. F., 135,405 Diller, J. S., 166,208 Dimitrijevic, M. D., 132 Dimitrijevic, M. N., 125, 132 Dimroth, E., 229, 235, 243,245,247 Dingler, J. R., 296, 297, 299,316 Dishroom, C. P., 422,515 Dixon, James, 373, 378 Dobrin, M. B., 77, 92, 350,353 Dodson, M. H., 27, 28, 60, 61 Doe, B. R., 498, 516,517 Doe, T. W., 64, 104, /33 Doeglas, D. J., 73, 74, 92 Dominguez, J. M. L., 376,378 Donahue, J., 8, 11 Donahue, J. G., 302,316 Donaldson, A. C., 363, 367 Donaldson, C. H., 21 Donaldson, J. A., 167, 174, 179,

208,511,514 Doornkamp, J. C., 19. 32,61.80,

81,93 Diirjes, J., 126,133,134 Dott, R. H., Jr., 64, 101,104,115,

132, 133, 143, 145, 164,200, 205, 208, 223,245, 299, 300, 311,312,316,318,387,388, 394,421,422,514,515,531

Dott, R. H., Sr., 515 Doty, R. W., 265,270 Doubinger, J., 64 Douglas, R. G., 499, 514 Dowdell, W. L., 338 Doyle, J., 319 Doyle, L. J., 38, 61 Drake, C. 1.., 514 Drake, D. E., 395 Dravis, J. J., 524,532 Drever, J. 1.,433,435,442,469 Driese, S. G., 389,394 Drobnyk, J. W., 187,208 Drong, H. J., 472 Drozdova, T. V., 64 Duane, D. B., 324,338 Duarte, G. M., 411 Dubik, Y. M., 228,245 Dufton, S. P., 56,64,380,381,453,

466,471 Duke, W. L., 333,338

536

Duncan, J. R., 324, 338 Dunham, R. J., 147,208 Dunne, L. A., 515 Dunoyer de Segonzac, G., 425, 457,

469 Dury, G. H., 195,208 Dusseault, M. B., 86, 92 Dutta, P. K., 195,212 Dutton, C. E., 179,213 Duyvis, E. M., 469 Dzulynski, S., 125, 133, 306, 314,

316

E Easterling, R. G., 347, 354 Eberl, D. D., 457, 469 Eberlein, G. D., 504,513 Edmond, J. M., 262,273 Edwards, A. B., 165,208, 223,245 Edwards, B. D., 319 Edwards, J. M., 273 Eglinton, G., 52, 62 Ehlers, Ernest G., 19 Ehlmann, A. J., 485, 513 Ehrlich, Robert, 77,92, 94, 258,

270,271,294,319 Eigenfeld, R., 166,208 Einsele, Gerhard, 307, 316,391,

394,422 Einstein, H. A., 303,316 Eisbacher, G. H., 231, 245 El-Na.ijar, Ramdam, 93, 339 El Mountassir, M., 64 Elderfield, H., 469 Elders, C. A., 514 Elders, W. A., 498, 514 Ellenberg, Jurgen, 19 Ellis, A. J., 61. 468 Elston, W. E., 235,245,248 Embleton, C., 275,316, 320 Emery, J. R., 86, 92 Emery, K. 0 .. 7,11. 146. 173,208.

499.514 Emiliani, C., 63 Emrich, Grover, 71, 92 Engel, A. E. J., 174,208,509,514 Engel, C. G., 208 von Engelhardt, Wolf, 13, 90, 91,

92,311,316,431,443,468,514 England, P. C., 481, 490, 514 U.S. Corps of Engineers, 320,325,

340 Ernst, W. G., 469 Epstein, A. G., 466,469 Epstein, J. B., 466, 469 Epstein, Samuel, 56, 65 Eriksson, K. A., 71, 93, 387,395,

514, 518 EIjarec, J. L., 270 Ermanovics, 1. F., 259,270 Eslinger, E. V., 446, 469, 470 Espenshade, G., 167,208 Ethington, R. L., 132, 133, 383,394 Ethridge, Frank G., 45, 54, 61,62,

92,195,207,208,247,317,331, 354, 367, 380, 422

Evans, C. D. S., 515 Evans, Graham, 292,316, 378, 512 Evans, W. E., 392,395

Evensen, N. M., 28, 64 Evernden, J. P., 28, 62 Ewart, A., 219,245,247 Ewing, T. E., 353 Eyles, N., 253,272 Eynon, G., 363,367

F Faber, S., 133 Fahrig, W. F., 179,208, 330,338 Fairbairn, H. W., 28, 93, 470 Fairbridge, R. W., 20, 340 Falk, Fritz, 19 Falke, H., 474 Farmer, V. c., 40, 62 Farrow, G. F., 120, 126, 133 Faure, G., 56, 62, 66, 466,473 Feary, D. A., 484,513 Feininger, T., 195,208 Feniak, M. W., 256, 270 Feo-Codecideo, Gustavo, 260, 261,

270 Feray, D. E., 159, 161,212,427,

473 Ferguson, R. C., 270 Fergusson, C. L., 245 Fergusson, J., 245 Ferm, J. C., 367,378,422, 519,531 Ferrar, H. T., 188, 208 Ferrar, J., 515 Fessenden, F. W., 211 Feth, J. H., 34, 62 Fett, T. H., 14,353,378 Fettke, C. R., 177,208 Field, M. M., 34, 35, 62, 395 Fierro, G., 404 Fiqueiredo, A. G., Jr., 320 Firek, F., 324,338 Fischer, A. G., 5/3,515 Fischer, George, 142, 146, 167, 175,

201,203,205,208,532 Fischer, R. P., 463, 469 Fisher, G. W., 337, 339 Fisher, J. R., 472 Fisher, Richard V., 205. 216, 218,

219,224,227,243,244,245, 292,316. 326,335,338

Fisher, R. W., 95 Fisher, W. L., 14, 341,353 Fisk, H. N., 358,367. 374,378 Fiske, R. S., 215, 227, 245.247.

484,514 Fitzpatrick, E. A., 19 Flehmig, W., 452, 470 Fleischer, P., 338 Fleuckinger, L. A., 366 Flexor, J. M., 379 Flint. R. B .. 385,394 Florensky, C. P,. 511.514 Florentsov, N. A., 495, 516 Flores, Romero M., 247. 317, 422 Focht, G. W., 422, 422 Foley, M. G., 270 Folk, R. L., 13,19.29,43,61,62,

70,71,74,75,76,77,79,82, 92,93,95, 141, 142, 145, 147, 149, 157, 158, 161, 178, 179, 185, 198, 200, 201, 202, 204, 205,205,208,213, 254, 256,

Author Index

260,261, 265. 270. 271. 273. 519,520,522,523,524,532

Fontaine, D. A., 477, 514 Force, E. R., 42, 62,261,271 Ford, R. L., 63 Forel, F., 304,316 Forsyth, D., 339 Foster, R. J., 153,208 Foster, R. P., 410 Fournier, R. 0.,452,453,469 Fox, J. S., 215, 233,245, 326,338 Francheteau, J., 493, 516,517 Frank, L. J., 418, 419 Franks, P.O., 29, 66 Franzinelli, Elena, 37, 45, 62. 78,

93, 194, 195,212, 262, 267, 268, 271,429,469,491,502,514

Fraser, G. S., 14, 389,395 Fraser, H. J., 88, 93 Frazier, D. E., 373, 374, 378 Freeland, G. L., 320 Freeland, K. J., 245 Freeman, T., /33 French, D. E., 131,245 Frey. Robert W .. 17. 121, 122, 126,

133.395 Friedman, G. M., 13,46,60,62, 76,

83, 93, 353, 468 Friedman, Melvin, 181,208 Friend, P. F., 316. 318 Friese, F. W., 263, 271 Fritsche, A. E., 517 Frogatt, P. c., 225, 227, 245 Frondel, C., 29, 62 Frye, J. C., 29, 62 Fiichtbauer, Hans, 8,11,13.46,49,

53,62. 86, 93, 140, 142, 157, 159, 161, 184,208, 260, 268, 271,323,324,338,339,431, 433, 453, 456, 457, 466, 469. 472

Fuhrman, W" 448, 469 Fujii, K., 142,208, 404 Fujioka, K., 480, 514 Fyfe, W. S., 61, 468

G Gadow, S., 134 Gagliano, Sherwood, 367 Gaida, K. H., 416, 418.443,469 Gale, P. E., 469 Gall, J. c., 121,133 Galley, J. E., 430, 442, 474 Galliher, E. W., 38, 62.187,189,

208 Galloway, J. F., 194,208 Galloway, W. D., 360, 364,367 Galloway, W. E., 14, 343,353,371,

378. 404, 412, 415, 418, 419. 458, 459, 461,469, 471, 486, 489, 514

Gandolfi, G., 338 Garcia, R., 401, 404 Gard, T. M., 366 Gardner, R., 32,61 Gardner, T. W., 294, 295, 317 Garfunkle, Z., 513 Gariel, 0., 394 Garlick, W. G., 418,419 Garner, H. F., 208, 367

Author Index

Garner, L. E., 292,318, 360,363, 367

Garrasino, C. A. F., 202, 206 Garrels, R. M., 4, 5, JJ, 34,37,39,

41,47,62,64, 161, 174,208, 253,271,420,433,440,442, 447,450,451,457,463,468, 469, 470, 478, 508, 514

Garret, C. M., 353 Garrison, L., 34, 64 Garrison, R. E., 448, 469, 499,514 Gasser, Urs, 153, 209 Gautier, D. L., 390,395.416,419 Gavish, E., 60, 468 Gayler, A. M., 61 Gazzi, S. P., 324, 338 Gebauer, D., 27, 62 Gees, R., 30, 64, 452,471 Geike, A., 205,205 Geiser, A. c., 387,396 George, D. J., 394,395.421, 422 Ghisler, M., 271 Gibbs, R. J., 70, 71, 93, 155,209,

281,317 Gierloff-Emden, H. G., 383,395 Gieskes, J. M., 453, 469, 470 Gilbert, C. M., 20, 35,45,67, 141,

146, 150, 152, 156, 161, 176, 197,199,201,203,205,206, 213,248. 286,445,448,469, 470

Gilbert, G. K., 317 Gilchrist, J. M., 338 Giles, R. T., 35, 62 Giles. R. V., 275,317 Gilligan, A., 8, JJ, 30,62 Gilluly, J., 478, 514 Gilreath, J. A., 14, 348, 353. 372,

378 Ginsburg, R. N., 17,395 Giresse, P., 81, 93 Girin, Y. P., 517 Glaeser, J. Douglas, 383,395 Glaessner, M. F., 471 Glaister, R. P., 73, 83, 93, 374,379 Glaser, J. D., 338 Glass, H. D., 41, 62 Glennie, K. W., 125, 133, 311,317,

405, 408, 411, 445, 451, 470, 477, 514

Glover, J. E., 449,470 Gluskoter, H. J., 174,209 Gnaccolini, Mario, 15,404 Goldberg, E. D., 62 Goldhaber, M. B., 34,65 Goldich, S. S., 34,62,223,246,

262,271 Goldman, B. J., 411 Goldman, M. 1., 8, 11,155,187,209 Goldschmidt, V. M., 4,11,62 Goldsmith, J. R., 46, 47, 62 Goldstein, August, Jr., 322, 338 Gonzaga, T. D., 18 Goodell, H. G., 50, 60 Goodell, P. C., 215,245 Gopinath, T. R., 208 Gorai, M., 259,271 Gorshkov, G. S., 228, 245 Gorsline, D. S., 319,394 Gould. H. R .. 304,317

Grabau, A. W., 197, 198,200,201, 204,205, 253,271

Grace, L. M., 14,353,378 Gradym, A. E., 404 Gradzinski, R., 13, 408,411 Graf, D. L., 46, 62, 443,470 Graf, Walter H., 275, 281, 317 Graham, S. A., 271,480,483,492,

574 Graham, S. C., 522, 531 Graham, W. A. P., 179,209 Granata, G. E., 379,419 Grandstaff, D. E., 509,514 Gratun, L. C., 88, 93 Gray, D. 1., 421, 422, 490,516 Graybill, F. A., 85, 93 Grayson, D. K., 216, 247 Green, J., 216,245 Grayson, D. K., 216, 247 Green, J., 216, 245 Green, P., 273 Greenly, E., 146, 173,209 Greensmith, J. T., 19 Greenwood, B., 126, 132, 296,316,

317, 383,395 Gregor, C. B., 478,514 Gregory, H. E., 6, 11 Gregory, K. J., 294,317 Gregory, M. R., 117, 133 Greiner, H., 337,338 Griffin, J. J., 40, 62 Griffiths, J. C., 86, 92, 98, 133, 157,

209 Griggs, A. B., 186,209 Griggs, D. T., 252,271 Grill, E. V., 409 Grim, R. E., 38, 39, 40, 62, 63, 187,

189,209, 457,470 Grimm, J. P., 42, 63 Grimm, W. D., 62 Groat, C. G., 363,367 Grone, A. J., 213 Grout, F. F., 166, 174, 197,205,

209,273, 519,532 Groves, A. W., 437, 470 Grow, J. A., 501,514,517 Grumbt, Eberhard, 19, 99, 133 Griinenfelder, M., 27, 62 Gruner, J. W., 152,209, 262,271 Gubler, Y., 125, 133 Guggenheim, E. A., 438, 470 Guilford, C., 20, 21 Gulbrandsen, R. A., 209 von Giimbel, C. W., 425,470 Giindogdu, N., 64 Gunn, W., 211 Gustavson, T. c., 374,378 Guy, H. P., 286,312,320

H ten Haaf, E., 265,271 Haddehorst, H. G., 472 Hadding, Assar, 8, 11, 153, 181,

187,209 Hager, J. J., 473 Haile, N. S., 169,209 Hails, J. R., 418, 419 Halbouty, M. T., 404,481,515 Hall, James, 108, 118, 133

Hall, J. K., 513 Hall, W. D., 418, 419 Hallam, A., 47, 62 Hallermeier, R. J., 281,317 Ham, W. E., 470

537

Hamblin, W. K., 15, 100, 103, 127, 133, 134,319, 343,354, 396, 411

Hamilton, E. L., 85, 93 Hamilton, N" 312,317 Hamilton, P. J., 28, 64 Hamilton, R. M., 518 Hamilton, W., 515 Hammond, P, E" 233, 240, 245 Hampton, M, A" 304, 306, 307,318 Hand, B. M" 42, 63,83,93,311,

317 Hand, D. M., 394,395,421,422 Hanford, C. R., 380,381 Hanor, J, S., 49, 63 Hansen, E., 328,338 Haralick, R. M., 418, 419 Hard, D. M., 395 Hardenbol, J., 476,515 Harder, H., 30, 63, 452,470 Hardie, L. A., 48, 49, 63 Harms, J. C., 15,17, 103,104,127,

133, 280,288,297,298,313, 317,341,350,353,367,400, 404

Harper, J. C., 121,192 Harrell, J., 71, 79, 93, 271,520,532 Harris, A. L., 515 Harris, D. G., 418, 419 Harris, L. D., 469 Hartley, H. D., 520,532 Haszeldine, R. S., 466, 470 Hatlelid, W. G., 12,518 Hawkes, H. E., 95, 532 Hawkins, J. W., Jr., 146, 173,209,

470, 508, 575 Hawkins, P. J., 432, 470 Hay, R. L., 52, 63, 229,245,458,

470 Hayes, J. B., 292, 363,367 Hayes, J. R., 34, 35, 63 Hayes, M. D., 374, 375,378 Hayes, M. 0., 15, 292,317, 380,

381, 383,387,395 Head, J. W., III, 411, 516 Heald, M. T., 177,206,427,436,

448, 455, 456, 462, 470, 472 Hebda, R. 1.,378 Hedberg, H. D., 471 van Hee, G., 419 Heezen, B. C., 173,209, 306,313,

316,317,333,338,431,470 Heiken, G., 219,245 Heim, Albert, 230, 245 Heim, D., 53,63 Hein, F. J., 319 Heinbokel, J. F., 133 Heinrich, E. W., 222,246 Helgeson, H. C., 439, 440, 470, 474 Helmbold, K. P., 270, 504,514 Helmbold, Reinhard, 164, 165, 166,

167,209 Hem, J. D., 470 Hemingway, B. S., 472 Hemley, J. J., 38, 63 Hempton, M. R., 515

538

Henderson, J. B., 119, \31,133, 174, 327,338

Henderson-Sellers. A., 515 Hendricks, J. D., 515 Henningsen, Dierk, 167, 209 Henry, C. D., 419 Hepburn, J. C., 32,65 Herdan, G., 70, 93 Hertier, F. E., 403,404 Hertweck, G., 134 Herzen, R. P., 514 Hess, P. C., 440, 470 Hesse, Reinhard, 126, 133, 308,317,

334,338,401,404 Hester, N. c., 28, 65 Heward, A. P., 383. 395 Hewett, T. A., 455. 474 Hewitt. C. H., 412, 418,419 Hickok, W. 0., III, 188,209 Hicks, D. M., 400, 404 Higgins, M. W., 252.271 Higgs, Roger, 81, 82, 93 High, L. R., Jr., 18, 125. 126,134,

329, 339 Hildebrand. T. G., 515 Hill. G. W., 126. 133 Hill, N. M., 317 Hill, P. 1.. 401. 404 Hinx, K., 518 Hinxman, L. W., 211 Hinze, W. J., 513 Hirayama, 1.. 401,404 Hirst, D. M., 63 Hiscott, R. N .. 87, 93 Hoare, J. M., 207 Hobday. D. K., 14, 343,353,364.

367,385.387,395,412,418, 419, 518

Hoblitt, R. P., 66 Hobson, G. C., 61, 420 Hoffman, 1.. 466. 470 Hoffman. P. F., 494, 495, 515 Hoholick. J. D., 86, 92, 93, 463,

465.470 Holdren, G. R., Jr., 34. 60, 63 Holland, C. H., 394, 422 Holland, H. D., 42, 63, 470.509,

510,513,515 Hollister. C. D., 173.209.306.313,

317,338,431,470 Holmes, A., 4. 11,197,201,203.

205, 379,381 Holocombe, Colin, J., 418,419 Holt, Olin R., 348. 353 Homewood. Peter, 372,378 Honze, E., 237. 246, 514 Hooper. W. F., 265,271 Hope. R. A .. 132 Hopkins. M. E .. 529, 532 Hoque, Momin ul, 159, 209 Horn, Dietrich, 385. 395 Horn, M. K., 3, 4, 1 I Horne, J. c.. 363,367,378,422 Horne, John, 211 Horowitz, Alan. 46, 63 Horowitz, D. H., 369, 378, 421, 422 Horvath, F., 517 Horwood, H. C., 174,209 Houbolt, J. J. H. C., 305,317,403.

404

Hough, J. L., 254,271 Houghton, H. F., 523.532 House, M. R., 338 Houston. R. S., 387, 395 Howard, J. D., 126, 133, 330.338,

384, 385, 394, 395 Howell, D. G., 513, 515 Howells, M. F., 231, 244,246,515 Hower, 1.. 453. 457. 466, 468, 469,

470 Hower. M. E., 470 Howie, R. A., 33, 61 Hoyt, J. H .. 120,135 Hrabar. S. V., 330.338. 358,367,

438,470 Hsu, K. 1., 35, 63, 184,209, 230,

246,326,328,338,401,403,404 Huang, T. c., 247 Hubbard. D. K., 292,315 Huber. N. K., 216,246 Hubert. J. F., 35, 42. 63. 142. 153.

19<;.209. 265.270. 32X. 333. 338. 437.470

Huckenholtz, H. G., 149, 151, 165. 204

Hudson. C. B., 258,271 Huffman. G. G., 253,271 Hulse. W. J., 360.367 Humble, William, 198, 199,200,205 Hunkins, K. L.. 134 Hunt, J. M., 28, 52. 63, 443, 466,

470 Hunter, B. E .. 468 Hunter, D. R., 518 Hunter. R. E., 45, 63, 112, 126.133,

189,209, 237, 311. 317. 392, 394,395,408,41I

Hurd, D. c., 439, 453,470,471 Hurley. P. M., 28. 63, 446,470 Hutka. J., 272 Hutnance. J. M., 342,395 Hyde, J. E., 329,338 Hyne, N. E., 368, 379, 381 Hyne, N. J., 343,353,374,378,419

I lijima. A., 48, 51, 52, 63, 64, 480,

515 lllies, J. H., 495, 515 llling, L. V., 446, 451. 470 Imreh, Laszla, 245 Ingersoll, R. Y., 43, 53,63,246.

270,271,480.483,485,487, 492. 502,514,515

Ingle. J. C., Jr.. 302.317 Inman. A. D .. 316 Inman, Douglas L., 286, 296, 302,

303. 317 Inman, K. F., 270 Innes, J. L., 231. 246 International Association of

Volcanology. 246 International Atomic Energy Com-

mission, 419 Irani. R. R., 70, 93 Irving, E., 504, 515 Irving, R. D., 153, 169,209 Irwin, W. P .. 165.206 Ivanovich, R. S., 15

Author Index

Iversen. J. D., 310, 311. 317 Ixer, R. A., 51, 66

J Jacob. A. F., 326,338 Jacobsen, Lynn, 157,209 Jacobsen. S. B., 515 Jackson, Dana, 354 Jackson, D., 134 Jackson, G. D., 167. 174.208,511,

514 Jackson, M. l.. 61 Jackson, M. P. A., 385.395.518 Jackson, P. D .. 77, 93 Jackson, Roscoe G., 360,367 Jago, C. F., 126, 133 James, c., 269 James, W. C., 37,60, 63 James, W, R" 131, 133, 327,339 Jandia, R. J., 231, 246 Jankowsky, W., 472 Jarvis, 1.. 72, 94 Jefferson, C. W" 332,340 Jenks, W, F .. 246 Jensen, L., 513 Jensen, J. L., 223, 364, 368 Jensen, R. A., 378 Jerzkiewicz, T .. 408, 411 Jobin, D. A., 418,419 John, C. 1., 385, 395 Johns, G, L., 134 Johns, W. D .. 40, 63 Johnson, A, M., 117, 133, 307,317 Johnson, D. P .. 377, 378 Johnson, D, W" 301,317 Johnson, G, D" 360,368 Johnson, H, D" 321,338,393,395 Johnson, R, W., 237,246 Jones, C. M., 103, 134 Jones, D., 513 Jones, D. L .. 478, 504, 513, 515 Jones, G, P .. 115, 133 Jones, H. P .. 75, 93 Jones, J, B., 29, 38, 63, 439,470 Jones, J. G .. 245 Jones, K. L .. 4Il, 516 Jones, P. H .. 443, 470 Jones, R. L., 513 Jones, T, A" 131, 133, 327,339 Jones, W, R., 63 deJong, L. D .. 379 Jonker, J. B. M., 305,317,403,404 Jopling, A. V., 112,134,291,296,

317,319,378 Judd, J, B .. 51, 63 Judson, S., 513,515 Juve, G .. 237,246,403,404

K Kahle, J, E., 132 Kahn, J. S" 86, 93 Kaiser, E., 175,209 Kalinske, A, A., 286, 310,317,318 Kalsbeek, F., 251,271 Kana, T. W., 15 Kane, M, F" 503,515 Karasek, R. M" 50, 66 Karig, D, E .. 483, 484, 515, 516 Kasino, R. E .. 376.378, 416,419

Author Index

Kastner, Miriam, 38, 63, 65, 429, 439,454,461,462,470,493,517

Katherman, C, E., 468 Katsui, Y., 230, 246 Kaufman, S., 513 Kay, Marshall, 4, II, 209, 475, 478,

479,482,493,515 Kazakova, V., 480,516 Kazkov, G. A., 517 Keake, B. E., 5/8 Keelen, D. K., 413, 416, 419,524,

532 Keene, J. B., 470 Keiter, C. W., 419 Keith, M. L., 61, 151,209 Keller, G. R., 513 Keller, W. D., 256, 271 Kelley, D. R., 386,395 Kelley, V. C., 99, 134 Kelley, W. C., 67 Kelling, G., 42, 63, 3/9, 328,339,

397,405 Kelts, K., 404 Kennedy, V. C., 251, 271 Kennedy, W. Q., 151, 153,209 Kenyon, N. H., 301, 315, 317 Kepferle, R. C., 401, 404 Kermode, L. 0.,247 Kesel, R. H., 231,246 Ketner, K. B., 181, 184, 209 Keulegan, G. H., 302,317 Khabakov, A. V., 125,134 Kindle, E. Moo 110, 134, 329, 339 King, Cuchlaine A. M., 296,317 King. E. A., Jr., 511, 515 King, H. R., 95, 532 King, R. E., 5/5 Kingebiel, A., 378 Kingsley, C. S., 372, 379 Kingston, D. R., 421,422,481,515 Kingsman, D. J. J., 48, 63, 493,515 Kistler, R. W., 28, 62 Kitchell, J. A., 120,134 Kitchell, J. K., 134 Klein, George de Vries, 15, 126,

134, 141,146,173,197,210, 212,301,318,322,328,330, 331,333,339,343,353,372, 379,383,387,393,395,421, 422,476,511,516

Klemme, H. D., 481, 51.5, 516 Klemmensen, Lars B., 410, 4II Klimentides, Roo 292,318 Klingebiel, A., 315,376,378 Klitgard, K. Doo 500,516 Kloowijk, P. H., 420 Klovan, J. Eoo 83,93,95 Knepp, R. A .. 270 Knight, R. J., 316, 387,395 Knight, S. H., 405, 4II Koch, M. R., 471 Kocurek, Gary, 311, 312,318 Kohn, B. P., 335,337 Kokelaar, B. P., 237,244,246 Kolm, L. Doo 338 Kolmogorov, P. N., 71, 93 Kolodny, Y., 50, 63 Komar. P. D., 17, 281,282,296,

302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 315, 318,369,379,383,395,421,422

Komseyer, Karl, 272 Konieczek, J., 420 Konta, Jiri, 143,210 Kossovskaya, A. G., 143,210,457,

471 Kostecka, A., 13 Kottlowski, F. K., 396 Kouba, D. L., 251,271 Kozakov, G. A., 28, 65 Kraft, J. C., 385,395 Kraus, M. J., 519,532 Krauskopf, K., 41, 63,433,471 Krinsley, D. H., 8, II, 19, 28,29,

32,40,63,64,65,66,80,81, 93,94,95,311,318

Krumbein, W. c., 8,12. 7\. 77, 85, 88,93. 143,203,206.207.210. 254,260,271.302,317.346,353

Krynine, P. D., 3, 8, 9, 12, 30, 36, 43,63,141,142,149,152, 153, 155, 157, 158, 159, 164, 173, 175, 176, 179, 181, 185, 192, 197, 199, 200, 202, 203, 204, 206, 210, 256, 258, 260, 262, 264,265,266,27/.475,493, 514, 516

Ksiazkiewiez, Marian, 120, 134 Kubler, B., 133, 465,471 Kuenen, Ph. H., 3, 4, 5, 7, 12, 74,

79, 80, 82, 83, 93, 105, 108, 114, 117, 134, 146, 167, 173, 184, 185,194,195,210,253,271, 304,311,318,334,336,339, 397,404

Kulm, L. D., 324,338 Kumar, N., 385,395 Kuntz, M. A., 247 Kuovo, Olavi, 149, 151, 153, 177,

181,212 Kurtz, D. D., 71, 92 Kushiro, I., 237,244 Kusmin, R. 0.,514

L Lacroix, A., 228, 244,246 Lajoie, J., 247 Lajoie, S., 216,246 Lamar, D. L., 184, 2I1 Lambaise, J. J., 316 Lambasi, J., Jr., 93 Lamego, A. R., 319, 376, 385,395 LaMonica, G. B., 404 Land, L. S., 56, 64, 443, 453, 466,

471 Lane, E. W., 286,318 Lanford, R. P., 132 Lanfreidi, N. W., 396 Lang, J., 19 Larese, R. E., 462, 470 Loronne, J., 334,340 Larsen, E. S., 420 Larsen, G., 468 Larsen, L. H., 246 Larson. E. E., 66. 462, 471 Larson, W. A., 499, 516 Lasius, G. S. Otto, 164, 200,206,

210 Lassin, R. J., 471

Latter, J. H., 247 Lauffenburger, S. K., 401, 404 Laughrey, C. D., 416, 419 Laurier, D., 378 Lawson, B. J., 517 Lawson, D. E., 379 Lawson, D. S., 439, 471 Leake, B. E., 515 Leao, H. Z., 20 Leatherman, S. B., 395

539

LeBlanc, R. J., 343, 353, 368,379. 412, 415, 419

Leduc, M., 245 Lee, H. L., 29, 40, 64 Lee, Myung, W., 18 Leeder, M. R., 13, 318, 421,422 LeFever, R., 94, 319 LeFournier, J., 391,395 Leggett, J. K., 35, 64, 404, 480,487,

512,516 von Leggewie, Riidiger, 75, 93, 325,

339 Leith, C. K., 3,12,36,64. 177,2/0 Leopold, L. B .. 294, 304, 318 LePichon, X., 480, 488, 516 Lerbekmo, J. F., 161,210 LeRibault, Laic, 20, 32, 64, 80, 81,

93,94 Lerman, A., 64, 88, 94, 281, 3/8 LeRoy, D. C., 347,353 LeRoy, L. W., 347, 353 Lesht, B., 396 Levell, B. K., 393,395 Leverett, Frank, 207 Leveridge, B. E., 515 Levey, R. A., 292,3/8 Levorsen, A. J., 448, 471 Lewin, J., 354,366 Lewis, B. T. R., 460 Lewis, D. R., 516 Lewis, D. S., 389,395 Lewis, Douglas W., 13 Lewis, K. B., 310,318 Li, Yuan-Hui, 478, 516 Lidiak, E. G., 513 Lienert, Barry R., 71, 87, 95 Lindberg, F. A., 270 Lindholm, R. C., 121,134 Lindquist, S. J., 416, 419 Lindsay, J. F., 511,516 Lineback, Jerry A., 401,409 Link, D. A., 317 Link, M. H., Jr., 380, 381 Lipman, P. W., 215, 226,246,247 Lipson, 1., 28, 64 Littlefield, R. F., 256,271 Livingston, A. R., 418 Logatchev, N. A., 495, 516 Lombard, Augustin, 14 Loney, R. A., 169,210 Long, D. G. F., 330, 332,339 Long, J. V. P., 66 Loope, D. B., 312,318 Lossel, P., 404 Loucks, R. G., 445, 446, 464, 471 Loughnan, F. c., 25, 64 Loup, Gustave, 20 Lovell, J. P. B., 64.306,320.327,

328,334,340.401,403,404. 405. 432. 471

540

Lovell, P. H., 333,337 Lowe, D. R., 243,246, 306,318 Lucas, G., 19 Lucas, J., 50,64 Ludwick, John C., 376,379 Luepke, Gretchen, 261, 271 Lugmair, G. W., 27, 64 Lundahl, A. c., 35, 65 Lundberg, N., 246,483,516 Lundquist, G., 318 Luternauer, J. L., 378, 469 Liithi, S., 305,318 Liitzner, Harold, 19 Luyendyk, B. P., 336,339 Lyell, Charles, 204, 206 Lyse, S., 67

M MacClintock, C., 517 MacDonald, R. D., 469 MacGregor, A. M., 175,210 Mack, G. H., 54, 60, 63, 64, 156,

195,210,212,259,271,273, 302, 318

Mack, G. M., 269 MacKenzie, D. E., 246 Mackenzie. F. T .. 4. 5. II. 30,34.

39.62.64.67. 149. 151. 153. 155. 156.208. 253. 256. 261, 271.447.451.452.469.470. 471. 478. 508. 514

MacKenzie, W. S., 20, 21 Mackie, W., 8, 12. 30,64 Macleod, N. S., 247 Madel, J., 247 Mader, Detlof, 363,367, 410,411 Maeble, S., 368 Magara, Kinjii, 347,353 Majewske, Otto P., 46, 64 Makrutzki, J., 260,271 Malesani, P. G., 512 Malin, M. C., 516 Manetti, P., 512 Mange-Rajetsky, M. A., 261, 271 Mankiewicz, D., 461, 462, 471 Mann, A. G., 418,419 Mann, W. R., 195,210, 263,272 Mansfield, G. R., 188,210 Manskaya, S. M., 64 Marchese, H. G., 202,206 van der Marel, H. W., 40, 60 Margolis, S. V., 80, 81, 94 Markewicz, F. J., 186,210 Marsaglia, K. M., 421,422 Marschalko, R., 336, 339 Marsden, R. W., 273 Marsh, Bruce D., 237, 246 Marshall, N. F., 306,319 Marshall, P. E., 244,246, 253,272 Martens, J. H. C., 35,64, 186, 190,

210 Martin, Louis, 376,378. 379 Martin, R. F., 272 Martini, 1., 385,395 Martinis, B., 404 Martinson, H. A., 246 Mason, Robert, 206 Mason, V., 246 Mast. R. F .. 89, 94. 419

Matheron, G., 88, 94 Mathieson, M. E., 233, 246 Mathur, S. M., 176,210 Matsuda, Tokohiko, 227,245, 484,

514 Matsumoto, R., 48, 64, 515 Matter, A., 258,272, 324.340, 401.

405 Matthes, G., 276,318 Matthews, M. D., 317 Mattiat, B., 156, 164, 165, 167,210 Mattick, R. E., 514,517 Maxey, G. B., 468 May, J. P., 386,396 Maynard, J. Barry, 11, 12, 35,45,

56,58,64,65,66, 134, 259, 266, 272, 273, 401,404, 419, 463, 471, 480, 500, 502,516, 517, 518, 523,532

McBirney, A. R., 216,248 McBride, E. F., 51,64,113,134,

142, 156, 164, 165, 169, 176, 199, 201, 202, 203, 205, 206, 210, 211, 223, 291,318

McCabe, C., 67 McCabe, K. W., 363,367 McCabe, P. J .• 103,134 McCammon, R. B., 74, 94 McCave, 1. N., 71, 94,302,318,

387,396 McClay, K. R., 455, 471 McClelland, L., 247 McCoy, F. W., 32, 63 McCulloch, D. S., 61. 92, 290, 292,

316,319 McCullough, M. T., 28. 64 McDonald, B. C., 378 McDonald, B. F., 378 McDonald, D. A., 92, 94. 437, 445,

452, 463, 464, 465, 471. 472 McDougall, K. A., 515 McElhinney, M. W., 447, 471 McElroy, C. T .. 164,2]] McEwen, M. C., 152,2]] McGinnies, W. G., 405, 411 McGowen, J. H., 126, 134, 292,

318. 341,353, 360, 363,367, 371, 379,379, 381, 414, 418,419

McKee, E. D., 101, 126,134, 195, 2]].312,318.328,339,405, 408, 409, 410,411

McKelvey, J. G., 443, 471 McKenzie, D. P., 481, 490, 493,

514,516 McKeown, F. A., 518 McLauren, D. J., 318 McLennon, S. M., 29, 64 McMaster, R. L., 34,64 McMillew, K. J., 516 McQuillin, R., 350,353 Mead, W. J., 3,4,12,36,64 Meade, R. H., 431, 471 Meckel, L. D., 159, 185,2]],290,

318. 325, 336,339, 376,379 Medeiros, R. A., 342,353 Meiday, T., 514 Meijer Dress, N. C., 391.396 Meischner, D., 185.21/ Mellen, 1 .. 339 Mellon, G. B., 86, 94

Menard, H. W., 516 Menor, E., 64

Author Index

Menschel, G., 30, 63 Merifield, P. H., 184,211 Merino, E., 443, 458, 471 Merriam. D. F., 378. 422 Merrill, G. P .. 151, 211 Messe. R .. 272 Metarko, Thomas A., 93, 470 Meyer, W., 246 Meyerhof, A. A., 515 Mezzadri, G., 480,518 Mhyr, D. W., 391,396 Miall, A. D., 17, 125, 131, 134, 270.

296,318, 347,353, 354, 363, 366,367,368.419, 420,422. 481,516

Michel, J., 380,381 Michot, Paul, 143,211 Middleton, G. V., 13, 17.60,71, 73,

87,93,94,163,169,192,211, 282,283,286,287,294,304, 305, 306, 307,318,339,513, 519, 532

Midgley, H. G., 29, 64 Migdisov, A. A., 12,517 Migliorini, C. I., 173,210. 397,404 Miitsuma, N., 516 Mikhailovskaya, M. S., 12. 36,65,

212,213,517 Miles, R. C., 270 Miller, J. P., 318 Miller, M. C., 285,318 Miller, T. P., 367,379 Millot, Georges, 38, 40, 64, 66, 195,

211,457,471 Milne,1. H., 443, 471 Milner, H. B., 8, 10, 12, 42,64, 260,

261,272 Minter, W. E. L., 364,368,418,

419, 420, 518 Mitchell, A. H. G., 480, 516 Mitchell, W. A., 42, 64 Mitchum, R. M., Jr.. 12. 372,379,

401,404, 518 Miyashiro, A., 484, 485, 489, 516.

518 Mizutani, S., 164, \75, 184,211,

212, 246, 259,272 Moebs, N. N., 363,367 Moiola, R. J., 83, 94. 401,403,405.

421,423, 476, 477. 517 Moire, G. 1., 94, 319 Moler, P. A., 512 Molina, Dias Margarita, 360, 369 Molnar, P., 490, 516 Mongar, 1. W. H., 513 Monicard, R. P., 88, 94 Monk, G. P., 88, 93 Montadert, L., 515, 516 Monty, C .. 394 Moon, C. F., 32, 66 Moore, C. H., 443, 473 Moore, D. G., 492, 514 Moore, G. F., 485, 516 Moore, 1. C., 404,483.484,485.

487,488,489,516 Moore, 1. G., 227.246 Moore, P. S .. 322. 323. 329, 339 Moore, W. R .. 338

Author Index

Moorehouse, W. W., 222, 246 Morgan, J. J., 262,273 Morgan, J. T., 412, 416,419 Morgenstern, N. R., 309,319 Morris, Henry, M., 275, 296,319 Morris, R. c., 448, 471 Morton, A. c., 260, 261, 272 Morton, R. A .. 360, 367 Moser, Frank, 61,92,316 Moss, A. J., 30, 64, 254, 256, 272 Mount, J. F .. 298,319 Moyer, F. T., 188,209 Mrakovich, John V., 77, 94 Mudd, G. C., 470 Mueller, W., 245 Muffler, L. J. P., 498, 516 Miiller, German, 13 Mulluneaux, D. R., 215, 231,245,

246,247 Mumpton, F. J., 52, 63. 65, 219,247 Munson, R. A., 51, 64 Murdama, 1., 480,516 Murina, G. A., 28, 65 Murphy, J. F., 387,395 Murphy, M. T. J., 52, 62 Murray, B., 511,516 Murray, H. H., 171,211 Murray, 1. W., 469 Murray, R. C., 13, 60, 463,470,

471,513 Musai, 1., 230,246 Mutch, T. A., 410,411,516 Mutti, Emiliano, 397, 398,400,404

N Nadji, Mehdi, 363,367 Naeser, C. W., 466, 471 Nagahama, H., 115, 116, 134 Nagtegaal, P. 1. c., 92, 94, 432,

448,464,469,470,471 Nakajima, T., 401, 404 Nance, W. B., 29, 64 Nanz, R. H., Jr., 45, 64, 157, 158,

161, 211, 326,339, 508,516 Naraeva, M. K., 514 Nardin, T. R., 319 Nann, E. M .. 411 Nash, W. P., 34, 66, 259.273 Nasu, N., 514 Naumann, C. F., 164,211 Neal, W. F., 35, 63 NEDCO, 367 Neidell, N. S., 350,353 Neilson, T. H., 333, 339 Nelson, C. H., 395 Nelson, H. W., 73, 83, 93, 379 Nelson, John, 365,367 Nesbitt, H. W., 443, 471 Netto, A., 20 Nevsky, B., 469 Newhall, C., 247 Newton, R. S., 297, 300,319,320 Nichols, G. D., 63 Nickel, E., 64.86,94,261,262,272,

437,471 Niedoroda, A., 396 Niem, A. R., 235,246 Nieter. W. M .. 32, 64 Niggli, P., 151. 158,211

Nikolaeva, D. V., 514 Nilsen, T. H., 399,400,405, 499,

513,516 Nilson, H., 368 Nio, S. C., 396 Nittrouer, C. A., 388, 396 Noble, R. L., 95, 340 Nolan, K. M., 246 Nordin, C. F., 300,319 Normark, W. R., 397,403,404,405,

513 Northrop, D. A., 62 Northrop, S. A., 235, 245 Nosow, E., 339 Nowatzki, C. H., 18, 20 Nur, A., 455, 458, 473.478,504.

513,516 Nutt, M. J. C., 515 Nyssen, R., 133

o Obradovich, J., 28, 62 O'Brian, N. R., 379 Oda, M., 94 Odum,1. E., 53, 54, 64, 461,471 Oertel, G. F., 320 Off, Theodore, 393, 396 Ogliana, F., 381 Ogunjomi, 0., 258,272 Ojakangas, R. W., 149, 155, 181,

195,207,211 Ojeda, H. A. D., 495, 517 Okada, H., 45, 64, 141,143,165,

167, 169, 186,211 Oldham, Thomas, 202,206 Oliver, J., 513 Oliver, T. A., 363,368 Oilier, C., 25, 64 O'Nions, R. K., 28,64 Oomkens, E., 376,379 Opdyke, N. D., 334,339,472 Ori, G. G., 381 Oriel, S. S., 148,211 Orr, c., 70, 94 Orville. P., 34, 64 Orzeck, John J., 92 Osborn, E. F., 439,472 Ota, Ryokei, 134 Otto, George, 76, 94 Ovenshine, A. T., 132, 376, 379 Owen, M. R., 258,272 Owens, W. H., 317

p Packhorn, G. H .. 52. 65, 143.211,

458.472 Padgett, G. V .. 294, 319 Paganelli, L., 338 Page, David, 201. 206 Page, H. G .. 71, 94 Palmason. G., 517 Palmer, H. D., 405 Pankratz, H. S., 471 Pannella, G., 511, 517 Paquet, H., 66 Parea, G. C .. 404 Parfenoff. A .. 19, 42, 65 Park. C. F., Jr., 169,21 I

Park, J. M., 131,134 Parker, G., 396 Parker, J. R., 397, 405 Parson, W. H., 222,246 Parsons, B., 493,517 Parsons, I., 303,319 Pascoe, W., 363,367 Passega. Renate, 74, 94 Patterson, C., 27, 66 Patton, J. B., 177,2]] Payne, P., 4]]

541

Payne. T. G .. 145, 156, 157.202. 206.211,265,272

Payton, C. A .. 518 Payton, C. E., 350.353,379 Peach, B. N., 153,2]] Peacor, D. R., 29, 40, 64 Pearson, E. S., 520,532 Peikh, V., 143,211 Pelletier. B. R .. 159, 211, 325. 328,

329, 330, 339 Pemberton, S. G., 122,133 Perkins, B. F., 339 Perrodon, A., 481, 517 Perry, E. R .. 470 Peterman, Z. E., 56, 65 Peterson, G. L., 381 Petrovic, R .. 34, 65 Pettijohn. F. J., 9,12,14,18,34.

35, 37, 53, 54, 58, 59, 65, 87. 94,99,106,115, 117, 125, 132, 134, 141,143,149,150,151, 153,156,157,158, 163, 165, 166,167, 172. 177. 184. 186. 188. 189, 192. 196, 197, 198. 199, 201, 202, 203 204,206, 211. 254. 260. 261. 262. 265. 271,272,273.313.319,321. 326. 328. 330.337. 339. 404. 436. 439. 472, 475. 479. 503. 504.507.511. 517, 518

Phillip, W" 444, 457, 466, 472 Phillips. H .. 337 Phillips, J. D., 339 Picard, M, Dane, 18. 125. 126, 134,

329, 339 Pickle, J. D .. 63 Pierce. J. W,' 319 Pierce. K .. 131.133 Pilkey, O. H., 34, 35, 61, 62, 63,

319 Piller, M., 40, 61 Pilote, P., 245 Pinson, W. H., Jr., 28, 63, 470 Pirson, S. J., 83, 94 Pitter, H .. 91, 92 Pittman, E. D., 92, 94. 258, 259,

269,272, 416,420, 445, 453. 457,462.463,472.474

Pitly, A. F., 354,367 van der Plas, L., 36. 65, 520, 522 Plimer, 1. R .. 418. 419 Plumley, W, J., 82, 94, 156,2]],

263, 272 Plymate, T" 259, 272 Poldervaart, A" 3, 4,12,43,65.

260,272 Polevaya, N. 1., 28,65 Polynov, B. B., 262, 292 Polzer, W. L.. 34, 62

542

Pomerol. c.. 19. 65 Poole. F. G .. 334.339,405.411.

503.517 Porrenga, D. H .. 50, 65 Porter. P. E .. 319 Postma. H .. 74. 92 Potter. P. E .. 9.12, 18, 34. 35. 37.

45.46.55, 58, 62, 63, 65, 67, 78.87, 89, 93, 94, 99. 99, 106. 115. 125. 132.134. 184.186, 194.195. 196,211,212.218. 223. 229. 242. 247, 248. 256, 257.262,265,266,267,268. 271.272.273,290.313.319, 321, 326, 328. 33(), 335, 338, 339, 346. 352. 354, 358. 360. 367, 368, 374.379, 393.396. 419, 429.438.469,470.472. 476.477.479.490.491.502. 503.504.514.517

Powell. C. McA .. 245 Power. W. R., Jr .. 292.319.328,

339 Powers. D. W .. 347.354 Powers. L. S .. 56. 65 Powers. M. C .. 77. 94, 521. 532 Pray. L. C .. 470 Presley. M. W .. 367 Press. D. E., n. 95 Pretorius. D. A .. 364. 368. 380. 381.

41S,419 Prevot, L .. 64 Prezbindowski. D. R .. 443.471 Price, W. A .. 253, 271 Price. W. E .. Jr .. 421. 422 Prinz. M., 246 Prior. D. B., 310,317,319 Proctor. K. E .. 471 Proffet. 1. M., Jr., 246 Pronin, A. A .. 514 Pryor, D. B., 133 Pryor, W. A .. 28, 45. 50,65. 89. 94,

186.212,253.257,265,272. 335,339,368,414,419.517

Putnam. P. E .. 363. 364, 368 Pye. K .. 29, 40. 65

Q Qudwai, H. A., 364, 368 Quearry, M. W., 245 de Quervain. F., 211

R Rackley, R. l., 418. 419 van Rad, U., 135, 502,518 Radomski, A .. 13 Radosevic, B., 133 Raeburn, c., 10,12 Raffalovich. F. D .. 422. 422 Ramdohr, Paul, 186.212 Rammler, E., 84, 94 Ramsey, J. G., 103. 115.134 Ramseyer. K .. 258, 272 Raudkivi. A. J., 258, 275, 310.319 Rautman. C. A .. 115, 134. 385,396 Reading, H. G., /5, 127.134,354.

480.499.512,516 Reed, A. A .. 338

Reed, J. c., Jr .. 337. 339. 514 Reed. J. J., 150, 166. 169. 174,212 Reed. R. D .. 155.212 Reed. W. E.. 71. 73. 83, 94, 282.

319 Rees. A. I.. 312.317.319 Rehmer. 1. A .. 32.65 Reich dos Santos. B .. 18 Reiche. P .. 334.339 Reinhart. C. D., 216.246 Reineck, Hans-Erich, 15. 99. 125.

126, 132. 134. 292, 300, 303. 319. 343. 354, 384. 385. 387. 394.395.396. 421. 422. 431,472

Renton. J. J., 367. 455, 470, 472 Rex. D. c.. 27. 28, 60, 61 Rex, R. W .. 514 Reyres, Dominique. 502.517 Ricci Lucchi. Franco. 14.21, 125.

134,380.381,397,398.400. 401,404, 405

Rice, D. D .. 390.395.396. 416. 419 Rice, R. F.. 338 Rich. David. 368 Rich. E. J., 269. 270 Richardson. E. V .. 286. 288.314.

317 Richardson. 1. G .. 415. 419 Ries. H., 199.206 Rigby. J. K .. 15. 127.134.319.343.

411 Rigley. J. K .. 354. 396 Rimsaite. J., 36,65. 259. 272 Rinne. Friedrich. 181. 212 Rittenhouse, Gordon, 42. 65. 282.

284, 319, 351. 354, 431. 472 Rittman. A., 216. 222.246 Riviere. A .. 70. 94 Rizzini. A .. 404 Roach. C. H .. 413. 420 Robb, 1. M., 517 Robbins. E. I.. 502.517 Roberson. C. E .. 62 Roberts, George, 198, 199.206 Robertson, E. C .. 208. 469 Robie, R. A .. 439.472 Robin. P. Y., 455, 456,472 Robinson, A., 42. 65 Robinson. P., 469 Robinson, P. T .. 514 Robles, Rogelio. 75. 93. 254. 271 Rocheleau, M .. 229. 235. 243.245 Rodine, J. A., 117,133 Rodgers. John. 140,212 Rodrigo, L. A .. 21 Roe. S. L.. 368 Roedder, E .. 466, 472 Rogers,J.1. W .. 211 Rognon. P., 394 Romero. Flores M .. 354. 367 Ronca!. L. B .. 514 Ronov, A. B .. 3. 4. 7,12,36,65.

193.212.215.247,249.478, 507.508,509,517,518

Roobal. M. J., 248 Roots, W. D .. 245 Rosell. J .. 13 Rosenfeld, M. A., 455. 472 Rosin. P., 84. 94 Ross. C. S .. 243, 244,247

Author Index

Ross. D. A .. 324, 339 Ross, G. M .. 334.339 Rossen. R. H .. 419 Rothrock. E. P .. 177. 179.212 Rouse. H .. 378 Rowe. J. J., 452. 453. 469 Rowley. P. D., 229,247 Roy, P. S .. 385.396 Royden. L.. 495. 497. 513, 517 Rubey. W. W .. 281, 319 Rubin. D. M., 290, 292, 31y Ruddiman. W. F .. 338 Rudich, E. M., 269 Ruhkin. L. B., 83. 94 Ruhl. W .. 418 Rumpler, J., 517 Runkorn, S. K .. 334. 339 Ruoff. W. A .. 347, 354 Rusnak. G. A .. 87. 99, 431. 471, 532 Russ, D. P .. 518 Russell. J. D., 40. 62 Russell. R. Dana, 35.45.62. 65,

156, 184,212.263.264.272 Russell. R. J., 2.12,254,272 Rust. B. R .. 354 Rutten, M. G .. 49, 65 Rutter. E. H .. 455. 468, 472 Ryberg, P. T .. 270 Ryder. R. T .. 18 Ryer. T. A .. 511. 516

S Sabins. F. F .. Jr .. 4f.. 65. 15<).212.

448. 4<; I. 472 Sagan, Carl. 310,319 Sagoe, Kweka-Menasch. 0 .. 83. 94 Sahu, B. K .. 74. 75. 83, 94, 143,212 Salamuni, R., 334,337, 408.411 Sams. R. H., 132 Samson,!. M., 470 Sanchez de la Terre. L. M .. 13 Sand. L. B., 52. 63, 65, 219,247 Sandberg. A. E .. 233.247 Sandberg, C. A .. 503,517 Sanders. J. E., 13. 60.133,314,

316, 385. 395, 468 Sanderson. I. D .. 410. 411 Sangree, J. B., 12, 350,354,379,

518 Sangster. D. F .. 418. 418 Sanschagrin. Y .. 345 Santos, M. A. A .. 20 Sares. S. W .. 63 Saunders, R. S., 411. 516 Saunderson, H. c.. 296, 319 Savin. S. M .. 56.65.457.469.474 Sayles. F. L., 453,472 Schaller, H., 353 Scheidegger. A. E .. 88. 90, 94, 229.

247.275,281.282.290,310.319 Scheinin, N. B., 27, 64 Schermerhorn, L. J. G., 237. 247.

403.405 Schidlowski, M .. 509. 515 Schlee, J. S .. 254.272,500.514,517 Schleicher, J. A., 65 Schluger. P. R., 18. 61. 426,445,

466, 469, 470 Schlumberger, 349. 350.379

Author Index

Schmid, R., 247 Schmidt-Kraepelin, E., 377,379 Schmidt, Victor, 92, 94, 437, 445,

452, 463, 464, 465, 472 Schmincke, H.-H., 216, 219, 224,

227, 233, 239, 243, 244, 245, 247, 326, 339

Scholle, P. A .. 15.18.20.46,61, 65, 71.73, 83, 87, 95. 343,354. 426. 445, 466, 469, 470, 471, 472,473,474.517

Schreiber, B. c., 446,469 Schuchert, Chas., 3. 12 Schumm, S. A., 294,319, 342, 354,

354, 355,356, 362,368, 510,517 Schuster, V. L. L., 20 Schuttenhelm, R. T. E., 396 Schwab, F. L., 181. 212,266.267,

272. 339, 480.517 Schwartz, D. E., 363,368 Schwartz, G. M., 169,212 Schwartz, M. L., 383, 394, 396 Schwartz, R. K., 132 Sclater, J. G .. 466, 472.493.517 Scoffin, T., 133 Scott, A. J., 333,339,390,394 Scott, G., 329,340 Scott, K. M., 100, 134, 246. 333,

340 Sears, M., 473 Sedimentation Seminar, 83, 95, 328,

340,358,363,368,391,392, 396, 438,472, 525,532

Seed, D. P., 50, 65 Seeland, D. A., 129,135,332,340 Seeley, D. R., 245,480,483,514 Segnit, E. R., 29, 63,439,470 Seilacher, A., 110, 119, 120, 135,

185,212,391,394,422 Self, S., 216, 247 Selivanov, H. S., 514 Selley, R. D., 9, 12,14,15,91,95,

322, 327, 328,340, 347,354, 361,368, 389, 392,396, 416, 420, 463, 464, 472

Seni, S. J., 419 Senior, A., 518 Sergio, T., 20 Serra, J., 77, 95 Serra, 0., 18 Serri, S. J., 379 Shabad, T., 515 Shafers, C. J .. 366,366 Shakesby, R. A., 132, 135 Shanmagan, G., 194,212, 403,405,

418,419,421,423,476,477,517 Shanster, Yeo V., 358,368 Shapiro, L., 64 Shapiro, M. N., 269 Sharma, G. F., III, 484,515 Shaver, R. H .. 514, 515 Shaw, A. B., 343,354 Shawa, M. S., 127,135,321,340 Shea, J. H., 254, 272 Shead, A. c., 178,212 Shearman, D. J., 48, 65, 446,472 Sheets, P. D., 216, 247 Shelton, J. W., 16, 87, 95, 326,340,

354, 385, 396 Sheng, H .. 63

Shepard, F. P., 2, 12, 35,66, 126, 135, 296, 306,319

Shepard, L. E., 516 Shepard, R. G., 318 Sheppard, R. A., 51, 64 Sheridan, M. F., 227, 228, 229, 247,

248 Sheridan, R. E .. 517 Sheriff, R. D., 18, 350,354 Shidler, G. L., 338 Shields, A., 284,319 Shiki, T., 65, 164, 169, 175,212 Shimozuro, D., 237,246,247 Shimp, N. F., 65 Shipley, T. H., 516 Shor, G. G" Jr., 512 Short, N. M., 216, 245 Shotten, F. W., 324,340, 405, 4Jl Shrock, R. R., 108, 135, 216,247 Shultz, D. M., 72, 95 Shutov, V. D., 142, 143,200,206,

212, 457,471 Sibley, D. F., 32,65,448,455,456,

472 Siebert, L., I, 247 Siegel, F. R., 319 Siemers, C. T., 130, 135, 383,396,

397,405 Siever, Raymond, 29, 38, 39, 62, 63,

65,208,212,429,437,441,448, 449,453,454,456,457,461, 462,466,469,471,472,473, 480,486,493,517, 529,532

Siffert, Bernard, 39, 66 Sigurdsson, H. A., 233, 236, 237,

241, 244, 247 Sillen, L. G., 451, 473 Silva, M. E., 18 Silver, E. A., 513 Silverman, S. R., 451, 473 Simkin, T., 215, 247 Simmons, G., 438,473 Simoneau, P., 245 Simonen, Ahti, 149, 151, 153, 167,

177,181,212 Simons, D. B., 286, 288, 313,317,

319,320 Simpson, Frank, 390, 396 Simpson, J. E., 304,319 Sindowski, Karl-Heinz, 73, 74, 95,

262,272 Singh, I. B .. 15, 125, 126, 134, 135,

303, 314, 343,354, 431, 472 Sippel, R. F., 32, 66, 80,86,95,

177,212,251,272,432,452, 456,473

Sisson, T. W., 227, 246 Skinner, B. J., 418 Skipper, Keith, 293,319, 326,340 Skolnick, Herbert, 177,212 Slaczka, A., 398, 399, 405 Slatt, R. M" 72, 95,253,272 Sleep, N. H., 493,513,517 Slemmons, D. R., 272 Sloss, L. L., 143, 159, 161, 203,

206,207,210,212, 427,473, 503,518

Smalley, I. J., 32, 66, 438, 473 Smirnov, V, I., 10, 12 Smit, R., 404

Smith, A. L., 248 Smith, D, G., 363,368 Smith, D. K., 517 Smith, D. T., 93 Smith, G. E., 418, 419, 420 Smith, G. G., 368 Smith, G. N., 18 Smith, I. E. W., 246 Smith, J. V., 32, 33,66 Smith, L. M., 368

543

Smith, N. D., 291, 292,319, 363, 364,368, 418,420

Smith, N. M., 339 Smith, R. L., 243, 244, 247 Smith, S. M., 516 Smith, W. c., 63 Snead, R. E., 383, 396 Sneed, E. D., 77, 79, 95 Sneider, R. M., 88, 95, 415,420,

524,532 Snelson, S., 478, 479, 481, 492,512 Snow, W. E., 248 So, C. L., 300, 319 Soares, P. C., 340, 409, 4Il Socci, A., 83, 95 Solie, G., 405, 411 Solodkova,1. I., 12, 36,65,212 Solohub, J. T., 83, 95 Sorby, H. C., 7, 8, 9, 12, 135, 256,

273, 286,320, 321,340, 532 Southard, J. B., 15, 17, 112,133,

137, 287,317,320 Spalleti, L. A., 16, 343,354 Sparks, R. S. J., 216, 247 Spearing, D. R., 15, 16, 343, 354 Speed, R. c., 518 Speers, R. G., 75, 93 Spinnanger, A., 368 Spooner, E. T. C., 42, 65 Spotts, J. H., 451, 473 Sprunt, E. S., 455, 456, 473 Squyres, Coy, 405 Sridhar, K., 61 Stalder, P. U., 416,420 Stallard, R. F., 262,273 Staman, G., 64 Stanford, P. M., 93 Stanley, D. J., 63, 115,135,319,

397, 400, 405 Stanley, K. D., 292, 315 Stanley, K. 0., 66,219,247,374,

379, 466,473, 504,518 Stanley, P. F., 487,513 Stapor, F. W., 83, 95 Starkel, L., 294, 320 Stauffer, P. H., 115, 135, 314,320 Stebinger, E., 186,212 Steckler, M., 467, 473 Steel, J. J., 363,368 Steel, R., 420, 423 Steidtmann, J. R., 83, 95, 461, 462,

471 Stein, C. L., 439, 473 Stein, J. A., 504,514 Steiner, D., 513 Steiner, M. B., 51, 66 Steinmetz, R., 131, 135, 327, 340 Stenstrom, R. c., 32, 66 Stephan, J. F., 516 Stets, J., 246

544

Stevens, C. H., 517 Steward, R. G., 61 Stewart, J. H., 517 Stewart, R. J., 207 Stille, H., 475, 482, 518 Stoessel, R. K., 443, 473 Stone, B. D., 135 Stow, D. A. V .. 132, 306, 320, 327,

328. 334, 340. 399, 401, 403. 404,405

van Straaten, L. M. J. U .. 383, 396 Stradner, H., 516 Strakhov, N. M., 37. 66, 155,212 Stratten. T .. 419 Strauss. G. K., 247 Streckersen. A. L., 222, 247 Streeter, V. L .. 275,320 Stricklin. F. L., Jr., 329,340 Stride, A. H .. 18, 300,315,320,

393, 396 Stringham. G. E .• 281. 320 Stubbs. A. R., 315 Stumm, W .. 262,273,469 Stumpft. E., 42, 66 Sturm, M., 324,340,401,405 Suczek, C. A .. 9,11,71, 95, 266,

267,270,483,485,491,492. 495.499,502,514,515

Suguio. Kenrito, 14 Sullwold. H. H., Jr., 333, 340 Summerson. C. H .. 519.532 Sundberg. Ake, 254,270, 285, 310,

320, 360, 368 Surdam, R. C., 374,379, 445,453,

455.458,459,461,471,473,474 Sutherland, A. J., 284, 320 Suttner. L. .1 .• 14,30,36,60.63, M.

159. Ihl. 184. 185,212,259, 260. 2h2. 2h3, 2h5. 269. 272, 273

Sutton. J .. 27. 60, 167.340 Suwa. K., 184.211 Suzuki, Takeo. 229,247 Swann, D. H .. 71, 95, 339,391,396 Swanson. D. A .. 227, 247 Swanson, D. C., 360, 368, 374.379 Sweatman. T. R., 66 Swett, K .. 185. 195,212 Swift, D. J. P., 299, 300, 301, 302,

320, 390, 391, 396 Swinford, Ada, 29, 30, 62, 66, 151,

178, 184,212, 448,473 Szumanski, A., 360, 368

T Tackenberg, P., 341. 350,353 Tada, R., 456, 473, 515 Taira. A., 71. 73, 83, 87, 95 Takihashi, J.. 187, 189,213 Taliaferro, N. 1.,165,169,175,213 Tallman, S. L., 142, 192,213,447,

473 Tandy, Y., 40, 41, 66 Tankard, A. J., 377,379,518 Tanner, W. F., 83, 95, 332,340,

383,396 Tapponier, P., 490, 516 Tarr, W. A., 178,213 Tasse, N .. 247 Tatsumoto. M., 27, 66

Taylor, A. M., 468 Taylor, J. C. M., 412, 416,420,445,

451,470,473,496,518 Taylor, J. H., 50,66 Taylor, J. M., 86, 95, 455, 473 Taylor, P. T., 517 Taylor, S. R., 29, 56, 58, 60, 64 Teisseyre, A. K., 363,368 Teodorovich, G. I., 142,213 Terry, R. D., 520,532 Teruggi, Mario, E., 21 Terwindt, J. H. J., 292, 300, 315,

376,379 Thiel, G. A., 177, 179, 185,213,

263,273 Thom, B. G .. 396 Thomas, H. H., 199,206 Thompsen, B., 271 Thompson, B. N., 223, 235, 247 Thompson, D. B., 17, 99, 127, 132 Thompson, M. E., 413, 420, 468 Thompson, M. N., 517 Thompson, S., III, 12, 393,396,

398.405,518 Thompson, W.O., 126, 135 Thomson, A., 436, 473 Thorarinsson, S., 244, 247 Thornes, J. B., 294,316,320 Thoulet, J., 261, 273 Thouvenin, J., 378 Thurston, P. C., 244 Tibbitts, G. C .. 328,339 Tieje, A. J., 176, 197,201,202,204,

206,213 Till, Roger, 85, 95 Tillman, R. W., 383, 396,405 Tilton, G. R., 27, 60 Tissot, B. P .. 52, 60, 443, 466, 473 Tobi, A. c.. 520, 522 Todd, D. K .. 412, 420 Todd, R. G., 12,518 Todd, T. W., 37. 66, 157,213,256.

265,273 Tokuhashi, S .. 405 Toksoz, M. N., 513 Tomita. Toru. 42, 66, 2h 1.273 Tourenq, J., 19, 65 Tovey, N. K., 32, 63 Towe, K. M., 453, 473 Trask, P. D., 8,12,313 Travis, R. B., 143,213 Trefethen, J. M., 12 Trevena, A. S., 34, 66, 259,273,

363. 368 Tricker, R. A. T., 296,320 Triplehorn, D. M., 50,66 Troll, Carl, 376.379 Trowbridge, A. c., 35,66 Trurnit, P., 455, 473 Tsoar, Haim, 408, 411 Tucker, M. E., 18, 20, 405 Turner, B. R., 125,135 Turner. C. C., 18 Turner, F. J., 20,35,52,66,67,

141,146,150,152,156,161, 167, 176, 197, 199,201,203, 204,205,206,213,248,445, 470

Turner, P., 51, 66 Tuttle, O. F .. 157, 159,210

Author Index

Twenhofel, W. H., 175,200,206, 213

Tyler, N., 353 Tyler, S. A., 261, 273 Tyrrell, G. W., 167, 199,202,206,

213 Tyuftin, Y. A., 514

U Udden. J. A., 8.12,71. 95, 254.273 U. S. Corps of Engineers, 320, 325,

340 Unrug, R., 13, 399,405 Updike, R. G., 227, 247 Uyeda, S., 237,247,480,483,484.

485, 518

V Vail, P. R., 9,12,379,515,528 Valecka, Jaroslav, 299,320,421,

423 Valentine, J. W., 404 Vallon. R .. 35, 45, 64, 66, 26h. 27(),

273,480,500.502.514,518 Van Herzen, R. P., 517 Van Hinte, J. G., 466, 473 Van Hise, C. R., 169, 177,209,210,

447,473 Van Horn, F. R., 207 Van Houten, F. B., 50, 51, 52, 66,

164,209, 233,247,447,462,473 Van de Kamp, P. c., 499,518 Van Veen, F. R., 90,95,410,411,

414,416,420 Van der Vlught, W. R., 420 Van der Voo, R., 67 Van Weering, T. C. E., 296 Vanney, Jean-Rene, 300,320, 388,

396 Vannoni, V. A., 288,320 Vause, J. E., 329,340 Vedder, J. C., 573 Veenstra, H. J., 78. 95 Veizer, 1.. 518 Velde, B., 38, 40, 50, 66, 457,473 Vennard. John K .. 275, 320 Vera, J. A .. 13 Vereda, Y. S., 363,368 Verhoogen, J., 52, 66, 167,213,438.

473 Vessell, R. K., 233, 234, 235, 23h,

247,270 Viard, J. P., 73, 95 Viljoen, M. J., 206 Viljoen. R. P., 206 Vincent, C. E., 396 Vinogradov, A. P., 508,517,518 Visher, G. S., 16, 73,83,94,95,

343, 345, 347,354 Visser, C. F., 360, 368 Visser, J. N. J., 389,396 Vitanage. P. W., 260,273 Vitas, L., 13 Voll, G., 256,273 Vondra, C. F., 233, 246 Von Huene, R., 488,518 Voss, J. D., 27, 61 Vuagnat, Marc, 219. 221. 247

Author Index

W Wacker, M. L., 20 Wadell, Hakon, 77, 95 Waitt, R. B., Jr., 230, 248 Waldbaum, D. R., 435,471 Waldron, H. H., 231, 232, 248 Waldschmidt, W. A., 178,213,445,

473 Wallace, H., 495,518 Wallace, R. E., 207 Walls, Joel D., 416, 420 Walker, F. H., 339 Walker, G. P. L., 245, 248 Walker, J. C. G., 518 Walker, R. G., 15, 16, 17, 103, 104,

112, 133, 134, 135, 265,273, 298,317, 320, 325,337, 341, 343,354, 360, 363,366, 367, 368,397,399,400,405,511,518

Walker, T. R., 51, 66, 194,213,438, 462,471,473,474

Walters, M. J., 95 Walther, Johannes, 343, 354 Walther, J. V., 439,474 Walton, E. K., 125,133, 167,213,

306,316 Wang, Chao-Siang, 143,213 Wanless, H. R., 525,532 Ward, P., 504,518 Ward, W. C., 74, 75, 76, 93 Warne, S. St. J., 46, 66 Warner, J. L., 518 Warren, A., 75, 95, 310,316,320,

405,411 Warren, Guyon, 74, 95 Wasserburg, G. J., 27, 28, 61, 64 Watchorn, M. B., 518 Waters, A. C .• 215, 229,245, 248,

292,316 Wathne, E., 404 Watkins, J. S., 515, 516 Watson, Geoffrey, S., 88, 95 Watson, J., 167,212,340 Watson, J. V., 27,60 Watts, A. B., 467, 473 Waugh, B., 66, 213, 461,474 Weaver, C. E .. 29. 62, 273, 509,518 Weaver, K. N., 337, 339 Webb, W. M., 35, 45, 67, 218,223,

242, 248, 256, 273 Webber, E. J., 207 Webby, B. D., 165,213 Weber, J. N., 169,213 Weber, K. J., 376,379, 385,386,

396, 415,418,420 Weber, W., 244 Wedepohl, K. H., 56, 67 Weimer, R. H .• 120, 135 Weinberg, B., 77, 92, 94, 258,270 Weise, B. R., 349,354,379 Weisenftuh, G. A., 519,531 Weiser, D., 83, 94

Wellendorf, William, 80, 95 Wells, A. J., 470 Welte, D. H., 52, 66, 443,466,473 Welton, Joan E., 21, 88, 95 Wentworth, C. K., 2, 8, 12, 71, 95,

254,273 Wermund, E. G., 332,340 Werner, F., 300,320 Wescott, W. A., 380,381 Weyl, P. K., 71, 89, 92, 436, 455,

456,468,474,523,531 Wezel, F. C., 404, 512 Wheeler, W. H., 366,367 Whetten, J. T., 35, 45, 67, 146, 166,

173, 209, 213, 223,248, 432, 470, 508,515, 518

Whisonant, R. C., 330,340 Whitaker, J. C., 340 White, B. R., 310, 311,317 White, D. E., 498,516 White, W. A., 468 Wickman, F. F., 4, 12 Widmeir, J. M., 12, 350,354,518 Wiegel, R. L., 196,303,320 Wier, G. W., 101, 134 Wiese, Bonnie R., 377,379 Wieseneder, H., 164,213 Wiesnet, D. R., 149, 151, 155,213 Wiggert, J. M., 275, 296,319 van der Wilk, E., 379 Willand, T. N., 471 Willden, M. Y., 418, 420 Williams, B. P. J., 318 Williams, E. G., 61 Williams, G. E., 126, 135 Williams, Howell, 8, 20, 35, 45, 67,

141, 143, 146, 150, 152, 156, 161,176,197,199,201,203, 204,205,206,213,216,222,248

Williams, L. A. J., 512 Williams, Lou, 8, 12 Williams, P. A., 422, 515 Williamson, C. R., 405 Willman, H. B., 35, 67 Wilson, C. J. N., 245, 248 Wilson, G., 335,340 Wilson, Ian, G., 286, 312,320 Wilson, J. L., 147,213 Wilson, M. D., 416,420, 445, 457.

474 Wilson, M. J., 523,532 Wilson, T., 367 Windley, B. F., 511,518 Windom, H., 62 Winkelmolen, A. M., 78, 95 Winkler, H. G. F., 465, 466, 474 Winterhalter, R. V., 211 Wisniowiecki, M. J., 51, 67 Witter, J., 65 Witters, Juanita, 62 Wobber, F. J., 71, 92 Wohletz, K. H., 227, 228, 229, 248

545

Wolf, K. H., 17, 61, 256,273,352, 419, 431,468

Wolff, R. G., 254,273 Wollast, R., 30, 67, 474 Wolman, M. G., 318 Wong, H., 514 Wood, G. V., 401,404 Wood, J. R., 455, 458, 461, 474 Woodcock, N. H., 132, 135, 328,

329, 333,340 Woodford, N., 39,66,437,473 Woodland, A. C., 518 Woodland, A. W., 167, 172,213,

411,420 Woolverton, D. G., 350,351,404 Worzel, J. L., 518 Wright, E. P., 316 Wright, J. V., 231, 243, 248 Wright, L. D. 369, 376, 378, 379,

396 Wright, M. E., 275, 298,320 Wunderlich. F., 99, 134 Wurster, P., 246

y Yaalon, D. H., 334,340 Yagi, K., 223, 248 Yalin, M. S., 275, 286, 288,320 Yamada, E., 227, 248 Yangus, J. E., 524,532 Yaroshevsky, A. A., 478,517 Yasso, W. E., 324,340 Yeakel, L. S., Jr., 113,134,159,

213, 324, 330,340 Yeh, H. W., 457, 469, 474 Yokoyama, I., 237,246,247 Young, A., 430, 442, 474 Young, F. G., 379 Young, G. M., 330, 332,339,340 Young, R. A., 320 Young, R. D., 396 Young, S. W., 30, 60, 256,273 Young, W., 269 Yu, H. S., 35,64

Z Zamora, L. G., 347,354 Zanke, Ulrich, 18, 275, 320 Ziegler, P. A., 496, 497, 518 Zimmerle, Winfried. 42. 43. 67. 86.

95. 165. 186.213. 260. 261. 273. 387.396,418

Zingg, A. W., 311,320 Zinkernagel. U., 251,273 Zoback, M. D., 503,518 Zuffa, G. G., 21, 143, 147,207,213,

253,272,273,333,338,339,531 Zussman. J., 33, 61 Zvyagin, B. B., 40, 67

Subject Index

A Abrasion, 53-54 Accretionary prism (see plate

tectonics) Accretionary tectonics and

terranes, 504 Acoustic impedance, 351 Active margin (see plate tec­

tonics) Adhesion ripples, 312 Airfalls (see volcaniclastic sand-

stone) Albitization, 174 Aleutian trench, 488 Alkali elements (see chemical

composition) Alkaline earth elements (see

chemical composition) Allochems, 147 Alluvial fans, 361-362 Alluvial sands

general, 354-368 paleocurrents, 329-330

Aluminum (see chemical com-position)

Amazon River, 78, 268, 502 Amorphous silica, 29 Analcime (see zeolites) Analytical electron microscopy,

AEM,29 Anastomosing stream deposits,

363 Anchimetamorphism, 465 Andean convergence, 480-487

(see also plate tectonics) Angle of repose, 103 Anhydrite, 49, 462 Ankerite (see carbonates) Antidunes, 229, 285, 288,

292 Antietam sandstone, 181 Apatite, 50 Appalachian Basin, 503 Appalachian-Ouachita system,

429 Arenite, definition, 144-145

Arkose, 148-156 chemical analyses, 151 field occurrence, 153 modal analyses, 149 provenance, 155-156 residual, 152

Arkosic arenite, 145, 152 Athabasca sandstone, 179 Aulacogen, 494-495, 504 Authigenesis, 424 (see also

diagenesis) Average sandstone, 192-193

B Back-scattered electron mode,

29 Backset bedding, 292 Ball-and-pillow structure, 114 Baraboo quartzite, 179 Barite, 463 Barrier, coastal, 383-387 Basin analysis, 336

controls, 476-477 fore-arc (see plate tectonics) foreland, 503 Illinois, 503 Michigan, 497, 503 Pannonian, 497 sandy basins, 476-477 successor, 504-506 volcanic, 240-243

Beaches, 296-303, 382-387 petrology in South America,

490 Bed load, 283 Bedding

bedding plane markings (see sole marks)

classification, 99 deformed, 113-118 fundamental properties, 98

Bedforms alluvial hierarchy, 287 in flumes and channels, 286-

293

in North Sea, 301 in San Francisco Bay, 290 on Mars, 408 produced by waves, 298

Belly River sandstone, 161 Bengal fan, 483, 492 Biogenic structures, 118-122 Biotite, 38, 189 Bioturbation, 119, 431, 510 Botucatu sandstone, 6, 408 Boundary layer, 278-279 Brahmaputra River, 492 Braided stream deposits, 361-

363 Brines, 442-443 Buntsandstein, 6 Burial diagenesis, 465-467

C Calcarenaceous sandstone, 189-

190 Calcite (see carbonates) Carbonaceous matter (see or­

ganic matter) Carbonates

calcite and dolomite, 46 dissolution, 463-465 Fe-Mn carbonates, 46 general, 46-48 precipitation, 448-452

Carbon dioxide, 47, 438, 441, 506

Carbon isotopes, 56, 443, 450 Carnotite, 463 Casper sandstone, 181 Cathodo-luminescence, 32, 46,

80,86,258 Cation exchange capacity,

CEC, 39 Cementation, 447

carbonate, 448-452 lithic arenites, 430, 447 paragenesis, 444-446 quartz arenites, 177-178 silica, 452-456

547

548

Central tendency, 74 mean, 74 median, 74 mode, 74

Chabazite (see zeolites) Chamosite, 50 Chemical minerals, 27-54 Chemical composition, 54-60

alkalies, 54 aluminum, 55, 442 arkose, 151 classification, 57-58 diagenesis, 432-444 graywackes, 166 isotopes, 56-57, 443, 446, 525 lithic arenites, 158 miscellaneous sandstones, 188 plate tectonics, 58-59 quartz arenites, 177 variation with age, 506-509

Chert, 30-31, 159,219,260, 442,455

Chert arenite, 159 Chert-rich sands, 159 Chezy equation, 294 Chlorite, 38 (see also clay min­

erals) Clay minerals, 38-41

diagenesis, 416, 458 ion exchange, 39 origin, 40-41 in reservoirs, 416, 441, 457 structure, 39 varieties, 38-41

Climate, 194, 268, 476-477 Climbing ripples, 292 Coal measures, 363-364 Coastal sands

environments, 381-388 hydraulics, 296-303 paleocurrents, 330-333

COCORP, 503 Cohesion, 308 Colorado River, 498, 499 Combined flow ripples, 297 Compaction, 351-352, 431,467 Composite quartz, 31-32,255 Concretions, 122, 427 Confidence limits, 522 Congruent dissolution, 435 Continental collision (see plate

tectonics) Continental slope (see slope

deposits) Contour currents, 306, 333, 403 Contourites, 403 Convolute bedding, 117 Cratonic basins, 502-504 Cristobalite, 29, 216 Crossbedding

deformed, 104 depositional environment, 34 hummocky, 103,391

origin, 286-291 paleocurrents, 329-344 types, 101

Crushing, 253 Current crescent, 107 Current rose, 327-328

D Dakota sandstone, 181, 183 Dalradian sandstone, 167 Darcy's law, 88 Debris avalanche, 229-230 Debris flow, 117, 307 Decementation, 87, 437, 463

(see also secondary po­rosity)

Deformed beds, 104, 113-118, 307-310

Deltas general, 368-377 provenance of sands, 502

Densimetric Froude number, 304

Density current, 303 Depositional model, 341 Depositional strike, 343 Depositional systems

alluvial, 354-368 definition, 342 deltas, 368-378 eolian, 405-411 essential elements thereof,

343 fan deltas, 379-381 future research, 420-422 geometry, 244-245 reservoirs, 411-418 sandy coastlines, 381-394 slope and deep basin, 396-404

Deserts, 405-408 Detrital minerals, 27, 29-46 Dewatering, 114-115 Diagenesis, 424-474 (see also

cementation) burial diagenesis, 465-467 chemical properties, 429, 432 dissolution, 435-438 feldspar-kaolinite, 439-441 graywacke, 430 matrix, 431-432 mineral composition, 26, 429,

434 physical properties, 87,429,

431 porosity, 463-465 precipitation, 433-435 quartz arenite, 430 sequence and timing, 444-447 textures, 427-428

Diagenesis and plate tectonics general, 425-467 stages, 464-465

Subject Index

Dielectric anisotropy, 326 Dikes, 117 Dipmeter, 347-350, 365, 397 Directional structures, 326-327 Dish structure, 115 Dispersal patterns, 322-327, 486 Dissolution porosity, 463-464

(see also decementation) Dolomite (see carbonates) Drag coefficient, 281 Drag force, 284 Dresbach sandstone, 179 DSDP drilling, 500 Dunes, 311, 313, 408-409

on Mars, 408

E East African rift, 495 Effective pressure, 308 Electron microprobe, 28 Electron microscopy (see scan-

ning electron microscope) Embayed quartz, 218 Endogenetic sands, 253 Entrainment, 283-285 Environments of sedimentation

(see depositional sys­tems)

Eolian sands, 405-411 Epiclastic, 186, 252 Erionite (see zeolites) Eugeosyncline, 479, 481 Eureka quartzite, 181

F Fabric, 85-87

contact types, 86 hydraulics of, 312-313 imbrication, 87 orientation, 87 packing, 88-89 terminology, 86

Factor analysis, 83 Famous sandstones, 6 Fan deltas, 379-381 Feldspar

in ancient sandstones, 36 authigenic, 37-38, 461 dissolution, 439-441, 462 feldspathic arenite, 145 guide to provenance, 2'58-259 K-Na-Ca system, 33 origin, 36-38 in recent and modern sands,

34-36 stability, 34 in volcaniclastics, 218-219

Feldspathic sands, 148-156 Flat bed, 291 Flow regime, 288

Subject Index

Flow separation, 279 Fluid flow, 276-283

boundary layer, 278-279 density current, 303 flow separation, 279, 290 laminar, 276 shear stress, 276, 284 streamlines, 276 turbulent, 276

Fluid inclusions, 466 Fluid separation (see fluid flow) Fluidization, 306 Flutes (see sole marks) Flysch, 491, 506 Fore-arcs (see plate tectonics) Foreland basins, 502-504 Foreset geometry, 290-291 Form drag, 279 Formation fluids, 442-444 Formation waters, 442-443 Fountain sandstone, 153-154 Fourier grain shape, 77 Franciscan sandstone, 169 Fracture porosity, 464 Fracturing, 253 Framework, 140 Free jet, 370 Friction velocity, 279 Frio sandstone, 161 Froude number, 278

densimetric, 304

G Ganges River, 492 Geohistory (sedimentation)

diagram, 467 Geological thermometry, 466 Geophysical logs

dipmeter, 347 signature, 347

Geosyncline, 475, 479-481 (see also plate tectonics)

Gibbsite, 442 Glauconite, 50, 187 Glossaries

hydraulic terms, 313-315 names of sandstones, 196-205 volcaniclastics, 243-244

Gold, 418 Grade scale, 1-2, 71 Graded bedding, 104-105 Grading, 106

Bouma sequence, 106, 307-308

coarse tail, 306 distribution, 306 origin, 304-307 reverse, 306 types, 104-105

Grain contacts (see fabric) Grain fall, 311 Grain flow, 307, 311

Grain orientation, 89-90, 292, 326

Grain size (see size) Graphic measures, 74 Gravitational sliding, 280 Gravity flows, 303-310 Graywackes, 163-176,430-441,

508 chemical analyses, 166 field occurrence, 167-172 matrix, 172-174 Na20 in, 58, 174 significance, 175-176 varieties, 166-167

Graywackization, 146 Great Valley sequence, 269 Greensand, 187-188 Greenschist facies, 498 Greenstones, 260 Gres Armoricain sandstone, 6 Groove casts (see sole marks) Gulf of Agaba, 499 Gypsum, 48, 462

H Heavy minerals, 41-43

dispersal, 322-324 hydraulic ratios, 83, 282 provenance, 260, 261 stability, 262, 436-437 ZTR index, 42

Hematite, 50-51, 462 Heulandite (see zeolites) Hierarchy of

directional structures, 328 environments, 342 sedimentary structures, 342

Hummocky crossbedding, 103, 298, 300

Hybrid sandstones, 186-192 Hydraulic equivalence, 282 Hydraulic ratios, 42, 83, 282,

284 Hydraulic terms, glossary

thereof, 313-315 Hydraulics

I

alluvial channels, 293-296 fluid flow, 276-279 symbols, 277 toe of crossbed, 291 waves, 296-303

Ichnofossils, 119 Illite (see clay minerals) Impact threshold velocity, 311 Incongruent dissolution, 441-

442 Indus River, 492 Intraplate volcanism, 237, 499-

500

Intrastratal solution, 436-437 Ion exchange (see clay min-

erals) Iron oxide, 50-51, 462 Iron silicates, 50 Isotopes

549

carbon, 56, 443, 525 neodymium-samarium, 446,

525 oxygen, 56, 443, 466, 525 potassium argon, 446, 525 rubidium-strontium, 56, 446 sulfur, 56, 443, 446, 525

Itacolumites, 86

J Jackfork sandstone, 169 Japan, 485 Jotnian sandstone, 153 Juniata sandstone, 159

K Kaolinite (see clay minerals) Keeweenawan sandstones, 153 Kerogen (see organic matter) Kozeny-Carman equation, 91 Kulm sandstone, 168

L Lahar (see volcaniclastic sand-

stone) Lake Baikal, 495 Lake Tanganyika, 495 Laminar flow, 276 Lamination

convolute, 106 cross-lamination, 101 definition, 100

Lamotte sandstone, 155, 181 Laumontite (see zeolites) "Leaky" transform, 499 Liesegang banding, 123 Liquification, 308-310 Lithic arenite (litharenite), 145,

156-163 chemical composition, 158 definition and nomenclature,

156 description, 156-158 field occurrence, 159-163 modal analyses, 157 origin, 163

Lithologic associations, 479 Lithologic transitions, 346 LITHOPROBE, 503 Load balls, 113 Load casts, 113-114 Load pouches, 113

550

Log signatures and environ­ments,348

Longshore currents, 301-303, 381-387

Lorrain sandstone, 153, 179

M Manning equation, 294 Mariannas type convergence,

480 Markov-I, Markov-2, 347 Mars, 295-296, 408, 511 Martinsburg sandstone, 169,

171 Massive bedding, 100 Matrix, 140, 146-147, 172-174,

431-432 Mauch Chunk sandstone, 159 Maximum pebble size, 324 Meandering stream deposits,

355-360 Megaripples, 287-288 Memory of successive environ­

ments, 345-347 Micas

in arkoses, 150 diagenesis, 38 provenance, 260

Microporosity, 464 Microprobe, 259 Microstylolites, 17 Mid-ocean ridges (MOR), 483,

493 Mid-ocean Ridge basins, 493 Middle American Trench, 487,

489 Mineral ages, 27, 28 Mineral and abrasion, 53 Mineral stability, 261-263,436-

437 Mineralogy

of pore-space precipitates, 434

resistance to abrasion, 54-55 and size, 53

Miogeosyncline, 479, 481 Mississippi River, 172,264,359,

502 Mixing, 26 Modeling of depositional sys­

terns, 421 Molasse sandstone, 153, 161,

268, 492, 506 Moment measures, 74 Montmorillonite (see clay min-

erals) Moon, 5\1 Mordenite (see zeolites) Mount St. Helens, 489 Mudcracks, 110 Multilateral sandstone body,

345

Multistory sandstone body, 345 Muscovite, 38

N Na20/K20, 174, 266, 507 Navajo sandstone, 6 Neutron activation analysis, 29 New Red sandstone, 6 Newark series sandstones, 153-

154 Nias (Nias Island), 483-485 Nicoya peninsula (Costa Rica),

483 North Sea, 496 Nubian sandstone, 6

o Oil and gas, 53, 443 Old Red sandstone, 6, 153, 161 Olistostromes, 117 Opal-A, 28-29, 439, 453, 455 Opal-CT, 28-29, 219, 439, 453,

455 Opaline silica, 29 Open channel flow, formulas

thereof, 294 Orbital velocity, 297 Organic matter, 52-53, 452 Oriskany sandstone, 181-182 Orogeny (see tectonics, plate

tectonics) Orthoquartzite (see quartz are-

nite) Osmosis, 443-444 Oswego sandstone, 159-160 Overpressure, 307-309 Oxygen isotopes, 56, 443, 466,

525

p Packing, 88, 98 Paleocurrents

alluvial, 329-330 basin analysis, 336 depositional environments,

334 eolian, 334 general, 321-336 paleoslope, 328-329 plate tectonics, 336-337 shoreline and shelf, 330-333 time, 335-336 turbidite, 333-334 volcanic, 334-335

Paleocurrent analysis benefits thereof, 321 in coastal and shelf sands,

389 criteria used, 322

Subject Index

general, 321-337 in turbidites, 401

Paleoflow, criteria for, 322 Paleohydraulics, 293-296 Paleomagnetic stratigraphy, 506 Paleoslope, 328-329, 343 Pangaea, 507 Pannonian Basin, 497 Paragenesis of cements, 444-

446 Parting lineation, 112 Parting step lineation, 113 Passive margin (see plate tec-

tonics) Pelletization, 253 Peninsula sandstone, 6 Permeability, 87-92, 308, 411-

418,429,463-465,526 Petrogenesis, 193-196 Petrography

classification, 142-143 nomenclature, 139 petrographic types, 138

Petrography report form, 524 Petroleum, 443 Phillipsite (see zeolites) Phosphate, 49-50 Phosphatic sandstone, 189 Phyllarenite, 158 Physical properties, 85-92 Pillow structure, 114 Placers, 42 Plagioclase, 32-38

in arkoses, 152 in Cambro-Ordovician sands,

259 in deep-sea sands, 259 stability, 33-34 volcanics, 219 zoned, 219

Planar crossbedding, 289 Plate tectonics

accretionary basins, 483, 487 back arcs, 484-486 basins, 478-479 diagenesis, 486, 489, 496, 499,

502 dispersal, 486, 489-491, 496,

499,502 early earth history, 506-511 forearcs, 483-484, 487 provenance, 266-268 rifts, 493-497 sedimentary environments,

481-482 tectonic settings, 480-504 transform fault basins, 498 volcaniclastics, 237-243

Pocono sandstone, 159 Point bars, 355-359 Pore systems, 411-418, 427,

429, 463-465, 526 Porewater pressure, 280

Subject Index

Pore water reactions, 442-443 Porosity, 87

absolute, 87 effective, 87 mineralogical maturity, 91 production and reduction,

434, 463-465 reservoir, 412, 416 solution, 91, 194, 463-465 types, 87 window, 91

Potassium-argon, 446 Potsdam sandstone, 155, 181 Pottsville sandstone, 159-160 Pressure solution, 177, 455-458 Protoquartzite, 145 Provenance (see also arkose,

deltas, micas, plate tec­tonics, quartz, and rock fragments)

definition, 254-255 examples, 268-269 methodology, 269

Puerto Rico, 485 Pumice (see volcaniclastic sand­

stone) Pyrite, 49, 463 Pyroclastics (see volcaniclastic

sandstone)

Q Quartz, 29-32

monocrystalline, 30, 255 polycrystalline, 30, 255 polygonized, 256 provenance, 255-258 varieties, 30-32, 255-258

Quartz arenites

R

chemical analyses, 177 field occurrence, 179-184 general, 176-186 origin, 184-186 varieties, 178-179

Radiolarians, 29 Reactivation surface, 103, 292 Recrystallization, 438-439 Red sandstones, 51 Reflection coefficient, 351 Remanent magnetism, 51 Report form, 524 Repository, 82 Reservoirs, sandy, 411-418 Reynolds number, 278 Rhine River, 492 Rib and furrow, 112 Ridge basin, 476-477, 498 Rifted basins, 493-498 Ripple marks

adhesion, 311-312

classification, 288 climbing, 112 in eolian sands, 311 general, 110-113 paleocurrents, 329 wave, 298

Rip-up clasts, 106 Rock description, 519-525 Rock fragments

general, 27, 43-46 provenance, 259-260 in recent and ancient sands,

44-45 stability, 43

Rock properties and flow re-sponse,412

Rock names (glossary), 196-205 Rollability, 78-79 Roller micrometer, 79 Roraima sandstone, 6 Rosin's law, 84 Rotliegendes sandstone, 6 Roundness, 77-80 Rubidium-strontium isotopes,

56,446,466

S Salt filtering, 443 Saltation, 73, 283 Samarium-neodymium isotopes,

446,525 San Andreas fault, 498 Sand and sandstone

abundance, 3-5, 192-193 crushing thereof, 253 crystal, 122 definition, 1-3 distribution, 5-7 economic value, 10-11 environments today, 5-7 famous, 6 feldspar in, 33, 37-38, 145,

218-219, 258-259, 439-441,462

genesis, 3 heavy minerals in, 8, 41-43,

261,262,322-324,436-437

history of study, 7-10 instrumental methods, 525 objectives of study, 526 petrographic report form, 524 sand production and forma-

tion, 251-254 sheets, 7

Sand crystals, 122 Sand grain surface textures (see

surface textures) Sandstone chemistry, 57-59,

151, 158, 166, 177, 188, 443-444, 466, 506-509, 525

Sandstone composition (chemical)

age, 506-509 classification, 57-58 evolutionary changes in

Earth, 509-511 future studies, 512 other planets, 511 tectonic setting, 58-60

551

Sandstone description, 519-525 Sandstone mineralogy, 8, 25-67 Scalar properties, 322-326 Scanning electron microscope

(SEM), 29, 40, 70, 78, 80, 81,89

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), 29, 523

Scoria (see volcaniclastic sand­stone)

Sea level, 370, 401, 476-477 Secondary ion mass spectrome­

ter (SIMS), 29 Secondary porosity, 91, 194,

463-465 Sediment surges, 303 Sedimentary differentiation, 26 Sedimentary dip, 347-348, 372

(see also crossbedding and pal eo slope)

Sedimentary environments (see depositional systems)

Sedimentary structures classification, 99 in modern sands, 126 paleocurrent significance,

127-132 symbols, 127 uses, 97, 124

Sedimentation diagram (see geohistory diagram)

Sedimentation unit, 76 Seismic cross sections, 372, 403 Seismic stratigraphy, 350,403,

421 Settling velocity, 71, 280-281 Shape, 77-80

rollability, 79 sphericity, 77

Shards, 217-218 Shear strength, 308 Shear stress, 276, 284 Sheet flow, 299 Shelves, 300-302, 330-333 Shield's parameters, 284 Shooting flow, 288 Shorelines and sands, 330, 336,

381-393 Siderite (see carbonates) Si02/ Ah03, 266 Silica, 55, 441 Silica minerals, 29-32 Siliceous sinter, 29

552

Sioux sandstone, 179 Size

areal variation, 322-326 biomodality, 76 in Buntsandstein, 325 central tendency, 74 dispersal, 322-326 distributions

log normal, 72 phi,71 psi,71 Rosin, 84 tau, 71

grade scale, 71 graphic measures, 73-75 kurtosis, 76 maximum size, 75 mean, 72 measures thereof, 70 median, 72 methods, 70 Mississippi River, 325 mode, 70 moment measures, 72 percentide, 73 phi scale, 71 psi distribution, 71 relation to mineralogy, 53 sand production, 254 settling velocity, 71 settling column, 71 skewness, 76 sorting, 75-76 statistical measures, 72-77 tau distribution, 71 terminology, 72

Skewness (see size) Slope deposits, 396-398 Slumps, ll5, ll7, 132,329,350 Smectite (see clay minerals) Sole marks, 105-110

bounce casts, 110 brush casts, 110 classification, 106 directional significance, 326 flutes, 106-107 groove casts, 108 skip casts, 110 slide marks, 701

Sorting images, 520 Sparagmites, 153 Specific weight, 276 Sphericity, 77 Splay deposits, 358 Static annealing, 256 Statistical measures of size, 72

bimodality, 75 central tendency, 74 kurtosis, 76 maximum size, 75 moment measures, 75

skewness, 76 sorting, 75-76

Stokes' Law, 281 Storm events, 301, 331, 333,

335, 391, 421 St. Peter sandstone, 6, 179, 181 Stratification index, 99 Stratiform ores, 414 Stream power, 284 Streamlines, 276 Strontium isotope ratio, 466,

525 Stylolites, 124 Subarkose, 149 Subcritical climbing ripples, 3ll Subduction zone, 490 Submarine fans, 398-400 Submarine slides, 310 Successor basins, 504-506 Sulfates, 48-49 Sulfides, 49 Sulfur, 56, 443 Surface creep, 73 Surface textures, 8, 29, 80-82 Suspect terranes, 504 Suspension, 73, 282, 285-286

T Tau distribution, 71 Tectonics, 37, 42, 237, 475, 477

(see also plate tectonics) Tempestite, 391, 421 Tensleep sandstone, 181 Textural fingerprinting, 83 Textural inversion, 83 Texture

charts, 520-521 and environment, 194 evaluation, 83 fabric, 85-87, 312-313 grain size, 69-97 maturity, 82-83, 523 methods, 70-71 paleocurrents, 322-326 and rock cycle, 84 syntaxial cement, 434

Theta scale, 99 Third Bradford sandstone, 159 Tidal currents, 374, 388 Tidal ranges, 374, 387 Tidal sands, 128-129,331,391,

393-394, 511 Tidalite, 301 Tigris-Euphrates Rivers, 492 Titanium oxide, 50 Torridonian sandstone, 153 Tourmaline, 43, 265 Trace elements in quartz, 31-32 Trace quartz fossils, 32, 118,

389

Subject Index

Traction transport of sand, 285 Transform boundary basins,

498-499 Transition matrix, 346 Transmission electron micros­

copy, 40 Transport, 25, 26, 275-313

bed load, 283 saltation, 283 wash load, 283

Trough crossbedding, 289 Tuffaceous sandstone, 190-192

(see also volcaniclastic sandstone)

Turbidites general, 396-404 graywacke, 169, 175 paleocurrents, 333-334 plate tectonic settings, 483,

485, 489, 492, 500, 502 and sedimentary structures,

105, 108, 112, 115 Turbidity currents, 303, 333-334 Turbulent flow, 276 Tuscarora sandstone, 163, 181

U Umpqua formation, 223 Undulatory extinction, 30 Uraninite, 463, 509

v Variance, 13 I Variance of crossbedding, 290 Venus, 5ll Vertical profile, 346-347 Viscosity, 276-277 Volcaniclastic sandstone (see

also tuffaceous sand­stone)

air fall, 215, 229 depositional facies, 224-237 diagenesis of sands, 51-52,

458-461 feldspar, 218-219 glass, 216-220 glossary, 243-244 inclined bedding in, 229 intraplate, 237-239 lahar, 230-231 petrographic characteristics,

216-221 plate tectonics, 237-243 pumice, 219-221 pyroclastics, 215, 224-226 scoria, 219-221

von Karman equation, 279 Vortex ripple, 298

Subject Index

W Wacke, definition, 146 Walther's law, 343 Wash load (see transport) Waves and currents

classification thereof, 297 theory, 297-299

Weathering clay minerals, 40-41

during geologic time, 510 of feldspar, 34, 155 of igneous rocks, 4, 5 and provenance, 25, 84,

253 sand production and forma­

tion, 252 Welded tuff, 216, 226 Wind, 310-312, 405-411

553

X X-ray methods, 28, 259, 523

Z Zeolites, 51-52, 216-219, 458-

461 Zircon, 42-43, 261 ZTR index, 42