59
Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties COPYRIGHT © 2010 1 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC. Appendix E: Material properties by Jorge Mireles The following tables compare the physical and mechanical properties of some of the most popular materials for additive manufacturing. The first table provides common manufacturing materials for the purpose of comparison. Description ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) Nylon 66 polycarbonate PVC (polyvinylchloride) polypropylene Tensile strength (ASTM D638) lb/in 2 (MPa) 6,628 (46) 9,224 (63.6) 9,065 (62.5) 5,000-9,000 (34-62) 4,500-5,400 (31-37) Tensile modulus (ASTM D638) lb/in 2 (MPa) 290,000 (2,000) 305,000 (2,100) 334,000 (2,300) 350,000-600,000 (2,400-4,100) 170,000-250,000 (1,172-1,724) Elongation at break 41.6% 82.8% 110% 3-120% 7-13% Elongation at yield not available 10.7% 6% not available not available Impact strength (notched Izod) ft-lb/in of notch (J/m) 1.7-4.5 (0.9 -2.4) 0.75-24.4 (0.4-13) 0.93-18 (0.5-10) 0.75-20 (0.4-10.1) 0.4-1.4 (21-75) Hardness 75-115 Rockwell (R) 93-122 Rockwell (R) 118-133 Rockwell (R) 70 Shore (D) 68-83 Shore (D) Glass-transition temperature ºC (Heat-deflection temperature ºC) not available (94-194º) not available (80-210º) 150º (130º) not available (66-89º) 130-168º (107-121º) Source: www.matweb.com and CADCAMNet Note: Ryan Wicker and Frank Medina contributed to this appendix

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Page 1: Appendix E: Material properties - Wohlers Associateswohlersassociates.com/materials2010.pdf · Material Accura Xtreme Plastic Accura 60 Accura 10 Accura 25 Accura 55 ... Material

Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 1 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Appendix E: Material properties

by Jorge Mireles

The following tables compare the physical and mechanical properties of some of the most popular materials for additive manufacturing. The first table provides common manufacturing materials for the purpose of comparison.

Description

ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene)

Nylon 66 polycarbonate PVC

(polyvinylchloride) polypropylene

Tensile strength (ASTM D638)

lb/in2 (MPa)

6,628 (46)

9,224 (63.6)

9,065 (62.5)

5,000-9,000 (34-62)

4,500-5,400 (31-37)

Tensile modulus (ASTM D638)

lb/in2 (MPa)

290,000 (2,000)

305,000 (2,100)

334,000 (2,300)

350,000-600,000 (2,400-4,100)

170,000-250,000 (1,172-1,724)

Elongation at break 41.6% 82.8% 110% 3-120% 7-13%

Elongation at yield not available 10.7% 6% not available not available

Impact strength (notched Izod)

ft-lb/in of notch (J/m)

1.7-4.5 (0.9 -2.4)

0.75-24.4 (0.4-13)

0.93-18 (0.5-10)

0.75-20 (0.4-10.1)

0.4-1.4 (21-75)

Hardness 75-115

Rockwell (R) 93-122

Rockwell (R) 118-133

Rockwell (R) 70

Shore (D) 68-83

Shore (D)

Glass-transition temperature ºC (Heat-deflection temperature ºC)

not available (94-194º)

not available(80-210º)

150º (130º)

not available (66-89º)

130-168º (107-121º)

Source: www.matweb.com and CADCAMNet Note: Ryan Wicker and Frank Medina contributed to this appendix

Page 2: Appendix E: Material properties - Wohlers Associateswohlersassociates.com/materials2010.pdf · Material Accura Xtreme Plastic Accura 60 Accura 10 Accura 25 Accura 55 ... Material

Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 2 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Technology Stereolithography

Manufacturer 3D Systems (1 of 3)

Material Accura Xtreme Plastic Accura 60 Accura 10 Accura 25 Accura 55

Type of material photopolymer liquid resin

Type of laser

(machine) solid-state lasers solid-state lasers

solid-state lasers

solid-state lasers

solid-state lasers

Notes

the aesthetics and properties of a grey molded ABS production

part with toughness and accuracy

durable, humidity resistance, optical

clarity, view internal features and

passages, low-viscosity formulation

high green strength, good humidity

resistance, ideal for QuickCast parts,

optical clarity, and smooth side walls

durable white material, ideal for

snap fits and RTV-molding applications

durable and rigid material, ABS-like,

fast build speed

Postcure method UV light UV light UV light and heat

UV light and heat UV light and heat

Process properties — liquid resin

Critical exposure Ec (mJ/cm2)

11.7 7.6 13.8 10.5 7.4

Depth of penetration

Dp (mils) 4.1 6.3 6.3 4.2 5.2

Viscosity centipoise at 30ºC

250-300 150-180 485 250 155-185

Continued on the following page

Page 3: Appendix E: Material properties - Wohlers Associateswohlersassociates.com/materials2010.pdf · Material Accura Xtreme Plastic Accura 60 Accura 10 Accura 25 Accura 55 ... Material

Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 3 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Material Accura Xtreme Plastic Accura 60 Accura 10 Accura 25 Accura 55

Physical properties

Tensile strength lb/in2 (MPa)

5,510-6,380 (38-44)

8,410-9,860 (58-68)

9,010-10,940 (62-76)

5,450-5,570 (38)

9,200-9,850 (63-68)

Tensile modulus lb/in2 (MPa)

260,000-287,000 (1,790-1,980)

390,000-450,000(2,690-3,100)

440,000-510,000(3,048-3,532)

230,000-240,000 (1,590-1,660)

460,000-490,000 (3,200-3,380)

Elongation % at break

14-22% 5-13% 3.1-5.6% 13-20% 5-8%

Impact strength (notched Izod) ft-lb/in of notch

(J/m) @ ASTM D 256

0.66-0.98 (35-52)

0.66-0.98 (15-25)

0.28-0.52 (14.9-27.7)

0.4 (19-24)

0.2-0.4 (12-22)

Hardness (Shore D-scale)

86 86 86 80 85

General information

Heat deflection temperature ºC

@66 lb/in2 @264 lb/in2

62º 54º

53-55º 48-50º

58º 50º

58-63º 51-55º

55-58º 51-53º

Glass-transition temperature ºC

52º 58º 62º 60º 56º

Source: Accura Stereolithography Material Datasheets, 3D Systems, 3dsystems.com/products/solidimaging/accura/datasheets.asp, February 2010

Page 4: Appendix E: Material properties - Wohlers Associateswohlersassociates.com/materials2010.pdf · Material Accura Xtreme Plastic Accura 60 Accura 10 Accura 25 Accura 55 ... Material

Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 4 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Technology Stereolithography

Manufacturer 3D Systems (2 of 3)

Material Accura 40 Accura Bluestone Accura 45HC Accura 50 Accura Amethyst

Type of material photopolymer liquid resin

Type of laser

(machine)

solid-state lasers

solid-state lasers

helium-cadmium lasers

(SLA 250)

solid-state lasers

solid-state lasers

(Viper SLA Systems)

Notes tough, high-temperature material, not brittle

engineering nanocomposite material, exceptional stiffness and thermal resistance, low

shrinkage

high green strength, good humidity

resistance, build speeds that are up to two times the speed

of other resins

durable natural or grey material, ideal for snap fits and RTV-molding

applications

purple, superior feature detail and part quality, highly

accurate, good combination of speed

and part quality

Postcure method UV light and heat UV light and heat UV light and heat UV light and heat UV light and heat

Process properties — liquid resin

Critical exposure Ec (mJ/cm2)

20.1 6.9 7.4 9.0 14.4

Depth of penetration

Dp (mils) 6.8 4.1 5.1 4.5 3.7

Viscosity centipoise at

30ºC 485 1,200-1,800 475 600 350

Continued on the following page

Page 5: Appendix E: Material properties - Wohlers Associateswohlersassociates.com/materials2010.pdf · Material Accura Xtreme Plastic Accura 60 Accura 10 Accura 25 Accura 55 ... Material

Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 5 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Material Accura 40 Accura Bluestone Accura 45HC Accura 50 Accura Amethyst

Physical properties

Tensile strength lb/in2 (MPa)

8,270-8,920 (57-61)

9,600-9,800 (66-68)

8,520-8,860 (59-61)

7,030-7,240 (48-50)

3,130-5,450 (22-38)

Tensile modulus lb/in2 (MPa)

410,000-440,000 (2,628-3,321)

1,100,000-1,700,000(7,600-11,700)

400,000-430,000 (2,760-2,960)

360,000-390,000 (2,480-2,690)

510,000-580,000(3,514-3,996)

Elongation % at break

4.8-5.1% 1.4-2.4% 4.8-5.4% 5.3-15.0% .56-1.04%

Impact strength (notched Izod) ft-lb/in of notch

(J/m) @ ASTD D 256

0.42-0.56 (22.3-29.9)

0.24-0.32 (13-17)

0.2-0.3 (11-16)

0.31-0.51 (16.5-28.1)

0.16-0.23 (9-12)

Hardness (Shore D-scale)

84 92 87 86 87

General information

Heat deflection temperature ºC

@66 lb/in2 @264 lb/in2

51-54º 43-49º

65-66º 65º

58º 51º

49-53º 43-46º

77º 62º

Glass-transition temperature ºC

62-65.6º 71-83º 66-87º 62º 103º

Source: Accura Stereolithography Material Datasheets, 3dsystems.com/products/solidimaging/accura/datasheets.asp, February 2010

Page 6: Appendix E: Material properties - Wohlers Associateswohlersassociates.com/materials2010.pdf · Material Accura Xtreme Plastic Accura 60 Accura 10 Accura 25 Accura 55 ... Material

Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 6 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Technology Stereolithography

Manufacturer 3D Systems (3 of 3)

Material Accura® AccuGen™ Accura® ClearVue™ Accura® 48HTR™

Type of material

photopolymer liquid resin

Type of laser

(machine)

argon-ion lasers

(SLA 250 System)

helium-cadmium

lasers

(SLA 500 System)

solid-state lasers

(Viper si2™ SLA, 3500, 5000, and

7000 systems)

solid-state lasers

Notes fast, general-purpose resin with mid-range physical properties

durable, virtually colorless parts, |humidity resistance, lowest

viscosity in class

high humidity and moisture resistant, high rigidity, low viscosity formulation

Postcure method

UV light

Process properties — liquid resin

Critical exposure

Ec (mJ/cm2) 7.27 7.4 10.8 9.8 7.4

Depth of penetration

Dp (mils) 3.92 4.4 4.4 6.2 5.5

Viscosity centipoise at

30ºC 485 485 500 145-155 200-250

Continued on the following page

Page 7: Appendix E: Material properties - Wohlers Associateswohlersassociates.com/materials2010.pdf · Material Accura Xtreme Plastic Accura 60 Accura 10 Accura 25 Accura 55 ... Material

Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 7 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Material Accura® AccuGen™ Accura® ClearVue™ Accura® 48HTR™

Physical properties

Tensile strength

lb/in2 (MPa)

9,240-9,330

(64-65) 7,980-8,190

(55-57) 9,700 (67)

5,950-6,380 (41-44)

9,280-9,720 (64-67)

Tensile modulus

lb/in2 (MPa)

410,000-450,000 (2,840-3,117)

390,000-430,000 (2,701-2,978)

440,000 (3,030)

331,000-370,000 (2,280-2,530)

406,000-577,000 (2,800-3,980)

Elongation % at break

4.6-5.6% 5.8-7.8% 4.6% 6-14% 4-7%

Impact strength (notched

Izod) ft-lb/in

of notch (J/m)

0.38-0.45 (20.2-24.5)

0.38-0.45 (20.2-24.5)

0.32 (17.1)

not available 0.4-0.5 (22-29)

Hardness (Shore D-

scale) 86 84 82 not available 86

General information

Heat deflection

temperature ºC

@66 lb/in2 @265 lb/in2

59º 50º

57º 51º

not available not available 65º 57º

Glass-transition

temperature ºC

40º 40º 73º not available 62º

Source: Accura Stereolithography Material Datasheets, 3D Systems, 3dsystems.com/products/solidimaging/accura/datasheets.asp, February 2010

Page 8: Appendix E: Material properties - Wohlers Associateswohlersassociates.com/materials2010.pdf · Material Accura Xtreme Plastic Accura 60 Accura 10 Accura 25 Accura 55 ... Material

Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 8 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Technology Stereolithography

Manufacturer DSM Somos (Table 1 of 4)

Material Somos ProtoGen

18120 Somos ProtoGen

18420 Somos ProtoCast

AF19122 DMX-SL 100

WaterClear Ultra 10122

Somos NanoTool

Type of material photopolymer liquid resin composite-filled photopolymer

resin

Type of laser

(machine) solid-state lasers

Notes general-purpose, high-temperature

ABS-like parts

general-purpose, high-temperature

ABS-like parts

antimony-free, low ash residue for

investment-casting applications

high toughness, durable parts

optically clear resin with ABS-like properties and improved

water resistance (water absorption

0.8%)

strong, stiff, high-

temperature resistant

composite parts

Postcure method UV light and heat UV light UV light and

heat

Process properties — liquid resin

Critical exposure Ec (mJ/cm2)

6.73 6.73 11.5 11.5 15 10.0 8.3

Depth of penetration Dp (mils)

4.57 4.34 5.2 5.2 5.5 6.5 4.3

Viscosity centipoise at 30ºC

300 350 265 100 1,500 165 2,500

Density g/cm3 at 25ºC

1.16 1.16 1.13 1.13 1.17 1.13 1.65

Continued on the following page

Page 9: Appendix E: Material properties - Wohlers Associateswohlersassociates.com/materials2010.pdf · Material Accura Xtreme Plastic Accura 60 Accura 10 Accura 25 Accura 55 ... Material

Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 9 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Material Somos

ProtoGen18120 Somos

ProtoGen 18420

Somos ProtoCast AF19122

DMX-SL 100

WaterClear Ultra 10122

Somos NanoTool

Physical properties

UV postcure

7,500-8,000 (51.7-54.9)

6,100-6400 (42.2-43.8)

8,900-11,300 (61.7-78)

Tensile strength at break (ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa)

UV plus heat

9,900-10,000 (68.8-69.2)

9,600-9,900 (66.1-68.1)

6454.2- 6570.2(44.5-45.3)

4,308-4,656 (29.7-32.1)

7,977.1-8,122.1 (55-56)

9,600-11,600 (66.3-80.3)

UV postcure

381,000-397,000 (2,620-2,740)

316,000-336,000(2,180-2,310)

1,590,000-1,650,000(11,000-11,400)

Tensile modulus (ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa)

UV plus heat

422,000-433,000 (2,910-2,990)

417,000-430,000(2,880-2,960)

291,961- 317,197.5

(2,013-2,187)

327,785-371,297(2,260-2,560)

414,807.9-420,609.4

(2,860-2,900) 1,510,000-1,620,000(10,400-11,200)

UV postcure

6-12% 8-16% 0.7-1.0% Elongation (ASTM D638)

% at break UV plus heat

7-8% 6-9%

6% 12-28% 6-9%

0.7-1.0%

UV postcure

0.26-0.49 (14-26)

0.37-0.41 (20-22)

0.23-0.29 (12-15)

Impact strength (notched

Izod) ft-lb/in of

notch (J/m)

UV plus heat

0.24-0.47 (13-25)

0.17-0.39 (1.5)

.32-.54 (17-29)

1.15-1.32 (80-70)

0.44-0.48 (24-26)

0.26-0.36 (14-16)

UV postcure

84-85 86-88 94 Hardness

(Shore D-scale) UV plus

heat 87-88 86-87

84-86 80 86-87

94

General information

UV postcure

55-58º

48-50º 53-56º

46-47º 225º

85-90º Heat

deflection temperature

ºC @66 lb/in2

@264 lb/in2

UV plus heat

95-97º

79-82º 93-98º

74-78o

59º 50º

44º 41º

46-47º 42-43º

258-263º 104º

Glass-transition temperature ºC

71-86º 57-96º 49º 37º 42-46º 57-89º

Source: Stereolithography Product Data Sheets, DSM Somos, dsm.com/en_US/html/dsms/pd_product_data_sheets.htm, February 2010

Page 10: Appendix E: Material properties - Wohlers Associateswohlersassociates.com/materials2010.pdf · Material Accura Xtreme Plastic Accura 60 Accura 10 Accura 25 Accura 55 ... Material

Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 10 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Technology Stereolithography

Manufacturer DSM Somos (Table 2 of 4)

Material Somos 7110

Somos 8110

Somos9110

Somos WaterClear 10110

Somos WaterShed

11110

WaterShed XC 11122

Somos ProtoTherm 12110

Type of material photopolymer liquid resin

Type of laser

(machine)

helium-cadmium lasers

(SLA 190/SLA 250)

solid-state lasers

helium-cadmium lasers

(SLA 190/SLA 250)

Notes

epoxy, high-speed,

humidity- tolerant,

heat-resistant

resin

epoxy, specialty resin for

flexible parts

epoxy, robust

resin for functional

parts

general-purpose resin with mid-

range properties; produces clear

parts

durable, strong, semi-

transparent, water-resistant

resin

strong, tough, water-resistant, ABS-like parts,

high dimensional

stability, nearly colorless

strong, high-temperature tolerant, water-resistant resin; parts have cherry-red

appearance

Postcure method UV light and heat

UV light UV light and heat

Process properties — liquid resin

Critical exposure Ec (mJ/cm2)

8.2 6.0 8.0 9.0 11.5 11.5 12.2

Depth of penetration Dp (mils)

5.5 5.3 5.2 5.75 5.45 6.5 5.5

Viscosity centipoise at 30ºC

700 600 230 130 92 260 410

Density g/cm3 at 25ºC

1.13 1.11 1.13 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.15

Continued on the following page

Page 11: Appendix E: Material properties - Wohlers Associateswohlersassociates.com/materials2010.pdf · Material Accura Xtreme Plastic Accura 60 Accura 10 Accura 25 Accura 55 ... Material

Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 11 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Material Somos 7110

Somos 8110

Somos9110

Somos WaterClear

10110

Somos WaterShed

11110

WaterShed XC 11122

Somos ProtoTherm 12110

Physical properties

UV postcure

8,100 (56)

8,354.24 (57.6)

Tensile strength (ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa)

UV plus heat

10,000 (69)

2,600 (18)

4,500 (31)

6,295 (43.4)

7,005 (48.3)

6,831-7,774 (47.1-53.6)

9,500 (65.5)

UV postcure

307,000 (2,117)

497,479.4 (3,430)

Tensile modulus (ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa)

UV plus heat

350,000 (2,413)

46,000 (317)

231,000(1,590)

295,877 (2,040)

382,900 (2,640)

384,000-418,000 (2,650-2,880)

375,647.7 (2,950)

UV postcure

5.4-7.1% 5% Elongation (ASTM D638)

% at break UV plus heat

4.2-4.9%

27% 15-21% 37% 25% 11-20%

3.8%

UV postcure

0.52 (27.8)

0.22 (11.5)

Impact strength (notched

Izod) ft-lb/in of

notch (J/m)

UV plus heat

0.64 (34.2)

1.6 (87)

1.03 (55)

0.85 (45)

0.362 (19.3)

0.4-0.6 (20-30)

0.38 (20.7)

UV postcure

82 84.5 Hardness

(Shore D-scale) UV plus

heat 85

77 83 83 not available not available

86.4

General information

Heat deflection

temperature ºC

@66 lb/in2 @265 lb/in2

UV postcure

59-72º

54º

50º

51.2º

44.9º 49.6º

46.2º 45.9-54.5º

49.0-49.7º 52.8º 47.8º

Glass-transition temperature ºC

not available

not available

not available

41º 41º 39-46º 59.4º

Source: Stereolithography Product Data Sheets, DSM Somos, dsm.com/en_US/html/dsms/pd_product_data_sheets.htm, February 2010

Page 12: Appendix E: Material properties - Wohlers Associateswohlersassociates.com/materials2010.pdf · Material Accura Xtreme Plastic Accura 60 Accura 10 Accura 25 Accura 55 ... Material

Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 12 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Technology Stereolithography

Manufacturer DSM Somos (Table 3 of 4)

Material Somos 7120

Somos 8120

Somos 9120

Somos WaterClear

10120

Somos WaterShed

11120

Somos ProtoTherm

12120

Type of material photopolymer liquid resin

Type of laser

(machine) solid-state lasers

Notes

epoxy, high-speed,

humidity- tolerant, heat-resistant resin

epoxy, specialty resin for flexible

parts

epoxy, durable resin for

functional parts

general-purposeresin with mid-

range properties; produces clear

parts

durable, strong, semi-transparent,

water-resistant resin

strong, high-temperature

tolerant, water-resistant resin;

parts have cherry-red appearance

Postcure method UV light and

heat UV light UV light and heat

Process properties — liquid resin

Critical exposure Ec (mJ/cm2)

8.0 6.75 10.9 9.7 11.5 11.8

Depth of penetration Dp (mils)

5.5 6.2 5.6 6.3 5.5 6.0

Viscosity centipoise at 30ºC

700 600 450 130 260 550

Density g/cm3 at 25ºC

1.13 1.11 1.13 1.12 1.12 1.15

Continued on the following page

Page 13: Appendix E: Material properties - Wohlers Associateswohlersassociates.com/materials2010.pdf · Material Accura Xtreme Plastic Accura 60 Accura 10 Accura 25 Accura 55 ... Material

Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 13 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Material Somos 7120

Somos 8120

Somos 9120

Somos WaterClear

10120

Somos WaterShed

11120

Somos ProtoTherm

12120

Physical properties

UV postcure

8,400 (58)

10,182 (70.2)

Tensile strength

(ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa)

UV plus heat

9,100 (63)

3,800 (26.2)

4,400-4,700(30-32)

3,770 (26)

6,821-7,774 (47.1-53.6)

11,168 (77.0)

UV postcure

359,000 (2,477)

510,534 (3,520)

Tensile modulus

(ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa)

UV plus heat

375,000 (2,588)

40,000-102,000(275.8-703.3)

178,000-212,000

(1,227-1,462)

248,000 (1,960)

384,000- 418,000

(2,650-2,880) 471,374 (3,250)

UV postcure

2.1-6.9% 4% Elongation

(ASTM D638) % at break UV plus

heat 2.3-4.1%

27% 15-25% 32% 11-20%

4.5%

UV postcure

0.5 (27)

0.215 (11.5)

Impact strength (notched

Izod) ft-lb/in of

notch (J/m)

UV plus heat

0.6 (32)

1.1 (59)

0.9-1.0 (48-53)

0.91 (48)

0.4-0.6 (20-30)

0.315 (16.8)

UV postcure

88 85.3 Hardness

(Shore D-scale) UV plus

heat 88

76 80-82 81 86-87

86.7

General information

UV postcure

56.5º 51.9º

Heat deflection

temperature ºC

@66 lb/in2 @265 lb/in2

UV plus heat

70-97º 54º 50-61º 45º 47º

45.9-54.4º

49.0-49.7º 126.2º 110.7º

Glass-transition temperature ºC

not available not available not available 28º 39-46º 74-111º

Source: Stereolithography Product Data Sheets, DSM Somos, dsm.com/en_US/html/dsms/pd_product_data_sheets.htm, February 2010

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 14 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Technology Stereolithography

Manufacturer DSM Somos (Table 4 of 4)

Material Somos 9920

Somos 14120 White

Somos NanoForm

15120

Somos ULM 17220 Black

Somos 9420 EP-White

Type of material photopolymer liquid resin

Type of laser

(machine) solid-state lasers

Notes

robust, functional and

accurate polypropylene-

like parts; superior chemical

resistance

low-viscosity resin for

strong, tough, water-resistant

parts

nanoparticle-filled resin for strong,

stiff, high-temperature-

resistant parts with an opaque gray

appearance

ultra-low modulus resin with rubber-like properties; for parts like seals, keypads,

and hoses

superior fatigue properties, strong memory retention and

high quality up-facing and down-facing surfaces

Postcure method UV light UV light & heat UV light

Process properties — liquid resin

Critical exposure Ec (mJ/cm2)

10.9 13.0 16.3 3.69 15.0

Depth of penetration Dp (mils)

5.45 6.25 5.2 5.1 5.4

Viscosity centipoise at 30ºC

450 240 570 3,400 475

Density g/cm3 at 25ºC

1.13 1.10 1.33 (liquid) 1.38 (solid)

1.07 at 23ºC (liquid) 1.12 (solid)

1.13

Continued on the following page

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 15 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Material Somos 9920

Somos 14120 White

Somos NanoForm

15120

Somos ULM 17220 Black

Somos 9420 EP-White

Physical properties

UV postcure

6,900 (48) Tensile strength

(ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa) UV plus

heat

4,496-5,627 (31-39)

6,630 (45.7)

7,700 (53)

503 (3.47)

2,450-2,900 (17-20)

UV postcure

725,000 (5,000) Tensile modulus

(ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa) UV plus

heat

195,076-262,519

(1,345-1,810)

357,000 (2,460)

856,000 (5,900)

not available 80,000-123,000

(553-850)

UV postcure

2.1% Elongation

(ASTM D638) % at break UV plus

heat

20% 8%

1.2%

75% 25-30%

UV postcure

0.28 (15.0) Impact strength

(notched Izod) ft-lb/in of notch

(J/m) UV plus heat

0.5-1.0 (27-50)

0.44 (23.5)

0.30 (15.9)

not available 0.82-0.9 (44-48)

UV postcure

93 Hardness

(Shore D-scale) UV plus

heat

81 81

92

70 (Shore A) 70-74

General information

UV postcure

65.5º 52.9º Heat deflection

temperature ºC @66 lb/in2

@265 lb/in2 UV plus heat

54.5-61.6º 45.4-48.0º

53º 48º

269º 115º

not available 47-50º 36-38º

UV postcure

39º Glass-transition temperature ºC

UV plus heat

37-52º 44º

80º

not available 57-60º

Source: Stereolithography Product Data Sheets, DSM Somos, dsm.com/en_US/html/dsms/pd_product_data_sheets.htm, February 2010

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 16 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Technology Stereolithography

Manufacturer Huntsman (Table 1 of 4)

Material Renshape SL-5170

Renshape SL-5240

Renshape SL-5260

Type of material photopolymer liquid resin

Type of laser

(machine) helium-cadmium lasers

Notes high-accuracy, general-use

resin tough resin, mimics

polypropylene durable material that mimics ABS

Postcure method UV light UV light UV light and heat

Process properties — liquid resin

Critical exposure Ec (mJ/cm2)

13.5 9.9 7.0

Depth of penetration Dp (mils)

4.8 6.7 4.5

Viscosity centipoise at 30ºC

165-195 375 250

Density g/cm3 at 25ºC

1.14 1.14 1.18

Continued on the following page

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 17 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Material Renshape SL-5170

Renshape SL-5240

Renshape SL-5260

Physical properties

UV postcure

8,300 (58)

Tensile strength (ASTM D638)

lb/in2 (MPa) UV plus

heat

8,600-8,800 (59-60)

5,200-5,500 (36-38)

8,600 (60)

UV postcure

360,000 (2,500) Tensile modulus

(ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa) UV plus

heat

542,000-603,000 (3,737-4,158)

227,000-245,000 (1,565-1,689)

350,000 (2,400)

UV postcure

12% Elongation

(ASTM D638) % at break UV plus

heat

7-19% 22-26%

14%

UV postcure

0.7 (40) Impact strength

(notched Izod) ft-lb/in of notch

(J/m) UV plus heat

0.5-0.7 (27-37)

0.8-1.0 (43-53)

0.7 (40)

UV postcure

85 Hardness

(Shore D-scale) UV plus

heat

85 84

86

General information

UV postcure

58º 50º

58º 51º

Heat deflection temperature

ºC @66 lb/in2

@265 lb/in2 UV plus

heat

55º 49º

82º 66º

97º 78º

Glass-transition temperature ºC

not available 61º 73-95º

Source: Stereolithography Materials Technical Datasheets, Huntsman Advanced Materials, huntsman.com, March 2010

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 18 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Technology Stereolithography Manufacturer Huntsman (Table 2 of 4)

Material Renshape SL-5530

RenShape SL-7510

RenShape SL-7520

RenShape SL-7540

RenShape SL-7545

RenShape SL-7560

Type of material photopolymer liquid resin

Type of laser

(machine) solid-state lasers

argon lasers (SLA 500)

Notes heat- and

water-resistant resin

fast, general-use,

humidity-resistant resin

general-use resin, good surface

finish

tough resin, mimics

thermoplastics like

polypropylene

produces polypropylene-like

parts

produces opaque white parts that

resemble injection-molded

plastics with ABS-like properties

Postcure method UV light and

heat UV light UV light and heat

Process properties — liquid resin

Critical exposure Ec (mJ/cm2)

8.9 10.9 9.5 8.7 9.6 5.4

Depth of penetration

Dp (mils) 5.4 5.5 4.9 6.0 6.6 5.2

Viscosity centipoise at 30ºC

210 325 450 279 350 200

Density g/cm3 at 25ºC

1.19 1.17 1.18 1.14 1.15 1.18

Continued on the following page

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 19 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Material Renshape SL-5530

RenShape SL-7510

RenShape SL-7520

RenShape SL-7540

RenShape SL-7545

RenShape SL-7560

Physical properties

UV postcure

8,300-8,900 (57-61)

9,000-9,400 (62-65)

5,500-5,700 (38-39)

5,000-5,700 (35-40)

6,000-9,000 (42-62)

Tensile strength (ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa)

UV plus heat

6,800-8,900 (47-61)

6,500 (44)

9,100-10,000 (63-69)

5,500-5,900 (38-41)

5,000-5,700 (35-40)

8,000-10,000 (56-69)

UV postcure

419,000- 456,000

(2,889-3,144)

2,937-3,158 (426-458)

223,000-241,000 (1,538-1,662)

200,000-275,000 (1,400-1,900)

350,000-375,000 (2,400-2,600)

Tensile modulus (ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa)

UV plus heat

520,000- 545,000

(3,585-3,758)

320,000 (2,206)

2,882-2,958 (418-429)

192,000-202,000 (1,324-1,393)

220,000-280,000 (1,500-1,900)

350,000-385,000 (2,400-2,700)

UV postcure

3.8-4.4% 5.2-7.2% 21.2-22.4% 12-21%

Elongation (ASTM D638)

% at break UV plus

heat 1.3-2.9%

13.7%

2.9-3.8% 19.2-22.1% 10-16%

6-15%

Continued on the following page

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 20 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Material Renshape SL-5530

RenShape SL-7510

RenShape SL-7520

RenShape SL-7540

RenShape SL-7545

RenShape SL-7560

Physical properties

UV postcure

0.4 (21)

0.29-0.34 (15.5-18.1)

0.68-0.89 (36.3-47.5)1 0.72-0.86

(38.4-45.9)2 0.69-0.84

(36.8-44.8)3

0.5-0.7 (28-39) Impact

strength (notched

Izod) ft-lb/in of

notch (J/m) UV plus

heat 0.4 (21)

0.6 (32)

0.20-0.28 (10.7-15.0)

0.52-0.62 (27.8-33.1)1 0.52-0.64

(27.8-34.2)2 0.48-0.56

(25.6-29.9)3

0.4-0.6 (22-33)

0.5-0.8 (28-44)

UV postcure

88 86 79 79 86 Hardness

(Shore D-scale) UV plus

heat 90

87

90 80-82 81 88

General information

UV postcure

70-85º 55-58º

51º 54º 49º

57º 49º

48-50º 43-48º

56-60º Heat deflection

temperature ºC

@66 lb/in2 @264 /lb/in2

UV plus heat

170-250º 110-120º

81º 89º 72º

77º 60º

58-60º 48-50º

84-101º

Glass-transition temperature ºC

79-122º 63º 68-87º 57-58º 55-58º 60-62º

Source: Stereolithography Materials Technical Datasheets, Huntsman Advanced Materials, huntsman.com, March 2010

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 21 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Technology Stereolithography Manufacturer Huntsman (Table 3 of 4)

Material RenShape SL-7565

RenShape SL-7570

RenShape SL-7580

RenShape SL-7800

RenShape SL-7810

Type of material photopolymer liquid resin

Type of laser

(machine)

solid-state lasers (1SLA 3500 2SLA 5000 3SLA 7000 4Viper SLA)

Notes produces optically

clear parts with ABS-like properties

clear, colorless material for high

accuracy

produces opaque ABS-like parts with long-term stability

general purpose resin excellent for

QuickCast patterns

white, low viscosity, ABS-like appearance,

suited for RTV patterns, durability

past 6 months

Postcure method UV light and heat

Process properties — liquid resin

Critical exposure Ec (mJ/cm2)

8.2 6.2 3, 7.8

1, 2, 4 9.4

9.98 (SLA 5000/7000) 9.51 (SLA 500/

3500/Viper SLA) 9.9

Depth of penetration

Dp (mils) 5.2 4.5

3, 5.3

1, 2, 4 4.7

5.74 (SLA 5000/7000) 5.67 (SLA 500/

3500/Viper SLA) 5.6

Viscosity centipoise at 30ºC

165 147 500 205 210

Density g/cm3 at 25ºC

1.17 1.16 1.18 1.12 1.13

Continued on the following page

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 22 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Material RenShape SL-7565

RenShape SL-7570

RenShape SL-7580

RenShape SL-7800

RenShape SL-7810

Physical properties

UV postcure

6,600-7,800 (46-54)

8,600-8,700 (59-60)

7,700 (53)

6,000-6,800 (41-47)

5,200-7,400 (36-51)

Tensile strength (ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa)

UV plus heat

6,600-7,800 (46-54)

10,600-10,900 (73-75)

8,500 (59)

6,400 (44)

5,700-7,400 (39-51)

UV postcure

290,000-360,000 (2,000-2,500)

330,000 (2,300)

300,000-350,000 (2,075-2,400)

260,000-348,000 (1,800-2,400)

Tensile modulus (ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa)

UV plus heat

290,000-360,000 (2,000-2,500)

390,000-420,000 (2,700-2,900)

330,000 (2,300)

310,000-320,000 (2,180-2,250)

290,000-348,000 (2,000-2,400)

UV postcure

19-30% 6-7% 11% 10-18% 10-20% Elongation

(ASTM D638)

% at break UV plus

heat 22-35% 7-8% 10% 10-15% 10-14%

Continued on the following page

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 23 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Material RenShape SL-7565

RenShape SL-7570

RenShape SL-7580

RenShape SL-7800

RenShape SL-7810

Physical properties

UV postcure

0.5-0.7 (27-38)

0.45-0.49 (24-26)

0.6 (34)

0.7-1.1 (37-58)

0.83-0.91 (44-48) Impact

strength (notched

Izod) ft-lb/in of

notch (J/m) UV plus

heat 0.5-0.7 (28-38)

0.47-0.54 (25-29)

0.6 (34)

0.7-0.9 (37-48)

0.83-0.93 (44-49)

UV postcure

84 89 84 87 86 Hardness

(Shore D-scale) UV plus

heat 85 90 85 87 87

General information

UV postcure

48-52º 50-60º 63º 52º

n/a n/a Heat deflection

temperature ºC

@66 lb/in2 @265 lb/in2

UV plus heat

51-57º 93-95º 97º 76º

62º n/a

Glass-transition temperature ºC

56-72º 60-65º, 88-92º 70-72º 57-59º 62º

Source: Stereolithography Materials Technical Datasheets, Huntsman Advanced Materials, huntsman.com, March 2010

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 24 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Technology Stereolithography

Manufacturer Huntsman (Table 4 of 4)

Material Renshape SL-5195

Renshape SL-5510

Renshape H-C 9100

RenShape Y-C 9300

RenShape Y-C 9500

RenShape Y-C 9500 FT1

Type of material photopolymer liquid resin photopolymer liquid resin

Type of laser

(machine) solid-state lasers

helium-cadmium lasers solid-state lasers

Notes low-viscosity,

general-use resin

humidity- resistant,

high-accuracy, general-use

resin

specialty resin for medical models; may be sterilized

in autoclave; color may be selectively added by over-curing

clear material for medical

applications; may be sterilized by conventional techniques

flesh-colored material for

medical applications such as hearing aids; may be sterilized by conventional

techniques

Postcure method UV light

Process properties — liquid resin

Critical exposure Ec (mJ/cm2)

13.1 11.2-11.4 6.1 8.4 4.3 4.4

Depth of penetration Dp (mils)

5.2 4.1-4.3* 5.3 9.4 6.3 3.8

Viscosity centipoise at 30ºC

180 180 1,030 1,090 1,090 1,050

Density g/cm3 at 25ºC

1.16 1.13 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12

Continued on the following page

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 25 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Material Renshape SL-5195

Renshape SL-5510

Renshape H-C 9100

RenShape Y-C 9300R

RenShape Y-C 9500

RenShape Y-C 9500 FT1

Physical properties

UV postcure

Tensile strength (ASTM D638)

lb/in2 (MPa) UV plus

heat

6,740 (46.5)

11,100 (77)

7,250 (50)

6,525 (45)

6,525 (45)

5,200 (36)

UV postcure Tensile modulus

(ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa) UV plus

heat

303,000 (2,090)

478,000 (3,296)

201,000 (1,389)

191,000 (1,315)

191,000 (1,315)

115,000 (800)

UV postcure Elongation

(ASTM D638) % at break UV plus

heat

11% 5.4% 8% 7% 7% 10%

UV postcure Impact strength

(notched Izod) ft-lb/in of notch

(J/m) UV plus heat

1.0 (54)

0.5 (27)

not available not available not available not available

UV postcure Hardness

(Shore D-scale) UV plus

heat

83 86 75 75 75 75

General information

UV postcure

62º 53º

Heat deflection temperature

ºC @66 lb/in2

@264 lb/in2 UV plus

heat

47º 43º

87º 76º

not available not available not available not available

Glass-transition temperature ºC

67-82º 68º 52º 52º 52º 72º

Source: Stereolithography Materials Technical Datasheets, Huntsman Advanced Materials, huntsman.com, March 2010

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 26 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Technology Stereolithography

Manufacturer Allied PhotoPolymers (Table 1 of 1)

Material KZ-1850-CL KZ-1850-ICE KZ-1860-CL KZ-1870-WH

Type of material photopolymer liquid resin

Type of laser

(machine) solid-state 355nm lasers

Notes ABS-like,

rigid ABS-like, water-resistant

general-purpose, rigid ABS-like, water-resistant

ABS-like, dimensionally stable, humidity resistance,

ideal for QuickCast applications

ABS-like, dimensionally stable, general purpose,

humidity resistant

Postcure method UV light UV light UV light UV light

Process properties — liquid resin

Critical exposure Ec (mJ/cm2)

6.7 6.7 11.2 10.4

Depth of penetration Dp (mils)

4.6 4.6 6.6 5.8

Viscosity centipoise at 30ºC

125 125 270 500

Density g/cm3 at 25ºC

not available not available 1.12 1.13

Continued on the following page

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 27 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Material KZ-1850-CL KZ-1850-ICE KZ-1860-CL KZ-1870-WH

Physical properties

UV postcure

Tensile strength (ASTM D638)

lb/in2 (MPa) UV plus

heat

7,861.05 (54.2)

7,861.05 (54.2)

7,542 (52)

7,687 (53)

UV postcure Tensile modulus

(ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa) UV plus

heat

345,189.8 (2,380)

345,189.8 (2,380)

363,000 (2,500)

305,000 (2,100)

UV postcure Elongation

(ASTM D638) % at break UV plus

heat

14.7% 14.7% 6-10% 5-9%

UV postcure Impact strength

(notched Izod) ft-lb/in of notch

(J/m) UV plus heat

0.41 (22)

0.41 (22)

0.4 (21.4)

0.45 (24)

UV postcure Hardness

(Shore D-scale) UV plus

heat

78 78 83 80

General information

Heat deflection temperature

ºC @66 lb/in2

@264 lb/in2

50º 44º

50º 44º

55º 50º

50º 45º

Glass-transition temperature ºC

58º 58º not available not available

Source: Material Data Sheets, Allied PhotoPolymers, www.alliedphotopolymers.com, March 2010

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 28 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Technology Laser Sintering (plastics and metals)

Manufacturer 3D Systems (1 of 2)

Material DuraForm®

PA DuraForm®

GF DuraForm®

AF CastForm™

PS DuraForm®

Flex LaserForm™

A6 DuraForm®

EX

Type of material polyamide

powder (nylon)

glass-filled polyamide

powder

polyamide-aluminum powder

polystyrene powder

elastomeric plastic powder

polymer-coated A6 steel and

tungsten-carbide powders

impact-resistant plastic

Type of machine

for use with all selective laser-sintering systems

Sinterstation and Vanguard laser-sintering systems available from 3D Systems

Sinterstation HiQ System and other

SLS systems

Sinterstation Pro and Sinterstation

HiQ

Notes

good thermal

stability and chemical

resistance, for real world

testing and functional

use

high-durability material; good

thermal stability and

chemical resistance

cast aluminum look with excellent

surface finish, detail, and wear

resistance

directly produce

investment cast patterns

without tooling, performs almost

identically to foundry wax

for shell investment

casting

rubber-like performance to

simulate gaskets, hoses, seals; can

be colored or pressure-sealed

with infiltrants

increased-hardness tooling

material; similar to tool steel

toughness of injection-molded polypropylene

and ABS plastic

General properties

Density (g/cm3)

0.59 0.84 0.89 (tap) 0.69 (bulk)

0.46 0.44 not available not available

Average particle size

(microns) 58 48 not available 62 85 2-40 not available

Specific gravity at 20ºC (g/cm3)

1.00 1.49 1.42 0.86 not available 7.8 1.01

Continued on the following page

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 29 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Material DuraForm® PA DuraForm® GF DuraForm® AF CastForm™ PS DuraForm® Flex LaserForm™ A6 DuraForm® EX

Physical properties

Tensile strength

(ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa)

6,237 (43)

3,771 (26)

5,060 (35)

412 (2.84)

262 (1.8)

88,000 (610)

infiltrated with bronze

45% bronze/ 55% stainless

steel

5,366 (37)

Elastic modulus

(ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa)

230,000 (1,586)

590,000 (4,068)

574,349 (3,960)

232,000 (1,604)

1,080 (7.4) as produced

1,340 (9.2) infiltrated

20,000,000 (138,000)

infiltrated with bronze

45% bronze/ 55% stainless

steel

220,000 (1,517)

Elongation (ASTM D638)

% at break 14% 1.4% 1.5%

not available

110% (at break)

2-4% infiltrated with

bronze 45% bronze/

55% stainless steel

47%

Impact strength (notched Izod

test) ft-lb/in of notch

(J/m)

0.6 (32)

0.8 (41)

1.1 (58.7)

<0.21 (<11)

not available

not applicable

1.4 (74)

Hardness (Shore D-scale)

73 77 75 not

available 45-75 Shore A not available 74

General information

Melting point ºC

not available

not available

not available

>63º 192º

Glass-transition temperature

ºC

not applicable

not applicable not

applicable 89º

not applicable

not applicable

not available

Source: Laser Sintering Materials Datasheets, 3D Systems, 3dsystems.com/products/solidimaging/lasersintering/datasheets.asp, March 2010

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Technology Laser Sintering (plastics)

Manufacturer 3D Systems (2 of 2)

Material DuraForm® PP 100 DuraForm® HST

Type of material polypropylene composite

Type of machine all Sinterstation® Pro and Sinterstation® HiQ™ series SLS® Systems

Notes ideal for prototypes where actual polypropylene

properties are required, good chemical resistance, fatigue life, and impact resistance

functional prototypes, parts requiring high stiffness and/or

elevated thermal resistance; high specific stiffness, elevated temperature resistance; anisotropic mechanical

properties, non-conductive, RF transparent, easy-to-finish surface

General properties

Density (g/cm3)

0.82-0.86 (sintered part) 0.53-0.54 (tap)

not available

Average particle size

(microns) not available not available

Specific gravity at 20ºC (g/cm3)

not available 1.20

Continued on the following page

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COPYRIGHT © 2010 31 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Material DuraForm® PP 100 DuraForm® HST

Physical properties

Tensile strength (ASTM D638)

lb/in2 (MPa)

2,901-3,191 (20-22)

7,050-7,350 (48-51)

Elastic modulus (ASTM D638)

lb/in2 (MPa)

130,000-167,000 (896-1,151)

795,000-831,000 (5,475-5,725)

Elongation (ASTM D638)

% at break 20-75% 4.5%

Impact strength (notched Izod

test) ft-lb/in of notch

(J/m)

not available 0.7

(37.4)

Hardness (Shore D-scale)

65-68 75

General information

Melting point ºC

not available not available

Glass-transition temperature

ºC not applicable not applicable

Source: Laser Sintering Materials Datasheets, 3D Systems, 3dsystems.com/products/solidimaging/lasersintering/datasheets.asp, March 2010

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 32 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Technology Laser Sintering

Manufacturer CRP Technology

Material Windform GF Windform PROWindform

PRO B Windform XT Windform FX

Windform LX 2.0

Type of material aluminum- and

glass-filled nylon powder

aluminum- and glass-filled

nylon powder

black-colored nylon powder

carbon and nylon composite

powder

polyamide-based material

polyamide-based material

Type of machine laser-sintering machines

Notes superior stiffness

and surface finish

improvement of Windform GF mechanical properties

improved HDT, wear resistance,

and elasticity

very high UTS and wear resistance

resistance and resilience to

repeated bending and

torsion solicitations;

impact resistance;

consistence and behavior similar to polypropylene

and ABS injection molded

parts

High elasticity, high melting

point, durable, wear resistant

General properties

Density (g/cm3)

1.5 1.42 1.21 1.101 1.027 1.311

Physical properties

Tensile strength (ASTM D638)

lb/in2 (MPa)

6,910 (47.646)

EN ISO 527-1-2

7,600 (52.56)

EN ISO 527-1-2

6,800 (47.05)

EN ISO 527-1-2

11,300 (77.85)

EN ISO 527-1-2

7,101 (48.96)

EN ISO 527-1-2 59.9

Elastic modulus (ASTM D638)

lb/in2 (MPa)

639,900 (4,412)

EN ISO 527-1-2

720,000 (4,964.8)

EN ISO 527-1-2

523,800 (3,612)

EN ISO 527-1-2

1,061,000 (7,320)

EN ISO 527-1-2

196,816 (1,357)

EN ISO 527-1-2

(6,248)

EN ISO 527-1-2

Elongation (ASTM D638)

% at break 2.5% 2.92% 3.81% 2.6% 43.9% 2.3%

Impact strength (Charpy

unnotched ASTM D256)

ft-lb/in of notch (KJ/m2)

31.86 17.75 31.08 32.4 31.72 18.14

Continued on the following page

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 33 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Material Windform GF Windform PROWindform

PRO B Windform XT Windform FX

Windform LX 2.0

Hardness (Shore D-scale)

not available not available not available not available not available not available

General information

Melting point, ºC 180º 180º 180º 179.33º 190.7º 180º

Source: Technical Sheets, CRP Technology, http://www.windform.it/sito, March 2010

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 34 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Technology Laser Sintering (plastics)

Manufacturer EOS (1 of 4)

Material PrimePart® EOS PEEK HP3 PA2210 FR PA 2201 PA 2202 black

Type of material

polyamide powder thermoplastic from the

polyaryletherketone (PAEK) group powder

polyamide powder with added chemical fire

retardant polyamide powder polyamide powder

Type of machine

EOSINT P 730, 700, 390, 385, 380i, 380,

360, 350/2, FORMIGA P 100

EOSINT P 800 EOSINT P3 and P700

series, FORMIGA P 100

EOSINT P 730, 700, 390, 385, 380i, 380,

360, 350/2, FORMIGA P 100

EOSINT P 380i, 385 with PSW 3.2

Notes

balance between mechanical strength and elasticity over a wide temperature

range

semi-crystalline, thermoplastic material;

excellent high temp performance, high wear

resistance, chemical resistance, best smoke,

fire, and toxicity performance, good

hydrolysis performance, biocompatibility, sterility

for flame-resistant plastic parts

for fully functional parts with high-end finish directly from

the process, withstand high

mechanical and thermal load

for fully functional parts with high-end finish directly from

the process, withstand high

mechanical and thermal load

General properties

Density (g/cm3)

0.47 (bulk) 0.93 (part)

0.43 ± 0.01 (bulk) 1.315 ± 0.01 (part)

1.06 .93 0.48 (bulk) 1.02 (part)

Continued on the following page

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COPYRIGHT © 2010 35 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Material PrimePart® EOS PEEK HP3 PA2210 FR PA 2201 PA 2202 black

Physical properties

Tensile strength

(ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa)

7,252 (50)

13,053 ± 725 (90 ± 5)

6,527 (45)

6,962 (48)

7,250 ± 290 (50 ± 2)

Elastic modulus

(ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa)

246,564 (1700)

616,410 (4250)

362,594 (2500)

246,564 (1700)

not available

Elongation (ASTM D638)

% at yield 24% 2.8% 5.0% 24% 12 ± 2%

Impact strength

(notched Izod test)

ft-lb/in of notch (J/m)

4.4 kJ/m2 not available not available 4.4 kJ/m2 not available

Hardness (Shore D-scale)

75 not available 75 ± 2 75 not available

General information

Melting point ºC

176º 372º 176º 176º 172-180º

Source: Material Data Sheets, EOS, eos.info/products/metal-laser-sintering/materials.html, March 2010

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 36 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Technology Laser Sintering (plastics/other)

Manufacturer EOS (2 of 4)

Material PA 2200 PA 3200 GF PrimeCast® 101 Quartz 4.2/5.7 PrimePart® DC

Type of material

polyamide powder glass-filled polyamide

powder polystyrene powder

phenolic resin-coated sand

polyamide powder

Type of machine

EOSINT P 730, 700, 390, 385, 380i, 380, 360, 350/2, FORMIGA P 100

EOSINT P 350, 360, 380, 385,390,700

EOSINT S

EOSINT P 730, 700, 390, 385, 380i,

380, 360, 350/2, FORMIGA P 100

Notes good thermal stability and

chemical resistance

high-durability material; good thermal stability and chemical

resistance

suitable for building investment-casting

patterns

sand-casting patterns and cores

good elasticity, long term constancy

General properties

Density (g/cm3)

0.45 (bulk density)

0.93

(part density)

0.63 (bulk density)

1.22

(part density)

0.62 ± 0.02 (bulk density)

0.070 ± 0.85 (part density)

1.4 (bulk density)

0.96

Continued on the following page

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COPYRIGHT © 2010 37 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Material

PA 2200

PA 3200 GF PrimeCast® 101 Quartz 4.2/5.7 PrimePart® DC

Physical properties

Tensile strength (ASTM D638)

lb/in2 (MPa)

6,961.8 (48)

7,396.9 (51)

in x-y:

800 ± 150 (5.5 ± 1) in z:

175 ± 44 (1.2 ± 0.3)

7,252 (50)

Elastic modulus (ASTM D638)

lb/in2 (MPa)

not available not available

232,000 (1,600)

(Tensile modulus, DIN EN ISO 527)

224,808 (1,550)

Elongation (ASTM D638)

% at yield

24% (at break)

9% (at break)

0.4 ± 0.1% (at break)

48

Impact strength (notched Izod

test) ft-lb/in of notch

(J/m)

2.09 lbf/in2 (4.4 kJ/m2)

2.0 lbf/in2 (4.2 kJ/m2)

not available

8.9

Hardness (Shore D-scale)

75 80 not available

not applicable

68

General information

Melting point ºC

172-180º 172-180º not applicable 187º

Glass-transition temperature

ºC not applicable not applicable 105º ± 1º

not applicable

not applicable

Source: Material Data Sheets, EOS, eos.info/products/metal-laser-sintering/materials.html, March 2010

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 38 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Technology Metal Laser Sintering

Manufacturer EOS (3 of 4)

Material DirectMetal 20 EOS StainlessSteel GP1 EOS StainlessSteel PH1 MaragingSteel MS1

(based on provisional product data sheet)

Type of material

fine-grained, bronze-based metal powder, bronze based

matrix containing Ni

fine-grained, pre-alloyed stainless steel powder; alloying

elements: Cr, Ni, Cu, Mn, Si, Mo, Nb, C

fine-grained, stainless steel powder including alloy

elements Fe, Cr, Ni, CU, Mn, Si, Mo, Nb, C

pre-alloyed, ultra-high-strength steel powder,

containing Fe, Ni, Co, Mo, Ti, Al, Cr, C, Mn, Si, P, S

Type of machine

EOSINT M 250 Xtended EOSINT M Systems,

specially optimized for the EOSINT M 270

EOSINT M Systems, specially optimized for the

EOSINT M 270 EOSINT M 270

Notes

injection molds and inserts for molding a few thousand parts,

direct manufacture of metal parts

functional prototypes, small series production,

individualized products etc. with high toughness and

ductility

functional prototypes, small series production,

individualized products etc. with high toughness and

ductility

tooling, parts requiring particularly high strength

and hardness

General properties

Density (g/cm3)

part density approx. 7.6 (skin) 6.3 (core)

part density with standard parameters:

7.8

part density with standard parameters:

7.8

part density with standard parameters:

8.0-8.1

Average

particle size (microns)

approx. 20 approx. 20 approx. 20 approx.20

Continued on the following page

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 39 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Material DirectMetal 20 EOS StainlessSteel GP1 EOS StainlessSteel PH1 MaragingSteel MS1

(based on provisional product data sheet)

Physical properties

in x-y: 152,290 (1,050 ± 50)

in x-y: 166,793 (1,150 ± 50)

Tensile strength

(ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa)

58,000 (400)

in z: 142,137 (980 ± 50)

in z: 152,290 (1050 ± 50)

after age hardening: 159,541 up to 282,823

(1,100 up to 1,950)

Elastic modulus

(ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa)

11,600,000 (80,000)

24,656,420

(170,000 ± 20,000)

26,000,000 (180,000)

26,000,000 (180,000 ± 20,000)

in x-y: 16 ± 4% Elongation (ASTM D638)

% at yield 2.5% 25 ± 5%

in z: 17 ± 4% 8 ± 3% (at break)

Impact strength

(notched Izod test)

ft-lb/in of notch (J/m)

not available not available not available not available

Hardness (Shore D-scale)

65 Rockwell B-scale

approx. 230 ± 20 Vickers Scale

30-35 Rockwell C-scale

33-37 as built; up to 50-54 on Rockwell C after age hardening

Source: Material Data Sheets, EOS, eos.info/products/metal-laser-sintering/materials.html, March 2010

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 40 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Technology Metal Laser Sintering

Manufacturer EOS (4 of 4)

Material EOS CobaltChrome

MP1 EOS CobaltChrome

SP2 EOS Titanium Ti64

EOS NickelAlloy IN718

CarbonMide Alumide

Type of material

fine-grained CoCrMo-based superalloy powder; contains

Co, Cr, Mo, Si, Mn, Fe, C, Ni

fine-grained Co, Cr, Mo, and W (cobalt-

chrome-molybdenum) based

alloy powder; contains Co, Cr, Mo,

W, Si, Fe, Mn

fine-grained pre-alloyed Ti64/V4

alloy powder

nickel alloy powder

carbon fiber-filled polyamide

powder

30% aluminum-filled polyamide

Type of machine

EOSINT M 270 EOSINT M 270

(titanium version) EOSINT M 270 EOSINT P38x

EOSINT P and FORMIGA systems

Notes

especially suitable for biomedical implants and

parts requiring high mechanical properties in elevated temperatures

composition corresponds for type 4 CoCr dental material standard, fulfills the

chemical and thermal requirements of

porcelain-fused metal of dental materials

and the requirements for biocompatibility

and cytoxity of dental materials

good mechanical properties, corrosion

resistance, low specific weight,

bio-compatibility, especially suitable for biomedical implants and parts requiring

high strength to weight ratio including aerospace and

motorsports

heat-resistant nickel alloy powder, ideal for high temperature

application, good cryogenic properties

and potential for cryogenic application

high stiffness and strength applications

stiff, durable parts with

metallic grey appearance

General properties

Density (g/cm3)

with standard parameters:

8.3

with standard parameters:

8.6

with standard parameters:

4.43

with standard parameters:

8.2 1.04

0.67 (bulk density)

1.36

(part density)

Average particle size

(microns)

approx. 20 approx. 20 approx. 30 approx. 20 60 60

Continued on the following page

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 41 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Material EOS CobaltChrome

MP1 EOS CobaltChrome

SP2 EOS Titanium Ti64

EOS NickelAlloy IN718

CarbonMide Alumide

Physical properties

in x-y: 174,045 (1,200 ±150)

Tensile strength

(ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa) in z: 174,045

(1,200 ± 150)

195,801 (1,350 ± 100)

166,793 (1,150 ± 60)

142,137 (980 ± 50)

in x: 10,000, in y: 8,000, in z: 3,600

(72, 56, 25)

in x-y: 6,960 (48)

in z: 5,800 (40)

Elastic modulus

(ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa)

27,557,000 (190,000 ± 20,000)

24,656,000 (170,000 ± 20,000)

15,954,000 (110,000 ± 7,000)

not available not available 522,000 (3,600)

Elongation (ASTM D638)

% at yield

in x-y: 8% in z: 8%

6-8% 5 ± 3% 31 ± 3%

in x: 4.1%, y: 6.3%, z: 1.3%

(at break)

in x-y: 4% (at break) in z: 2.4%

Impact strength

(notched Izod test)

ft-lb/in of notch (J/m)

not available not available not available not available

in x: 2.5 (5.3) y: 2.1 (4.4) z: 1.0 (2.1) (notched Charpy)w

2.19 lbf/in2 (4.6 kJ/m2)

(Charpy Scale)

Hardness (Shore D-scale)

35-45 Rockwell C-scale

350-450 HV10 41-44 Rockwell

C-scale Approx. 30

Rockwell C-scale not available 75

General information

Melting point ºC

1,350-1,430º 1,420-1,450º not available not available 172-180º 172-180º

Glass-transition

temperature ºC

not available

Source: Material Data Sheets, EOS, eos.info/products/metal-laser-sintering/materials.html, March 2010

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Technology Electron Beam Melting

Manufacturer Arcam (1 of 1)

Material Ti6Al4V titanium alloy Ti6Al4V ELI titanium Grade 2 titanium ASTM F75 CoCr alloy

Type of material

titanium alloy powder titanium alloy powder unalloyed commercially pure

(CP) titanium powder cobalt-based alloy powder

Type of machine

Arcam A2, EBM S12 Arcam A2, EBM S12 Arcam A2, EBM S12 Arcam A2, EBM S12

Notes

Grade 5, the most widely used titanium alloy, corrosion resistant, good machinability,

good weight reduction applications, excellent

biocompatibility, especially when direct contact to bone

or tissue is required; contains Al, V, C, Fe,

O, N, H, and Ti

most widely used titanium alloy, corrosion resistant, good machinability, good

weight reduction applications, excellent biocompatibility,

especially when direct contact to bone or tissue is required;

contains Al, V, C, Fe, O, N, H, and Ti,

Grade 23: similar to Ti6Al4V, but contains reduced levels of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and iron--for “extra low interstitials”

Grade 2, good corrosion resistance, formability, and weldable characteristics;

stronger than Grade 1 and equally corrosion-resistant in

most applications; good biocompatibility especially when in direct contact with tissue or bone is required; contains levels of C, Fe,

O, N, H, and Ti

widely used for medical implant applications

especially where high stiffness, highly polished,

and extremely wear-resistant material is

required; non-magnetic CoCrMo alloy with high

strength, corrosion resistance, and good wear

resistance; contains levels of Cr, Mo, Ni, Fe, C, Si, Mn, W, P,

S, N, Si, Ti, B, Co

General properties

Density (g/cm3)

Not available

Average

particle size (microns)

45-100 45-100 45-100 45-100

Specific gravity at 20ºC

not available

Continued on the following page

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Material Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy Ti6Al4V ELI Titanium Grade 2 Titanium ASTM F75 CoCr Alloy

Physical properties

Ultimate Tensile strength

(Rm) lb/in2 (MPa)

147,940 (1,020)

140,690 (970)

82,670 (570)

140,000 (960)*

Yield Strength (Rp 0.2)

lb/in2 (MPa)

137,790 (950)

134,890 (930)

78,320 (540)

80,000 (560)*

Elongation (ASTM D638)

% at yield 14% 16% 21% 20%*

Reduction of Area

40% 50% 55% 20%*

Hardness (Rockwell C-scale)

33 32 not available 34*

Fatigue Strength @ 600

MPa 10,000,000 cycles 10,000,000 cycles not available

10,000,000 (at 610 MPa)

Modulus of Elasticity

(GPa) 120 120 not available not available

Source: Material Data Sheets, ARCAM, http://www.arcam.com/applications/materials.asp, March 2010 Footnote: * Data collected after parts underwent heat treatment.

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Technology LaserCUSING

Manufacturer CONCEPT Laser GmbH (1 of 2)

Material LaserCUSING

CL 30AL LaserCUSING

CL 32AL LaserCUSING

CL 40Ti LaserCUSING

CL 100NB

Type of material

aluminum (AlSi12) powder aluminum (AlSi10Mg) powder titanium (TiAl6V4) powder nickel-based alloy

(Inconel 718) powder

Type of machine

M2 cusing M2 cusing M2 cusing M1 and M2 cusing

Notes

powder material that can be employed for aluminum components under high

mechanical and dynamic loads; well suited for

technical prototypes or small series production

powder material that can be employed for aluminum components under high

mechanical and dynamic loads; well suited for

technical prototypes or small series production

powder material for the production of technical

lightweight components and medical implants

nickel-based alloy for the production of heat-resistant components in the power generation and aerospace

industry

Physical properties

Yield Point (N/mm2) 170-220 170-220 900-1,200 approx. 1,100

Tensile Strength (N/mm2)

310-325 310-325 1,110-1,300 approx. 1,400

Elongation (%)

2-3% 2-3% 4-11% approx. 10%

Young’s Modulus

(103 N/mm2) approx. 75 approx. 75 approx. 110 approx. 200

Coefficient of Thermal

Expansion (10

-6 K-1)

20 20 9 13

Thermal Conductivity

(W/mK) 120-190 120-180 7 12

Source: Material Data Sheets, Concept Laser GmbH, http://www.concept-laser.de, March 2010

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Technology LaserCUSING

Manufacturer CONCEPT Laser GmbH (2 of 2)

Material LaserCUSING

CL 20ES LaserCUSING

CL 50WS LaserCUSING

CL 60DG LaserCUSING

CL 91RW

Type of material

stainless steel powder hot-work steel powder hot-work steel for

die-casting powder hot-work steel powder

Type of machine

M1 and M2 cusing, M3 linear

M1 and M2 cusing, M3 linear

M1 and M2 cusing, M3 linear

M1 and M2 cusing, M3 linear

Notes

powder material for the production of acid and

corrosion-resistant parts or components for

pre-production molds

powder material for the production of functional components as well as components for plastic

injection molds

powder material for the production of mold

components for pressure die casting of light metal alloys

powder material for the production of mold

components for high volume injection molding of packaging and medical products (hard stainless

steel with high chrome content)

Physical properties

DIN 1.404 1.271 1.271 not available

Hardness Rockwell C

Scale (DIN EN ISO

6508)

not available 35-40 (untempered)

52-54 (tempered, 490ºC) 48 (tempered, 540ºC)

35-40 (untempered) 52-54 (tempered, 490ºC)

48 (tempered, 540ºC)

48-50 (tempered, 525ºC)

Yield Point (N/mm2)

470 950 (untempered)

1,800 (tempered, 490ºC) 1,550 (tempered, 540ºC)

950 (untempered) 1,800 (tempered, 490ºC) 1,550 (tempered, 540ºC)

approx. 1,600 (tempered, 525ºC)

Tensile Strength (N/mm2)

570 1,100 (untempered)

1,900 (tempered, 490ºC) 1,650 (tempered, 540ºC)

1,100 (untempered) 1,900 (tempered, 490ºC) 1,650 (tempered, 540ºC)

approx. 1,700 (tempered, 525ºC)

Elongation (%)

>15% 4% (untempered)

2-3% (tempered, 490ºC) 2-3% (tempered, 540ºC)

4% (untempered) 2-3% (tempered, 490ºC) 2-3% (tempered, 540ºC)

>2% (tempered, 525ºC)

Young’s Modulus

(103 N/mm2) approx. 200

approx. 200 (untempered) approx. 200

(tempered, 490ºC) approx. 200

(tempered, 540ºC)

ca. 200 (untempered) ca. 200 (tempered, 490ºC) ca. 200 (tempered, 540ºC)

approx. 200 (tempered, 525ºC)

Thermal Conductivity

(W/mK) approx. 15

approx. 21 (untempered) approx. 21 (tempered, 490ºC)approx. 21 (tempered, 540ºC)

approx. 21 (untempered) approx. 21 (tempered, 490ºC) approx. 21 (tempered, 540ºC)

approx. 13-15 (tempered, 525ºC)

Source: Material Data Sheets, Concept Laser GmbH, http://www.concept-laser.de, March 2010

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 46 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Technology Selective Laser Melting

Manufacturer MTT Technologies Group (1 of 2)

Material cp-titanium Ti Al6Nb7 Ti Al6V4 Al Si12 Al Si10 Mg* CoCr ASTM F75

Type of material

pure titanium powder

titanium alloy powder

titanium alloy powder

aluminum alloy powder

aluminum alloy powder

cobalt-chrome alloy powder

Type of machine

SLM® Systems SLM® Systems SLM® Systems SLM® Systems SLM® Systems SLM® Systems

Notes

high strength, low weight, high

corrosion resistance, good

biocompatibility, low thermal

expansion, good machinability

high strength, low weight, high

corrosion resistance, good

biocompatibility, low thermal

expansion, good machinability

high strength, low weight, high

corrosion resistance, good

biocompatibility, low thermal

expansion, good machinability

low density, good alloying properties, good processability

(casting and pressing, etc.), good electrical

conductivity

low density, good alloying properties, good processability

(casting and pressing, etc.), good electrical

conductivity

high toughness, high strength,

good biocompatibility, good corrosion

resistance

Physical properties

Tensile Strength Rm

(MPa) >290 1,185 (±30) 1,091 (±30) 330 (±20) not available 1,050 (±20)

Offset Yield Stress Rp0,2

(MPa) >180 1,100 (±30) 1,013 (±40) 194 (±20) not available 835 (±20)

Hardness Rockwell C

Scale >120 39.4 (±2) 37.3 (±2) 105 HB (±1) not available 35 (±1)

Break Strain A (%)

>20% 11-18% 10-18% 6.8% not available 11-14%

Surface Roughness Rz X/Y (microns)

14 (±2) 14 (±2) 14 (±2) 15 (±2) not available 17 (±2)

Surface Roughness Rz

Z (microns) 36 (±4) 36 (±4) 36 (±4) 34 (±4) not available 29 (±4)

Thermal Conductivity at

20ºC (W/mK) 22.6º 7º 7.1º not available not available not available

Source: Material Data Sheets, MTT Technologies Group, http://www.mtt-group.com/selective-laser-melting.html, March 2010 Footnote: * Mechanical data for these materials is currently being collected/prepared.

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 47 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Technology Selective Laser Melting

Manufacturer MTT Technologies Group (2 of 2)

Material 1.4404 (316L) 1.2344 (H13) 1.4410 1.2709* 1.4542 (17-4PH)* M333*

Type of material

tool steel/ stainless steel

tool steel/ stainless steel

tool steel/ stainless steel

tool steel/ stainless steel

tool steel/ stainless steel

tool steel/ stainless steel

Type of machine

SLM® Systems SLM® Systems SLM® Systems SLM® Systems SLM® Systems SLM® Systems

Notes

high hardness and toughness, high

corrosion resistance, good

machinability; can be used in plastic

injection and pressure die-

casting molds, medical implants,

cutlery and kitchenware,

maritime, spindles and screws

high hardness and toughness, high

corrosion resistance, good

machinability; can be used in plastic

injection and pressure die-casting

molds, medical implants, cutlery and kitchenware, maritime, spindles

and screws

high hardness and toughness, high

corrosion resistance, good

machinability; can be used in plastic

injection and pressure die-casting

molds, medical implants, cutlery and kitchenware, maritime, spindles

and screws

high hardness and toughness, high

corrosion resistance, good

machinability; can be used in plastic

injection and pressure die-casting

molds, medical implants, cutlery and kitchenware, maritime, spindles

and screws

high hardness and toughness, high

corrosion resistance, good

machinability; can be used in plastic

injection and pressure die-casting

molds, medical implants, cutlery and kitchenware, maritime, spindles

and screws

high hardness and toughness, high

corrosion resistance, good

machinability; can be used in plastic

injection and pressure die-

casting molds, medical implants,

cutlery and kitchenware,

maritime, spindles and screws

Physical properties

Tensile Strength Rm

(MPa) 625 (±30) 1,730 (±30) 750 (±20) not available not available not available

Offset Yield Stress Rp0,2

(MPa) 525 (±30) not available 540 (±20) not available not available not available

Hardness Rockwell C

Scale 237 (±4) HV 54 (±2) HRC 272 (±4) HV not available not available not available

Bar Impact Value (J)

75 (±4) not available 90 (±4) not available not available not available

Surface Roughness Rz X/Y (microns)

16 (±2) 13 (±2) 16 (±2) not available not available not available

Surface Roughness Rz

Z (microns) 38 (±4) 34 (±4) 38 (±4) not available not available not available

Thermal Conductivity at

20ºC (W/mK) 15 25.6 15 not available not available not available

Source: Material Data Sheets, MTT Technologies Group, http://www.mtt-group.com/selective-laser-melting.html, March 2010 Footnote: * Mechanical data for these materials is currently being collected/prepared.

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 48 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Technology Direct Metal Printing

Manufacturer ProMetal, an Ex One Company (1 of 1)

Material S3 S4 HNB

Type of material

(alloy family) 316 stainless steel and bronze 420 stainless steel and bronze high noble gold

Type of machine

ProMetal R-1 ProMetal R-1 ProMetal R-1

Notes used in digital mold and

core-making system used in digital mold and

core-making system used in digital mold and

core-making system

Physical properties

Ultimate Tensile

Strength KSI (MPa)

59 (406)

99 (682)

not available

Yield Stress KSI (MPa)

34 (234)

66 (455)

not available

Hardness Rockwell Scale

60 HRB 20-25 HRC not available

Modulus MPSI (GPa)

21.5 (148)

21.4 (147)

not available

Elongation (%)

8.00% 2.30% not available

Source: Material Data Sheets from ProMetal, an Ex One Company, March 2010 Note: Information regarding other materials, including but not limited to copper, tungsten, and nickel, are available upon request from ProMetal.

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 49 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Technology Ultrasonic Consolidation

Manufacturer Solidica

Material Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum Copper

Alloy/Temper 1100 T0 3003 T0 3003 H18 6061 T0 101, 100 Annealed

Type of machine

FORMation

Notes n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

General properties

Density (g/cm3)

2.71 2.73 2.73 2.70 8.96

Material 1100 T0 3003 T0 3003 H18 6061 T0 Copper

Physical properties

Ultimate Tensile

strength (Rm) lb/in2 (MPa)

89.6 110 200 124 210

Yield Strength (Rp 0.2)

lb/in2 (MPa)

34.5 41.4 186 55.2 33

Elongation (ASTM D638)

% at break 35 30 4 25 70

Hardness (Brinell scale)

23 28 55 30 90

Modulus of Elasticity

(GPa) 68.9 110

Source: Material Datasheets from Solidica Inc.

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 50 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Technology Fused Deposition Modeling

Manufacturer Stratasys (1 of 2)

Material ABS ABSi Polycarbonate

(PC) Polycarbonate

ISO Polyphenylsulfone

(PPSF) PC-ABS

Type of material

acrylonitrile butadiene styrene

filament

methyl methacrylate acrylonitrile

butadiene styrene filament

polycarbonate filament

polycarbonate filament

polyphenyl sulfone filament

polycarbonate/ acrylonitrile butadiene styrene blend filament

Type of machine

Dimension, Maxum, Titan,

Vantage SE, Vantage S,

Vantage I, (when configured with

ABS) Prodigy Plus, Fortus 360mc, Fortus 400mc

Dimension, Maxum, Titan TI,

Vantage SE, Vantage S,

Vantage I, (when configured with ABS) Prodigy Plus, Fortus

400mc

Titan, Vantage S, Vantage SE,

Vantage I, (when configured with

PC), Fortus 360mc, Fortus 400mc, Fortus

900mc

Titan, Vantage S, Vantage SE,

Fortus 400mc, Fortus 900mc

Titan, Fortus 400mc, Fortus 900mc

Titan, Vantage S,

Vantage SE, Fortus 360mc, Fortus

400mc, Fortus 900mc

Notes

durable, strong, good heat and

chemical resistance; comes

in colors

can be sterilized with gamma

radiation

very tough thermoplastic,

commonly used for

manufacturing

complies with ISO-1099-3 and

Class VI classification so can be used for packaging and

medical

very tough thermoplastic,

commonly used for

manufacturing

this blend combines the most desirable properties of both

materials

Continued on the following page

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 51 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Material ABS ABSi Polycarbonate

(PC) Polycarbonate

ISO Polyphenylsulfone

(PPSF) PC-ABS

Physical properties

Tensile strength

(ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa)

3,200 (22)

5,400 (37)

9,800 (68)

8,265 (57)

8,000 (55)

5,900 (41)

Elastic modulus

(ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa)

236,000 (1,027)

277,700 (1,915)

330,000 (2,280)

289,768 (998)

300,000 (2,068)

278,000 (1,917)

Elongation (ASTM D638)

% at yield 6% 4.4% 4.8% 4.3% 3% 6%

Impact strength

(notched Izod test)

ft-lb/in of notch (J/m)

2.0 (107)

1.8 (96.4)

1 (53)

1.6 (86)

1.1 (58.73)

3.7 (196)

Hardness (Rockwell)

R105 R108 R115 not available M86 R110

General information

Glass-transition

temperature ºC

104º 116º 161º 161º 230º 125º

Heat-deflection

temperature ºC

@66 psi @264 psi

90º

76º

86º

73º

138º

127º

133º

127º

n/a

189º

110º

96º

Source: Materials Sheets, Stratasys, http://www.fortus.com/fused_deposition_modeling_materials.aspx, March 2010

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 52 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Technology Fused Deposition Modeling

Manufacturer Stratasys (2 of 2)

Material ABS M30 ABS-M30i ABS Plus ULTEM* 9085

Type of material

ABS with improved strength ABS with improved strength

and biocompatibility ABS with improved strength thermoplastic

Type of machine

FDM 400mc, Fortus 360mc, Fortus 400mc, Fortus 900mc

Fortus 400mc, Fortus 900mc

FDM 200mc, Fortus 200mc

Fortus 400mc, Fortus 900mc

Notes

greater tensile, impact, and flexural strength than

standard ABS filament, 25-70% improved strength

over standard ABS

high strength, biocompatible (ISO 10993 certified), can be

gamma or EtO sterilized, good mechanical properties

blend combines the most desirable properties of both

materials, up to 40% improved strength over

standard ABS

flame retardant, high strength to weight ratio, FST rating, ideal for the transportation

industry

Physical properties

Tensile strength

(ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa)

5,200 (36)

5,200 (36)

5,200 (36)

10,390 (72)

Elastic modulus

(ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa)

350,000 (2,400)

350,000 (2,400)

329,500 (2,300)

322,000 (2,200)

Elongation (ASTM D638)

% at yield 4% 4% 4% 5.9%

Impact strength

(notched Izod test)

ft-lb/in of notch (J/m)

2.6 (139)

2.6 (139)

1.8 (96)

2.0 (106)

Hardness (Shore D-scale)

109.5 Rockwell R

109.5 Rockwell

not available not available

General information

Glass-transition

temperature ºC

108º 108º not available 186º

Heat-deflection temperature ºC

@66 psi @264 psi

96º 82º

96º 82º

96º 82º

n/a 53º

Source: Materials Sheets, Stratasys®, http://www.fortus.com/fused_deposition_modeling_materials.aspx, March 2010

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 53 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Technology

Digital Light Processing

Manufacturer

Envisiontec

Material NanoCure

RC25 Perfactory

R05 Perfactory

R11 Perfactory

Y8 Perfactory PIC-100

Perfactory e-Shell 200

Perfactory e-Shell 300

Perfactory WIC100G

Series

Perfactory SI 500

Type of material

nanoparticle-filled

photopoly-mer

photo-polymer

photo-polymer

photo-polymer

photo-polymer

photo-reactive acrylate

photo-reactive acrylate

photopolymer photopolymer

Type of machine

all Perfactory, Vanquish

all Perfactory, Standard, Vanquish

all Perfactory, Standard, Vanquish

all Perfactory, standard, Vanquish

all Perfactory all

Perfactory, Vanquish

Perfactory UV machines

only

all Perfactory products

Perfactory products

Notes

for strong, stiff, high-

temperature resistant

composite parts

for robust and

accurate parts that

are polypro-

pylene-like

for robust and

accurate parts that

are polypro-

pylene-like

for flexible, high impact

strength parts

for investment casting, the resin melts into liquid

wax

Class IIa bio-

compatible photo-

polymer

Class IIa bio-compatible

photo-polymer

nano wax content,

allows for clean burnout

for direct investment

casting

high-temperature

ABS-like photopolymer,

high impact strength similar to

thermoplastics

Physical properties

Tensile strength

(ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa)

6,600 (46)

7,208 (49.7)

7,832 (54.0)

3,960 (27.3)

2,437 (16.8)

8,383 (57.8)

7,484 (51.6)

2,146.6 (14.8)

11,327 (78.1)

Elastic modulus

(ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa)

709,000 (4,890)

n/a n/a 40,900-102,500

(282-707) n/a

348,100(2,400)

n/a n/a 388,700 (2,680)

Elongation (ASTM D638)

% at yield

2.5% (at break)

5.24% (at break)

3.70% (at break)

27% (at break)

7.46% (at break)

6% (at break)

6.62% (at break)

6.3% 4.39%

Impact strength

(notched Izod) of notch kJ/m2

0.016 5.05 4.59 5.4 11.03 2.1 4.99 n/a .061-.071

Hardness (Shore D-

scale) 93.1 86 87 78 69 83 85 80 85

General information

Glass-transition

temperature ºC

70º 120-150º 151-192º not available not available 109º 86-160º 300º

(ignition temp)61º

Source: Technical Data Sheets, Envisiontec, http://www.envisiontec.com/index.php?id=22, March 2010

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 54 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Technology Jetting

Manufacturer Solidscape

Material InduraCast InduraFill

Type of material

thermoplastic composition: natural and

synthetic waxes and fatty esters

Type of machine

T66 Benchtop System, T612 Benchtop System, R66 System

Notes

melting point: 203-230ºF (95-110ºC); coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) negligible; no residue after autoclave process; no shrinkage; distortion disintegration at normal temperatures;

non-toxic

melting point: 120-158ºF (49-70ºC); soluble in a mineral oil bath at 122-131ºF (50-55ºC);

no post-dissolve dry or cure time; no post-dissolve finishing or touch up necessary;

non-toxic

Physical properties

Tensile strength

(ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa)

Elastic modulus

(ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa)

Elongation (ASTM D638)

% at yield

Impact strength

(notched Izod) ft-lb/in of

notch (J/m)

not available not available

Hardness (Shore D-

scale) 65 45

General information

Glass-transition

temperature ºC

not available not available

Source: Material Properties Sheet, Solidscape, Inc.

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 55 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Technology 3DP Multi-Jet Modeling

Manufacturer Z Corporation 3D Systems

Material ZP 130 ZP 131 VisiJet SR

200 VisiJet HR 200

VisiJet DP 200

VisiJet CPX200

VisiJet CP200

Type of material high-performance composite powder model,

acrylic plasticmodel,

acrylic plasticmodel

wax modeling material

wax modeling material

Type of machine ZPrinter 310/450/650

Spectrum Z™510

ProJet SD, HD

Compatible

ProJet HD Compatible

ProJet DP Compatible

ProJet CPX Compatible

ProJet CP Compatible

Notes

Z Corp. machines “print” parts by jetting binder onto a base powder;

after fabrication, a part may be infiltrated for added strength;

making colored parts is possible by using colored water-based binder;

ZCast parts are not infiltrated

white, blue, or grey colored MJM model

material, thermal material

application, UV curing, provides superior stiffness, utilizes

VisiJet S100 White

Support Material

blue MJM model

material, thermal material

application, UV curing, high quality

surface finish, utilizes

VisiJet S100 White

Support Material

ideal material for high-quality, smooth

surface finish dental wax-ups, utilizes VisiJet S100

White Support Material

dark blue modeling material, hands-

free/melt away, easy

removal from small and

delicate part features, utilizes

VisiJet S200 White

Support Material

light blue modeling material, hands-

free/melt away, easy

removal from small and

delicate part features, utilizes

VisiJet S200 White

Support Material

Continued on the following page

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 56 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Manufacturer Z Corporation 3D Systems

Material ZP 130 ZP 131 VisiJet SR 200

VisiJet HR 200

VisiJet DP 200

VisiJet CPX200

VisiJet CP200

Physical properties

Tensile strength (ASTM D638)

lb/in2 (MPa)

3,480 (24)

3,480 (24)

3,800 (26.2)

4,640 (32)

4,640 (32)

n/a n/a

Elastic modulus (ASTM D638)

lb/in2 (MPa)

1,566,408 (10,800)

1,566,408 (10,800)

not available not available n/a n/a

Elongation (ASTM D638)

% at yield not available not available 6.1-8.97% 12.3% 12.3% n/a n/a

Impact strength (notched Izod test)

ft-lb/in of notch (J/m)

not available not available not available n/a n/a

Hardness (Shore D-scale)

87 87

not available

not available n/a n/a

General information

Heat Deflection temperature at 66 psi

in ºC 115º 115º not available

Source: Product Data Sheets, Z Corporation, March 2010; 3-D Printer Modeling Materials, 3D Systems, 3dsystems.com/products/materials/index.asp, March 2010

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 57 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Technology PolyJet

Manufacturer

Objet Geometries (Table 1 of 2)

Material FullCure®

720 FullCure® 830

Vero White FullCure® 840

Vero Blue FullCure® 870

Vero Black FullCure® 970 Tango Black

FullCure® 950 Tango Gray

FullCure® 930Tango Plus

Type of material

photopolymer resin

Type of machine

Eden 250/260/330/350/350V/500 Eden 330/350/350V/500

Notes general-purpose

transparent resin

good impact strength and flexural modulus with opaque colors

rubber-like flexible materials; black is slightly softer; gray is harder but still flexible

Physical properties

Tensile strength

(ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa)

8,744 (60.3)

7,221 (49.8)

7,990 (55.1)

7,352 (50.7)

290 (2.0)

632 (4.36)

211 (1.455)

Elastic modulus

(ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa)

416,150 (2,870)

361,775 (2,495)

397,300 (2,740)

317,840 (2,192)

not available not available 0.185 (27)

Elongation (ASTM D638)

% at yield

20% (at break)

20% (at break)

20% (at break)

17.7% (at break)

47.7% (at break)

47.0% (at break)

218% (at break)

Impact strength

(notched Izod test)

ft-lb/in of notch (J/m)

0.40 (21.3)

0.45 (24.1)

0.44 (23.6)

0.45 (23.9)

not available not available not available

Hardness (Shore D-scale)

83 83 83 83 61 (Shore A) 75 (Shore A) 27 (Shore A)

General information

Glass-transition temperature

ºC 48.7º 58.0º 48.7º 62.7º -10.7º 2.6º -9.6º

Source: Data Sheets, Materials for 3D Printing, Objet, http://www.objet.com/Materials/FullCureMaterials/tabid/78/Default.aspx, March 2010

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Technology PolyJet

Manufacturer

Objet Geometries (Table 2 of 2)

Material FullCure® 630 FullCure® 655 FullCure® 680 DurusWhite

FullCure® 430 FullCure® 980 Tango

Black FullCure® 850 Vero

Gray

Type of material

acrylate photo-polymer resin photopolymer resin

Type of machine

Eden 250/260/330/350/350V/500 Eden

330/350/350V/500

Eden 250/260/330/350/350

V/500

Notes hearing aid

material (clear)

hearing aid material

(rose clear)

hearing aid material

(skin tone)

DurusWhite general-purpose material

rubber-like flexible materials; black is

slightly softer than its grey counterpart

good impact strength and flexural modulus with opaque colors

Physical properties

Tensile strength

(ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa)

6,786 (46.8)

6,786 (46.8)

8,120 (56.0)

3,089 (21.3)

211 (1.455)

8,700 (60)

Elastic modulus

(ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa)

324,409 (2,237.3)

324,409 (2,237.3)

391,587 (2,700)

164,691 (1,135.8)

27 (.185)

435,000 (3,000)

Elongation (ASTM D638)

% at break 20% 20% 10% 44.2% 218% 15%

Continued on the following page

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Wohlers Report 2010 Appendix E: Material Properties

COPYRIGHT © 2010 59 WOHLERS ASSOCIATES, INC.

Material FullCure® 630 FullCure® 655 FullCure® 680 DurusWhite

FullCure® 430 FullCure® 980 Tango

Black FullCure® 850 Vero

Gray

Impact strength (notched Izod test) ft-lb/in of

notch (J/m)

0.43 (23.2)

0.43 (23.2)

0.42 (22.2)

0.83 (44.22)

not available 0.47 (25)

Hardness (Shore D-

scale) 83 83 85 76 61 (Shore A) 86

General information

Glass-transition

temperature ºC

44.9º 44.9º 58.5º 35.9º -9.6º 56.5º

Source: Data Sheets, Materials for 3D Printing, http://www.objet.com/Materials/FullCureMaterials/tabid/78/Default.aspx, March 2010 Note: Data was supplied by the material vendors and has not been verified through independent testing. Wohlers Associates makes no claims as to the suitability of any material for any purpose. Users of any materials should read and understand each material’s Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) prior to use. Test values have not been derived by identical methods. Not all physical testing has been done according to ASTM procedures or on test bars produced on additive manufacturing equipment. Data should be used for general comparison purposes only. Contact the material vendors for pricing information.