APPENDIX-I Phytochemical tests: Tests for steroids: …shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/6935/12/12_appendix.pdf · APPENDIX-I Phytochemical tests: Tests for steroids: i)

APPENDIX-I

Phytochemical tests:

Tests for steroids:

i) Salkowski Tests: Chloroform solution of the extract when

shaken with concentrated sulphuric acid and on standing yields

red colour.

ii) Lieberman Burchardt tests: Chloroform solution of the extract

with few drops of acetic anhydride and one ml of concentrated

sulphuric acid from the sides gives reddish ring at the junction

of 2 layers.

Tests for Triterpenes:

i) Salkowski test: Chloroform solution of the extract when shaken

with concentrated sulphuric acid, lower layer turns to yellow on

standing.

ii) Lieberman Burchardt test: Chloroform solution of the extract

with few drops of acetic acid and one ml concentrated sulphuric

acid gives deep red at the junction of 2 layers.

iii) Tschugajen test: Chloroform solution of the extract with excess

of acetyl chloride and pinch of zinc chloride and warming on

water bath gives Eosin red colour.

Tests of Alkaloids:

The extracts were mixed with ammonia and then extracted with

chloroform solution. To this dilute hydrochloride acid was added. The

acid layer was used for chemical tests for alkaloids.

i) Mayer's test (Potassium Mercuric Iodide): The acid layer with

few drops of Mayer's reagent gives a creamy white precipitate.

ii) Wagner's Tests (Solution of Iodine in Potassium Iodide): The

acid layer with few drops of Wagner's reagent gives reddish

brown coloured precipitate.

iii) Hager's Test (Saturated solution of picric acid): The acid layer

with Hager's reagent gives yellow precipitate.

iv) Dragendroff's test (Solution of Potassium Bismuth Iodide): Acid

layer with few drops of Dragendroff's reagent gives reddish

brown precipitate.

Tests for Tannins:

i) Ferric chloride test: Extracts mixed with 1 % ferric chloride

solution gives blue, green or brownish green colour.

ii) Gelatin test: Extracts mixed with few drops of 1% solution of

gelatin containing 10% sodium chloride gives white precipitate.

Tests for Flavonoids:

i) Ferric chloride test: Alcoholic solution of the extracts mixed

with few drops of neutral ferric chloride solution gives green

colour.

ii) Lead acetate tests: Alcoholic solution of the extracts mixed with

few drops of 10 % lead acetate gives yellow precipitate.

Test for Lactones:

i) Legal's test: The extracts mixed with mixture of sodium nitro

prusside and pyridine and treatment with methanol alkali gives

deep red colour.

ii) Feigel's test: The acidified extracts when shaken with solvent

ether, the ether extract with few drops of saturated alcoholic

solution of potassium hydroxide in a porcelain crucible heated

over a flame until cooling it gives light pink colour with 1%

ferric chloride solution.

iii) Baljel's tests: The extracts mixed with solution of sodium

picrate gives yellow orange colour.

Tests for Diterpenes:

Copper acetate test: The extracts, mixed with solution of copper

acetate gives green colour.

Tests for Glycosides:

i) Sodium hydroxide reagent: Dissolve a small amount of alcoholic

extract in 1 ml water and add sodium hydroxide solution. A

yellow colour indicates the presence of glycosides.

ii) Kellar Killani's test: Dissolve the extract in water with Glacial

acetic acid and ferric chloride and concentrated sulphuric acid.

They give brown ring at the junction.

iii) Picrate paper tests (for cyanogenic glycosides): Extracts are

added with few drops of chloroform and concentrated sulphuric

acid. The test tube is tightly stopped with picrate paper

protruding into the test tube when kept on water bath, positive

sample turns yellow picrate paper into red.(Bark,1963)

Tests for Saponins:

i) Foam test: A small amount of extract is shaken with little

quantity of water. The foam produced persists for 10 min. It

confirms the presence of saponins.

ii) Haemolysis test: To 2 ml normal saline in 2 test tubes, 2 ml

distilled water is added to one and two ml of 1 % extract to the

other five drops of blood is added to each test tube and gently

mixed with the content. Haemolysis observed under the

microscope in the tube containing the extracts indicates the

presence of saponin.

APPENDIX-II

Radioimmunoassay (RIA) of insulin The insulin kit reagents and their constitution

Sl.

No.

Kit reagent Colour

No. of

vials

Reconstitution of one vial

1 123 I-Insulin Red 2 Added 6 ml assay buffer

2 Insulin standard

1 milli IU/vial

White 1 Added 5 ml assay buffer

3 Insulin antiserum

(Guinea pig)

Green 1 Added 10 ml assay buffer

4 Insulin free serum - 1 Added 2 ml double distilled

water

5 Second antibody (Anti-

Guinea pig IgG)

Blue 1 Ready to use solution

6 Polyethylene glycol - 1 Ready to use solution

7 Assay buffer - 1 Ready to use solution

8 Insulin controls A & B - 2 Added 0.5 ml double distilled

water

The insulin concentration in the reconstituted standard was 200 U/ml. This was

standard A, five more standard dilutions were prepared as follows:

Insulin standard B C D E F

Standard-A (ml) 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Assay buffer (ml) 1.0 1.5 3.5 7.5 15.5

Insulin concentration (U/ml) 100 50 25 12.5 6.25

The insulin assay flow chart

All the tubes were mixed gently and incubated at +2 to +4 C overnight.

All the tubes were mixed gently and incubated for 3 hours at room temperature.

Centrifuged at 1500 g for 20 minutes.

Tube

No.

Assay buffer

Insulin std. (ml)

Serum sample (ml)

Insulin free serum (ml)

Insulin anti-serum (ml)

I-125 Insulin

Second antibody (ml)

PEG

1, 2 3, 4

5, 6

7, 8

9, 10

11, 12

13, 14

15, 16

17, 18

19, 20

21,22

-

0.4

0.3 0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.3

0.3

- -

-

0.1F

0.1E

0.1D

0.1C

0.1B

0.1A

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.1

0.1

- 0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

-

-

- -

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1 0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

- 0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

- 1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

After centrifugation, the supernatant was decanted and radioactivity in the

precipitate was counted in a Gamma counter (LKB Wallac 1261 multigamma, U.S.A.

).

1. All the duplicates were averaged.

2. The average count of tubes 1 & 2 was called total count (T)

3. The average count of tubes 3 & 4 was called blank count (B)

4. The blank count was subtracted from the average of all the remaining duplicates.

This was called corrected average count.

5. The zero standard binding or B0 was calculated which is as follows

Calculations

Corrected average count of tubes 5 & 6

% B = ----------------------------------------------------- x 100

Total count

6. The percentage B/B0 of all standards and samples was calculated by the formula.

Corrected average count of Standard or sample

% B/Bo = ---------------------------------------------------------- x 100

Corrected average count of tubes 5 & 6

7. The standard curve was plotted by % B / B0 on y- axis against U/ml of insulin

on X-axis.

The sample value from the standard curve obtained was read as U of insulin per ml

directly.

All the tubes were vortexed and kept at room temperature for 20 minutes.

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title

1

Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on plasma glucose (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats

2 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on plasma insulin (μu/ml) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats

3 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on plasma glucose (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats


5 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum total cholesterol (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats

6 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum HDL-choloesterol (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats

7 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats

8 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum VLDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats

9 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum triglycerides (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats

10 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum phospholipids (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats

11 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum total lipids (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats

12 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum creatinine (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats

13 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on blood urea nitrogen (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats

14

Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum alanine aminotransferase (u/l) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats

15 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum aspartate aminotransferase (u/l) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats

16 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum bilirubin (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats

17 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on tissue superoxide dismutase (u/mg of protein) activity (meansem) in alloxan

diabetic rats 18 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on tissue

catalase (cat unit/mg of protein) activity (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats 19 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on tissue lipid

peroxidation (nmol of mda /g of tissue /min ) level (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats

20 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on plasma glucose (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats

21 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on plasma insulin (u/ml) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats

22 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum toal cholesterol (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan-diabetic rats

23 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) inalloxan- diabetic rats

24 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) inalloxan- diabetic rats

25 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum VLDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats

26 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum triglyceride (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats

27

Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum phopsholipids (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats

28 effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of murraya koenigii leaf on serum total lipids (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats

29 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum creatinine (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats

30 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on blood urea nitrogen (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats

31 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum bilirubin (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats

32 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on alanine amino transferase (u/l) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats

33 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on aspartate amino transferase (u/l) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats

34 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on tissue superoxide dismutase activity (u/mg of protein) level (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats

35 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on tissue catalase activity (cat unit/mg protein) level (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats

36 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on tissue lipid peroxidation (mda /g of tissue /min) level (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats

37 Oral glucose tolerance test: effect administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on plasma glucose (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats

38 Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum creatinine (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in rats

39 Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on blood urea nitrogen (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in rats

40 Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum bilirubin (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in rats

41

effect of oral administration murraya koenigii leaf extracts on serum alanine aminotransferase (u/l) concentration (meansem) in rats

42 Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum aspartate aminotransferase (u/l) concentration (meansem) in rats

43 Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on red blood cell count (106/mm3) (meansem) in rats

44 Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on white blood cell count (103/mm3) (meansem) in rats

45 Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on haemoglobin (g/dl) concentration (meansem) in rats

46 The physical characteristics of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts 47 The solubility of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts in different solvents

48 The phytochemical analysis of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts

TABLE 1: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON PLASMA GLUCOSE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS

Compared with the control group (DC) values of respective days

* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01

DAYS

Group Details of extracts

Dose (mg/kg

b.w.)

0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56

DC DMSO 1ml 287.514.5 288.718.6 283.123.6 280.617.6 281.519.5 278.816.6 274.917.9 271.821.3 270.420.9

A1 Aqueous 100 294.622.8 289.618.6 286.419.5 288.414.8 278.515.6 269.416.7 271.421.8 257.617.9 242.918.4

A2 Aqueous 1000 281.817.4 272.916.9 261.612.8 248.617.8 224.619.6* 216.920.4* 198.717.5* 187.919.7* 179.821.5*

C1 Chloroform 100 287.618.6 284.621.6 282.619.4 278.418.6 273.817.9 274.919.8 268.923.1 264.221.6 261.119.5

C2 Chloroform 1000 291.323.6 290.421.6 287.520.6 282.616.8 276.418.9 271.618.7 269.415.8 263.518.6 261.816.3

M1 Methanol 100 283.919.6 278.621.3 276.519.5 268.918.7 261.322.6 258.922.6 253.418.4 246.323.8 240.521.8

M2 Methanol 1000 286.420.9 271.623.5 265.822.6 252.622.3 241.917.9 222.718.4* 202.623.6* 196.725.4* 181.624.3*

E1 Ether 100 288.617.9 287.518.6 281.116.7 277.619.7 278.721.3 271.219.5 270.521.6 268.617.9 266.318.9

E2 Ether 1000 289.419.7 286.318.6 281.820.8 279.518.6 276.518.4 268.521.6 266.720.7 258.923.7 252.922.1

TABLE 2: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON PLASMA INSULIN (μU/ml) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS


* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01

DAYS


Dose (mg/kg

b.w.) 0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56

DC DMSO 1ml 18.280.49 18.900.52 19.060.68 19.210.59 19.420.67 19.760.76 19.980.58 21.160.84 21.960.76

A1 Aqueous 100 18.350.72 18.660.58 19.160.64 19.540.58 19.880.67 20.080.67 21.290.48 21.790.57 22.570.52

A2 Aqueous 1000 18.690.61 19.230.83 20.460.98 21.350.78 21.780.83 22.850.76* 23.581.08* 25.361.18** 27.480.97**

C1 Chloroform 100 19.071.09 19.290.91 19.871.05 20.181.26 20.450.98 20.561.11 20.881.36 21.171.12 21.541.38

C2 Chloroform 1000 18.370.79 18.490.64 19.880.79 20.380.65 20.760.89 21.250.94 21.971.27 22.181.19 22.741.17

M1 Methanol 100 17.981.34 18.350.79 19.140.68 19.860.76 20.350.86 20.940.73 21.350.97 21.781.28 22.871.16

M2 Methanol 1000 18.260.83 18.920.76 19.470.85 20.381.24 21.360.94 22.841.18* 24.361.11** 26.650.87** 28.480.76**

E1 Ether 100 18.420.86 18.690.73 19.471.12 19.791.28 20.481.34 21.361.08 21.860.98 22.150.84 22.391.25

E2 Ether 1000 18.060.79 18.560.81 19.470.89 19.870.78 21.380.97 21.931.24 22.570.78 24.350.86 24.871.17

TABLE 3: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON PLASMA GLUCOSE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS


* P< 0.05

** P< 0.01

DAYS


Dose (mg/kg

b.w.) 0 15 30 45 60 75 90

DC 10% DMSO 1ml 289.2514.69 284.3815.78 286.3819.34 284.6418.61 278.3916.27 280.4920.35 276.2119.07

DGL Glibenclamide 0.25 282.3516.36 256.5417.64 228.6118.58 209.3720.06* 186.3419.34** 173.3519.64** 162.5417.57**

DME Metformin 10 289.3421.39 268.1920.01 252.4119.47 232.5721.21 218.1816.75 199.3817.45** 181.3718.71**

DA1 Aqueous 200 278.1812.64 271.3816.34 264.3716.27 252.1818.36 234.5917.45 221.2419.11 219.3418.61

DA2 Aqueous 400 282.2516.48 264.3114.58 248.2417.28 231.6719.34 218.1518.64 202.4715.15* 186.2920.08**

DA3 Aqueous 800 284.3618.51 266.5614.25 238.6116.31 222.3718.65 202.3819.08* 172.3117.60** 164.3919.34**

DM1 Methanol 200 281.6717.62 271.5821.35 267.6115.34 253.1518.74 248.1716.34 232.1812.48 221.3711.59

DM2 Methanol 400 279.8614.69 256.2119.32 248.6718.47 228.1719.34 214.3116.36 201.4815.29* 184.6117.51**

DM3 Methanol 800 283.6718.57 261.4516.34 241.6713.81 226.4817.28 198.5415.86* 176.6017.59** 160.0716.27**

TABLE 4: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON PLASMA INSULIN (μU/ml) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS


* P< 0.05

** P< 0.01

DAYS

Group Details of Extracts

Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

0 15 30 45 60 75 90

DC 10% DMSO 1ml 18.370.64 17.560.81 18.640.57 19.760.69 19.290.76 20.840.72 21.080.91

DGL Glibenclamide 0.25 18.580.57 24.670.86** 28.670.91** 31.640.99** 33.611.18** 30.081.37** 29.311.67**

DME Metformin 10 19.150.69 20.370.95 19.680.87 21.081.39 21.891.19 22.340.98 21.720.81

DA1 Aqueous 200 18.420.65 19.640.89 19.670.67 20.190.76 22.340.96 24.761.48 23.481.07

DA2 Aqueous 400 18.910.69 19.370.82 19.660.73 21.381.31 24.971.65* 28.131.28** 29.311.71**

DA3 Aqueous 800 19.060.87 20.860.64 25.390.89** 28.741.31** 32.761.34** 35.181.28** 36.741.42**

DM1 Methanol 200 18.391.12 19.641.09 21.360.91 23.510.85 24.181.28* 24.691.31* 26.181.52*

DM2 Methanol 400 19.340.76 19.271.06 21.921.27 23.460.92 26.311.34** 27.881.16** 31.341.48**

DM3 Methanol 800 19.181.34 21.161.26 25.671.48** 29.341.64** 32.151.29** 36.281.46** 38.171.62**

TABLE 5: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM TOTAL CHOLESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS


* P< 0.05

** P< 0.01

DAYS


Dose (mg/kg

b.w.)) 0 15 30 45 60 75 90

DC 10% DMSO 1ml 112.154.38 125.414.91 133.275.59 152.855.76 148.674.88 157.365.47 161.976.11

DGL Glibenclamide 0.25 114.674.56 118.644.84 122.944.96 132.575.45 138.455.81 141.575.15* 150.056.19

DME Metformin 10 111.375.61 114.214.89 119.345.15* 126.535.67* 129.845.42** 132.374.99** 136.185.17**

DA1 Aqueous 200 110.674.65 115.374.57 122.364.94 126.955.43 136.495.94 141.625.82* 149.615.16

DA2 Aqueous 400 114.574.14 116.184.58 121.344.59 129.254.41 124.575.65** 119.475.47** 111.546.28*

DA3 Aqueous 800 114.615.41 115.345.57 108.828.91** 101.246.21** 99.346.75** 92.915.93** 90.096.27**

DM1 Methanol 200 112.284.96 114.615.41 120.385.23 123.575.87 132.245.13* 139.525.79* 144.655.71*

DM2 Methanol 400 116.455.41 119.615.29 125.645.82 132.916.54 128.516.61** 123.576.12** 116.846.96**

DM3 Methanol 800 115.235.36 114.285.18 106.376.27** 98.586.08** 94.725.84** 91.326.69** 89.866.73**

TABLE 6: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM HDL-CHOLOESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS


* P< 0.05

** P< 0.01

DAYS


Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

0 15 30 45 60 75 90

DC 10% DMSO 1ml 38.581.65 36.911.54 35.241.82 33.931.90 31.521.33 31.461.54 29.232.13

DGL Glibenclamide 0.25 36.612.31 36.282.49 35.941.99 34.122.57 35.242.37 34.152.94 32.343.18

DME Metformin 10 39.162.18 38.242.31 36.502.72 38.372.43 36.132.18 36.292.91 36.813.06

DA1 Aqueous 200 36.982.65 35.342.57 36.272.94 38.543.43 39.163.94 38.613.82 39.193.16*

DA2 Aqueous 400 36.762.38 36.452.61 38.192.59 38.912.41 39.662.91 40.063.17 41.823.24*

DA3 Aqueous 800 36.972.61 35.412.57 38.572.91 39.182.24 41.513.15 42.932.64* 44.563.83**

DM1 Methanol 200 38.192.58 37.212.61 38.172.94 39.342.61 39.913.38 40.283.27 41.313.19*

DM2 Methanol 400 37.612.35 37.682.85 38.522.49 39.462.64 41.342.38 40.162.91 42.272.86*

DM3 Methanol 800 38.153.12 39.153.54 39.623.69 41.373.48 42.133.49 44.312.92* 45.423.13**

TABLE 7: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM LDL-CHOLESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS


* P< 0.05

** P< 0.01

DAYS


Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

0 15 30 45 60 75 90

DC 10% DMSO 1ml 41.973.61 55.983.82 64.463.16 84.344.13 82.504.61 89.414.85 95.124.91


DME Metformin 10 40.514.25 43.724.31 50.164.36 56.094.59** 61.294.75* 64.144.86** 67.134.91**

DA1 Aqueous 200 42.573.92 48.333.83 54.204.16 55.434.28** 63.454.95* 68.564.97* 75.574.83*

DA2 Aqueous 400 46.463.85 48.033.46 51.433.45 58.003.79** 53.054.67** 48.184.67** 38.854.82**

DA3 Aqueous 800 45.983.75 47.683.46 39.003.83* 31.674.26** 27.455.37** 20.635.66** 16.865.85**

DM1 Methanol 200 42.443.92 45.104.65 49.254.34 50.514.26** 58.464.75** 64.484.36** 68.564.85**

DM2 Methanol 400 47.594.36 50.414.64 54.854.56 61.504.87** 55.304.96** 52.074.88** 43.894.93**

DM3 Methanol 800 45.734.31 43.464.26 36.254.94* 27.524.97** 23.745.34** 19.005.26** 16.615.54**

TABLE 8: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM VLDL-CHOLESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS


* P< 0.05

** P< 0.01

DAYS


Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

0 15 30 45 60 75 90

DC 10% DMSO 1ml 31.600.94 32.521.24 33.571.19 34.581.27 35.651.18 36.491.21 37.621.32


DME Metformin 10 31.701.18 32.251.24 32.680.91 32.070.92 32.420.99 31.941.13* 32.241.09**

DA1 Aqueous 200 31.121.26 31.701.21 31.891.18 32.981.38 33.881.13 34.451.21 34.851.09

DA2 Aqueous 400 31.350.96 31.700.91 31.720.86 32.341.12 31.861.11 31.231.03** 30.871.07**

DA3 Aqueous 800 31.660.94 32.250.92 31.250.99 30.390.81 30.380.89* 29.350.83** 28.670.92**

DM1 Methanol 200 31.650.86 32.300.91 32.960.99 33.721.16 33.871.24 34.761.16 34.781.21

DM2 Methanol 400 31.251.16 31.521.18 32.271.06 31.951.09 31.870.96 31.340.93* 30.681.07**

DM3 Methanol 800 31.350.93 31.670.88 30.500.86 29.690.94* 28.850.99** 28.011.10** 27.831.02**

TABLE 9: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM TRIGLYCERIDES (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS


* P< 0.05

** P< 0.01

DAYS


Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

0 15 30 45 60 75 90

DC 10% DMSO 1ml 158.364.61 162.585.85 167.855.17 172.915.43 178.275.29 182.465.56 188.145.81


DME Metformin 10 158.525.24 161.295.62 163.434.91 160.384.73 162.135.13 159.725.49 161.235.99

DA1 Aqueous 200 155.615.37 158.525.29 159.465.49 164.915.82 169.425.76 172.275.94 174.285.18

DA2 Aqueous 400 156.764.61 158.544.97 158.625.19 161.735.37 159.335.43 156.175.72* 154.375.95**

DA3 Aqueous 800 158.314.72 161.274.37 156.275.91 154.526.19 151.916.75** 146.768.22** 143.376.26**

DM1 Methanol 200 158.284.69 161.544.93 164.825.18 168.615.27 169.375.31 173.835.38 173.915.16

DM2 Methanol 400 156.265.26 157.615.34 161.385.19 159.755.43 159.345.81 156.735.73* 153.415.95**

DM3 Methanol 800 156.794.37 158.374.61 152.534.82 148.374.93* 144.295.46** 140.055.72** 139.165.66**

TABLE 10: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM PHOSPHOLIPIDS (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS


* P< 0.05

** P< 0.01

DAYS


Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

0 15 30 45 60 75 90

DC 10% DMSO 1ml 126.344.61 131.134.83 134.835.16 137.295.46 141.285.13 144.915.72 149.725.53


DME Metformin 10 126.835.13 128.195.61 131.125.31 133.424.24 132.154.61 136.314.94 138.734.81

DA1 Aqueous 200 126.435.34 129.145.16 132.615.29 134.195.33 137.265.21 139.435.21 140.165.38

DA2 Aqueous 400 128.434.26 130.334.53 131.264.16 129.434.53 126.424.26 122.164.93* 120.155.28*

DA3 Aqueous 800 127.915.26 130.265.19 128.195.24 124.345.42 120.425.38* 116.195.61** 112.425.43**

DM1 Methanol 200 126.485.61 128.375.26 129.165.43 131.265.57 129.825.43 126.375.82 122.345.16**

DM2 Methanol 400 128.164.92 131.274.53 129.464.83 126.375.16 123.395.42 121.425.16* 118.475.72**

DM3 Methanol 800 126.845.28 129.165.16 123.675.42 120.735.09 116.275.11** 111.345.73** 107.595.76**

TABLE 11: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM TOTAL LIPIDS (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS


* P< 0.05

** P< 0.01

DAYS


Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

0 15 30 45 60 75 90

DC 10% DMSO 1ml 396.8515.36 419.1215.82 435.9516.37 463.0516.53 468.2217.26 484.7317.25 499.8317.68


DME Metformin 10 396.7215.82 403.6915.94 413.8916.25 420.3316.46 424.1216.28 428.4017.32 436.1417.13

DA1 Aqueous 200 392.7116.37 403.0316.94 414.4316.82 426.0516.79 443.1717.35 453.3217.33 464.0517.56

DA2 Aqueous 400 399.7615.34 405.0515.64 411.2215.37 420.4117.38 410.3217.39 397.8018.28** 386.0618.64**

DA3 Aqueous 800 400.8315.36 406.8715.27 393.2816.16 380.1016.85** 371.6717.26** 355.8617.35** 345.8817.38**

DM1 Methanol 200 397.0416.58 404.5216.34 414.3616.76 423.4417.64 431.4317.86 439.7218.35 440.9018.26

DM2 Methanol 400 400.8715.65 408.4916.25 416.4816.54 419.0317.61 411.2417.91 401.7218.38** 388.7218.86**

DM3 Methanol 800 398.8615.26 401.8116.34 382.5716.52 367.6817.26** 355.2817.89** 242.7118.64** 336.6118.98**

TABLE 12: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM

CREATININE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS

Compared with the control group (DC) values of respective days * P< 0.05

** P< 0.01

DAYS


Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

0 15 30 45 60 75 90

DC 10% DMSO 1ml 0.760.13 0.830.16 0.960.19 1.340.21 1.620.20 1.890.23 2.120.21

DGL Glibenclamide 0.25 0.680.11 0.710.16 0.770.19 0.890.17 0.930.19 0.990.19* 1.240.20*

DME Metformin 10 0.720.16 0.730.18 0.780.19 0.860.19 0.920.21* 1.120.18* 1.060.23**

DA1 Aqueous 200 0.780.19 0.820.16 0.920.18 0.980.16 0.870.19* 0.850.21** 0.830.21**

DA2 Aqueous 400 0.740.16 0.790.19 0.800.15 0.760.19 0.710.15** 0.680.18** 0.640.18**

DA3 Aqueous 800 0.690.19 0.720.18 0.750.19 0.770.15 0.650.19** 0.610.21** 0.560.22**

DM1 Methanol 200 0.720.18 0.760.16 0.790.15 0.860.18 0.910.16* 0.900.19** 0.880.19**

DM2 Methanol 400 0.790.16 0.760.13 0.820.15 0.730.18 0.660.16** 0.620.19** 0.590.18**

DM3 Methanol 800 0.730.15 0.710.13 0.830.15 0.760.16 0.690.18** 0.620.19** 0.540.18**

TABLE 13: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON BLOOD UREA NITROGEN (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS


* P< 0.05

** P< 0.01

DAYS


Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

0 15 30 45 60 75 90

DC 10% DMSO 1ml 28.362.64 34.263.26 38.163.46 47.162.89 51.263.49 58.434.16 66.495.58

DGL Glibenclamide 0.25 26.593.15 31.263.42 34.162.95 39.572.67 44.272.83 46.293.52 48.613.49**

DME Metformin 10 27.532.95 29.562.88 31.263.24 36.593.16 38.563.51* 41.293.42** 43.823.42**

DA1 Aqueous 200 26.822.57 30.562.65 32.492.43 36.752.81 34.683.14** 31.263.28** 32.683.44**

DA2 Aqueous 400 25.852.36 26.462.56 29.852.47 31.262.94** 28.732.86** 28.163.18** 26.123.27**

DA3 Aqueous 800 27.562.69 28.372.86 30.582.91 29.463.25** 28.183.46** 26.193.24** 24.683.18**

DM1 Methanol 200 28.192.69 29.532.85 31.572.73 32.692.91** 34.162.64** 33.823.08** 30.643.11**

DM2 Methanol 400 27.613.26 28.583.27 28.673.16 33.263.19** 31.643.06** 28.733.33** 26.123.21**

DM3 Methanol 800 28.462.36 28.642.43 26.352.65* 27.642.51** 26.432.85** 24.362.69** 23.372.94**

TABLE 14: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE (U/l) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS


** P< 0.01

DAYS


Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

0 15 30 45 60 75 90

DC 10% DMSO 1ml 46.363.58 52.2610.36 86.4616.59 146.4922.64 194.3624.16 249.4934.16 327.2641.36

DGL Glibenclamide 0.25 42.365.26 58.6112.36 81.3613.58 126.4918.64 156.7532.56 194.3626.19 218.3628.42*

DME Metformin 10 51.286.51 74.4311.36 88.6119.59 113.3715.24 137.2824.67 165.3722.33 173.7131.28**

DA1 Aqueous 200 49.866.16 58.1210.42 67.8716.28 85.8318.39 117.2821.37 123.4623.16** 138.9728.43**

DA2 Aqueous 400 44.535.61 50.349.28 72.2612.62 91.6716.43 98.6118.53* 76.2818.86** 66.7921.54**

DA3 Aqueous 800 46.9112.53 51.6715.67 66.5316.42 55.1916.82** 48.4719.43** 39.5118.18** 36.8218.31**

DM1 Methanol 200 45.266.34 66.288.61 73.1913.46 89.1916.25 112.3719.34 109.4818.27** 98.2618.53**

DM2 Methanol 400 48.386.53 72.349.26 78.2915.67 84.1616.29 72.1416.43** 66.3117.26** 61.2819.46**

DM3 Methanol 800 47.648.26 52.279.46 61.3712.37 55.2616.48** 48.4914.52** 41.6312.38** 38.5915.69**

TABLE 15: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE (U/l) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS


** P< 0.01

DAYS


Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

0 15 30 45 60 75 90

DC 10% DMSO 1ml 38.534.62 54.619.56 78.2610.58 128.5611.29 186.5218.64 243.2819.28 288.6421.64

DGL Glibenclamide 0.25 36.296.54 52.678.67 66.1910.64 89.4613.49 128.4212.57* 157.6718.54** 197.2718.57**

DME Metformin 10 38.155.26 42.198.46 52.399.16 78.648.37 94.6712.46** 129.6515.46** 138.4615.73**

DA1 Aqueous 200 36.465.35 41.299.16 58.1613.51 66.2918.42* 78.4317.69** 88.2919.45** 112.3719.56**

DA2 Aqueous 400 38.265.61 41.268.27 48.679.43 51.6714.67** 48.2614.68** 44.5715.28** 40.3718.27**

DA3 Aqueous 800 34.926.26 39.468.16 44.688.46 41.399.28** 38.2913.57** 36.4316.49** 32.7618.94**

DM1 Methanol 200 35.678.26 46.199.46 51.3815.68 61.2916.46** 59.6714.67** 55.6716.82** 52.6717.68**

DM2 Methanol 400 36.595.37 39.466.54 43.687.59 46.5912.68** 42.6814.26** 38.4913.56** 32.1912.59**

DM3 Methanol 800 38.165.68 45.678.26 41.268.43 36.1615.26** 32.5912.38** 30.5813.56** 28.4316.42**

TABLE 16: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM BILIRUBIN (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS


** P< 0.01

DAYS


Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

0 15 30 45 60 75 90

DC 10% DMSO 1ml 0.650.13 0.820.19 1.350.22 1.490.24 1.560.28 1.710.29 1.830.27


DME Metformin 10 0.610.15 0.830.19 0.970.24 1.180.23 1.340.22 1.410.26 1.580.23

DA1 Aqueous 200 0.590.16 0.610.15 0.720.17 0.830.22 0.910.21 1.120.24 1.210.23

DA2 Aqueous 400 0.620.23 0.730.21 0.810.26 0.790.24 0.670.28 0.540.26* 0.530.27**

DA3 Aqueous 800 0.580.19 0.610.21 0.660.23 0.640.27 0.570.34 0.510.28* 0.460.28**

DM1 Methanol 200 0.680.32 0.720.31 0.830.29 0.910.24 1.130.24 1.060.28 0.960.27

DM2 Methanol 400 0.650.19 0.680.18 0.730.21 0.810.23 0.780.24 0.690.22* 0.610.26**

DM3 Methanol 800 0.580.17 0.630.15 0.680.19 0.710.21 0.660.24 0.580.26* 0.530.22**

TABLE 17: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON TISSUE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (U/mg of protein) ACTIVITY (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS

Compared with the control group (DC) values. * P< 0.05

** P< 0.01

TISSUES


Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

PANCREAS LIVER KIDNEY HEART

DC 10% DMSO 1ml 0.930.18 1.560.31 1.670.29 1.430.23

DGL Glibenclamide 0.25 1.340.21 3.180.83 3.560.94 3.721.15

DME Metformin 10 1.420.19 3.760.96 3.920.81 3.910.86

DA1 Aqueous 200 2.110.23** 3.240.87 4.290.85 3.270.83

DA2 Aqueous 400 2.490.27** 4.680.93 5.270.74* 4.820.96

DA3 Aqueous 800 3.110.26** 5.891.18* 6.141.12** 5.431.11*

DM1 Methanol 200 2.310.17** 3.290.86 4.290.73 3.911.19

DM2 Methanol 400 2.860.37** 5.281.64 5.481.38* 5.281.07*

DM3 Methanol 800 3.430.26** 6.431.42* 6.110.94** 5.691.19*

TABLE 18: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON TISSUE CATALASE (CAT Unit/mg of protein) ACTIVITY (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS


** P< 0.01

TISSUES


Dose (mg/kg b.w.)


DC 10% DMSO 1ml 8.311.26 86.266.18 71.385.37 69.265.26 DGL Glibenclamide 0.25 15.342.13 110.387.28** 90.265.26* 76.214.81 DME Metformin 10 16.252.54 128.366.29** 96.184.96** 77.295.53 DA1 Aqueous 200 13.371.95 132.577.53** 98.675.29** 84.695.67 DA2 Aqueous 400 18.242.72 156.377.26** 112.385.54** 93.946.15* DA3 Aqueous 800 24.193.24** 184.267.41** 135.266.39** 118.826.18** DM1 Methanol 200 14.262.11 138.296.29** 104.285.23** 91.675.86 DM2 Methanol 400 18.643.16* 166.297.59** 124.866.57** 106.946.46** DM3 Methanol 800 26.833.88** 183.477.68** 141.687.16** 124.736.84**

TABLE 19: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON TISSUE LIPID PEROXIDATION (nmol of MDA /g of tissue /min ) LEVEL (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS


** P< 0.01

TISSUES


Dose (mg/kg b.w.)


DC 10% DMSO 1ml 6.290.96 8.361.21 19.342.67 11.932.52 DGL Glibenclamide 0.25 4.120.91 5.681.31 15.382.38 8.161.92 DME Metformin 10 3.670.72 4.291.10* 13.642.64 7.521.64 DA1 Aqueous 200 4.160.81 4.920.93 10.592.18 6.381.87 DA2 Aqueous 400 2.970.58* 4.250.83* 9.532.06* 4.291.87* DA3 Aqueous 800 2.160.64** 4.060.61* 7.682.19** 3.681.94* DM1 Methanol 200 4.290.83 4.620.89 9.962.56* 5.691.94 DM2 Methanol 400 3.080.95* 4.190.74* 9.492.58* 3.912.15* DM3 Methanol 800 2.350.81** 3.961.16* 8.291.59** 3.191.84*

TABLE 20: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON PLASMA GLUCOSE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS

Compared with the control group (FC) values of respective days

* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01

DAYS Group Details of

Extracts Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

0 7 14 21 28

FC Saline 1ml 278.6515.67 289.5614.36 283.6418.46 283.1619.72 276.1617.83

F1 Freeze dried extract 25 282.6518.36 248.3719.46 227.1821.39 188.4620.85** 173.6019.46**

F2 Freeze dried extract 50 279.6119.62 238.6821.57 198.2723.54* 176.4619.43** 161.9121.72**

TABLE 21: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON PLASMA INSULIN (U/ml) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS


* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01

DAYS


Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

0 7 14 21 28

FC Saline 1ml 17.360.92 17.910.83 19.361.25 19.431.70 19.251.31

F1 Freeze dried extract 25 18.530.86 19.360.97 22.381.06 25.461.21* 28.431.38**


TABLE 22: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM TOAL CHOLESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS


* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01

DAYS


Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

0 7 14 21 28

FC Saline 1ml 118.365.26 132.535.18 141.615.39 156.375.68 163.425.83

F1 Freeze dried extract 25 116.825.91 119.535.86 112.696.25** 108.916.18** 103.726.37**

F2 Freeze dried extract 50 118.366.26 116.326.85 109.466.37** 98.366.81** 94.856.73**

TABLE 23: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM HDL-CHOLESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS


* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01

DAYS


Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

0 7 14 21 28

FC Saline 1ml 34.262.35 32.612.16 31.672.58 31.952.67 30.252.64

F1 Freeze dried extract 25 36.352.61 36.192.53 38.152.46 38.692.75 40.462.68*


TABLE 24: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM LDL-CHOLESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS


* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01

DAYS


Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

0 7 14 21 28

FC Saline 1ml 53.5663.26 68.1823.58 76.6483.92 90.0844.28 97.6265.17

F1 Freeze dried extract 25 49.5363.58 52.8063.72* 44.7563.91** 40.9084.65** 34.8745.26**

F2 Freeze dried extract 50 52.5423.82 49.9844.16** 40.7624.28** 25.0925.19** 24.2145.43**

TABLE 25: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM VLDL-CHOLESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS


* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01

DAYS


Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

0 7 14 21 28

FC Saline 1ml 30.531.32 31.731.26 33.291.19 34.331.38 35.541.41



TABLE 26: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM TRIGLYCERIDE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS


* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01

DAYS


Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

0 7 14 21 28

FC Saline 1ml 152.675.16 158.695.29 166.465.43 171.685.73 177.725.81



TABLE 27: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM PHOPSHOLIPIDS (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS


* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01

DAYS


Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

0 7 14 21 28

FC Saline 1ml 118.644.68 121.584.92 125.464.85 128.465.13 131.825.42

F1 Freeze dried extract 25 121.364.26 120.364.16 116.924.86 112.364.69 108.464.75**


TABLE 28: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM TOTAL LIPIDS (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS


* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01

DAYS


Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

0 7 14 21 28

FC Saline 1ml 389.6715.10 412.8015.39 433.5315.67 456.5116.54 472.9617.06



TABLE 29: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM CREATININE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS


* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01

DAYS


Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

0 7 14 21 28

FC Saline 1ml 0.680.12 0.770.15 0.890.13 1.120.16 1.360.18



TABLE 30: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON BLOOD UREA NITROGEN (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS


* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01

DAYS


Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

0 7 14 21 28

FC Saline 1ml 26.392.34 29.362.46 32.182.57 38.492.86 43.692.81



TABLE 31: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF

MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM BILIRUBIN (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS


* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01

DAYS


Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

0 7 14 21 28

FC Saline 1ml 0.620.13 0.780.12 0.950.16 1.120.18 1.230.19


F2 Freeze dried extract 50 0.590.14 0.610.16 0.580.16 0.540.18* 0.510.19*

TABLE 32: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON ALANINE AMINO TRANSFERASE (U/l) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS


* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01

DAYS


Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

0 7 14 21 28

FC Saline 1ml 43.983.86 51.366.16 79.1912.36 128.6916.49 169.7618.43



TABLE 33: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON ASPARTATE AMINO TRANSFERASE (U/l) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS


* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01

DAYS


Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

0 7 14 21 28

FC Saline 1ml 36.435.16 46.825.39 61.268.36 95.159.76 127.6110.36



TABLE 34: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON TISSUE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE ACTIVITY (U/mg of protein) LEVEL (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS


* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01

TISSUES


Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

PANCREAS

LIVER

KIDNEY

HEART

FC Saline 1ml 0.880.16 1.860.28 1.870.31 1.520.33

F1 Freeze dried extract 25 2.120.19** 4.670.82* 4.980.86* 4.570.92

F2 Freeze dried extract 50 2.890.21** 4.980.98* 5.841.06** 5.191.34*

TABLE 35: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON TISSUE CATALASE ACTIVITY (CAT Unit/mg protein) LEVEL (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS


* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01

TISSUES


Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

PANCREAS

LIVER

KIDNEY

HEART

FC Saline 1ml 7.981.16 78.367.26 65.495.46 61.436.35

F1 Freeze dried extract 25 16.393.12 146.858.26** 109.464.96** 78.466.15

F2 Freeze dried extract 50 19.373.65* 172.948.72** 128.155.92** 98.285.81**

TABLE 36: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON TISSUE LIPID PEROXIDATION (MDA /g of tissue /min) LEVEL (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS


* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01

TISSUES


Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

PANCREAS

LIVER

KIDNEY

HEART

FC Saline 1ml 5.920.86 7.691.19 18.642.61 12.582.69

F1 Freeze dried extract 25 3.850.73 3.940.68* 11.352.48* 8.691.96

F2 Freeze dried extract 50 2.760.92* 3.521.29* 9.161.26** 4.671.68*

TABLE 37: ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST: EFFECT ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON PLASMA GLUCOSE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS

Minutes

Group Details.of extracts

Dose/Route -30 0 30 60 120 180

GC

Saline 1 ml oral 257.3618.49 256.3419.76 372.8321.81 350.4919.46 305.5818.35 282.3916.59

G1 Aqueous 800mg/kg oral 261.6819.58 258.6718.59 281.1919.58* 272.6923.58* 270.4621.69 271.4918.46

G2 Methanol 800mg/kg oral 262.1618.46 259.4321.36 273.3622.58** 263.5819.51* 260.4321.69 263.3320.198

G3

Freeze

dried

aqueous

extract

50mg/kg

I/P 259.3917.59 251.9122.18 271.4921.67** 267.1618.69* 262.3818.67 266.8219.46

* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01

TABLE 38: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM CREATININE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN RATS

Compared with the control group (TC) values of respective days

* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01

DAYS

Group Details of extracts Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

0 7 14 28

TC Saline 1ml 0.680.16 0.590.18 0.610.17 0.660.16

TA1 Aqueous extract 200 0.610.21 0.680.19 0.640.16 0.590.20



TM1 Methanol extract 200 0.680.16 0.640.19 0.650.20 0.610.24



TABLE 39: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON BLOOD UREA NITROGEN (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN RATS


* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01

DAYS


0 7 14 28

TC Saline 1ml 18.362.34 19.132.37 20.572.58 19.732.46







TABLE 40: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM BILIRUBIN (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN RATS


* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01

DAYS


0 7 14 28

TC Saline 1ml 0.590.11 0.610.13 0.580.17 0.620.13



TA3 Aqueous extract 800 0.590.13 0.560.18 0.610.13 0.630.17 TM1 Methanol extract 200 0.640.18 0.620.16 0.630.16 0.620.17 TM2 Methanol extract 400 0.580.18 0.590.19 0.630.17 0.610.21 TM3 Methanol extract 800 0.590.19 0.570.18 0.590.20 0.600.23

TABLE 41: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM ALANINE

AMINOTRANSFERASE (U/l) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN RATS


* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01

DAYS


0 7 14 28

TC Saline 1ml 36.252.54 37.162.38 36.832.42 38.272.68 TA1 Aqueous extract 200 37.162.59 38.432.64 37.282.81 36.982.86 TA2 Aqueous extract 400 36.162.71 35.742.91 36.853.11 36.823.32 TA3 Aqueous extract 800 36.262.86 36.192.93 36.433.16 35.933.28 TM1 Methanol extract 200 35.262.61 36.422.81 35.893.16 36.133.29 TM2 Methanol extract 400 36.132.56 36.842.73 36.762.69 36.432.83 TM3 Methanol extract 800 35.192.89 35.862.94 36.423.22 36.193.35

TABLE 42: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE (U/l) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN RATS


* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01

DAYS


0 7 14 28


TABLE 43: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON RED BLOOD CELL COUNT (106/mm3) (MEANSEM) IN RATS


* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01

DAYS

Group

Details of extracts Dose (mg/kg b.w.)

0 7 14 28


TABLE 44: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT (103/mm3) (MEANSEM) IN RATS


* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01

DAYS


0 7 14 28


TABLE 45: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON HAEMOGLOBIN (g/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN RATS


* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01

DAYS


0 7 14 28


Table 46: THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF Murraya koenigii leaF EXTRACTS

Sl.no Extracts Colour Nature % Yeild (Wt/Wt)

1. Petroleum Ether Black Sticky 8.44

2. Chloroform Greenish Black Sticky 7.29

3. Methanol Greenish Black Sticky 19.58

4. Aqueous Brown Dry/powder 10.37

5 Freeze dried Aqueous Brown Hygroscopic powder 3.28

Table 47: THE SOLUBILITY OF Murraya koenigii LEAF EXTRACTS IN DIFFERENT SOLVENTS Note: “+” Soluble, “_” Not soluble

Extract 10%Propylene glycol

10%DMSO 10% Tween-80

10%n-Methyl formamide

0.9% saline

Petroleum ether + + _ + _

Chloroform + + + _ _

Methanol + + _ _ _

Aqueous + + _ _

+

Freeze dried Aqueous + +

_ + +

Table 48: THE PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF Murraya koenigii LEAF EXTRACTS

EXTRACTS PHYTO CHEMICAL TESTS Petroleum

ether Chloroform Methanol Aqueous Freeze

dried Aqueous

Tests for Steroids Salkaowski test Liberman Burchardt test

+ +

+ +

+ +

- -

+ +

Tests for Triterpines Salkaowski test b) Liberman Burchardt test

+ -

- +

+ +

+ +

+ +

Tests for Alkaloids Mayer’s test Wagner’s test c) Dragendroff’s test

- - +

- - +

+ + +

+ + +

+ + +

Tests for Flavonoids Ferric chloride test Lead acetate test

+ -

+ -

+ +

+ +

+ +

Tests for Lactones Legal’s test Feigel’s test Baliet test

- - -

- - -

+ + +

+ + +

+ + +

Tests for Tannins Ferric Chloride test b) Gelatin test

+ +

+ +

+ +

+ +

+ +

Tests for Diterpines Copper acetate test

+

-

+

+

+

Tests for Saponins Foam test b) Haemolysis test

+ -

- -

+ -

+ -

+ +

Tests for Glycosides Sodium Hydroxide test Picrate paper test

- -

+ -

- -

- -

- -

Note: “+” Present; “_” Absent

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig Title

1

Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on plasma glucose (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats


3 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on plasma

glucose (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats


5 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum total cholesterol (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats

6 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum HDL-choloesterol (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats

7 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum LDL-

cholesterol (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats

8 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum VLDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats

9 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum triglycerides (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats

10 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum phospholipids (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats

11 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum total

lipids (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats

12 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum creatinine (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats

13 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on blood urea

nitrogen (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats

Fig Title

14

Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum alanine aminotransferase (u/l) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats

15 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum aspartate aminotransferase (u/l) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats

16 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum bilirubin (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats

17 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on tissue superoxide dismutase (u/mg of protein) activity (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats

18 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on tissue catalase (cat unit/mg of protein) activity (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats

19 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on tissue lipid peroxidation (nmol of mda /g of tissue /min ) level (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats

20 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on plasma glucose (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats

21 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of

Murraya Koenigii leaf on plasma insulin (u/ml) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats


Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum toal cholesterol (mg/dl) concentration

(meansem) in alloxan-diabetic rats

23 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) inalloxan- diabetic rats

24 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) inalloxan- diabetic rats


Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum VLDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats

26 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum triglyceride (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats

Fig Title

27

Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum phopsholipids (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats

28 effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of murraya koenigii leaf on serum total lipids (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats


Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum creatinine (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats


Murraya Koenigii leaf on blood urea nitrogen (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats

31 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum bilirubin (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats

32 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on alanine amino transferase (u/l) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats

33 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on aspartate amino transferase (u/l) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats

34 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on tissue superoxide dismutase activity (u/mg of protein) level (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats


Murraya Koenigii leaf on tissue catalase activity (cat unit/mg protein) level (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats

36 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on tissue lipid peroxidation (mda /g of tissue /min) level (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats

37 Oral glucose tolerance test: effect administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on plasma glucose (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats

38 Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum creatinine

(mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in rats

39 Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on blood urea nitrogen (mg/dl) oncentration (meansem) in rats

40 Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum bilirubin (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in rats

Fig Title

41 Effect of oral administration murraya koenigii leaf extracts on serum alanine aminotransferase (u/l) concentration (meansem) in rats

42 Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum aspartate aminotransferase (u/l) concentration (meansem) in rats

43 Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on red blood cell

count (106/mm3) (meansem) in rats

44 Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on white blood cell count (103/mm3) (meansem) in rats

45 Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on haemoglobin (g/dl) concentration (meansem) in rats

0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 560

50

100

150

200

250

300

350DCA1A2C1C2M1M2E1E2

Days

Glu

cose

con

cent

ratio

n(m

g/dl

)

Fig. 1: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON PLASMA GLUCOSE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN-DIABETIC RATS

0 70 14 21 28 35 42 49 560

10

20

30DCA1A2C1C2M1M2E1E2

Days

Insu

lin c

once

ntra

tion

(µU

/ml)

Fig. 2: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON PLASMA INSULIN (μU/ml) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN-DIABETIC RATS

0 15 30 45 60 75 900

50

100

150

200

250

300

350DCDGLDMEDA1DA2DA3DM1DM2DM3

Days

Glu

cose

con

cent

ratio

n(m

g/dl

)

Fig. 3: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON PLASMA GLUCOSE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS

0 15 30 45 60 75 900

10

20

30


Days

Insu

lin c

once

ntra

tion

(µU

/ml)

Fig. 4: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON PLASMA INSULIN (μU/ml) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS

0 15 30 45 60 75 900

25

50

75

100

125

150


Days

Tota

l Cho

lest

erol

(mg/

dl)

Fig. 5: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM TOTAL CHOLESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS

0 15 30 45 60 75 900

10

20

30

40


Days

HD

L-C

hole

ster

ol(m

g/dl

)

Fig. 6: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM HDL-CHOLOESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS

0 15 30 45 60 75 900

102030405060708090

100110

DCDGLDMEDA1DA2DA3DM1DM2DM3

Days

LDL-

Cho

lest

erol

(mg/

dl)

Fig. 7: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM LDL-CHOLESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS

0 15 30 45 60 75 900

10

20

30


Days

VLD

L-C

hole

ster

ol(m

g/dl

)

Fig. 8: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM VLDL-CHOLESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS

0 15 30 45 60 75 900

50

100

150


Days

Trig

lyce

ride

s (m

g/dl

)

Fig. 9: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM TRIGLYCERIDES (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS

0 15 30 45 60 75 900

25

50

75

100

125

150


Days

Phos

phol

ipid

s (m

g/dl

)

Fig. 10: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM PHOSPHOLIPIDS (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS

0 15 30 45 60 75 900

100

200

300

400

500


Days

Tota

l Lip

ids

(mg/

dl)

Fig. 11: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM TOTAL LIPIDS (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS

0 15 30 45 60 75 900.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5DCDGLDMEDA1DA2DA3DM1DM2DM3

Days

Cre

atin

ine

conc

entr

atio

n(m

g/dl

)

Fig. 12: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM CREATININE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS

0 15 30 45 60 75 900

25

50


Days

BU

N co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg/

dl)

Fig. 13: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON BLOOD UREA NITROGEN (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS

0 15 30 45 60 75 900

50100150200250300350400


Days

ALT

Con

cent

ratio

n(U

/l)

Fig. 14: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE (U/l) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS

0 15 30 45 60 75 900

50

100

150

200

250

300


Days

AST

Con

cent

ratio

n(U

/l)

Fig. 15: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE (U/l) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS

0 15 30 45 60 75 900.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5DCDGLDMEDA1DA2DA3DM1DM2DM3

Days

Bili

rubi

n co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg/

dl)

Fig. 16: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM BILIRUBIN (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS

Pancreas Liver Kidney Heart012345678


Tissue

SOD

U/m

g of

pro

tein

Fig. 17: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON TISSUE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (U/mg of protein) ACTIVITY (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS


255075

100125150175200


Tissue

Cat

alas

e ac

tivity

(CA

TU

nit/m

g of

pro

tein

)

Fig. 18: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON TISSUE CATALASE (CAT Unit/mg of protein) ACTIVITY (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS


5

10

15

20


Tissue

nmol

of M

DA

/g o

f tis

sue

/min

.

Fig. 19: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON TISSUE LIPID PEROXIDATION (nmol of MDA /g of tissue /min ) LEVEL (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS

0 7 14 21 280

50

100

150

200

250

300

350FCF1F2

Days

Glu

cose

con

cent

ratio

n(m

g/dl

)

Fig. 20: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON PLASMA GLUCOSE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION

(MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS

0 7 14 21 280

5

10

15

20

25

30

35FCF1F2

Days

Insu

lin c

once

ntra

tion

( U

/ml)

Fig. 21: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON PLASMA INSULIN (U/ml) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS

0 7 14 21 280

25

50

75

100

125

150

175FCF1F2

days

Tota

l Cho

lest

erol

(mg/

dl)

Fig. 22: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM TOAL CHOLESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN-DIABETIC RATS

0 7 14 21 280

10

20

30

40

50FCF1F2

Days

HD

L-C

hole

ster

ol(m

g/dl

)

Fig. 23: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM HDL-CHOLESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS

0 7 14 21 280

20

40

60

80

100

120FCF1F2

Days

LDL-

Cho

lest

erol

(mg/

dl)

Fig. 24: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM LDL-CHOLESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS

0 7 14 21 280

10

20

30

40FCF1F2

Days

VLD

L-C

hole

ster

ol(m

g/dl

)

Fig. 25: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM VLDL-CHOLESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS

0 7 14 21 280

50

100

150

200FCF1F2

Days

Trig

lyce

ride

s co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg/

dl)

Fig. 26: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM TRIGLYCERIDE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS

0 7 14 21 280

50

100

150FCF1F2

days

Phos

phol

ipid

s co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg/

dl)

Fig. 27: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM PHOPSHOLIPIDS (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS

0 7 14 21 280

100

200

300

400

500FCF1F2

Days

Tota

l lip

ids

conc

entr

atio

n(m

g/dl

)

Fig. 28: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM TOTAL LIPIDS (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS

0 7 14 21 280.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25

1.50

1.75FCF1F2

Days

Cre

atin

ine

conc

entr

atio

n(m

g/dl

)

Fig. 29: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM CREATININE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS

0 7 14 21 280

10

20

30

40

50FCF1F2

Days

BU

N c

once

ntra

tion

(mg/

dl)

Fig. 30: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON BLOOD UREA NITROGEN (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS

0 7 14 21 280.0

0.5

1.0

1.5FCF1F2

Days

Bili

rubi

n co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg/

dl)

Fig. 31: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM BILIRUBIN (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS

0 7 14 21 280

50

100

150

200FCF1F2

Days

ALT

(U/l)

Fig. 32: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON ALANINE AMINO TRANSFERASE (U/l) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS

0 7 14 21 280

25

50

75

100

125

150FCF1F2

Days

AST

(U/l)

Fig. 33: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON ASPARTATE AMINO TRANSFERASE (U/l) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS


1

2

3

4

5

6

7FCF1F2

Days

SOD

(U/m

g of

pro

tein

)

Fig. 34: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON TISSUE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE ACTIVITY (U/mg of protein) LEVEL (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS

Pancreas Liver Kidney heart0

50

100

150

200FCF1F2

Tissue

Cat

alse

(CA

T U

nit/m

gpr

otei

n)

Fig. 35: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON TISSUE CATALASE ACTIVITY (CAT Unit/mg protein) LEVEL (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS


5

10

15

20

25FCF1F2

Tissue

MD

A (n

mol

of M

DA

/g o

ftis

sue

/min

.)

Fig. 36: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON TISSUE LIPID PEROXIDATION (MDA /g of tissue /min) LEVEL (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS 1

Fig. 37: ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST: EFFECT ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON PLASMA GLUCOSE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS

150

200

250

300

350

400GCG1G2G3

-30 0 30 60 120 180

Time in minutes

Glu

cose

con

cent

ratio

n(m

g/dl

)

0 7 14 280.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00TCTA1TA2TA3TM1TM2TM3

Days

Cre

atin

ine

conc

entr

atio

n(m

g/dl

)

Fig. 38: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM CREATININE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN RATS

0 7 14 280

5

10

15

20

25TCTA1TA2TA3TM1TM2TM3

Days

BU

N c

once

ntra

tion

(mg/

dl)

Fig. 39: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON BLOOD UREA NITROGEN (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN RATS

0 7 14 280.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

TCTA1TA2TA3TM1TM2TM3

Days

Bili

rubi

n co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg/

dl)

Fig. 40: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM BILIRUBIN (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN RATS

0 7 14 2805

1015202530354045


Days

ALT

(U/l)

Fig. 41: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE (U/l) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN RATS

0 7 14 280

10

20

30


Days

AST

(U/l)

Fig. 42: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE (U/l) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN RATS

0 7 14 280123456789

1011


Days

RB

C (1

06 /m

m3 )

Fig. 43: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON RED BLOOD CELL COUNT (106/mm3) (MEANSEM) IN RATS

0 7 14 280

5

10

15


Days

WB

C (1

03 /m

m3 )

Fig. 44: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT (103/mm3) (MEANSEM) IN RATS

0 7 14 280

5

10

15


Days

Hae

mog

lobi

n co

ncen

trat

ion

(g/d

l)

Fig. 45: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON HAEMOGLOBIN (g/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN RATS

1LIST OF PLATES

Plate

Title

1

Murraya Koenigii tree

2 Murraya Koenigii fresh green leaves

3 Murraya Koenigii dried leaves 4 Section of pancreas showing poor cellularity of islets of langerhans and

damaged islets cells in diabetic control group. H&E 125X 5 Section of pancreas showing damaged islet of langerhanas in diabetic control

group. H&E 400X 6 Section of pancreas showing regenerating islets of langerhans in Murraya

koenigii methanol extract treatment group. H&E 125X

7 Section of pancreas showing regenerating islet of langerhans in Murraya koenigii aqueous extract treatment group. H&E 400X

8 Section of kidney showing tubular damage, interstitial tissue proliferation and proteinacious material accumulation in glomeruli in diabetic control group. H&E 125X

9 Section of kidney showing normal glomeruli in Murraya koenigii methanol extract treatment group. H&E 125X

10 section of heart showing myocardial infarction in diabetic control group. H&E 125 X

11 section of heart showing normal myocardial fibrils in Murraya koenigii methanol extract treatment group. H&E 125X

12 Section of liver showing fatty degeneration in diabetic control group. H&E 125 X

13 Section of liver showing normal hepatocyte in Murraya koenigii methanol extract treatment group. H&E 125 X

14 Section of pancreas showing damaged islet in diabetic control of group. H&E 400 X

15 Section of pancreas showing damaged islet in diabetic control of group. H&E

400 X

16 Section of pancreas showing regenerating islet in Murraya koenigii freeze-dried aqueous extract treated group. H&E 400 X

17 Section of liver showing regenerating fatty degeneration in diabetic control group. H&E 125 X

Plate

Title

18 Section of liver showing normalising hepatocytes in Murraya koenigii freeze-dried aqueous extract treated group. H&E 125 X

19 SDS-PAGE analysis of pancreatic islet whole cell lysate from alloxan diabetic rats treated with aqueous and methanol leaf extracts of Murraya koenigii

Plate 1: MURRAYA KOENIGII TREE

Plate 2:MURRAYA KOENIGII FRESH GREEN LEAVES

Plate 3: MURRAYA KOENIGII DRIED LEAVES

Plate 5: section of pancreas showing damaged islet of langerhans in diabetic control group. H&E 400X

Plate 4: section of pancreas showing poor cellularity of islets of langerhans and damaged islets cells in diabetic control group. H&E 125X

Plate 6: section of pancreas showing regenerating islets of langerhans in Murraya koenigii methanol extract treatment group. H&E 125X

Plate 7: section of pancreas showing regenerating islet of langerhans in Murraya koenigii aqueous extract treatment group. H&E 400X

Plate 8: section of kidney showing tubular damage, interstitial tissue proliferation and proteinacious material accumulation in glomeruli in diabetic control group. H&E 125X

Plate 9: section of kidney showing normal glomeruli in Murraya koenigii methanol extract treatment group. H&E 125X

Plate 10: section of heart showing myocardial infarction in diabetic control group. H&E 125 X

Plate 11: section of heart showing normal myocardial fibrils in Murraya koenigii methanol extract treatment group. H&E 125X

Plate 12: section of liver showing fatty degeneration in diabetic control group. H&E 125 X

Plate 13: section of liver showing normal hepatocyte in Murraya koenigii methanol extract treatment group. H&E 125 X

Plate 14: section of pancreas showing damaged islet in diabetic control of group. H&E 400 X

Plate 15 section of pancreas showing damaged islet in diabetic control of group. H&E 400 X

Plate 16: section of pancreas showing regenerating islet in Murraya koenigii freeze-dried aqueous extract treated group. H&E 400 X

Plate 17 section of liver showing fatty degeneration in diabetic control group. H&E 125 X

Plate 18 section of liver showing normalising hepatocytes in Murraya koenigii freeze-dried aqueous extract treated group. H&E 125 X

Plate 19: SDS-PAGE analysis of pancreatic islet whole cell lysate

from alloxan diabetic rats treated with aqueous and methanol leaf extracts of Murraya koenigii.

Documents

APPENDIX-I Phytochemical tests: Tests for steroids: …shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/6935/12/12_appendix.pdf · APPENDIX-I Phytochemical tests: Tests for steroids: i)