ApPENDIX A

The following tables of symbols, units and conversions have been derived from those published in Photochemistry and Photobiology. They were compiled by the current editor, Pill-Soon Song, and are printed here with his generous permission. SI units are considered to be the standard, and conversion factors are provided for common units not part of the SI system.

NAMES AND SYMBOLS OFSIUNITS

Physical quantity Name of unit Unit symbol

Photometric units

luminous intensity candela cd power, radiant flux watt W (J/s) fluence kilojoule per sq meter kJ/m2

fluence rate watt per sq meter W/m2 luminous flux lumen 1m (cd·sr) luminance candela per sq meter cdlm2

illuminance lux Ix (lm/m2) wave number reciprocal meter m- I

radiant intensity watt per steradian W/sr

Basic units

length meter m mass kilogram kg time second s

electric current ampere A temperature kelvin K amount of substance mole mol

363

Derived units

area square meter m2 volume cubic meter m3

frequency hertz Hz (S-1)

density kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3

speed meter per second m/s angular speed radian per second rad/s

acceleration meter per second squared m/s2 angular acceleration radian per second squared rad/s2 force newton N (kg-m/s2)

pressure pascal Ps (N/m2) kinematic viscosity sq meter per second m2/s dynamic viscosity newton-second per sq meter N-s/m2

work energy, quantity of heat joule J (N-m) electric charge coulomb C (A-s) voltage, potential difference, volt V (W/A)

electromotive force electric field strength volt per meter VIm electric resistance ohm o (V/A) electric capacitance farad F(A-sN)

magnetic flux weber Wb (V-s) inductance henry H (Wb/A) magnetic flux density tesla T(Wb/m2)

magnetic field strength ampere per meter Aim magnetomotive force ampere A entropy joule per kelvin JIK specific heat joule per kilogram kelvin J/(kg-K) thermal conductivity watt per m kelvin W/(m-K) activity (radioactive source) becquerel Bq (S"I)

absorbed dose of ionizing radiation gray Oy (J/kg)

Supplementary units

plane angle· radian rad solid angle steradian sr

CONVERSION FACTORS

To convert from

Photometric units

foot-candle lux

364

To

lumen/meter lumen/meter2

Multiply by

1.076 x 101

1.00

Other units

acre meterZ 4.046 x loJ angstrom meter 1 x 10-10

atmosphere Pa (newton/m2) 1.013 x 104

calorie (thermochemical) joule 4.184 centipoise newton·secondlm2 1.0 x 10-3

curie disintegration/second 3.7 x 1010

day (mean solar) second (mean solar) 8.64 x 104

degree (plane angle) radian 1.745 x 10-2

dyne newton 1 x 10-5

electron volt joule 1.602 x 10-19

erg joule 1.0 x 10-7

erg!(cm2·s) wattlm2 1.0 x 10-3

farenheit (temperature) kelvin TK= (5!9) (Tp+459.67) faraday coulomb 9.649 x 104

foot meter 3.048 x 10-1

gallon (UK liquid) mete~ 4.546 x 10-3

gallon (US liquid) mete~ 3.785 x 10-3

gauss tesla 1.0 x 10-4

inch meter 2.54 x 10-2

kayser reciprocal meter 1.0 x lQ2 kilocalorie (thermochemical) joule 4.184 x loJ

millibar Pa (newton/meterZ) 1.0 x 102

millimeter of mercury (O"C) Pa (newton/meterZ) 1.333 x 102

minute (plane angle) radian 2.909 x lQ-4

pint (US liquid) mete~ 4.732 x lQ-4 poise newton·secondlm2 0.10 psi Pa (newton/m2) 6.894 x lW rad (radiation dose absorbed) Gy Goule/kg) 1.0 x 10-2

roentgen coulomb/kilogram 2.5798 x 10-4 second (plane angle) radian 4.848 x 10-6 torr (O°C) Pa (newton/m2) 1.333 x lQ2 wattlcm2 wattlm2 1.0 x 104

yard meter 9.144 x 10-1

• Use of degrees, minutes, seconds of arc, or revolutions (r) is permitted with SI units.

365

PARTICIPANTS

AGA TI, Dr. Giovanni Istituto di Elettronica Quantistic CNR, Via Panciatichi 56/30 50127 Firenze ITALY

ALARIE, Mr. Romain MRC Group in the Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Universite de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke, Quebec CANADA JIH 5N4

ANDREONI, Dr. Alessandra Dept. of Biology, Cellular

and Molecular Pathology 2nd Faculty of Medicine Via Sergio Pansini, 5 80131 Napoli ITALY

ARNASON, Dr. Thor Dept. of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa, Ontario CANADA KIN 6N5

ARRIAGA, Dr. Edgar A. Dept. of Physiology University of Kansas Medical Center 39th and Rainbow Boulevard Kansas City, KS 66103 U.S.A.

AUCOIN, Mr. Richard R. Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa, Ontario CANADA KIN 6N5

A VERBECK, Dr. Dietrich Institute Curie Section de Biologie 26 Rue d'Ulm F-75231 Paris Cedex 05 FRANCE

BA YRAKCEKEN, Dr. Fuat Ankara University Dept. Eng. Phys. 06100 Ankara TURKEY

BEAUREGARD, Dr. Marc Max-Planck Institut Strahlenchemie MiilheimlRuhr D-4330FRG

BEDWELL, Ms. Joanne National Medical Laser Centre The Rayne Institute 5 University Street London WCIE 6JJ UNITED KINGDOM

BERTHOMIEU, MIle Catherine Service de Biophysique Dept. de Biologie Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires de Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, FRANCE

BLAKEFIELD, Ms. Mary K. Dept. of Biology University of Kentucky 800 Rose St. Lexington, KY 40536 U.S.A.

367

368

BOWMAKER, Dr. Jim K. Dept. of Biological Sciences Queen Mary College University of London Mile End Road London E14NS UNITED KINGDOM

BOYLE, Dr. Ross W. MRC Group in the Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Universite de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke, Quebec CANADA J1H 5N4

BRENNAN, Dr. Thomas Associate Professor of Biology Dickinson College Carlisle, PA 17013 U.S.A.

CONN, Ms. Pauline Frances Chemistry Department Paisley College High St. Paisley, Renfrewshire U.K. PA12BE

CROKE, Dr. David T. Department of Biochemistry Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland 123, St. Stephen's Green Dublin 2, IRELAND

CUNNINGHAM. Ms. Sharon CADNA Medical Diagnostic Inc. 138 Sunrise Avenue Toronto, Ontario CANADA M4A 1B3

DELLINGER, Dr. Marc Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Laboratoire de Biophysique INSERM U-201 43, rue Cuvier 75231 Paris CEDEX 05 FRANCE

DOUGLAS, Dr. Ron Dept. of Optometry and Visual Science The City University 311-321 Goswell Road London EC1 V 7DD UNITED KINGDOM

FAHMY, Dr. Karim Institut flir Biophysik und

Strahlenbiologie der Umversltat Freiburg Albertstrasse 23 D-7800 Freiburg, FRG

FOUL TIER, Dr. Marie-Therese Nantes Hopital La Vaennec BP1005 44035 Nantes, CEDEX 01 FRANCE

FUSI, Dr. Franco Istituto di Elettronica Quantistic CNR, Via Panciatichi 56/30 50127 Firenze ITALY

GARBISU CRESPO, Mr. Carlos Dpto. Bioquimica y Biologia

Molecular Facultad de Ciencias Univ. Pais Vasco APDO 644J, 48080 - BILBAO SPAIN

GA TIO, Dr. Barbara Dept. Organic Chemistry University of Padova Via Marzolo, 1 1-35131 Padova ITALY

GRAGG, Mr. Richard D. College of Pharmacy and

Pharmaceutical Sciences Florida A&M Univ. Tallahassee, FL 32304 U.S.A.

GROSS, Mr. Eitan Dept. of Physics Bar-Ilan University P.O.B. 90000 Ramat-Gan 52900 ISRAEL

HENRIKSEN, Dr. Dennis Bang University of Copenhagen H.C. Orsted Institute Chern. Lab. II DK-2100, Copenhagen DENMARK

HIENERW ADEL, Dr. Rainer Institute fUr Biophysik und

Strahlenbiologie Albertstr. 23 D-7800 Freiburg FED. REP. GER.

HIROTA, Mr. Jungi Dept. of Bioengineering Tokyo Institute of Technology Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152 JAPAN

HOTT, Mr. John L. GA Tech School of Chemistry Box 51 Atlanta, GA 30332-0400 U.S.A.

JOHNSON, Dr. Brian E. Dept. of Dermatology Level.8, Polyclinic Area Ninewells Hospital Dundee DDI 9SY UNITED KINGDOM

KENNEDY, Dr. James C. Department of Radiation Oncology Queen's University Kingston, Ontario CANADA K7L 2V7

KOZOREZ, Dr. Alexei Biophysics Lab Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy 142092, Troitsk Moscow Region U.S.S.R.

LEARN, Dr. Doug Schering-Plough 3030 Jackson Avenue Memphis, Tenn. 38151 U.S.A.

LEE, Dr. Ki-Hnan Centre de Recherche on Photophysique Univ. Quebec, Trois Rivieres C.P.500 Trois Rivieres, Quebec CANADA G9A 5H7

LEE, Dr. John Department of Biochemistry The University of Georgia Boyd Graduate Studies Research Center Athens, Georgia 30602 U.S.A.

LERCARI, Dr. Bartolomeo Dipartimentodi Biologia della Pi ante Agrarie Sezione di Orticoltura e Floricoltura Universita Degli Studi di PISA Viale Delle Piagge, 23 PISA 56124 ITALY

LILGE, Dr. Lothar Wellman 2 Massachusetts General Hospital 32 Fruit Street Boston, MA 02114 U.S.A.

MARCOTTE, Mr. Louis Dept. of Chem. and Chem. Eng. The Royal Military College of Canada Kingston, Ontario CANADA K7K 5LO

MARROT, Dr. Laurent Laboratoires de Rechercche Fondamentale L'OREAL 1, Avenue Eugene Schueller Boite Postale No. 22 93601 Aulnay-Sous-Bois CEDEX, FRANCE

MA TRESON, Ms. Melissa Jean Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Sydney N.S.W.2006 AUSTRALIA

MATHIS, Dr. Paul Service de Biophysique Department de Biologie CEN Saclay 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, FRANCE

McCULLOUGH, Dr. John J. Organic Chemistry Dept. Queen's University Belfast BT95AG NORTHERN IRELAND

369

McDONAGH, Dr. Antony F. Department of Medicine University of California in San Francisco San Francisco, CA 94143 U.S.A.

MONTEITH, Ms. Cherilyn A. School of Optometry University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario CANADA N2L3Gl

MUA, Mr. John Chemistry Dept. University of Papua New Guinea P.O. Box 320, University, N.C.D. PAPUA NEW GUINEA

NADEAU, Dr. Pierre Dept. of Chern. and Chern. Eng. The Royal Military College of Canada Kingston, Ontario CANADA K7K 5LO

NA VARA TNAM, Dr. S. The North East Wales Institute Deeside, Clwyd UNITED KINGDOM

NUL TSCH, Dr. Wilhelrn Lehrstuhl fUr Botanik Fachbereich Biologie Der Philipps-Universitiit Marburg D-3550 Marburg/Lahn, den Lahnberge Deuchland (GERMANY)

O'HARA, Dr. Julia A. Norris Cotton Cancer Center Hanover,NH 03756 U.S.A.

PEDERSEN, Ms. Marit Dept. of Physics A VH, University of Trondheirn College of Arts and Science N-7055 Dragvoll NORWAY

PENNING, Dr. Louis C. Dept. Med. Biochern., Sylvius Laboratory Faculty of Medicine, University of Leiden Wassenaarseweg 72 2333 AL Leiden THE NETHERLANDS

370

PFAU, Dr. JUrgen Fachbereich Biologie

der Philipps-Universitiit Marburg, Dept. Botanik Lahnberge, 3550 Marburg FED. REP. GER.

PLATOU, Ms. Trine Institutt for Kreftforskning A vdeling for biofysikk: Postadresse: Montebello 0310 Oslo 3 NORWAY

POUAK-BLAZI, Dr. Marija Rudjer Boskovic Institute BiJenicka 54 Zagreb YUGOSLAVIA

POTTIER, Dr. Roy Department of Chern. and Chern. Eng. The Royal Military College of Canada Kingston, Ontario CANADA K7K 5LO

RA V ANAT, Dr. Jean-Luc Centre d'Etude Nuc16aire Grenoble DRF-Laboratoires de Chimie 85X, 38041 Grenoble CEDEX, FRANCE

ROBERTI, Dr. Giuseppe University of Naples Biology Dept. IIFacMed. Via Sergio Pansini 5 1-80131 Napoli ITALY

ROTOMSKIS, Dr. Ricardas Vilnius University Laser Research Center Sauletekio ave 9, corp. 3 Vilnius 232054 Lithuania U.S.S.R.

RUSSELL, Dr. David A. Dept. of Chern. and Chern. Eng. The Royal Military College of Canada Kingston, Ontario CANADA K7K 5LO

SENGE, Dr. Mathias Department of Chemistry University of California Davis, CA 95616 U.S.A.

SERRANO, Dr. Aurelio Instituto de Bioquimica Vegetal

y Fotosintesis CSIC/Univ. de Sevilla, Facultad Biologia Apartado 1113 41080 Sevilla SPAIN

STUMPE, Dr. Hugo Deptartment of Organic Chemistry University of Linz A-4040 LINZ-AUHOF AUSTRIA

SULLIVAN, Mr. Eric Department of Chemistry Queens University Kingston, Ontario CANADA K7L 3N6

SW AIRJO, Ms. Manal Physics Department Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue Boston, MA 02215 U.S.A.

THIBODEAU, Dr. Daniele Service de Biophysique Dept. de Biologie Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires de Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, FRANCE

TOON, Mr. Stephen P. Research Tech., Solar Energy Reserch lost. University of Denver 1617 Cole Blvd. Golden, CO 80401 U.S.A.

V ALDUGA, Dr. Giuliana Department of Biology University of Padova Via Trieste 75 35121 Padova ITALY

V ALENZENO, Dr. Dennis Paul Department of Physiology University of Kansas Medical Center 39th and Rainbow Boulevard Kansas City, KS 66103 U.S.A.

VAN DER WAL, Dr. J. Department of Medical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, University of Leiden Wassenaarseweg 72 2333 AL Leiden THE NETHERLANDS

VAN LIER, Dr. lohan E. MRC Group in the Radiation Sciences FacuIte de Medecine Universite de Sherbrooke CHUS Sherbrooke, Quebec CANADA J1H 5N4

WANG, Ms. Tian P. The University of Illinois at Chicago Department of Chemistry (M/C 111) 4500 Science and Engineering South Box 4348 Chicago, Illinois 60680 U.S.A.

WEAGLE, Mr. Glenn Dept. of Chern. and Chern. Eng. The Royal Military College of Canada Kingston, Ontario CANADA K7K 5LO

WILSON, Dr. Brian C. The Ontario Cancer Treatment

and Research Foundation Hamilton Regional Cancer Centre Henderson Clinic 711 Concession Street Hamilton, Ontario CANADA L8V 1C3

WOOD, Mr. Simon Department of Biochemistry The University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UNITED KINGDOM

371

INDEX

A-wave, 203,214-216,218 Abbot's formula, 195 Absorbance

spectroscopy, 28,123 bilirubin, 60-64,74-76 cytochrome c, 79-82 dehydrocholesterol,7-, 52-55 difference spectroscopy, 60-61 flavin, 79-82 polysulphone fllm, 344 furocoumarin, 180 hematoporphyrin, 28-32,121 hemoglobin, 3,105,111-113 leaf, 262 lumazine protein, 308 luminol, 314 melanin, 3 menadione, 93 photosensitizer, 96 photosynthetic centers, 128-131, 133, 135-

142 pre-vitamin D3, 52-55 sample, 20,45-46,118,123 tissue, 14 visual pigments, 197-230

Acetabularia mediterranea, 286-287 Acetylenes, 188-189,327 Acridines, 99 Actinic light, 130,137,140,143,151,155,160,

359 Actinic flash, 131,137,142 Actinic prurigo, 325 Actinic reticuioid syndrome, 325 Actinometry, 50,55,349 Action spectra

blue-UV photoreceptors, 235,237,240,246 carotenoid synthesis, 236 chromatophore movement, 262,266 cutaneous phototoxicity, 334 hypocotyllengthening , 238

photoperiodism, 288 phytochrome-mediated response, 233,237-

238,240,246 polysulphone fllm, 344 retinal, 216,224,226 yeast, 329

Activation energy, 47-48,54-55 Acto-myosin system, 249, 254 Advised consent, 330,332,336,348 Aequorea, 299 Aerobic, 81-83,88,298 Aggregation, 28,43,89,123 Albino mice, 339,341 Alleles, 170, 286 Alpha-terthienyl, 192,327 Aminophthalate, 302,303,305 Aminophthalhydrazide, 302 Amiodarone, 327 Amphibians, 203,213 Amphipathic molecules, 100, 102 Anabaena variabillis, 251 Anaerobic, 82-83 Anaitis piagiata, 187 Aneuploidy, 166,170 Angelicin, 169,179,338 Anonaceae, 188 Antenna complex, 161 Anthozoa, 298 Anthocyanin, 232,240,354-355 Antibonding orbital, 78 Antiviral compounds, 188 Apiaceae, 187-188 Arachidonic acid, 329 Arginine, 170 Arginine permease, 170 Armyworm, 187 Ascorbic acid, 232 Asteraceae, 188,190,327 ATP

synthase, 127

373

synthesis, 127,132 ATPase, sodium-potassium, 101 Atrazine, 134,140,141,151,160 Avena (oat), 252,356 Aurea (tomato mutant), 234,246 Auxotrophy, 170

Bacteria (see also green bacteria), 190,279, 297-299

Bacterial bioluminescence, 306-311,317-320, 359-360

Bacterialluciferase, 306,308-309,317-320 Bacteriochlorophyll, 130,133,135,139,140,

143,147 Bacteriorhodopsin, 131 Barley, 153 Bathorltodopsin, 201 Bean (see also Phaseolus), 280,291-292,353-

354 Beer-Lambert law, 5,28-29,118 Beggar's tick, 189,192 Benzathrone, 332-334,340-341 Berberidaceae, 188 Berlock dermatitis, 327, 337 Beta carbolines, 188 Beta-carotene, 75,187 B-wave, 214-216,218 Bidens pilosa, 189,190,192,196 Bilayers, 102-103 Bilirubin, 3,59-76,323 Biological chemiluminescence, 297,298 Bioluminescence, 281,297-321,359-360 Blackeyed Susan, 189 Bleaching, 73,75,82,101,130,197,201,205,

209-211, 224-225 partial, 204, 206 ratio, 225

Blood, 60, 66, 70-72 red cells, 99-115

Blue/UV-A photoreceptors, 231,232 Bond energy, 54,55 Bonding orbital, 78, 86 Borohydrlde, 90 Brailyrhizobiumjaponium, 311 Brassica napus, 286 Brewer's yeast, 190 Brine shrimp, 191-192,194,348 Bryophyllinum calycinum, 281

Canavanine, 170 Cancer, 37,38,60,73,88,92,117

skin, 323,326,329 Candida albicans (see also yeast), 329 Carassius auratus, 211, 216 Carbohydrate, 59,308 Carotene, 127,130,133,147,192,232,235,

236,238,242,246,355 triplet state, 158

374

Cataractformation, 323 Centaurea nigra, 189 Centromere, 170 Charge

recombination, 127,129,134,142,143 seperation, 127,129,140,144,149,150,

161 Chemical fIlters, 181 Chemically Induced Electron Exchange lumines­

cence (CIEEL), 300-301 Chemiluminescence

biological, 297-306,311-314,319-320 direct, 301 indirect (sensitized), 301, 303

Chenopodiumalbun, 159 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, 253-255,257-258,

268,272-274,280 Chlorophyll, 59,91,127,147,150,153-158,

160-161,236,238,246,290,352 a, 54-55,130,147-149,250,263 b,147 (see also bacteriochlorophyll and protochlo­

rophyll) Chloroplast, 147,149,153-157,160-161,246,

249,255,275,287,358-359 movement, 234,235,251,253-254,264-

266 Chhxpnxnazine, 327 Cholesterol, 48,50-55,86,88-97,100,101,104,

328 Chromatophore, 133-143,251,254-255,258,

260-267,275-276,280 Chronic actinic dermatitis, 325 Chronobiology, 279-295 Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, 189 Circadian phenomena (see also diurnal)

clock, 253,279-290 movement 249 leaf, 280,291-292,352-353 rhythms, 266, 269, 274, 279-290, 293-294

Clam (see Pholas) Clonogenic survival, 165,170,173 Coal tar, 326 Collagen, 328, 329 Colloid osmotic hemolysis, 105, 113-114, 115 Colony-forming ability, 165,170,173 Comb-jellies, 298 Cones, 197-198,200-203,213-214,224-226,

230 Configurational isomerization, 61-66,67,71 Corn~ 213,214,217,218 Cotyledons, 232, 354 Coupled-translation-membrane hypothesis, 287 Crepuscular rltythm, 284,294 Ctenophora, 298 Cutaneous photosensitization, 326-329, 332-

337,340-341,344 Cyanoacrylates, 132

Cyanobacteria, 127,160,279 Cycloheximide, 287 Cysteine, 48,86,101,319 Cytochrome, 3,77,79-83,128,133.135.139-

142.149-150 b6/f complex, 149

Cytokines, 329 Cytoplasmic mutation, 170

Dahlia variabilis, 189 Daisy, 189 Daphnia. 348 Darlc adaptation, 214.216-230 Darlc repair, 167 Decay kinetics, 140-141 Dehydrochloesterol,7-, 48-56.328 Dehydroretinal,3-, 199 D-wave, 214-216.220 Desmodium, 279 Detoxification, 151. 160 Deuterium oxide (DP), 86 Dia-phototropism, 250 Dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP), 358-359 Dichromatic color vision, 198 Dichromatic irradiation, 246 Dictyota dichotoma, 251.254.261.263.266.

275.280 Diffuse reflectance. 5-9.12-15 Diffuse transmittance, 4.7 Digitonin, 203-206.210 Dihydroxycholecalciferol, 328 Dimethylchlortetracycline, 327 Dinoflagellates, 298 Dioxetanes, 300 Diploid strain, 170.173 Diquat, 152 Disperse blue, 332-334 Diurnal phenomena (see also circadian), 197.

280.281.284 Diuron (DCMU, 3-3.4-dichlorophenyl-l.l-di­

methylurea), 133.150.161.359 Di-n-octylamine, 62-63 DNA, 48.85.88.165-181.286.309.311. 328.

339 ligase, 166 polymerase, 166 repair, 165-191 repair deficiency, 169.323 repair tests, 169.175-177.181.190

Dose-effect relationship, 171 Dose-response techniques, 174.176.179-181.

324.325.330-332.335 Double strand breaks. 165-169.175 Drabkin's solution, 113 Drug toxicity testing, 99 Dual beam microphotometer, 262-263.265-266.

271.275

Ear thickness, 326-327.338-341 EDTA. 77. 79-83 Electrochemiluminescence. 300 Electron

paramagnetic resonance (EPR), 128. 133 spin resonance (ESR), 85. 122 transfer, 78.87.89.92.100.127-130.132-

134.143-144.149.158.160.161. 300-301

Electronic isomer, 47 Electrophysiology, 101.103.104.217.221 Electroretinogram (ERG), 203.213-230 Elongation growth, 231.234.235.239.240.

243-247 Emission. 31.48.96.121.160.262.297-300.

305-306.311-312.314.317.324 fluorescence. 19.22.25.38.40.87.131.

148.150 phosphorescence, 87

Energy surface pathways, 46 transfer. 56.73.83.85.87.128-130.143.

144.147-148.151.301 Environmental sunburning, 342-344 Eosin, 104.111-114.327.348 Epistasis. 167.169 EPR (see electron paramagnetic resonance) Erythema, 324.326-327.331.332.335.339.

342 Erythropoietic protoporphyria, 326 (table) Erythrosin, 104.111-114 Escherichia coli, 177. 349 ESR (see electron spin resonance) Eucaryote (also eukaryote), 165-167.186.284.

310 Euglena. 253. 348. 356 Excitation, 19-27.31-34.37-38.40-43.45.54.

55.59. 73.78.82.96.11~121. 123.127-130.133-135.142.144. 147.150-152.157-158.160-161. 197

Excited state. 19.34.45-48.86-87.102.130. 147-149.195.299-300.302-303. 305-306.319

Eye, 197-230

Fabaceae. 188 Feces, 75 Faraday cage, 217.218 Finn chamber. 332.335-336 Firefly, 297-299.304-306.310-311.314.315-

316.318.319-320.359-360 Flash

absorption, 127-145.159 artifact. 139

Flaveria trinerva, 189 Flavin, 77-83.167.235.242.288.306.307.

310.317

375

lumiflavin, 48 flavin-mononucleotide, 77.83.306.318 riboflavin, 48. 83. 310

Flicker fusion frequency, 227 Flower clock, 280 Flowering, 231.253.288.294 Fluorescence

anisotropy, 308 bioluminescence, 298-310.315.317 decay, 19-35.150.308 emission (see emission, fluorescence) hematoporphyrin IX, 117-126 induction. 149-162 photosensitizer, 87. 96 po1arization, 147-148 photosynthetic centers, 128-129.131 transients, 147-163.309.317 uroporphyrin, 37-42 yield, 111.118.147-150.160-162.302

Foxfrre, 298 Frequency-domain fluorescence measurements,

19-27 Fringilla coelebs, 285 Frog, 200.203-211. 216-229 Frusemide, 327 FTIR,133 Funaria, 251-254.260-261.263-266 Fungal pests, 187 Furanochromones, 188 Furanocoumarins, 188 Furocoumarin, 169.178-181.329.337 Furoquinolines, 188

Gene, 133.167-170.286.297.310-311 expression, 231.310 gun, 297 probe, 311

Genetic control, 165.167 Genetic death, 170 Genetic marker, 166.170.177.183 Genotoxic agents, 166-169 Germanium photodiode, 131.137.142 Germicidal mercury lamp, 323 Glycyl-tyrosine, 123.125 Goldfish, 211. 216. 218.227 Gonyaulax polyedra, 281. 288-290 Green bacteria, 127-128 Grottbus-Draper law, 45 Growth (see elongation growth) Guanine, 86 Guttiferae. 188

Hematoporphyrin, 28-30 Hemocytometer, 172-173.176.179 Hemoglobin, 3.5.60.67.101.104-105.111.

112-113.114.303.313-314.319. 331

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, 123

376

Haploid strain, 166.173.179.186 Heracleum mantegazzianum, 337 Herbicide, 133-134.141-143.149.151-153.

158.160.359 Herpes simplex, 99 High fluence responses (see high irradiance

responses) High irradiance responses (HIR), 236-238. 355 High photon flux measurements Hill reaction, 358 Histidine, 86.101.170.319 Histochemical, 329 Histological, 329 Histone, 169 Histo-immunochemica1, 329 HPD (hematoporphyrin derivative), 37. 117. 169 HPLC, 53.60-65.68-69.71-72 Human serum albumin, 67-70 Human skin types. 324-325.331 Hydrate formation. 349 Hydroa vaccineforme, 325 Hydrogen

abstraction, 101 transfer, 85.87.89

Hydroperoxy derivatives, 48.85,89-91 Hydrophilicity, 42-43.100 Hydrophobicity, 42-43.100.102.122.123.133 Hydroquinone, 132 Hydroxycholecalciferol, 25-, 328 Hydroxylamine, 204-208. 210 Hydrozoa, 298 Hyoscyamus niger. 288 Hyperbilirubinemia (see also jaundice), 323 Hypericum, 188 Hyperpigmentation, 327.332.335.346 Hypocotyle, 232.235.238.240.243-245.353-

354 Hypotonic medium, 104 Hypsorhodopsin. 201

Idiopathic photodermatoses, 323. 325 In vitro, 4.37.60.72.177.240.242.299.305-

308.311. 315. 317 In vivo, 4.37-43.60.69.71-72.86.117.235.

240.242.299.305.307.308.317 India ink, 9-10 Infra-red flash absorption, 127-145 Inhibitors

reactive intermediates, 86 enzyme, 90 photosynthesis, 132-143.149-161 carotene synthesis, 246 chloroplast development, 246 protein synthesis, 287

Internal conversion, 56.87.147.148 Intersystem crossing, 19.56.87.96.147.148 IntralipidllP, 9.11.31 Intramolecular cyclization, 67. 69

Isoquinolines, 188 Ioxynil, 151

Jaundice, 60,67,69,323 Jelly fish, 298, 299

Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, 288 Keratitis, 323 Knapweed, 189 Kymograph, 291-292

Lactuca (lettuce), 153,238,241,247,288,354 Laserdiode, 131,142 Laser, 7-13,19-23,27,31-33,37,129,142,160 Leaf expansion, 231 Lecithin, 122 Leontodon hastilius, 280 License for animal experimentation, 338,340 Lifetime

fluorescence, 29-31,34,308 measurement, 26, 149 reactive species, 85,161 singlet state, 19, 22, 25, 48 singlet oxygen, 73,86-87, 97 triplet state, 19,46,48,73,78,87,158

Light activated pesticides, 99 emitting diode (LED), 160,263,266 equivalance, photochromic pigment, 243-

246 fluence distribution, 9-12 -induced motility (see photomovement) oriented movement, 249 stick, 312

Light sources, 45,160,196,221,262,263,269, 326

fluorescent lamps, 65,107,244-245,356 incandescent lamps, 137, 160, 356 lasers, 131, 160 modulated, 20

Lipid bilayers, 100,102-103 peroxidation, 91,101,104

Lipophilicity, 99 Liposomes, 103,117-123 Long day plants, 288 Low fluence responses, 236 Luciferase, 299

firefly, 297,304-306,309,310,311,315-316,319,320

bacterial, 304,306-309,311,317-318,319, 320,360

Luciferin, 299 firefly, 299,304-306,310,315-316

Lumazine protein, 308-310,317 Luminescence (see also bioluminescence and

chemiluminescence) chemically induced electron exchange, 300-

301

singlet oxygen, 85,87, 96, 97 Luminol, 302-305,312,313-314,319,320 Luminometer, 304,311,313-314 Lumirhodopsiin, 201 Lumirubin, 69,71 Lumisterol, 49,53-54 Lycopersicon esculentum, 243 Lysis, 104-114 Lysosomes, 99

Malignant, 38,99 Mammal, 1,4,89,199,284,286,290,293 Marigold, 189,192,195 Melanin, 3,198,324 Membrane, 86,89,99-115,117-126,170,231,

234,255,287 disc (visual), 197-203 photosynthetic, 127-128,132-133

Menadione, 88 Metamitrone, 151 Metarhodopsin, 201,204,209-211 Methoxypsoralen (see psoralen) Methylene blue, 327,348 Metribuzin, 151 Micelles, 102, 103 Microspectrophotometry, 104 Mie scattering (see scattering, Mie) Mimimal phototoxic dose (MPD), 327,337 Minimal erythema dose (MED), 324-325,329,

331,342-344 Mitochondria, 99,184,197,209

cytochrome c, 77 DNA, 165,166,170

Mitosis gene conversion, 166,170 non-disjunction, 166,169,170

Molar extinction coefficient, 3,29,32,52,54, 55,65,82,118,125,129,131,139, 140,192,235,314

Monosomy, 166,170 Moraceae, 188 Mosquito larvicide, 188 Motility assay, 257-258 Mougeotia, 251,254 Mouse, 40-42,284,293

skin, 338-341,344 tail test, 327

Mustard (see also Sinapis alba), 232,236,354 Mutation, 132,166-170,187,305 Myosin, 249, 254

NADH, 307,317-320 Nalidixic acid, 327 Naproxen, 327 Nauplii, 194-195 Near infrared, 127-145 Neocarzinostatin, 169 Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (see jaundice)

377

Neural network, 197 Neurospora. 288.355 Noise source, 27.141.274 Norfluraxon, 243-246 Nucleotide excision repair, 165-169.175 Nyktinastic movement, 279

leaf, 234

Octaethylporphyrin, 59-60. 73-74 Opsin, 198-201. 204 Optic media, 213.224 Optical fiber, 9-10.37-43 Organ transplantation, 99 Oscillate, 25.279.281-288,294 Osmolality, 105.108.114 Oxalyl chloride, 300.312 Oxygen (see also singlet oxygen), 19.38.73.

81.82.85.96.133.304.312.315-319

Oxygenase, 298

Papaloquilote, 189 Papaveraceae, 188 Paramecia. 348 Paraquat, 152 Pararhodopsin, 201 Partitioning, 102.113.117-126.196 Patch clamping, 104 Pea, 153.234.353 Percentage mortality, 194-195 Perfume materials, 323.327.329.337.344 Peroxides, 300 Per locus, 286 Petite colonie, 166 Phannacokinetics, 37-43 Pbannacological techniques, 329 Phaseolus, 280.291-292.352 Phase-modulation fluorimetry, 20-27.32.34 Phenanthroline, 1,10-, 52 Phenols, 123.125.133.151 Phenylheptatriyne, 187.192.196 Pholas, 299 Phospholipids, 100-103 Phosphorescence, 46.55.87.96

ocean,298 Phosphorylate, 77.151.157.203.253.286 Photoallergy, 326-328.341 Photobacterium, 306. 307. 311, 317, 360 Photocarcinogenesis, 324,326.329.344 Photocatalytic redox, 77-84 Photochemical reaction, 18-19,45-57.59-76.

77-84.111.140.147-163 Photochronobiology, 279-295 Photocontrol, 232.241-242 Photocycloaddition, 48 Photocytotoxicity, 38.89.170.171-174.180 Photodermatology, 73.323-346 Photodermatoses, 73.323.325.329

378

Photodinesis, 253 Photodiode array, 37 Photodynamic therapy (pDl), 37.38.43.73,

88,89.92.99.117.323 Photoequilibrium. 64-65.69.76.235-237.239.

244-247 Photofragmentation, 48 Photogenotoxin, 188.190 Photography, 106-108 Photohemolysis, 99,104-115 Photohydration, 48 Photoinduced genotoxicity, 165-186. 190 Photoinhibition, 151.152.157 Photoisomerization, 60-72.75.201 Photokinesis, 253.357 Photomedicine, 1.323-346 Photomodification, 99-115 Photomorphogenesis, 231-248,353-356 Photomovement, 249-277.290-291 Photonasty, 253.279 Photooxidant, 187.188.195-196 Photooxidation, 48.74-76.89.91.97.141.161 Photopatch test, 327. 332-337.346 Photoperiod, 232.237-238.288-290 Photophilic, 288 Photophobic, 253.258 Photophore, 298 Photopic action spectrum (see action spectra,

photopic) Photopic vision, 197.214 Photoproducts, 45.49.53.60.61,64-65.83.

165.197-212.328 Photoproteins, 299 Photoprovocation. 325 Photoreactivation, 166.167.171-174.176.349-

350 Photorearrangement, 48 Photoreceptor. 59.60.231-234.237-238.240-

24~249.254.255.288-290.294 blue-UV, 231-232.235-236.240.245 visual, 197-198.201-203.209.213-216.

224-225.294 Photoregulation. 243-246 Photosensitive porphyrias, 323.326 Photosensitivity dermatitis, 325 Photosensitization. 55.56.85-126.348 Photosensitizer, 19-20.37-38.43.73.76.77.79.

83.85-126.169.179.187.326-329.332-337.340-341

bleaching, 101 localization, 104

Photostationary photoequilibrium, 236 Photosynthesis, 88.91.127-163.186.195.231.

237-239.246.249-250.342.351. 357-359

vitamin D. 323.329 Photosynthetic apparatus, 147 Photosystem I (pS-I), 127-128.132-133.142.

149-152.160.161

Photosystem II (pS-Il), 127-128,132-134,142, 143,147,149-153,157-159,161

Phototaxis, 250,251,254,255,268-274,280, 356-357, 358

Phototaxis assay, 255-259,281 Phototesting, 325-326,330-331,344,346 Phototoxicity, 179,187-196,326-329,332-337,

340-341,344 ratio, 195

Phototoxin, 187-196 bioassay, 191-195 extraction, 191-195 standards, 192

Phototropism, 235,250-251,352,356 Phthalocyanines, 88-89,92-93,99 Phycobilin, 59 Phycobiliproteins, 127, 147, 250 Phytochrome, 59,60,131,231-247,249,254,

288,294,354-355 paradoxes, 234

Phytophagous insects, 187,195 Phytophagous larvae, 187 Phytophotodermatitis, 327, 337 Phytoplankton, 351 Pigment, 3,5,77,81-82,231,233,235,237-

238,240,245,24~288,299

accessory, 147 pair, 199 photosynthetic, 127-131,140,144,147-

148,231,237,238,357-358 -protein complexes, 127,133,147 red, 170,185 tetrapyrrole, 59-76,130,234 visual, 197-212,213,215,216,221,224-

226,230 Pigmentation (see also hyperpigmentation), 60,

324,327 Pilobulus spaerosporus, 281 Pinealectomized birds, 286 Plasmids, 170,177

circular, 166 linear, 166

Plastoquinone, 132,134,149-151 Polyacetylenes, 188-189,327 Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (pAGE),

104 Polymerase enzyme, 166 Polymorphic light eruption, 325 Polysulphone film badge, 329,342-344 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, 85,101 Porophylum edulis, 189 Porphyrias (see also erythropoietic protoporphy­

ria), 73,323,326 Porphyria cutanea tania, 327 Porphyrin (see also hematoporphyrin, uropor­

phyrin and hematoporphyrin de­rivative), 42,59-60,73-76,99, 117,122-123

Porphyropsin, 199-200,211 Positive photoblastic seeds, 233 Post-replication repair, 165-169,175 Potassium ferrioxalate, 50,52-53 Prelumirhodopsin, 201 Premature aging, 323-324 Preservation, yeast strains, 183-184 Pre-incubation, 179-180,181 Pre-vitamin D3, 48-54,56 Primary quinone, 149 Prostaglandin, 329 Protein, 49,59,60,67-70, 77, 79,82,100-102,

104,122,127,132-133,143,147, 198-199,203,232,234,249-251, 254,286-287,297-299,304,308-310,317,319

Protochlorophyll, 232 Protoporphyria (see also erythropoietic proto­

porphyria), 73 Protozoa, 298 Psoralen, 169,176,327,344

3-carbethoxypsoralen, 179-180 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), 169,178-181,

189,190,192,329,335-337,340-341

5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP), 327,337 Psoriasis, 324, 327 Pupal deformities, 187 Purkinje shift, 226 Purple bacteria, 127-128,132-142,147 Pyrimidine dimers, 165-167,173,186 Pyrimidine-pyrimidone adducts, 165,173

Quantum yield, 31-33,45-57,67,69,71,73, 111,118,196,235,299-302,305, 308,313,314,319,320

Quenching, 73,80,82,83,85-87,91-95,149-151,158,161,18~303,306,311

Quinone (see also plastoquinone and ubiqui­none), 78,81,83.88.92.132-135, 143.149.188.332

Radioimmunoassay, 311 RAD-lac Zfusions, 167 Railroad worm, 298 Rainbow trout, 216,217,224,226 Rana pipiens, 200 Rana temporaria, 216 Rayleigh scattering (see scattering, Rayleigh) Recombination repair, 165-170,175 Red blood cells, 100-101,104,105,108,111-

113,348 Red cell ghosts, 104 Red tide, 298 Redox potential, 78,141 Reflectance erythema meter, 331 Reflectometry, 327,330,331 Relative effectiveness, 99,104,109,111-112,

113

379

Repair deficient mutants in yeasts, 167-169,176,

190 DNA lesions, 165-177,181,186,323

Reperfusion injury, 99 Retina, 197,203,205,208,210, 2JJ, 213-230,

290,294 absolute sensitivity, 227 action spectrum, 216-227 function, 213-230

Retinal, 48,198-201,204,209-210,211 Retinol, 198 Rho mutants, 166,170,184 Rhodobacter

capsulatus, 142 sphaeroides, 142

Rhodopseudomonas viridis, 132,135,136 Rhodopsin, 131,199-211,249 Rods, 197-210,213-216,224-225,230 Rose Bengal, 104,110-114,169,327,348 Rudbeckia hirta, 189 Rutaceae, 188

Sabaraud nutrient agar, 190 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 165-167,171,175,

183,189 Salmo gairdneri (see rainbow trout) Salmonella, 311 Saturation, 140, 220 Scattering, 3-17,31,48,53,102,105,122,131,

235,242,275 coefficient, 3,5-6,8,14 Mie, 3 Rayleigh, 3

Scotopic vision, 197,210,214,220,224-226 Seed germination, 231,232,239,241-242,247 Sensitizer (see photosensitizer) Sensory transduction, 249-250 Shade

intolerance, 239 tolerance, 239

Short day plants, 288 Simaroubaceae, 188 Sinapis alba, 232,354 Singlet oxygen, 38,73,75,85-97,100,187,196 Single-photon timing techniques, 19-21,23-25,

34 Skin, 41-43,48,60,71-73,323-346 Sleep-wake cycles, 284,286 Sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), 104 Soft coral, 298 Solar simulation, 324,334,339 Special blue fluorescent bulb, 63, 65 Spectra

380

absorbance, 5,14,28-29,45,52,54,61,63-65,74,79-82,89,114,121,125, 127,130,135,139,197-212,235, 238,240,245,262,349,358

action, 216-229,233,235-239,246,262, 266,288,329,334,342

bioluminescence, 298,306-308 chemiluminescence, 301-303,314 electromagnetic, 1,195 emission, 147,150,305,306 excitation, 42, 147 extinction, 5 fluorescence, 24,31,37,40,131,147,302,

303,305,308 reflectance, 14-15

Spectral sensitivity, 210,216-230 Spinach, 153

Spinacea oleracea, 286 Standardized tungsten lamp, 304 Stark-Einstein law, 45,46 Stratum corneum, 327 Streptomycin sulfate, 244-246 Structural isomerization, 64, 67 Sulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine, 88,92 Sun

protectant, 72 bathing, 60,71-72,342 bum, 72,323-331,342-344,346 light, 48,54,72,201,214,231,235,238-

240,323-327,344 Superoxide dismutase, 83,187 Superoxide radical (anion), 81,82,87,90,100,

303 Suprachiasmatic nucleus, 286

Tachysterol, 49,53-54 Tagetes, 188,190,192-196 Tertbutryn, 134,140-141 Tetrachromatic color vision, 198 Tetracycline, 55-56,327 Tetrapyrrole pigments (see pigments, tetra­

pyrrole) Thermopile, 264,324 Thin layer chromatography(TLC), 86,91, 94-

96,104 Thiophenes, 188,196 Threshold pain levels, 327 Thymine, 48,86,88,166,349 Time-domain fluorescence measurements, 19-

25,30-34,148-161 Time-resolved emission (see time-domain fluo-

rescence measurements) Time-resolved photon propagation, 8 Tissue fluence distribution, 4-8 Tissue optical properties, 4-5 Transient digitizer, 20,23,138,142 Transmembrane potential, 101,201-203,234 Transmembrane proton transfer, 127,151 Triazines, 133,151 Trichromatic color vision, 198,226 Triphenylphosphine, 90 Tryptophan, 86,88,101

Type I phytOChrome, 234 reaction, 19,85-97 skin,331

Type II phytOchrome, 234 reaction, 19,85-97

Ubiquinone, 132,134,135,141,143 Ubiquitination, 169 Ultraviolet radiation (see UV) Umbelliferone, 187 Uridylic acid, 349 Uroporphyrin, 38-43 UV (ultraviolet radiation)

A, 93,95,169,176,178-181,189-195,230-231,235,241-246,250,254,323-326,332-337,340-341,344

absorption, 3,59,73,88,122,128,131, 199,239-246

B, 230-231,235,241-246,324-331,338-339, 342-344

C, 171-177 energy, I, 55 excitation, 43,117,349 exposure, human, 67,72,93,172,239,323-

346 fluorescence, 122 hypersensitive mutants, 166-169,173-177 lethality, 170-181,186,189-195,349-350 photoreceptors, 230-231,235,237,240,

241-246,254 responses, 48,165-186,231-248,323-346 scattering, 5,131,235 sources, 2J, 266, 324-326 spectra, 1,42,192,195,237,240,246 transmission, 43 vision, 198

Vasoactive agents, 329 Very low fluence responses (VLFR), 236-237 Vesicles, 103 Vibrio, 306,308 Viologen herbicides, 152 Virus,99 Vision, 60,197-230,323 Visual pigments (see pigments, visual) Visual sensation, 197 Vitamin A, 198-199 Vitamin D3, 48-56,323,328,329,342

Wavelength dependent photoequilibrium, 235 Wavelength specificity (see also spectra, action),

181 Weed killer, 133, 151, 160 Wild bacteria, 318 Wild strain

aurea, 234

Chlamydomonas, 274 yeast, 165-181

Xanthenes, 99 Xanthotoxin, 187 Xeroderma pigmentosum, 323,326 X-ray induced damage, 169 Yeast (see also Candida albicans), 99,165-186,

189-190,193,195,329 media, 183-185 strains, 183

Yellow diapers, 75

Zeitgeber, 249,253,280,285,294

381