Appendix 14 cover sheet - Torfaen County Borough Councilplanapps.torfaen.gov.uk/Llanfrechfa/Documents/Part1web/EIAV2... · Appendix 14.4 Baseline Lighting Survey Results . Guidance

Chapter 14 External Lighting

WSP

00018930.00

Specialist and Critical Care Centre EIA

Appendix 14.1 ILP Guidance Notes Light Pollution 2011 Appendix 14.2 Aecom Lighting Strategy Appendix 14.3 Glossary of Lighting Terminology Appendix 14.4 Baseline Lighting Survey Results

Guidance Notes for the Reduction of Obtrusive Light GN01:2011

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GUIDANCE NOTES FOR THE

REDUCTION OF OBTRUSIVE LIGHT

“Think before you light - The right amount of light, where wanted, when

wanted.”

Man's invention of artificial light has done much to safeguard and enhance our night-time

environment but, if not properly controlled, obtrusive light (sometimes referred to as

light pollution) can present serious physiological and ecological problems.

Obtrusive Light, whether it keeps you awake through a bedroom window or impedes your

view of the night sky, is a form of pollution, which may also be a nuisance in law and which

can be substantially reduced without detriment to the lighting task.

Sky glow, the brightening of the night sky, Glare the uncomfortable brightness of a light

source when viewed against a darker background, and Light Intrusion (“Trespass”), the

spilling of light beyond the boundary of the property or area being lit, are all forms of obtrusive light which may cause nuisance to others and waste money and energy. Think

before you light. Is it necessary? What effect will it have on others? Will it cause a

nuisance? How can you minimise the problem?

Figure 1 – Types of obtrusive light

Do not "over" light. This is a major cause of obtrusive light and is a waste of energy. There

are published standards for most lighting tasks, adherence to which will help minimise

upward reflected light. Organisations from which full details of these standards can be obtained are given on the last page of this leaflet.


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Dim or switch off lights when the task is finished. Generally a lower level of lighting will

suffice to enhance the night time scene than that required for safety and security.

“Good Design equals Good Lighting”

Any lighting scheme will consist of three basic elements: a light source, a luminaire and a method of installation.

Light sources (Lamps)

Remember that the light source output in LUMENS is not the same as the wattage and that it is the former that is important in combating the problems of obtrusive light.

Most nightime visual tasks are only dependant on light radiated within the visual spectrum.

It is therefore NOT necessary for light sources to emit either ultra-violet or infra-red

radiation unless specifically designed to do so. It is also understood that light from the

shorter wavelengths of the spectrum has important effects on both flora and fauna that

should be considered.

Research indicates that light from the blue end of the spectrum has important non-visual

effects on the health of the human body, in particular in our sleep/wake patterns. It is

therefore important to appreciate that while in obtrusive light terms the use of blue light

should be minimised, there are many night-time tasks such as driving and sports where to

be fully awake is an important aid to safety.

Luminaires

Care should always be taken when selecting luminaires to ensure that appropriate products

are chosen and that their location will reduce spill light and glare to a minimum.

Use specifically designed lighting equipment that minimises the upward spread of light near

to and above the horizontal. The most sensitive/critical zones for minimising sky glow are

those between 90o and 100o as shown in Figure 2 and referred to as the lower, upward

light output zone (UL).

Figure 2 – Critical luminaire angles

For minimising sky glow


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For most sports and area lighting installations the use of luminaires with double-

asymmetric beams designed so that the front glazing is kept at or near parallel to the

surface being lit should, if correctly aimed, ensures minimum obtrusive light.

Appendices 1 and 2 to these notes gives more details of how to choose and if necessary

modify luminaires.

Installation

In most cases it will be beneficial to use as high a mounting height as possible, giving due

regard to the daytime appearance of the installation. The requirements to control glare for

the safety of road users are given in Table 3.

Keep glare to a minimum by ensuring that the main beam angle of all lights directed

towards any potential observer is not more than 70o. Higher mounting heights allow lower

main beam angles, which can assist in reducing glare. In areas with low ambient lighting

levels, glare can be very obtrusive and extra care should be taken when positioning and

aiming lighting equipment. With regard to domestic security lighting the ILP produces an

information leaflet GN02:2009 that is freely available from its website.

Figure 3 – Luminare aiming angles

Poor Okay Good

When lighting vertical structures such as advertising signs, direct light downwards wherever possible. If there is no alternative to up-lighting, as with much decorative lighting

of buildings, then the use of shields, baffles and louvres will help reduce spill light around

and over the structure to a minimum.

For road and amenity lighting installations, (see also design standards listed on Page 5)

light near to and above the horizontal should normally be minimised to reduce glare and sky glow (Note ULR’s in Table 2). In rural areas the use of full horizontal cut off luminaires

installed at 0o uplift will, in addition to reducing sky glow, also help to minimise visual

intrusion within the open landscape. However in some urban locations, luminaires fitted

with a more decorative bowl and good optical control of light should be acceptable and may

be more appropriate.


4

Figure 4 – Façade Illumination

Poor Good Good

Since 2006 “Artificial Light” has been added to the list of possible Statutory Nuisances in

England, Wales and Scotland. The monitoring of such nuisances will be the responsibility

of Environmental Health Officers (EHOs) for which separate guidance is being produced.

With regard to the planning aspect, many Local Planning Authorities (LPAs) have already

produced, or are producing, policies that within the planning system will become part of

their local development framework. For new developments there is an opportunity for LPAs

to impose planning conditions related to external lighting, including curfew hours.

The Scottish Executive has published a design methodology document (March 2007) entitled “Controlling Light Pollution and Reducing Energy Consumption” to further assist in

mitigating obtrusive light elements at the design stage.

ENVIRONMENTAL ZONES

It is recommended that Local Planning Authorities specify the following environmental

zones for exterior lighting control within their Development Plans.

Table 1 – Environmental Zones

Zone Surrounding Lighting

Environment

Examples

E0 Protected Dark UNESCO Starlight Reserves, IDA Dark Sky

Parks

E1 Natural Intrinsically dark National Parks, Areas of Outstanding

Natural Beauty etc

E2 Rural Low district brightness

Village or relatively dark outer suburban

locations

E3 Suburban Medium district

brightness

Small town centres or suburban locations

E4 Urban High district

brightness

Town/city centres with high levels of night-

time activity

http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2007/03/14164512/0


5

Where an area to be lit lies on the boundary of two zones the obtrusive light limitation

values used should be those applicable to the most rigorous zone.

NB: Zone E0 must always be surrounded by an E1 Zone.

DESIGN GUIDANCE

The following limitations may be supplemented or replaced by a LPA’s own planning

guidance for exterior lighting installations. As lighting design is not as simple as it may

seem, you are advised to consult and/or work with a professional lighting designer before

installing any exterior lighting.

Table 2 – Obtrusive Light Limitations for Exterior Lighting Installations – General Observers

Environment

al Zone

Sky Glow

ULR

[Max %](1)

Light Intrusion

(into Windows)

Ev [lux] (2)

Luminaire Intensity

I [candelas] (3)

Building

Luminance

Pre-curfew (4)

Pre-

curfew

Post-

curfew

Pre-

curfew

Post-

curfew

Average,

L [cd/m2]

E0 0 0 0 0 0 0

E1 0 2 0 ( 1*) 2,500 0 0

E2 2.5 5 1 7,500 500 5

E3 5.0 10 2 10,000 1,000 10

E4 15 25 5 25,000 2,500 25

ULR = Upward Light Ratio of the Installation is the maximum permitted

percentage of luminaire flux that goes directly into the sky.

Ev = Vertical Illuminance in Lux - measured flat on the glazing at the centre of

the window.

I = Light Intensity in Candelas (cd)

L = Luminance in Candelas per Square Metre (cd/m2)

Curfew = the time after which stricter requirements (for the control of

obtrusive light) will apply; often a condition of use of lighting applied by the local planning authority. If not otherwise stated - 23.00hrs is suggested.

* = Permitted only from Public road lighting installations

(1) Upward Light Ratio – Some lighting schemes will require the deliberate and careful use of upward light, e.g. ground recessed luminaires, ground mounted floodlights,

festive lighting, to which these limits cannot apply. However, care should always be

taken to minimise any upward waste light by the proper application of suitably

directional luminaires and light controlling attachments.


6

(2) Light Intrusion (into Windows) – These values are suggested maxima and need

to take account of existing light intrusion at the point of measurement. In the case of

road lighting on public highways where building facades are adjacent to the lit

highway, these levels may not be obtainable. In such cases where a specific

complaint has been received, the Highway Authority should endeavour to reduce the

light intrusion into the window down to the post curfew value by fitting a shield,

replacing the luminaire, or by varying the lighting level.

(3) Luminaire Intensity – This applies to each luminaire in the potentially obtrusive

direction, outside of the area being lit. The figures given are for general guidance

only and for some sports lighting applications with limited mounting heights, may be

difficult to achieve.

(4) Building Luminance – This should be limited to avoid over lighting, and related to

the general district brightness. In this reference building luminance is applicable to

buildings directly illuminated as a night-time feature as against the illumination of a

building caused by spill light from adjacent luminaires or luminaires fixed to the

building but used to light an adjacent area.

TI = Threshold Increment is a measure of the loss of visibility caused by the

disability glare from the obtrusive light installation

Lv = Veiling Luminance is a measure of the adaptation luminance caused by the

disability glare from the obtrusive light installation

(1) = Road Classifications as given in BS EN 13201 - 2: 2003 Road lighting

Performance requirements. Limits apply where users of transport systems are subject to a reduction in the ability to see essential information. Values given

are for relevant positions and for viewing directions in path of travel. For a

more detailed description and methods for determining, calculating and

measuring the above parameters see CIE Publication 150:2003.

Table 3 – Obtrusive Light Limitations for Exterior Lighting

Installations – Road Users

Road

Classification (1)

Threshold Increment (TI) Veiling

Luminance (Lv)

No road lighting 15% based on adaptation

luminance of 0.1cd/m2

0.04

ME6/ ME5

15% based on adaptation

luminance of 1cd/m2

0.25

ME4/ ME3


luminance of 2cd/m

0.40

ME2 / ME1


luminance of 5cd/m2

0.84


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RELEVANT PUBLICATIONS AND STANDARDS:

British Standards: BS 5489-1: 2003 Code of practice for the design of road lighting – Part 1: Lighting

www.bsi.org.uk of roads and public amenity areas

BS EN 13201-2:2003 Road lighting – Part 2: Performance requirements BS EN 13201-3:2003 Road lighting – Part 3: Calculation of performance

BS EN 13201-4:2003 Road lighting – Part 4: Methods of measuring lighting

performance. BS EN 12193: 1999 Light and lighting – Sports lighting

BS EN 12464-2: 2007 Lighting of work places – Outdoor work places

Countryside Commission/ Lighting in the Countryside: Towards good practice (1997) (Out of Print but DOE available on www.communities.gov.uk/index.asp?id=1144823)

UK Government / Defra Statutory Nuisance from Insects and Artificial Light – Guidance on Sections 101 to www.defra.gov.uk 103 of the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005

Road Lighting and the Environment (1993) (Out of Print)

CIBSE/SLL Publications: CoL Code for Lighting (2002) www.cibse.org LG1 The Industrial Environment (1989)

LG4 Sports (1990+Addendum 2000)

LG6 The Exterior Environment (1992)

FF7 Environmental Considerations for Exterior Lighting (2003)

CIE Publications: 01 Guidelines for minimizing Urban Sky Glow near Astronomical Observatories

(1980) www.cie.co.at 83 Guide for the lighting of sports events for colour television and film systems

(1989)

92 Guide for floodlighting (1992) 115 Recommendations for the lighting of roads for motor and pedestrian traffic –

Second Edition (2010)

126 Guidelines for minimizing Sky glow (1997) 129 Guide for lighting exterior work areas (1998)

136 Guide to the lighting of urban areas (2000)

150 Guide on the limitations of the effect of obtrusive light from outdoor lighting installations (2003)

154 The Maintenance of outdoor lighting systems (2003)

ILP Publications: TR 5 Brightness of Illuminated Advertisements (2001) www.theilp.org.uk TR24 A Practical Guide to the Development of a Public Lighting Policy for Local

Authorities (1999)

GN02 Domestic Security Lighting, Friend or Foe

ILP/CIBSE Joint Lighting the Environment - A guide to good urban lighting (1995)

Publications

ILP/CSS Joint Code of Practice for the installation, maintenance and removal of seasonal

Publications decorations. (2005)

ILP/CfDS Joint Publication Towards Understanding Sky glow. 2007

www.dark-skies.org

IESNA www.iesna.org TM-15-07 (R) Luminaire Classification System for Outdoor luminaires

NB: These notes are intended as guidance only and the application of the values given in Tables 2 & 3 should be given due consideration along with all other factors in the lighting design. Lighting is a complex subject with both objective and subjective criteria to be considered. The notes are therefore no substitute for professionally assessed and designed lighting,

where the various and maybe conflicting visual requirements need to be balanced.

© 2011 The Institution of Lighting Professionals. Permission is granted to reproduce and distribute this document, subject to the restriction that the complete document must be copied, without alteration, addition or deletion.

http://www.dark-skies.org/


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APPENDIX 1 - PROPOSED OUTDOOR LUMINAIRE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

Variable Aim Luminaires – General Classifications:

Proposed labelling System:

Fixed Position luminaires Variable Aim Luminaires (Shown here for a 45o Double-Asymmetric

luminaire aimed at 70o – with and without a cowl).


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APPENDIX 2 - ILLUSTRATIONS OF LUMINAIRE ACCESSORIES FOR LIMITING

OBTRUSIVE LIGHT (images provided by Philips and Thorn)

Cowl (or Hood)

External Louvre

SHIELD

SHEILD “Barn Doors”

Double Asymmetric Luminaire

Simple Hood


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Circular Louvre

Cowl & Louvre

Internal Louvre (horizontal)

Internal Louvre (vertical)

Technical Note

Direct Tel: +44 (0)292 035 3424 T +44 (0)29 2035 3400 F +44 (0)29 2035 3499 E [email protected] www.aecom.com

Churchill House Churchill Way Cardiff CF10 2HH United Kingdom

Page: 1 of 3 Doc. F8/10 Revised: April 2009 Z:\Environmental Planning London\Projects\EIA Projects\00018930 - Gwent SCCC Lighting\2. Information\120413 Technical Note External Lighing Strategy.doc

Project: SCCC Job No: 60225712

Subject: External lighting Strategy

Prepared by: Jeremy Jones Date: 10 April 2012

Checked by: David Buick Date: 13 April 2012

Approved by: David Buick Date: 13 April 2012 General External lighting will be provided to all entrance areas, car parks, paths and courtyards to suit the architectural requirements of the hospital. The external lighting design will provide a secure environment for both road and pedestrian traffic, whilst endeavouring to see that any nuisance affects on adjacent areas is minimised in accordance with current best practice standards and guidance. The scheme will as far as reasonably practicable be designed to complement the architectural design philosophy and all luminaires will be selected to meet the architectural requirements of the building and to respect the sensitivities of the surrounding environment. The external lighting will be designed in accordance with Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) code for external lighting (LG6), and will fulfil the categories of amenity, safety and security. The lighting will be provided to enhance the security of the building with minimised impact on the surrounding environment and, wherever possible, the design will satisfy the minimum lighting level requirements, generally as follows:-

Car parks to be lit to a luminance of 20 lux minimum with a 0.25 uniformity, with light level enhanced in and around designated disabled parking spaces; and

On-site Roadway areas to be lit to a luminance of 10 lux minimum, with light level enhanced at

vehicle barriers (if fitted). The external lighting design will minimise, as far as practicable, light pollution into sensitive areas of the hospital (e.g. wards), adjoining residential areas and to the natural environment in general. ILE Guidance Notes for the Reduction of Obtrusive Light (2005) [1] has been considered and subject to Torfaen County Borough Council confirming the environmental zone classification for the exterior lighting, it is considered that category E2 is applicable, i.e. low district brightness areas such as rural, small village, or relatively dark urban locations. The lighting design requirements will therefore have regard to the obtrusive light limitations for light trespass (into windows), source intensity (glare) and sky glow upward light ratio for an E2 Environmental Zone, in order to safeguard the sensitivities of the surrounding natural and built environment. This is to minimise the affects of installed lighting on neighbouring residential properties, ecological receptors and on the night-time setting and landscape. Recommended illuminance levels will be achieved by selection of particular luminaire, lamp source and optical control. All external lighting, excluding emergency luminaires, will be photo-electric cell and time switch controlled, with manual override from within the Hospital Estates Department.

Technical Note


Car park areas & Access Roads (on site) The external lighting to the proposed car park and on-site access road will provide both road and pedestrian traffic with a secure environment, allowing the areas to be safely used during the hours of darkness. The lighting will be provided using Metal Halide lamps in decorative post top luminaires designed to minimise upward light pollution. In environmentally sensitive areas, such as areas known to have roosting bats (if any), lighting will be positioned to avoid unnecessary light spill, glare and the upward loss of light towards such sensitive areas. Columns will be typically 5m to 8m in height and where deemed necessary luminaires will be fitted with accessories such as hoods, cowls, louvres or shields to direct light to intended areas only’.[2] Street lighting to adopted roads will be designed to meet Torfaen County Borough Council highway authority requirements and appropriate British Standard guidance including BS 5489-1:2003 and BS EN 13201:2003 Road Lighting. Lighting will be directed to the areas intended to be illuminated during the night-time period and light spillage towards the site boundaries will be minimised. This will be achieved by the design of the luminaire and by using accessories such as hoods, cowls, louvres and shields, as noted above, to direct the light to the intended area only. Such directional lighting must work to minimise lighting of the woodland edges. In addition, key landscape features have been retained and additional planting has been recommended as a barrier or manmade features that are required within the build can be positioned to act as a screening feature. Pedestrian Walkways & Footways Where required, pedestrian walkways and footways will be illuminated, ‘preferably by wall mounted lanterns providing good vertical illumination or from low level columns, bollards, approximately 1m high’ [3] will be used where risk of vandalism is low. Either wall mounted or low level bollard lighting will be designed to provide good directional as possible and achieving an illuminance level of 10 lux or below at ground level. All external wall mounted luminaires will be positioned to try to avoid stray light entering wards and towards adjacent residential properties and unlit areas of the application site. Consideration will also be given to locating luminaires away from trees to avoid disturbing flickering and the impact on any ecological receptors, particularly roosting and foraging bat species. Wall mounted luminaires local to final exits will be fitted with emergency lighting facilities. Main Entrance Enhanced accent lighting will be provided at the main entrance area. As the detailed design of the entrance canopy is developed accordingly to enhance the features. At this stage the following is anticipated:-

Recessed in-ground luminaires installed at a local level to the entrance to the illuminate the underside of the canopy.

Technical Note


Wall and or canopy mounted decorative luminaires to emphasise the building entrance features. These luminaires will typically be metal halide providing good colour rendering. If construction permits spot and or recessed style luminaires could be considered.

Signage Suitable directional luminaires fitted with appropriate accessories to avoid light spillage will be used to highlight the building mounted signs. Where possible, road lighting will be planned to light any signage as well as the road. Localised lighting will only be used when the road lighting is deemed inadequate for the purpose. Other features Decorative lighting will be selected for use in the courtyards. Any floodlighting will use asymmetric beam floodlights (as opposed to symmetric) orientated so that the glass is parallel to the ground will ensure that the light is cast in a downward direction and avoids horizontal spill. Any security lighting will use a lamp of greater than 2000 lumens (150 W) and movement sensors will be aimed carefully to reduce the amount of time a light is on each night. This will be achieved in a system where the light unit and the movement sensor are able to be separately aimed. Any security lighting should be aimed to illuminate only the immediate area required by using as sharp a downward angle as possible. This will assist in avoiding any unnecessary light spill onto adjacent unlit areas and habitat utilised by foraging and bat species Design Development At this preliminary stage of the project the above outline proposals are considered suitable. However, an element of flexibility is essential to suit general design development. Hence, it is anticipated that revised proposals will evolve and this document may need to be revised accordingly. Secure By Design External lighting is an important element in the secure by design strategy which is being developed in parallel References [1] Institution of Lighting Engineers (ILE) Guidance Notes for the Reduction of Obtrusive Light (2005) [2] Bats & Lighting in The UK; Bats and the Built Environment [3] CIBSE Lighting Guide: The Outdoor Environment (4.7.4 Hospitals & Health Care – Paths)

00018930 – Gwent SCCC - Llanfrechfa Grange EIA: Volume 1 Environmental Statement

Appendix 15.3

Gwent Healthcare NHS Trust

WSP Environmental

Appendix 14.3 Glossary of Lighting Terminology

BALLAST – A device used to operate discharge lamps by regulating the lamp current during operation.

BUILDING LUMINANCE – This should be limited to avoid over lighting, and related to the general district brightness.

In this reference building luminance is applicable to buildings directly illuminated as a night-time feature as against the

illumination of a building caused by spill light from adjacent luminaires or luminaires fixed to the building but used to

light an adjacent area.

CANDELA – The intensity of a light source in a specific direction. Unit of luminous intensity.

COLOUR RENDERING INDEX (CRI) – A scale of the colour appearance of an object under a particular light source

compared to its colour appearance under a reference light source. Expressed on a scale of 1 to 100 where 100

represents the colour rendering of daylight.

COLOUR TEMPERATURE – A specification of the colour appearance of a light source, relating the colour to a

reference source heated to a particular temperature, measured in Kelvin.

CONTRAST – The relationship between the luminance of an object and its background. The higher the contrast, the

more likely it is an object can be seen.

CONVENTIONAL CONTROL GEAR – Control gear used to run a lamp, typically consisting of a ballast, ignitor and

capacitor.

DIFFUSE – Term describing dispersed light distribution referring to the scattering of light.

DISABILITY GLARE – Glare which impairs the vision of objects but may not cause discomfort.

DISCOMFORT GLARE – Glare causing discomfort which may not impair the ability to see objects.

EFFICACY – A measure of light output against energy consumption measured in lumens per watt.

ELECTRONIC CONTROL GEAR – A device that uses semi-conductor components to operate a discharge lamp.

FLUORESCENT LAMP – A lamp consisting of a tube filled with argon, along with krypton or other inert gas.

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) – Describes mercury vapour, metal halide and high pressure sodium lamps.

HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM LAMP – A HID lamp whose light is produced by radiation from high pressure sodium

vapour (and usually a small amount of mercury).

ILLUMINANCE – Illuminance is the quantity of light, or luminous flux, falling on a unit area of a surface. It is designated

by the symbol E. The unit is the lux (lx). One lux equals one lumen per square metre (lm/m2).

LED – Light emitting diode.

LIGHT POLLUTION – The spillage of light into areas where it is not required.

LIGHT SPILL – This is the unwanted spillage of light onto adjacent areas and may affect sensitive receptors

particularly residential properties and ecological sites.

LIGHT TRESPASS – Light that impacts on a surface outside of the area designed to be lit by a lighting installation.

LONGITUDINAL UNIFORMITY – Ratio of the lowest to highest road surface luminance on a set of grid points in a line

along the centre of a driving lane.

LOUVRE – Assembly used to control light distribution from a luminaire.

LOW-PRESSURE SODIUM – A discharge lamp in which light is produced by radiation from low-pressure sodium

vapour.

LUMEN – Calculations have shown that one watt of radiant power with a wavelength of 555 nm equals 683 lumens.

(This is an arbitrary value which has been selected for definition purposes.) This figure is known as the "maximum

spectral luminous efficacy"


Appendix 15.3


WSP Environmental

LUMINAIRE – A lighting unit designed to distribute the light from a lamp or lamps.

LUMINANCE – Luminance is the concept for the luminous intensity emitted per unit of area of a surface in a specific

direction. The unit is the candela per square metre (cd/m2).

LUX (LX) – Illuminance is the quantity of light, or luminous flux, falling on a unit area of a surface. It is designated by

the symbol E. The unit is the lux (lx). One lux equals one lumen per square metre (lm/m²).

METAL HALIDE – A type of HID lamp in which most of the light is produced by radiation of metal halide and mercury

vapours in the arc tube. Metal halide lamps generally produce high colour rendering.

MERCURY VAPOUR LAMP – ultraviolet lamp that emits a strong bluish light (rich in ultraviolet radiation) as electric

current passes through mercury vapour.

OPTIC – The components of a luminaire such as reflectors, refractors, protectors which make up the light emitting

section.

OVERALL UNIFORMITY – Ratio of the lowest to highest road surface luminance on a set of grid points.

PHOTOCELL – A unit which senses light to control luminaires.

PHOTOPERIOD – Response of plants and animals to the period of daylight

REFLECTANCE – The ratio of light reflected from a surface to the light incident on the surface.

REFLECTOR – A device used to reflect light onto a surface.

REFRACTOR – A device used to redirect the light output from a lamp when the light passes through it.

SKY GLOW – The brightening of the night sky caused by artificial lighting.

SOURCE INTENSITY – This applies to each source in the potentially obtrusive direction, outside of the area being lit.

ULTRA VIOLET (UV) – Radiation that is shorter in wavelength and higher in frequency than visible violet light.

UPWARD LIGHT RATIO – Some lighting schemes will require the deliberate and careful use of upward light – e.g.

ground recessed luminaires, ground mounted floodlights, festive lighting – to which these limits cannot apply. However,

care should always be taken to minimise any upward waste light by the proper application of suitably directional

luminaires and light controlling attachments.

VOLTAGE – The difference in electrical potential between two points of an electrical circuit.

WATT (W) – The unit for measuring electrical power.


Appendix 15.4


WSP Environmental

Appendix 14.4: Baseline Lighting Survey Results

Location Vertical Illuminance (Lux) Horizontal

Illuminance (Lux)

ILP Zone Criteria

Baseline Survey Comments Facing North

Facing East

Facing South

Facing West

NV1 0.1 1.2 2.5 1.6 1.2 E2 to E3

Night-time Viewpoint 1 (NV1) illustrates the current night-time scene viewed from the main entrance to the Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital adjacent to the southern boundary of the Application Site. This existing night-time viewpoint is illustrated on Figure 15.2. The main light sources at this location was situated to the east comprising amenity lighting along the main entrance road into the hospital and bulk head security lighting on several hospital outbuildings all fitted with high pressure sodium lamps. To the north of this location highways lighting was visible along Caerleon Road and the A4042 and to the south along the continuation of Caerleon Road. To the west of this location highways lighting was visible along Caerloen Road in the foreground with a mixture of light sources visible in the urban area of Llanyrafon and Cwmbran in the background.

Due to the proximity to several of the light sources, glare was pronounced and this was reflected in the levels of luminance recorded. The most notable levels of glare were associated with the amenity lighting along the main access road into the hospital with recorded luminance levels of up to 1,070 cd/m

2 at a distance of approximately 10m. Lower levels of glare were observed to the east towards the

hospital outbuildings and along the main access road with luminance levels of 300 cd/m2 recorded at a

distance of typically 110m. To the north-west along Caerleon Road, luminance levels of up to 170 cd/m

2 was recorded at a distance of approximately 245m. In addition, perceptible levels of sky glow

were recorded in a northerly and southerly direction respectively with luminance levels of up to 0.06 cd/m

2 recorded.

Overall, given the urban setting to the west and the post-curfew operation of the lighting on the Grange, the illuminance levels can be considered typical of an E2 to E3 Environmental Zone. This is considered typical of the obtrusive light limitations for an area of “low to medium district brightness” and relatively dark urban location under current ILP guidance (2011).

NV2 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 E1 to E2

Night-time Viewpoint 2 (NV2) illustrates the current night-time scene viewed from the central part of an agricultural land parcel in the Special Landscape Area looking in a westerly direction towards the Application Site. This existing night-time viewpoint is illustrated on Figure 15.3. The main light sources viewed from this location are limited to the west and south associated with the urban area of Cwmbran and fringes of Ponthir respectively.

Due to the limited light sources visible from this location the levels of glare observed were low in all directions with a maximum luminance value of 1.8 cd/m

2 recorded to the south. In addition, perceptible

levels of sky glow were recorded in a northerly, westerly and southerly direction respectively with luminance levels of up to 0.09 cd/m

2 recorded.

The absence of direct light sources at this location is reflected in the low illuminance readings with levels of less than 1 lux recorded in all directions. Therefore, given the urban setting visible predominately to the west of this viewpoint, with many of the light sources in those areas being


Appendix 15.4


WSP Environmental


Illuminance (Lux)

ILP Zone Criteria


Facing East

Facing South

Facing West

operational post-curfew, the levels of illuminance recorded at this location have been compared to the post-curfew values under current ILP guidance (ILP, 2011). Such levels can be considered representative of the obtrusive light limitations for an E1 to E2 Environmental Zone. This is considered typical of a relatively dark rural location and “low district brightness” area under current ILP guidance (2011) and is mainly attributed to the absence of direct lighting in this area and the location of the viewpoint in a Special Landscape Area.

NV3 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 E1 to E2

Night-time Viewpoint 3 (NV3) illustrates the current night-time scene viewed from an agricultural land parcel to the south-west of Ty Coch Cottages and Waun-y-Pwll Farm looking in south-westerly direction towards the Application Site. This existing night-time viewpoint is illustrated on Figure 15.4. Similar to NV2, the main light sources viewed from this location are limited to the west and south associated with the urban area of Cwmbran and fringes of Ponthir respectively.

Due to the limited light sources visible from this location, the levels of glare observed were low in all directions with a maximum luminance value of 1.9 cd/m

2 recorded to the south on Llanfrechfa Grange.

In addition, perceptible levels of sky glow were recorded in a northerly, westerly and southerly direction respectively with luminance levels of up to 0.03 cd/m

2 recorded.

The absence of direct light sources at this location is reflected in the low illuminance readings with levels of less than 1 lux recorded in all directions. However, given the urban setting visible predominately to the west of this viewpoint, with the lighting in the urban areas of Cwmbran likely to be operational post-curfew, the levels of illuminance recorded at this location have been compared to the post-curfew values under current ILP guidance (ILP, 2011). Such levels can be considered representative of the obtrusive light limitations for an E1 to E2 Environmental Zone. This is considered typical of a relatively dark rural location and “low district brightness” area under current ILP guidance (2011).

NV4 0.02 0.01 0.07 0.06 0.02 E1 to E2

Night-time Viewpoint 4 (NV4) illustrates the current night-time scene viewed from adjacent to Ysgubornewydd Farm looking in a southerly direction across the Application Site towards the screened Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital grounds. This existing night-time viewpoint is illustrated on Figure 15.5. The main light sources viewed from this area of the Application Site are located to the south and west. To the south scattered amenity and security lighting was observed through the intervening boundary vegetation on Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital, together with highways lighting along the adjacent Caerleon Road. To the west the main lighting was associated with the highways lighting along the A4042 and security lighting at the Gwent Constabulary Headquarters in the foreground and the residential area of Cwmbran beyond.

The most notable levels of glare were associated with the highways lighting along the A4042 and security lighting at the Gwent Constabulary Headquarters to the west. Such lighting recorded luminance levels of up to 33 cd/m

2 at a distance of approximately 230m. In comparison, to the south,

lower levels of glare were observed for the highways lighting along Caerleon Road with luminance levels of up to 1.2 cd/m

2 recorded at a distance of approximately 430m. In addition, perceptible levels

of sky glow were recorded to the south and west respectively with luminance levels of between to 0.34


Appendix 15.4


WSP Environmental


Illuminance (Lux)

ILP Zone Criteria


Facing East

Facing South

Facing West

to 0.05 cd/m2 recorded. This indicates the effects of sky glow in the urban areas to the south and west

typically originating from associated street/highways lighting in those areas.

With the exception of scattered fugitive light spill from internal lighting associated with Ysgubornewydd Farm, there are no direct light sources at this location and this is reflected in the low illuminance readings with levels of less than 1 lux recorded in all directions. Therefore, given the urban setting, predominately to the west of this viewpoint, with many of the light sources in those areas being operational post-curfew, such levels can be considered representative of the obtrusive light limitations for an E1 to E2 Environmental Zone. This is considered typical of a relatively dark rural location and “low district brightness” area under current ILP guidance (2011).

NV5 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 E2

Night-time Viewpoint 5 (NV5) illustrates the current night-time scene viewed from a public footpath in an agricultural land parcel adjacent to Caerleon Road and the Turnpike roundabout on the A4042 looking in a southerly direction across the southern part of the Application Site, towards Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital. This existing night-time viewpoint is illustrated on Figure 15.6. The main light sources viewed from this location include highways lighting along Caerleon Road to the immediate west comprising of refractor optic lanterns fitted with low pressure sodium lamps mounted on 10m high columns and high pressure sodium lamps mounted in modern lanterns on 10m high columns along the A4042 to the north. In addition, through the intervening boundary vegetation on Llanfrechfa Grange to the south-east of this viewpoint, wall mounted security lighting comprising bulk head and flood light fittings are also visible.

The most notable levels of glare were associated with the highways lighting along Caerleon Road to the immediate west of the viewpoint location with recorded luminance levels of up to 633 cd/m

2 at a

distance of approximately 60m. In comparison, lower levels of glare were observed to the north along the A4042 and the Gwent Constabulary Headquarters with luminance levels of up to 35 cd/m

2

recorded at a distance of approximately 180m. On the northern edge of Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital a single floodlight, partly obscured by the boundary vegetation, recorded luminance readings of up to 49 cd/m

2 at a distance of approximately 190m. In addition, perceptible levels of sky glow were recorded

to the north and south of the Application Site with luminance levels of up to 0.08 to 0.2 cd/m2 recorded

respectively.

The absence of direct light sources at this location is reflected in the low illuminance readings with levels of less than 1 lux recorded in all directions. However, given the urban setting to the immediate west and the post-curfew operation of the lighting directly adjacent to this viewpoint location, the illuminance levels can be considered typical of the obtrusive light limitations for an E2 Environmental Zone. This is considered typical of an area of “low district brightness” under current ILP guidance (2011).

NV6 0. 5 0.2 0. 3 0. 2 0.3 E2

Night-time Viewpoint 6 (NV6) illustrates the current night-time scene viewed from a footpath in the playing fields area of the Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital grounds adjacent to Caerleon Road looking in a north-easterly direction towards the Application Site. This existing night-time viewpoint is illustrated on Figure 15.7. To the east and north-east, the main light sources viewed from this location comprise the


Appendix 15.4


WSP Environmental


Illuminance (Lux)

ILP Zone Criteria


Facing East

Facing South

Facing West

amenity and security lighting associated with the main entrance road and associated outbuildings on the Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital. To the north, highways lighting is also partly visible along Caerleon Road and the A4042. To the south the main light sources comprise of highways lighting along the continuation of Caerleon Road and domestic security and internal lighting associated with the hospital villas off Mitchell Close. Artificial lighting to the west of the viewpoint location associated with the residential areas of Llanyrafon is screened by the intervening dense tree vegetation along the boundary of the Grange site.

The most notable levels of glare were associated with the amenity and security lighting to the immediate east and north-east of the viewpoint location associated with the Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital with recorded luminance levels of up to 116 cd/m

2 at a distance of approximately 155m. In

comparison, lower levels of glare were observed to the north associated with the highways lighting along Caerleon Road and the A4042 with luminance levels of 4.1 and 3.7 cd/m

2 recorded at a distance

of approximately 450m and 600m respectively. To the south the most notable level of glare was associated with a single domestic security light mounted on one of the hospital villas off Mitchell Close with a luminance reading of 36 cd/m

2 recorded at a distance of approximately 200m. In addition,

perceptible levels of sky glow were recorded to the north, east and south of the viewpoint location with luminance levels of between 0.01 to 0.05 cd/m

2 recorded.

The absence of direct light sources at this location is reflected in the low illuminance readings with levels of less than 1 lux recorded in all directions. However, given the urban setting to the immediate west and the post-curfew operation of the lighting to the immediate east of this viewpoint location associated with the Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital, the illuminance levels can be considered typical of the obtrusive light limitations for an E2 Environmental Zone. This is considered typical of an area of “low district brightness” under current ILP guidance (2011).

A 2.5 2.9 4.5 1.9 3.1 E2 to E3

Monitoring location A is located adjacent to Fairwater Villa located in the south-eastern part of the Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital grounds. The main light sources at this location comprise amenity and wall mounted security lighting fitted with high pressure sodium lamps on the access roads and building facades respectively. The maximum vertical illuminance recorded at this location was 4.5 lux facing south, although values of 1.9 lux to 2.9 lux were also recorded. The horizontal illuminance was recorded at 3.1 lux which is mainly attributed to the wall mounted security light on the north-western façade of the Fairwater Villa. It is assumed that such amenity and security lighting are operational post-curfew for on-site security and, therefore, in accordance with the post-curfew values stipulated under current ILP guidance (2011), the lighting levels at this location are considered representative of the obtrusive light limitations for an E2 to E3 Environmental Zone. This is considered typical of an area of “low to medium district brightness”.

B 2.8 2.5 0.1 2.7 3.9 E2 to E3

Monitoring location B is located at the entrance way to the Ty Ceirios Villa in the south-eastern area of the Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital grounds. The main light sources at this locality comprise post top and refractor optic lanterns fitted with high and low pressure sodium lamps on 5m high columns illuminating the access roads and wall mounted security lighting on several of the hospital outbuildings including Ty Ceirios Villa. The maximum vertical illuminance recorded at this location was 2.8 lux


Appendix 15.4


WSP Environmental


Illuminance (Lux)

ILP Zone Criteria


Facing East

Facing South

Facing West

facing north, although levels of 0.1 lux to 2.7 lux were also recorded. The horizontal illuminance, which is representative of the lit road surface, was 3.9 lux. It is assumed that such amenity and security lighting are operational post-curfew for on-site security and, therefore, the illuminance levels recorded at this location can be considered representative of the obtrusive light limitations for an E2 to E3 Environmental Zone. This is considered typical of an area of “low to medium district brightness” under current ILP guidance (2011).

C 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.1 0.2 E2

Monitoring location C is located in the central part of the playing fields and open space area on the Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital grounds. The playing fields are unlit and the main light sources were viewed to the north-east and south-east comprising amenity and security lighting (fitted predominately with high pressure sodium lamps) along the estate roads on the Grange and mounted on the facades of several of the hospital outbuildings. To the south highways lighting along the continuation of Caerleon Road was also visible together with a single domestic security light fitting mounted on the hospital villas along Mitchell Close. The maximum vertical illuminance recorded at this location was 0.9 lux facing north with a horizontal illuminance of 0.2 lux recorded. Given the urban setting to the west and the post-curfew operation of the lighting in the vicinity of this location, the illuminance levels can be considered representative of the obtrusive light limitations for an E2 Environmental Zone. This is considered typical of an area of “low district brightness” and relatively dark urban location under current ILP guidance (2011).

D 10.2 7.3 1.7 3.6 4.6 E3 to E4

Monitoring location D is located adjacent to the entrance to the Grade II Listed Grange Manor House. The main light sources at this location comprise wall mounted floodlight fittings with high pressure sodium lamps on the western and eastern facades of the Grange Manor House and Recreational Hall respectively. The maximum vertical illuminance recorded at this location was 10.2 lux facing north, although values of between 1.7 lux to 7.3 lux are considered to be more representative. The horizontal illuminance recorded at this location was 4.6 lux. Given the post-curfew operation of the lighting at this location, the illuminance levels can be considered representative of the obtrusive light limitations for an E3 to E4 Environmental Zone. This is considered typical of an area of “medium to high district brightness” under current ILP guidance (2011).

E 0.7 2.6 1.3 1.7 1.5 E2 to E3

Monitoring location E is located on the main access road to Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital adjacent to the southern boundary of the Application Site. The main access road into the hospital grounds is illuminated by post top fitted lanterns (with black polycarbonate top) with high pressure sodium lamps on 5m high columns on one side of the roadway. In addition, several high pressure sodium light sources, both wall and column mounted, are visible associated with the Contract Services and Training area in the southern part of the Application Site. The maximum vertical illuminance recorded at this location was 2.6 lux facing east with a horizontal illuminance of 1.5 lux recorded indicating the levels of illumination at a given point on the main access into the hospital grounds. Given the post-curfew operation of the lighting at this location, the illuminance levels can be considered representative of the obtrusive light limitations for an E2 to E3 Environmental Zone. This is considered typical of an area of “low to medium district brightness” under current ILP guidance (2011).


Appendix 15.4


WSP Environmental


Illuminance (Lux)

ILP Zone Criteria


Facing East

Facing South

Facing West

F 2.3 2.7 0.5 0.3 1.7 E2 to E3

Monitoring location F is located at the southern end of the Green Vale Laundry building in the southern part of the Application Site. The main sources of lighting at this location comprise 2 bulk head luminaires fitted with high pressure sodium lamps mounted on the western and southern facades of the laundry building. Such fittings illuminate the respective building facades and the car parking area associated with the laundry. The maximum vertical illuminance recorded at this location was 2.7 lux facing east, although values of 0.5 to 2.3 lux were also recorded. The horizontal illuminance was recorded at 1.7 lux. Given the post-curfew operation of the lighting in the vicinity of the laundry unit, the illuminance levels can be considered representative of the obtrusive light limitations for an E2 to E3 Environmental Zone. This is considered typical of an area of “low to medium district brightness” under current ILP guidance (2011).

G 1.5 4.1 1.8 1.5 1.8 E2 to E3

Monitoring location G is located at the northern end of the Green Vale Laundry building adjacent to the loading bay entrance in the southern part of the Application Site. This area of the laundry is illuminated by the same luminaires as noted at monitoring location F with 3 bulk head luminaires mounted on the northern façade of the laundry unit. In addition, a single asymmetrical floodlight luminaire fitted with a high pressure sodium lamp was mounted on the northern façade of the Works and Estates Department building. The maximum vertical illuminance recorded at this location was 4.1 lux facing east, although values of 1.5 to 1.8 lux were also recorded. The horizontal illuminance was recorded at 1.8 lux and demonstrates the minor level of light spill experienced by the installed lanterns at this location. As with monitoring location F, given the post-curfew operation of the lighting adjacent to the laundry, the illuminance levels recorded are considered representative of the obtrusive light limitations for an E2 to E3 Environmental Zone. This is considered typical of an area of “low to medium district brightness” under current ILP guidance (2011).

H 3.2 3.5 1.6 1.1 1.5 E2 to E3

Monitoring location H is located on the estate road adjacent to the northern façade of the walled garden in the southern part of the Application Site. The main source of artificial lighting at this location comprises amenity and security lighting consisting of column and wall mounted luminaires fitted with predominately high pressure lamps along the access road to the laundry and mounted on several hospital outbuildings (including Tenby House) respectively. The maximum vertical illuminance recorded at this location was 3.5 lux facing east, although values of 1.1 to 3.2 lux were also recorded. The horizontal illuminance was recorded at 1.5 lux and demonstrates the minor level of light spill experienced by the installed lanterns at this location. It has been assumed that such light fittings are operational post-curfew for on-site security and, therefore, in accordance with the post-curfew values stipulated under current ILP guidance (2011) such levels of recorded illuminance are considered representative of an E2 to E3 Environmental Zone. This is considered typical of an area of “low to medium district brightness”.

I 3.9 1.1 2.4 12.1 6.7 E3 to E4

Monitoring location I is located in a car parking area adjacent to an unnamed three storey hospital outbuilding in the southern part of the Application Site. The main sources of artificial lighting at this location include 3 asymmetrical floodlight luminaires fitted with high pressure sodium lamps mounted on the eastern façade of a 3 storey hospital outbuilding. In addition, a single asymmetrical floodlight luminaire fitted with a quartz halogen lamp mounted on the northern corner of the 3 storey hospital


Appendix 15.4


WSP Environmental


Illuminance (Lux)

ILP Zone Criteria


Facing East

Facing South

Facing West

outbuilding resulted in noticeable light spill onto adjacent unlit areas of vegetation and agricultural land to the immediate north. Such installations contribute to the ambient lighting levels recorded at this location with a maximum vertical illuminance of 12.1 lux facing west, although values of 1.1 to 3.9 lux were also recorded. The horizontal illuminance recorded at this location was 6.7 lux. In comparison to the post curfew values stipulated in ILP Guidance Notes (2011) the lighting levels at this location can be considered representative of the obtrusive light limitations for an E3 to E4 Environmental Zone. This is considered typical of an area of “medium to high district brightness” under current ILP guidance (2011).

J 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.8 E2

Monitoring location J is located adjacent to the western boundary of the Application Site and Caerleon Road. This area of the Application Site is currently unlit and is mainly used for the livestock grazing. There are low levels of light spill onto this part of the Application Site from the highways lighting along Caerleon Road, although surface level illumination of the road is screened by intervening mature hedgerow vegetation. The absence of direct light sources at this location is reflected in the low level of illuminance recorded with a maximum vertical illuminance 0.2 lux recorded facing north and west respectively. The horizontal illuminance at this location was 0.8lux. Overall, given the urban setting to the immediate west and the post-curfew operation of the lighting along Caerleon Road, the illuminance levels can be considered representative of the obtrusive light limitations for an E2 Environmental Zone. This is considered typical of an area of “low district brightness” and relatively dark rural location under current ILP guidance (2011).

K 0.04 0.07 0.08 0.1 0.08 E1 to E2

Monitoring location K is located on an informal footpath in an agricultural land parcel of Ysgubornewydd Farm in the western part of the Application Site. This area of the Application Site is unlit, although highways lighting (both high pressure and low pressure sodium lamps) are visible along Caerleon to the west and the A4042 to the north respectively. The absence of direct light sources at this location is reflected in the low illuminance readings with levels recorded less than 1 lux in all directions. However, despite the low ambient lighting levels, given the urban setting to the immediate west, such levels are considered representative of the obtrusive light limitations for an E1 to E2 Environmental Zone. This is considered typical of a relatively dark rural location and “low district brightness” area under current ILP guidance (2011).

L 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.03 E1 to E2

Monitoring location L is located along footpath in the central part of the Application Site. This area is unlit, although wall mounted bulk head fittings with high pressure sodium lamps are visible through the vegetation associated with several of the hospital outbuildings on Llanfrechfa Grange. The absence of direct light sources along this informal track is reflected in the low ambient lighting levels with all illuminance levels less than 1 lux in all directions. However, despite the low ambient lighting levels recorded, given the urban setting to the west, such levels are considered representative of the obtrusive light limitations for an E1 to E2 Environmental Zone. This is considered typical of a relatively dark rural location and “low district brightness” area under current ILP guidance (2011).


Appendix 15.4


WSP Environmental


Illuminance (Lux)

ILP Zone Criteria


Facing East

Facing South

Facing West

M 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 E1

Monitoring location M is located along footpath adjacent to an area of dense woodland to the immediate west and open agricultural land to the east. This area is unlit with views towards the adjacent Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital grounds and the urban areas to the west and north-west screened by dense vegetation. The absence of direct light sources along this informal track is reflected in the low ambient lighting levels recorded with illuminance levels less than 1 lux in all directions. Given that levels were recorded at zero lux in and easterly and southerly direction and on the horizontal plane, the ambient lighting levels are considered representative of the obtrusive light limitations for an E1 Environmental Zone. This is considered typical of a dark rural landscape under current ILP guidance (2011).

N 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.05 E1 to E2

Monitoring location N is located adjacent to a mature hedgerow network and field boundary in the central part of the Application Site. This area is unlit, although scattered wall mounted light fittings are visible through the vegetation associated with several of the hospital outbuildings on Llanfrechfa Grange to the south and internal lighting associated with Ysgubornewydd Farm ton the north. The absence of direct light sources at this location is reflected in the low ambient lighting levels with all illuminance levels recorded less than 1 lux in all directions. However, despite the low levels of illuminance recorded, given the urban setting to the west, such levels are considered representative of the obtrusive light limitations for an E1 to E2 Environmental Zone. This is considered typical of a relatively dark rural location and “low district brightness” area under current ILP guidance (2011).

O 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 E1 to E2

Monitoring location O is located in the eastern part of the Application Site adjacent to an area of woodland. Due to the topography of the agricultural land no visible light sources were observed from this location, although sky glow was observed in the direction of Cwmbran to the west. The absence of direct light sources at this location is reflected in the low ambient lighting levels with all illuminance levels less than 1 lux in all directions. However, despite the low levels of illuminance recorded, given the urban setting to the west reflected by the evident sky glow, such levels are considered representative of the obtrusive light limitations for an E1 to E2 Environmental Zone. This is considered typical of a relatively dark rural location and “low district brightness” area under current ILP guidance (2011).

P 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.05 E1 to E2

Monitoring location P is located adjacent to the eastern boundary of Ysgubornewydd Farm in the northern area of the Application Site. At this location internal lighting was visible from within several of the farm buildings and sky glow was also observed in a westerly direction towards Cwmbran. The absence of direct light sources at this location is reflected in the low ambient lighting levels with illuminance levels less than 1 lux in all directions. However, despite the low levels of illuminance recorded, given the urban setting to the west reflected by the evident sky glow, such levels are considered representative of an E1 to E2 Environmental Zone. This is considered typical of a relatively dark rural location and “low district brightness” area under current ILP guidance (2011).

Q 0.07 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.01 E1 to E2

Monitoring location Q is located adjacent to the western boundary of Ysgubornewydd Farm in the northern area of the Application Site. Highways lighting is visible to the west along the A4042 and amenity/security lighting associated with the Gwent Constabulary Headquarters. Beyond this to the west there is a mixture of light sources associated with the urban areas of Cwmbran. To the


Appendix 15.4


WSP Environmental


Illuminance (Lux)

ILP Zone Criteria


Facing East

Facing South

Facing West

immediate east internal lighting is also visible from one of the properties of Ysgubornewydd Farm. The absence of direct light sources at this location is reflected in the low ambient lighting levels recorded with illuminance levels less than 1 lux in all directions. However, given the urban setting to the west and the presence of artificial light sources in this direction, such levels are considered representative of an E1 to E2 Environmental Zone. This is considered typical of a relatively dark rural location and “low district brightness” area under current ILP guidance (2011).

R 0.3 1.2 2.5 4.5 2.4 E2 to E3

Monitoring location R is located adjacent to the western boundary of the Application Site and the A4042. This part of the western boundary of the Application Site experiences approximately 10m of light spill from the adjacent highways lighting on the A4042. The highways lighting along the A4042 comprises modern lanterns fitted with high pressure sodium lamps mounted on 10m high columns with a flat glass lens on both sides of the carriageway. The maximum vertical illuminance recorded at this location was 4.5 lux in a westerly direction towards the A4042, although values of between 0.3 to 2.5 lux are considered more representative. The horizontal illuminance, which is representative of the lit surface at this location, was 2.4 lux and is attributable to the overspill of light from the adjacent A4042. Overall, given the urban setting to the west and the post curfew operation of the highways lighting along the adjacent A4042, such illuminance levels can be considered more representative of the obtrusive light limitations for an E2 to E3 Environmental Zone. This is considered typical of an area of “low to medium district brightness” under current ILP guidance (2011).

S 0.4 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 E2

Monitoring location S is located along the northern boundary of the Application Site adjacent to access road to Ysgubornewydd Farm. This area of the Application Site is unlit, although highways lighting along Caerleon Road and the A4042 are observed to the south and west respectively. Furthermore, internal and external lighting associated with the Gwent Constabulary Headquarters are also observed from this locality. Overall, despite the low levels of illuminance recorded at this location, given the post-curfew operation of the lighting to the south and west, the illuminance levels can be considered more typical of an E2 Environmental Zone and representative of an area of “low district brightness” under current ILP guidance (2011).

T 14.1 3.3 4.8 5.9 14.1 E3 to E4

Monitoring location T is located along Caerleon Road adjacent to residential properties (including Friston, Estia, Badgers Hole, Tall Timbers and Sunnyways). The main lighting at this location comprises predominately of highways lighting along Caerleon Road with low pressure sodium lamps fitted in refractor optic lanterns mounted on approximately 10m high columns on one side of the road. In addition, Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital and the Application Site are screened from view by intervening mature boundary vegetation. The maximum vertical illuminance recorded at this location was 14.1 lux in a northerly direction, although values of between 3.3 to 5.9 lux are considered more representative of this locality. The horizontal illuminance, which is representative of the lit surface, was 14.1 lux. Overall, given the urban setting at this location and to the west and the post curfew operation of the highways lighting along Caerleon Road, such illuminance levels can be considered more representative of the obtrusive light limitations for an E3 to E4 Environmental Zone. This is considered typical of an area of “medium to high district brightness” under current ILP guidance (2011).


Appendix 15.4


WSP Environmental


Illuminance (Lux)

ILP Zone Criteria


Facing East

Facing South

Facing West

U 9.9 9.1 2.2 8.4 11.4 E3 to E4

Monitoring location U is located adjacent to the junction with Caerleon Road and the Selby Close/Twm Barlwm View Junction. The main light sources at this location comprise highways lighting of the same design as that identified at monitoring location T. In addition, highways lighting comprising high pressure sodium lamps mounted in modern lanterns on 10m high columns are present either side of the junction with Caerleon Road. In the residential area of Selby Close and Twm Barlwm View the street lighting comprises low pressure sodium lamps mounted in refractor optic lanterns on 5m high columns. From this location mature hedgerow vegetation (approximately 4m in height) screens the Application Site from view. The maximum vertical illuminance recorded at this location was 9.9 lux in a northerly direction, although values of between 2.2 to 9.1 lux were also recorded. The horizontal illuminance, which is representative of the lit surface, was 11.1 lux indicating greater directional control afforded by the installed lanterns. Overall, given the urban setting at this location and to the west and the post curfew operation of the highways lighting along Caerleon Road and along the subsidiary residential roads of Selby Close and Twm Barlwm View, such illuminance levels can be considered more representative of the obtrusive light limitations for an E3 to E4 Environmental Zone. This is considered typical of an area of “medium to high district brightness” under current ILP guidance (2011).

V 2.1 7.4 9.6 13.4 12.1 E3 to E4

Monitoring location V is located at Caerleon Road spur of the Turnpike roundabout on the A4042. The main light sources at this location comprise highways lighting with high pressure sodium lamps fitted in a modern reflector optic lantern on 10m high columns along the A4042 and the roundabout with the highways lighting along the Caerleon Road spur the same design as that described in monitoring locations T and U above, with the exception of a single high pressure sodium highways light source on the bend of Caerleon Road. As described in monitoring location U above, mature hedgerow vegetation screens the Application Site. The maximum vertical illuminance recorded at this location was 13.4 lux in a westerly direction, although values of between 2.1 to 9.6 lux were also recorded. The horizontal illuminance, which is representative of the lit surface, was 12.1 lux indicating greater directional control afforded by the installed lanterns. Overall, given the urban setting at this location and to the west and the post curfew operation of the highways lighting along Caerleon Road and the A4042, such illuminance levels can be considered more representative of the obtrusive light limitations for an E3 to E4 Environmental Zone. This is considered typical of an area of “medium to high district brightness” under current ILP guidance (2011).