APPENDIX D3 – VEGETATION REPORT

1

Vegetation Report

Proposed dune stabilisation and rehabilitation on

Erf 347 in Cape St Francis in the Eastern Cape

Report done in-house by

Merika Louw

Botanical Specialist

CEN IEM Unit

August 2018

2

1. Introduction

CEN IEM Unit was appointed by the applicant, the Cheron Kraak Family Trust, to conduct a

site survey and vegetation assessment on their seafront property, Erf 347, in the northern

residential area of Cape St Francis in the Kouga Local Municipality in the Eastern Cape

[approximate central GPS coordinates: 34° 12.006’ S, 24° 50.063’ E]. The property is located

at the eastern-most extent of De Jonge Thomas Avenue, and falls within close proximity to

the southern boundary of the Seal Bay Local Authority Nature Reserve (Formal land-based

protected areas: National Biodiversity Assessment, 2011; BGIS, 2007).

The property is located, in terms of the larger landscape, on an established i.e. largely

vegetated coastal dune system, and is located within 100 m of the high water mark of the

beach, to the east. There are existing residences to the north and west of the property, a

tarred road to the north-west (from which the property is accessed), and foredunes in an

established or vegetated state, an incipient dune in a partly-vegetated state, and dune

blowouts, to the west, south and east of the property. The property itself can be classified as

an established i.e. vegetated foredune in the northern portion of the property (less than

50%), and dune blowout (with the potential to become an incipient dune, and later an

established dune, with active intervention) in the southern portion of the property.

The applicant intends to stabilise and rehabilitate the dune blowout on the property, using

stabilising structures and re-vegetation, in order to develop a residence on the property in

future.

1.1 Terms of reference

This vegetation report aims to –

Review available publications for the area and extract important information which

needs to be considered when assessing the sensitivity of, and potential impacts on,

on-site vegetation.

Do a site survey to describe the biophysical composition and characteristics of the

site, and identify important ecological attributes and / or sensitive areas.

Identify Protected Plants and Species of Conservation Concern (SCC’s) which may

require permits prior to disturbance during development.

3

2. Vegetation Maps and Conservation Plans

2.1 Mucina and Rutherford (2006) / National Vegetation Map (2012 beta 2)

Mucina and Rutherford (2006) have mapped vegetation on the property as AZs1 Algoa

Dune Strandveld vegetation, an Azonal vegetation type, part of the Eastern Strandveld

Bioregion. Algoa Dune Strandveld is assigned a conservation status of Least threatened and

a protection status of Poorly protected [conservation target: 20%; protected: 4.1% (+7.2%);

remaining: 88.9%; Mucina and Rutherford, 2006; see Figure 1, below].

Algoa Dune Strandveld vegetation is described as ‘tall (up to 5 m) dense thickets on dunes

mainly outside the influence of salt spray, dominated by stunted trees, shrubs (often armed

with spines and thorns), abundant lianas and sparse herbaceous and grassy undergrowth’.

This vegetation type is present on aeolian dune sands of the Schelm Hoek Formation of the

Algoa Group (Mucina and Rutherford, 2006).

Important Taxa for Algoa Dune Strandveld (species in RED were identified on the property):

(SStunted shrubby forms of trees) Succulent Tree: Aloe africana (d). Succulent Shrubs:

Cotyledon velutina, Lycium cinereum, Zygophyllum morgsana. Tall Shrubs: Azima

tetracantha (d), Brachylaena discolorS (d), Chrysanthemoides monilifera (d), Cussonia

thyrsifloraS (d), Euclea racemosa subsp. racemosaS (d), Maytenus procumbens (d),

Mystroxylon aethiopicumS (d), Pterocelastrus tricuspidatusS (d), Rhus crenata (d), Schotia

afra var. afraS (d), Scutia myrtinaS (d), Sideroxylon inermeS (d), Tarchonanthus littoralisS (d),

Canthium spinosumS, Cassine peraguaS, Dovyalis rotundifoliaS, Euclea natalensisS, E.

racemosa subsp. macrophylla, Grewia occidentalis, Gymnosporia buxifolia, G. capitata,

Nylandtia spinosa, Olea exasperata, Putterlickia pyracantha, Rhus glauca, R. pterota,

Zanthoxylum capenseS. Low Shrubs: Carissa bispinosa (d), Dimorphotheca fruticosa,

Pelargonium suburbanum subsp. suburbanum, Robsonodendron maritimum. Succulent

Woody Climber: Sarcostemma viminale. Woody Climbers: Rhoicissus digitata (d),

Asparagus retrofractus, Solanum africanum. Herbaceous Climbers: Cynanchum natalitium

(d), C. ellipticum, C. obtusifolium, Secamone alpini. Succulent Herb: Sansevieria

hyacinthoides. Graminoids: Brachiaria chusqueoides (d), Panicum deustum.

Endemic Taxa for Algoa Dune Strandveld:

Succulent Shrub: Cotyledon adscendens. Tall Shrubs: Gymnosporia elliptica, Rapanea

gilliana. Herb: Lobelia zwartkopensis. Geophytic Herb: Brunsvigia litoralis (Mucina and

Rutherford, 2006).

Vegetation on the property can be described as a dense, stunted form of AZs1 Algoa

Dune Strandveld vegetation. Very few of the species listed as Important Taxa for

Algoa Dune Strandveld are present on the property. This is, however, not

unexpected on a property consisting largely of bare sand in a dune blowout; in an

area located very close to the ocean, which experiences salt-spray and continuous

wind erosion, and is under partial invasion by Acacia cyclops trees (Rooikrans).

4

Figure 1. Mucina and Rutherford (2006) / National Vegetation Map (2012 beta 2)

classification of vegetation types present on the property and surrounds i.e. AZs1 Algoa

Dune Strandveld [in pink], and AZd3 Cape Seashore vegetation along the shoreline [in light

green]. Seal Bay Local Authority Nature Reserve indicated as green hashed area.

2.2 National List of Threatened Ecosystems (2011)

The National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (Act No. 10 of 2004): National

List of Threatened Ecosystems (2011) indicates that the property is not categorised as falling

within a threatened ecosystem.

2.3 Eastern Cape Biodiversity Conservation Plan (2007)

The Eastern Cape Biodiversity Conservation Plan (2007) indicates that the property falls

within a Terrestrial Critical Biodiversity Area 2 [CBA_step T3, CBA_coast T2, CBA_corr1

Corridor1] (see Figure 2, below). Terrestrial CBA 2 areas are included within Biodiversity

Land Management Class1 2: Near-natural landscapes. The recommended land use

objectives for BLMC 2 areas are to ‘maintain biodiversity in a near natural state with minimal

loss of ecosystem integrity. No transformation of natural habitat should be permitted’

(Berliner et al., 2007). The recommended permissible land uses for Terrestrial BLMC2 areas

are: conservation, game farming, and communal livestock keeping (Berliner et al., 2007).

The property does not fall within a Freshwater Aquatic CBA. It falls within quaternary sub-

catchment K80F, which includes the Slang Estuary (NBSAP ranking: 63).

Given that the property is located in a residential area, adjacent to existing

residences, and is relatively small in size i.e. compared to the remaining established

coastal dune areas in Cape St Francis, some of which are formally protected – a

significant change in its contribution to conservation, and the functioning of the

surrounding natural area as a Terrestrial CBA 2, is not anticipated.

1 Biodiversity Land Management Class (BLMC) refers to the desired ecological state that a parcel of

land should be kept in, so as to ensure biodiversity persistence (designations may be at the scale of habitat patch, landscape or catchment) (Berliner et al., 2007).

5

Figure 2. The property falls within a Terrestrial CBA 2 [in light green] (ECBCP, 2007).

2.4 Subtropical Thicket Ecosystem Project (2006)

The Subtropical Thicket Ecosystem Project (STEP, 2006), which has largely been used to

inform CBA layers of the ECBCP (2007), identifies the property as falling within an

Endangered ecosystem (see Figure 3, below). Endangered ecosystems are described as

‘ecosystems whose original extent has been severely reduced, and whose health,

functioning and existence is endangered’ (Pierce, 2006). The ‘General Rule’ for development

of Endangered ecosystems is that it ‘can only withstand minimal loss of natural area through

disturbance or development’ (Pierce, 2006).

The STEP equivalent vegetation type for AZs1 Algoa Dune Strandveld (Mucina and

Rutherford, 2006) is Algoa Dune Thicket (Vlok and Euston-Brown, 2002).

The property is part of the northern residential area in Cape St Francis, and is a

privately-owned property i.e. not part of a nature reserve. Given the small size of the

property, a significant change in the ecological functioning of the surrounding natural

area is not anticipated, despite its proximity to the boundaries of Seal Bay Local

Authority Nature Reserve.

6

Figure 3. The property [at the red star, approx.] falls within an Endangered ecosystem

[areas in orange], according to the STEP Mapbook (Pierce, 2006).

2.5 National Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas project (2011)

The National Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas (NFEPA) project (2011) does not classify

the property as falling within a NFEPA. There are no wetlands present on the property.

The property falls within the Tsitsikamma Sub-water Management Area, in the larger Fish to

Tsitsikamma Water Management Area.

2.6 Garden Route Biodiversity Sector Plan (2010)

The Garden Route BSP (2010), which stems from the Garden Route Initiative (2008), is the

most fine-scale bioregional conservation plan, with associated maps, available for the Kouga

Local Municipality area. The greatest portion of the property is mapped as not falling within a

CBA (only the eastern-most ‘wedge’ is included within a CBA, and this area is unlikely to be

developed, as it falls on the property boundary; see Figure 4). The property is classified as

falling within a Transformed area: Urban, due to its presence in a residential area (see

Figure 5).

Vegetation on the property is mapped as Hartenbos Primary Dune, a solid vegetation type

within the Primary Dune habitat classification in the Marine Biome (see Figure 6). The

National Equivalent Ecosystem Status2 assigned to Hartenbos Primary Dune is Least

Threatened (Vromans et al., 2010).

Hartenbos Primary Dune vegetation is characterised by the presence of ‘Ammophila

arenaria (alien), Arctotheca populifolia, Gazania rigens, Hebenstretia cordata, Ipomoea pes-

caprae, Senecio elegans, Scaevola plumieri, Tetragonia decumbens and Thinopyrum

distichum. The plants tend to be sparse, but just inland (secondary dunes) the vegetation

becomes rapidly more dense and taller, with shrubs such as Metalasia muricata, Morella

cordifolia, Passerina rigida, Rhus crenata and often somewhat stunted Sideroxylon inerme

2 Ecosystem status of terrestrial ecosystems is based on the degree of habitat loss that has occurred

in each ecosystem, relative to two thresholds: one for maintaining healthy ecosystem functioning, and one for conserving the majority of species associated with the ecosystem (Vromans et al., 2010).

7

present. The latter constitute the transition to Dune Thicket vegetation and the cut-off point

between these two units is often difficult to determine. We used the absence of species such

as Scaevola plumieri, Tetragonia decumbens and Thinopyrum distichum as indicating the

transition from Primary Dune to Dune Thicket units. The Primary Dune units act as a

precursor to the Dune Thicket units. Wherever they are absent, often due to stabilization of

the supporting Drift Sands habitat, wave action starts eating into the secondary dunes,

undermining the sands of the Dune Thicket. Gladiolus gueinzii is the only uncommon plant

species present in this unit’ (Vlok et al., 2008).

Given the presence of Coastal Thicket-type species in the northern portion of the

property, on an established foredune, vegetation on the (vegetated portion) of the

property is more accurately described as St Francis Strandveld, which is mapped

for the western, inland areas beyond the coastal foredunes on which the property is

located. Vegetation of the beach berms and (smaller, partly-vegetated) incipient

dunes located before (i.e. mostly east of) established, vegetated foredunes in the

area can be described as Hartenbos Primary Dune vegetation – consisting mostly of

dune pioneers.

St Francis Strandveld vegetation is described as patches of Dune Thicket which form

in dune slacks, are generally 2 to 3 m tall, and contain a diverse mix of resprouting

woody species. Vegetation can also be stunted, less than 1 m tall, and contain an

unusual mix of Fynbos-related species. It is a fire-tolerant vegetation type, but not as

fire-dependent as Fynbos or Grassland vegetation, and tolerates long inter-fire

periods with this altering its mosaic structure or diversity (Vlok et al., 2008).

Figure 4. The greatest portion of the property does not fall within a Critical Biodiversity Area

[areas in light green] (Garden Route BSP, 2010).

8

Figure 5. The greatest portion of the property falls within a Transformed area: Urban [areas

in orange]. Areas in light green are classified as Natural (Garden Route BSP, 2010).

Figure 6. Vegetation on the property is classified as Hartenbos Primary Dune [in red].

Vegetation to the north-west is classified as St Francis Strandveld [in purple], and to the

south-east as Kleinkrantz Drift Sands [in blue] (Garden Route BSP, 2010).

2.7 Summary of available literature:

Available biodiversity planning documents indicate that the property includes:

A Least threatened vegetation type (AZs1 Algoa Dune Strandveld; Mucina and

Rutherford, 2006 / National Vegetation Map, 2012 beta 2);

An Endangered ecosystem (STEP, 2006);

A Terrestrial Critical Biodiversity Area 2 [CBA_step T3, CBA_coast T2, CBA_corr1

Corridor1], with no Freshwater Aquatic CBA present (ECBCP, 2007);

9

An area not classified as a CBA, in an area deemed Transformed due to Urban land

use, with vegetation classified as Hartenbos Primary Dune, though more aptly

described as St Francis Strandveld vegetation (Garden Route BSP, 2010);

No wetlands present on site, and no freshwater ecosystem priority areas present on

site (NFEPA, 2011).

3. Vegetation / Site Description

Members of CEN IEM Unit conducted a site assessment on 19 June 2018. The site was

surveyed on foot. Observations included: a list of plant species present on site; the presence

of Protected Plants and / or Species of Conservation Concern (SCC’s); the presence of

different vegetation or habitat types, and the presence of man-made structures on site.

Photographs were taken at various points across the site. Photographs were compared to

photographs taken during an earlier site visit in December 2017 (see Figures 7 to 14,

below).

3.1 Vegetation description

The property consists of a raised, established i.e. vegetated, coastal foredune in the north to

north-western portion (running west to east), which is the highest point on the property,

sloping down into the central dune blowout area, which has no established vegetation and

also runs roughly west to east on the property. From the dune blowout the property again

slopes upwards to an established foredune that runs west to east beyond the southern

boundary of the property, parallel to the northern foredune on the property. [Foredunes form

parallel ‘fingers’, running west to east (towards the sea), all along the coast in the Cape St

Francis area, with dune blowouts forming naturally between foredunes in places.]

A low sand berm, causing a gentle upslope towards the east, is located along the eastern

property boundary fence – creating an elongated ‘bowl’ shape to the dune blowout. It is

unclear whether the sand berm occurs naturally, was man-made (before branches were laid

down as a stabilisation measure), or whether it has formed due to wind-blown sand

accumulation along the boundary fence (along which Vachellia karroo / Sweet Thorn tree

branches have also been laid down).

During an earlier site visit (December 2017), no attempts at stabilisation or rehabilitation of

the dune blowout area had yet been made (see Figures 9 and 10, below). By the time of

this assessment (June 2018), however, in an effort to restrict foot traffic across the property,

specifically the dune blowout which is sensitive to further erosion, and to encourage the

accumulation of wind-blown sand in the dune blowout ‘bowl’ area – branches of Coastal

Thicket shrubs and trees cut down elsewhere e.g. Brachylaena discolor, Osteospermum

moniliferum, Vachellia karroo and Searsia crenata, had been laid down along the edge of

Coastal Thicket at the access to the property, as well as across the entire dune blowout area

up to the existing established vegetation line on the foredunes, and the eastern property

boundary fence. All exposed sand, but the pathway from De Jonge Thomas Avenue up the

established foredune down to the dune blowout area, had been covered in branches. A

worker was laying down more branches at the time of this assessment.

10

At the time of this assessment, therefore, the greatest portion of the property including the

dune blowout was covered in a high, dense layer of dead (brown) tree branches up to and

level with shrubs at the base of established foredunes around the dune blowout area.

The sand below dead tree branches was barely visible, and the understorey heavily

shaded. Successful recruitment of pioneer coastal dune species (which enable soil

binding and ultimately dune stabilisation) under heavily shaded conditions, and over

an extended period of time, is unlikely to occur. Tree branches will need to

decompose and break down fast and form a thinner layer of mulch at the base of the

dune blowout in order to allow sufficient heat, light and moisture retention for seed

germination of pioneer species.

Alternatively, the layer of tree branches should be thinned out once sufficient soil has

accumulated in the dune blowout.

The access to the property off De Jonge Thomas Avenue consists of a small lawn of

Cynodon dactylon (Kweek Gras / Couch Grass), with a few weedy herbs and forbs on

disturbed areas of exposed sand. The raised ‘façade’ of Coastal Thicket on the foredune in

the northern portion of the property has also been covered with tree branches.

Vegetation on the established (i.e. vegetated) foredunes in the northern portion of the

property can be described as solid St Francis Strandveld, with a mixture of woody Coastal

Dune Thicket and Fynbos-type species (Vlok et al., 2008; Garden Route BSP, 2010).

Dominant woody trees and shrubs include: Osteospermum moniliferum, Brachylaena

discolor, Metalasia muricata, Searsia crenata, and Acacia cyclops.

The overall plant species richness and diversity is, however, very low on the property

(see Table I, below).

Vegetation on the property, in its present state, can be considered to be of low

conservation value i.t.o. biodiversity, and its contribution to conservation of Coastal

Dune Thicket in the larger Cape St Francis area.

The property is, however, of high environmental sensitivity overall. The property

consists largely of a dune blowout with bare, unconsolidated sand which is highly

sensitive to water and wind erosion. The sparsely-vegetated incipient dunes and

sand berms are also highly sensitive to water and wind erosion, as well as the

established foredunes. The steep, exposed slopes of coastal foredunes still

experience some water and wind erosion, and steep slopes may experience

slumping during heavy rainfall, despite the layer of shrubs and roots binding and

stabilising the upper soil layers.

The only alien invasive tree species present on the property is Acacia cyclops (Rooikrans –

introduced for its efficacy as a coastal dune pioneer, and stabiliser of coastal dunes), with

densely-growing, stunted plants present on the higher foredunes in the north-western portion

of the property.

Rooikrans trees should not be cleared at this stage of the stabilisation and

rehabilitation process, as it will encourage soil erosion and destabilisation of the

established foredune in the north-western portion of the property. Recruitment of

11

Rooikrans seedlings must be discouraged and eliminated in areas that are newly-

disturbed, or which have not yet been invaded.

Figure 7. December 2017 – Facing south, overlooking a footpath through Coastal Thicket

vegetation on an established foredune (the highest point on the property), at the northern

access to the property off De Jonge Thomas Avenue.

Figure 8. June 2018 – Facing south, at the northern access to the property, where branches

have been lain to discourage foot traffic on the property and encourage sand build-up.

12

Figure 9. December 2017 – Facing east from the top of the established foredune in the

north-western portion of property, facing east towards to beach, overlooking the dune

blowout in the central portion of the property.

Figure 10. December 2017 – Facing west from the dune blowout, or central ‘bowl’ of the

property, towards the established foredune in the north-western portion of the property.

13

Figure 11. June 2018 – Coastal Thicket of the established foredune along the eastern

property boundary, facing north-west. The dune blowout area (to the left in the photograph)

has been filled up with branches, level with vegetation at the base of the foredune.

Figure 12. June 2018 – Facing north from the south-western property boundary. The

western and eastern property boundaries have been fenced, a sand berm formed along the

eastern property boundary, and branches packed in the dune blowout to encourage sand

build-up.

14

Figure 13. June 2018 – Facing north-east from the south-western property boundary fence,

overlooking branches lain in the dune blowout.

Figure 14. June 2018 – Facing east from the south-western property boundary fence.

Branches end at the eastern property boundary (in the centre in the photograph), which

slopes gently upwards to a sand berm.

3.2 Protected Plants and Species of Conservation Concern (SCC’s)

The following legislation was consulted when annotating the list of plant species identified on

the property:

Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act No. 43 of 1983;

National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act 10 of 2004 – Alien and Invasive Species Lists (published July 2016);

15

Red List of South African Plants (version 2017.1);

National Forests Act No. 84 of 1998 – List of Protected Trees (published 23 December 2016);

National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act 10 of 2004 – Amendment of Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable and Protected Species List (14 December 2007);

Eastern Province Nature Conservation Ordinance No. 19 of 1974;

Eastern Cape Environmental Conservation Bill of 2003.

A total of 29 plant species were identified on the property (see Table I), of which one is listed

as an alien invasive plant i.e. Acacia cyclops (Rooikrans) (see Table II).

Protected plants, listed under the Eastern Province Nature Conservation Ordinance No. 19

of 1974 and the Eastern Cape Environmental Conservation Bill of 2003, identified on the

property, include: a number of mesems, a bulb or geophyte, Chasmanthe sp., Sideroxylon

inerme subsp. inerme (White Milkwood), and Rhoicissus digitata.

No protected trees, listed under the National Forests Act 84 of 1998 (updated 23 December

2016), were identified on the property. However, it is possible, given the presence of Coastal

Thicket-type vegetation, and the layer of branches covering vegetation on the property, that

Sideroxylon inerme subsp. inerme occurs on the property and, where required, a permit from

DAFF must be obtained before disturbing or removing tree(s).

Please note: Protected plants and trees require permits from the relevant authorities

i.e. DEDEAT and DAFF, prior to their disturbance (which includes the trimming of the

branches of protected trees), removal, and / or transplantation.

3.3 Soils

The general description for soil on the property is ‘greyish, sandy soils’ (Biodiversity GIS

online interactive maps, 2007) – soil on the property, however, consists of white dune sand.

Soil is classed as ‘imperfectly drained sandy soils’. This soil class has favourable water-

holding properties. Limitations are that soil ‘may be highly erodible’ (Biodiversity GIS online

interactive maps, 2007) – consisting of white dune sand, and located on a foredune, soil on

the property is highly susceptible to wind and water erosion.

16

Table I. Full annotated list of plant species observed on Erf 347 in Cape St Francis. Species in GREEN are Protected Plants / Species of

Conservation Concern (SCC’s). Species in RED are exotic and / or alien invasive plants.

Family Species Red List of South African Plants, 2017.1

EP Nat. Cons. Ordinance No. 19 of 1974

Eastern Cape Environmental Conservation Bill, 2003

AIZOACEAE Carpobrotus deliciosus (L.Bolus) L.Bolus LC Schedule 4: Protected Schedule 5: Protected

AIZOACEAE Mesembryanthemum aitonis Jacq. LC Schedule 4: Protected Schedule 5: Protected

AIZOACEAE Tetragonia decumbens Mill. LC Schedule 4: Protected Schedule 5: Protected

ANACARDIACEAE Searsia crenata (Thunb.) Moffett LC

APOCYNACEAE Cynanchum natalitium Schltr. LC

Schedule 5: Protected

ARALIACEAE Cussonia thyrsiflora Thunb. LC

ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus asparagoides (L.) Druce LC

ASTERACEAE Arctotheca populifolia (P.J.Bergius) Norl. LC

ASTERACEAE Brachylaena discolor DC. LC

ASTERACEAE Metalasia muricata (L.) D.Don LC

ASTERACEAE Osteospermum moniliferum L. LC

ASTERACEAE Sonchus oleraceus L. NE

ASTERACEAE Stoebe plumosa (L.) Thunb. LC

ASTERACEAE Tarchonanthus littoralis P.P.J.Herman LC

BRASSICACEAE Sisymbrium orientale L. NE

CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodiastrum murale (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch NE

CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodium album L. NE

CYPERACEAE Cyperus sp. LC

FABACEAE Acacia cyclops A.Cunn. ex G.Don NE

FABACEAE Vachellia karroo (Hayne) Banfi & Gallaso LC

FABACEAE Medicago sp. NE

IRIDACEAE Chasmanthe (cf. aethiopica (L.) N.E.Br.) LC Schedule 4: Protected Schedule 5: Protected

POACEAE Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. LC

POACEAE Ehrharta villosa J.H.Schult. LC

POACEAE Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov. NE

POLYGONACEAE Rumex crispus L. NE

17

Family Species Red List of South African Plants, 2017.1

EP Nat. Cons. Ordinance No. 19 of 1974

Eastern Cape Environmental Conservation Bill, 2003

SAPOTACEAE Sideroxylon inerme L. subsp. inerme LC

Schedule 5: Protected

THYMELACEAE Passerina rigida Wikstr. LC

VITACEAE Rhoicissus digitata (L.f.) Gilg & M.Brandt LC

Schedule 5: Protected

Total: 29

Table II. Exotic and / or alien invasive plants identified on Erf 347 in Cape St Francis, listed under the Conservation of Agricultural

Resources Act, Act 43 of 1983, and the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act 10 of 2004 – Alien and Invasive Species

Lists (published July 2016).

Family Species CARA (1983) NEM:BA (2004)

ASTERACEAE Sonchus oleraceus L.

BRASSICACEAE Sisymbrium orientale L.

CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodiastrum murale (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch

CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodium album L.

FABACEAE Acacia cyclops A.Cunn. ex G.Don Category 2: Invader Category 1b

FABACEAE Medicago sp.

POACEAE Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov.

POLYGONACEAE Rumex crispus L.

Total: 8

18

4. References

Berliner D. and P. Desmet. 2007. Eastern Cape Biodiversity Conservation Plan: Technical Report.

Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Project No 2005-012, Pretoria.

Berliner, D., Desmet, P. and R. Hayes. August 2007. Eastern Cape Biodiversity Conservation Plan

Handbook. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Project No 2005-012, King William’s Town.

BiodiversityGIS (BGIS) online interactive maps. South African National Biodiversity Institute. 2007.

DEA-SANBI. 2012. National Biodiversity Assessment 2011: An assessment of South Africa’s biodiversity

and ecosystems. Synthesis Report. South African National Biodiversity Institute and Department of

Environmental Affairs, Pretoria.

Holness, S.D., Bradshaw, P. and Brown, A.E. 2010. Critical Biodiversity Areas of the Garden Route.

Conservation Planning Report March 2010. Garden Route Initiative. South African National Parks.

Knysna. 31 pp.

Mucina, L. and M.C. Rutherford (Eds.). 2006. The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and

Swaziland. Strelitzia 19. South African National Biodiversity Institute: Pretoria. 807 pp.

Nel et al. August 2011. Technical Report for the National Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas project.

Report to the Water Research Commission. WRC Report No. 1801/2/11.

Pierce, S.M. 2003. The STEP Handbook. Integrating the natural environment into land use decisions at

the municipal level: towards sustainable development. Terrestrial Ecology Research Unit Report No. 47.

University of Port Elizabeth, South Africa.

Pierce, S.M. 2006. The STEP Mapbook, part of: The STEP Handbook. Integrating the natural environment

into land use decisions at the municipal level: towards sustainable development. Centre for African

Conservation Ecology Report Number 47 (Revised Edition). Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University,

South Africa.

SANBI, 2017. Red List of South African Plants, version 2017.1. (Red List of South African Plants, 2017.1)

South African National Biodiversity Institute. 2012. Vegetation Map of South Africa, Lesotho and

Swaziland [vector geospatial dataset] 2012. Available from the Biodiversity GIS website.

South African National Biodiversity Institute. 2012. Vegetation Map of South Africa, Lesotho and

Swaziland [vector geospatial dataset] 2012. Available from the Biodiversity GIS website, downloaded on

17 August 2018.

Vlok, J.H. and D. Euston-Brown. 2002. Subtropical Thicket Ecosystem Planning (STEP) Project: Biological

Survey Report (Plants and Birds). Unpublished Consultancy Report to the Terrestrial Ecology Research

Unit, University of Port Elizabeth.

Vlok, J.H.J., Euston-Brown D.I.W. and T. Wolf. 2008. A vegetation map for the Garden Route Initiative.

Unpublished 1:50 000 maps and report supported by CAPE FSP task team.

Vromans, D.C., Maree, K.S., Holness, S.D., Job, N. and Brown, A.E. 2010. The Garden Route Biodiversity

Sector Plan for the southern regions of the Kouga and Koukamma Municipalities. Supporting land-use

planning and decision-making in Critical Biodiversity Areas and Ecological Support Areas for sustainable

development. Garden Route Initiative. South African National Parks. Knysna.