Appendix APeriodic Table of the Elements

Source From K.A. Olive et al. (Particle Data Group), Chin. Phys. C 38 (2014) 090001

© Springer-Verlag Italia 2015A. De Angelis and M.J.M. Pimenta, Introduction to Particleand Astroparticle Physics, Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics,DOI 10.1007/978-88-470-2688-9

647

Appendix BProperties of Materials

Source From K.A. Olive et al. (Particle Data Group), Chin. Phys. C 38 (2014) 090001

© Springer-Verlag Italia 2015A. De Angelis and M.J.M. Pimenta, Introduction to Particleand Astroparticle Physics, Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics,DOI 10.1007/978-88-470-2688-9

649

Appendix CPhysical and Astrophysical Constants

Source From K.A. Olive et al. (Particle Data Group), Chin. Phys. C 38 (2014) 090001

© Springer-Verlag Italia 2015A. De Angelis and M.J.M. Pimenta, Introduction to Particleand Astroparticle Physics, Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics,DOI 10.1007/978-88-470-2688-9

651

652 Appendix C: Physical and Astrophysical Constants

Index

Symbols

K 0 − K0Mixing, 310

�CDM model, 468, 477, 486αi matrices, 260β matrix, 260τ -θ puzzle, 95γ μ matrices, 260

AAbelian symmetry groups, 324Accelerators, 189ACE experiment, 157Acoustic peaks, 437Active galactic nuclei (AGN), 576AGASA experiment, 159AGILE telescope, 166, 168Aharonov, Yakir, 255AMS-02 experiment, 157, 545Andromeda galaxy, 9Angular diameter distance, 428ANTARES detector, 182Anthropic principle, 409, 417Antimatter, 87, 500, 547

discovery, 88Antiproton, 191, 547Antiquark, 214Arecibo radio telescope, 637ARGO-YBJ detector, 169Askar’yan effect, 108Astrobiology, 617Astronomical unit (AU), 7Asymptotic freedom, 331, 340Atacama Cosmology Telescope, 438

ATLAS experiment, 152Aurorae, 624Avalanche photodiodes (APD), 131Axion, 385, 491Axion-like-particle (ALP), 491, 610

BBaikal NT-200 detector, 181Barn, 28Baryon Acoustic Oscillations, 428, 485Baryons, 190, 214

baryonic quantum number, 191Beauty, see BottomBESS experiment, 157β decay, 24, 440, 529, 530Bethe formula, 102Bethe, Hans, 102Bi-spinor, 261Big bang, 430, 473Big crunch, 472Big European Bubble Chamber (BEBC),

122Bilinear covariants, 265Binary systems, 556, 575Binding energy, 13BL lacertae objects (BL Lac), 578Black disk, 350Black hole, 473

Kerr, 473Schwarzschild, 473

Blazar, 577, 578Block, Martin, 289Bohm, David, 255

© Springer-Verlag Italia 2015A. De Angelis and M.J.M. Pimenta, Introduction to Particleand Astroparticle Physics, Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics,DOI 10.1007/978-88-470-2688-9

653

654 Index

Bohm–Aharonov effect, 255Bose–Einstein statistics, 5Boson, 5

Goldstone, 367Higgs, 371, 384

Bothe, Walther, 90Bottom

ϒ , 221bottomium, 221

Bragg curve, 110Branching ratio, 34Branes, 416Breakdown potential, 123Breit frame, 230Bremsstrahlung, 105Bubble chamber, 121

CCabibbo

angle, 304Cabibbo, Nicola, 305Callan–Gross relation, 231Calorimeter, 133

electromagnetic, 133, 134hadronic, 134homogeneous, 133sampling, 133

CANGAROO telescope, 170Casimir

effect, 284operator, 201

Casimir, Hendrick, 284Cepheids, 425CERN, 15, 95, 145, 390Chadwick, James, 25Chamberlain, Owen, 67Charge conjugation, 205Charged weak currents, 296Charm, 218, 307

charmonium, 220Charpak, George, 124Cherenkov

detector, 131emission in air showers, 156radiation, 107telescope, 170, 551

Cherenkov, Pavel, 107Chirality, 292CKM matrix, 308Clebsch–Gordan coefficients, 207

Cloud chamber, 88, 121Cluster model, 332CMB polarization, 437CMS experiment, 149CNO cycle, 507COBE, 434Collection efficiency, 129Color, 216Color factors, 328Compositeness, 417Compton scattering, 111Compton wavelength, 64Confinement, 332, 333, 340Contravariant representation, 46Conversi, Pancini and Piccioni experiment,

91Cosmic microwave background (CMB), 11,

429, 549Cosmic rays, 15, 77

acceleration, 562Hillas plot, 571

arrival directions of charged, 543charged, 538discovery, 71electrons and positrons, 545gamma rays, 550GZK suppression, 540life and, 622photons, 549propagation of Galactic, 589spectrum, 539

Cosmological constant, 459Cosmological principle, 461Coulomb gauge, 253Covariant derivative, 49, 255Covariant representation, 46CP violation, 310

direct, 315in 2π modes, 312in the B sector, 317in the standard model, 319indirect, 316strong CP problem, 385

Crab Nebula, 16, 551, 573, 574Crane, Richard, 267Critical density, 465Critical energy, 107Cronin, Jim, 312Cross-section, 27

W W cross-section at LEP, 397Z Z cross section at LEP, 397

Index 655

CTA observatory, 177, 599CUORE, 534

D resonances, 211

++ puzzle, 216D’Alembert operator, 49, 252DAMA experiment, 498DAMPE mission, 176Dark energy, 14, 428, 472Dark matter, 14, 443, 444, 488

baryonic, 489cold, 463distributions, 446freeze-out, 477hot, 490

Dark noise, 129DASI, 437Davis, Ray, 178Daya Bay experiment, 521, 522de Sitter universe, 464Deep inelastic scattering, 223DELPHI experiment, 147Density of final states, 35Differential cross-section, 29Dipole formula, 41Diquark, 218, 335Dirac

equation, 86, 259notation, 80

Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice, 85Distance

comoving, 424luminosity, 426proper, 426scale, 425

Drell-Yan process, 328, 343Drift chamber, 125Dwarf spheroidals, 447, 605

EEAS, 154Eddington luminosity, 577EGRET instrument, 166EHS, 142Eightfold way, 211Eikonal function, 350Einasto profile of DM, 446Einstein

equations, 459Einstein, Albert, 4

Elastic process, 30Electromagnetic interaction, 6Electromagnetic tensor, 57Electroweak precision measurements, 391Energy–momentum tensor, 459Equations

Dirac, 259Drake, 631Euler–Lagrange, 247Klein-Gordon, 270Maxwell, 250

Equivalence principle, 452Euclidean space, 455Euler–Lagrange equations, 247EUSO mission, 164EXO, 534Extra dimensions, 415Extragalactic background light (EBL), 592Extraterrestrial life, see also Life

messages from space, 636search for, 637

Extremophiles, 624

FFCNC, 307Fermi

bubbles, 556constant, 286golden rule, 35, 280LAT, 166mechanism for CR acceleration, 562model of weak interactions, 285, 290observatory, 167paradox (extraterrestrial life), 635

Fermi, Enrico, 34Fermi-Dirac statistics, 4Fermion, 4Feynman

diagrams, 245, 277Feynman, Richard, 39Fine structure constant, 278Fireball model, 581Fitch, Val, 312Flash chamber, 125Flavor, 214Fluorescence, 155Form factor, 41Four-scalar, 47Fragmentation

functions, 335string and cluster model, 332

Free streaming distance, 529

656 Index

Freeze-out temperature, 440Friedman, Jerome I., 228Friedmann, Alexander, 461Froissart bound, 350FSRQ, 578

GG-2 experiments, 267Gain, 129Galactic center, 606Galactic coordinates, 18Galaxy clusters, 605Galilei, Galileo, 9GALLEX, 508GALPROP, 590Gamma ray, 17, 550

bursts, 553, 580emission from Fermi bubbles, 556flares, 552horizon, 597transients, 552

GAMMA400 mission, 176Gargamelle, 297Gaseous photomultipliers (GPM ), 130Gauge

invariance, 361transformation, 251, 257

Geiger mode, 123Geiger-Müller counter, 78, 123General relativity, 452Geodesic, 426, 455

equations, 461GIM mechanism, 304Glashow, Sheldon Lee, 370Glasma, 357Glauber model, 352Gluon, 7, 216, 326Gottfried sum rule, 235Grand unification, 408Grand Unified Theories (GUT), 410, 484Gravitational

interaction, 6lensing, 444radiation, 559

graviton, 559waves, 182

Gray disk, 350GRB, see Gamma ray burstsGreenhouse effect, 622Gross, David J., 323Group, 193

abelian, 193

SO(3), 200spin rotations, 199SU(2), 199SU(3), 202SU(n), 199U(n), 199

Gyromagnetic ratio, 266GZK

cutoff, 16, 593mechanism, 540neutrinos, 557

HH.E.S.S. telescope, 168, 170, 172, 608Hadrons, 191Hamiltonian, 191, 247HAWC observatory, 168, 170HEGRA telescope, 170Heisenberg

principle, 2Heisenberg, Werner, 2Helicity, 43, 264Hermitian conjugate, 194Hess, Victor, 75Higgs

boson, 371, 384, 386discovery, 403

mechanism, 368Higgs, Peter, 363High-energy gamma rays, 566

attenuation edge, 597hadronic photoproduction, 569inverse Compton scattering, 567optical depth, 596self-synchrotron Compton mechanism,567

High-z Supernova Search Team, 427Hillas plot, 571Hofstadter, Robert, 223Homestake mine, 508Hubble

constant, 10, 422, 462law, 10, 422

Hubble, Erwin, 9Hypercharge, 203, 212, 374

IIceCube, 181, 559

neutrino observations, 585Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope

(IACT), 170Indirect CP violation, 316

Index 657

Inelastic interaction length, 114Inflation, 437, 481Inflaton, 481Interaction length, 32Inverse Compton, 112Ionization counter, 123Isospin, 203, 207

weak, 373

JJ /ψ , 218, 307

anomalous suppression, 356discovery, 218suppression in QGP, 357

Jarlskog invariant, 320JEM-EUSO experiment, 163Jet quenching, 355

KK2K experiment, 522KamLAND, 515–517, 525KamLAND-Zen, 534KATRIN, 531Kendall, Henry W., 228Kepler mission, 634Klein, Oscar, 84Klein-Gordon equation, 84, 252, 270Km3NeT telescope, 182Kobayashi, Makoto, 308Koshiba, Masatoshi, 178Kurie plot, 530

LLagrangian, 247

density, 249mass term, 250

Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal effect, 114Last scattering surface, 434Leaky-box model, 590Lederman, Leon, 506Lemaitre, Georges, 461Length contraction, 46Leptons, 190, 237

τ , see τ leptonLHC, 15, 403LHCb, 143Lie algebra, 198Life, 618

abiogenesis, 626ammonia and, 621carbon-based, 618

cosmic rays and, 622Drake equation, 631in the solar system, 628panspermia, 626recipe of, 619Schrödinger’s definition, 619silicon-based, 619

LIGO observatory, 184LISA project, 185Livingston plot, 190LNGS, 497Local group, 9Lorentz

boost, 51force, 44, 253invariance violation, 607Lorentz–Heaviside convention, 250Lorentz-Invariant Fermi rule, 55transformations, 45, 51

Lorentz, Hendrik, 44Lorenz gauge, 59, 252Lorenz, Ludvig, 59LPM effect, 114LSND, 526Luminosity, 29, 139

differential, 139integrated, 139

Lund symmetric fragmentation function,335

MMACHO, 489MAGIC telescope, 168, 170, 172, 174, 608Magnetic field, 588

Earth’s, 623extragalactic, 588galactic, 588

Magnetosphere, 623Magnitude, 585Majorana, Ettore, 532Mandelstam variables, 53Maskawa, Toshihide, 308Mather, John, 434Maxwell equations, 44, 250Maxwell, James Clerk, 44, 250Mendeleev, Dimitri, 21Mesons, 190Metallicity, 451Metric

Kerr, 459Minkowski, 459Robertson–Walker, 458, 459

658 Index

Schwarzschild, 459, 472Metric tensor, 48Microlensing, 434, 438, 490MILAGRO, 169Milky Way, 8Millikan, Robert A., 77Mills, Robert, 257Minimal coupling, 255Minkowski tensor, 47MINOS, 523, 524Mip or minimum ionizing particle, 102Molière radius, 119MOND, 449Monte Carlo methods, 118Mott cross-section, 42Multijet production, 346Multiple scattering, 109Muon, 92

decay, 296detection at accelerators, 141in cosmic-ray showers, 159, 547

NNatural units (NU), 62Navarro, Frenk, andWhite (NFW) profile of

DM, 446NEMO experiment, 182NESTOR project, 182Neutral weak currents, 297Neutralino, 413, 494Neutrinos, 505, 557

appearance experiments, 513disappearance experiments, 513accelerator, 522and hot dark matter, 528astrophysical, 557atmospheric, 516, 557, 585beams, 297CNO cycle, see CNO cyclecosmogenic, 557cosmological, 481decoupling, 480Dirac, 532from SN1987A, see SN1987Afrom the collapse of supernovae, 585geo-neutrinos, 525IceCube, see IceCubeMajorana, 532, 533mass, 505mass limits, 529MSW effect, 514number of light species, 395

oscillation in a two-flavor system, 511oscillation length, 513oscillations, 505resonant oscillations, 515solar, 506, 585

neutrino problem, 508very-high-energy, 559

Neutron, 25, 207Neutron star, 572Newton, Isaac, 4Nishimura-Kamata-Greisen function, 119NKG function, 119No-hair theorem, 473Noether

theorem, 192, 194, 248Noether, Emmy, 192Non-Abelian symmetry groups, 324Nuclear emulsion, 122Nuclear suppression factor, 355Nucleosynthesis

in stars, 439primordial, 438

O�−, 213Olbers’ paradox, 451OPERA, 525Optical depth, 596Optical theorem, 348OZI rule, 217Ozone layer, 623

PPacini, Domenico, 74Pair production, 113PAMELA

anomaly, 546, 604PAMELA experiment, 157Parity, 195, 204, 288Parity violation, 288Parsec, 9Partial cross-section, 30Partial wave amplitudes, 348Partial width, 34Particle accelerator, 136Particle Data Book, 240Particle lifetime, 33Parton density function, 232Partons, 229Pauli

exclusion principle, 4

Index 659

matrices, 200, 260Pauli, Wolfgang, 4PDF, see Parton density functionPDG, see Particle Data BookPenning traps, 268Penzias, Arno, 429Periodic table, 21Perlmutter, Saul, 427Photodetector, 129Photodisintegration, 593Photoelectric effect, 111Photoluminescence, 104Photomultiplier tubes (PMT), 129Photon decoupling, 431Photonuclear effect, 113Photosensors, 129Pierre Auger Observatory, 162Pioneer 10, 642Planck

length, 64mass, 65mission, 434scale, 3time, 64

Planck, Max, 3Planets, see Solar system

extrasolar, 633, 645POLARBEAR, 438Politzer, David , 323Pontecorvo, Bruno, 519Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata

(PMNS) matrix, 519Preons, 418Primordial abundance of 4He, 441Propagator, 245, 277, 296, 382Proper time, 45Proportional counter, 123Pseudo-rapidity, 145, 340PSR 1913+16, 560Pulsar, 572Pulsar wind nebulae (PWN), 574

QQCD, 323

tests at LEP, 398QED, 250Quantum chromodynamics, see QCDQuantum efficiency, 129Quantum electrodynamics, see QEDQuark, 214

family, 222hadronization, 220

quark-parton model, 229top, 402

Quark–Gluon Plasma (QGP), 341, 353Quasar, 577, see also Active Galactic Nuclei

RRadiation length, 106Radio emission, 156Range, 110Rapidity, 339Rayleigh scattering, 113Recombination

phase, 431temperature, 432

Redshift, 422Reines, Frederick, 505Reionization

epoch, 433optical depth parameter τ , 434

Renormalization, 281, 282Resistive plate chamber, 128RICH, 132Riess, Adam, 427Ring imaging Cherenkov detector, 132Rosenbluth formula, 223, 281Rossi, Bruno, 90Rubbia, Carlo, 137, 300Running coupling

and unification of forces, 409for α, 283for αs , 329

Rutherford experiment, 23Rutherford, Ernest, 23

SSAGE, 508Saha equation, 431Sakharov conditions, 322Salam, Abdus, 370Schmidt, Brian, 427Schrödinger’s

definition of life, 619equation, 79

Schrödinger, Erwin, 79Schwartz, Melvin, 506Schwarzschild

radius, 65, 472Schwarzschild, Karl, 472Scintillators, 127Segrè, Emilio, 67SETI, see Extraterrestrial life

660 Index

Showerselectromagnetic, 115extensive air showers, 154

depth of showermaximumXmax, 541muons in, 547

hadronic, 119SI, 63Silicon detectors, 126SiPM, 131Smoot, George, 434SN1987A, 558SNO, 509, 511SO(3), 200Soft processes in QCD, 347Solar system, 628South Atlantic Anomaly, 624South Pole Telescope, 438Space-time, 49Special Unitary group, see SU(n)Spin, 5, 86, 260, 266Spin rotations, 199Spin-statistic theorem, 5Spinor, 199Spontaneous symmetry breaking, 363, 376Standard candle, 425Standard model, 3, 285, 383Standard ruler, 428Standard Solar Model, 506Star

hypergiant, 12main sequence, 12red dwarf, 12white dwarf, 13

Steinberger, Jack, 506Strange particle, 94Strangeness, 212Streamer chamber, 125String effect, 338String model, 332, 333String theories, 415Strong CP problem, 491Strong interaction, 6, 91Structure functions, 227, 235SU(2), 199, 285SU(3), 202SU(3) f lavor , 214SU(n), 199Super-K, see Super-KamiokandeSuper-Kamiokande, 508Supernova, 13, 572

type Ia, 427Supernova Cosmology Project, 427Supernova remnant, 561, 572, 574

particle acceleration in, 561shell, 574

Superstring theories, 416SUSY, 412, 494Symmetries

continuum, 195CPT invariance, 206discrete, 195flavor, 214Noether’s theorem and, 191phase shift invariance, 196rotation invariance, 197space Translation invariance, 196time reversal, 206

Synchrotron, 142

Tτ lepton, 222, 237T2K, 522TA experiment, 163Taylor, Richard E., 228Telescope array, 163Temperature power spectrum, 437Tensor, 48Thomson cross-section, 64Tibet-AS, 169Tides, 620Time dilation, 45Top, 222

quark, 402Total cross-section, 27Total width, 34Tracking detector, 120Transition amplitude, 35Transition radiation detector (TRD), 133Trigger system, 90, 127

UU(1), 285, 324U(n), 199UA1, 145, 301UA2, 301Uncertainty principle, 26Underlying event, 339Unitarity

triangle, 309, 320, 321Unitary group, see U(n)Universe

age, 10, 450, 468early, 473expansion of the, 422

Index 661

VV-A, 290Vacuum, 7Vacuum polarization, 281Van Allen belts, 623van der Meer, Simon, 137, 300Vela, 573Veltman, Martinus, 363VERITAS telescope, 168, 170, 172Vertices in QCD, 327VIRGO observatory, 184Virial theorem, 443

WW boson, 7, 285, 370, 378Wavelength shifter, 127Weak interaction, 6, 285Weak isospin, 373Weinberg

angle, 377Weinberg, Steven, 370WHIPPLE telescope, 170Wilczek, Frank, 323Wilson, Charles Thomson Rees, 72Wilson, Robert, 429

WIMP, 478, 490, 492, 603miracle, 479, 492

Wire chamber, 124WISP, 490, 610WMAP, 434Wolfenstein parametrization (of the CKM

matrix), 309

XX-ray transition radiation, 108

YYang, Chen, 257Yang–Mills theories, 324Yukawa potential, 41Yukawa, Hideki, 42

ZZ boson, 7, 285, 370, 378

asymmetries, 393lineshape, 395partial widths of the, 392

Zero point energy, 284