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APPENDIX 1
Interim National Water Quality Standard
Class Parameter
I IIA IIB III IV V
AN 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.9 2.7 2.7
BOD (mg/L) 1 3 3 6 12 12
COD (mg/L) 10 25 25 50 100 100
DO (mg/L) 7 5-7 5-7 3-5 3 1
pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-9.0 6.5-9.0 5-9 5-9 -
QEN (TUC) 15 150 150 - - -
Conductivity
(µmhos/cm) 1000 1000 1000 - 6000 -
Sampah terapung NV NV NV - - -
Smell NOO NOO NOO - - -
Salinity (%) 0.5 1 - - 2 -
Taste NOT NOT NOT - - -
TDS (mg/L) 500 1000 - - 4000 -
TSS (mg/L) 25 50 50 150 300 300
Turbidity (NTU) 5 50 50 - - -
Faecal Coliform
(number/100ml) 10 100 400
5000 @
2000
5000 @
2000 -
Total Coliform
(number/100ml)
100 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000
Al (mg/L) - - - 0.056 0.5 +
As (mg/L) N 0.05 NR 0.045 @
0.04
0.1 +
Ba (mg/L) N 1 NR - - +
Cd (mg/L) N 0.005 NR 0.001 @
0.011**
0.01 +
Cr (IV) (mg/L) N 0.05 NR 0.054@
1.45
0.1 +
Cr (III) (mg/L) N - NR - @ 2.53 - +
Cu (mg/L) N 1 NR 0.01 @
0.012*
0.2 +
Hardness (mg/L) N 100 NR - - +
Ca (mg/L) N - NR - - -
Mg (mg/L) N 0.05 NR - - +
Na (mg/L) N - NR - 3SAR +
K (mg/L) N - NR 1 1 +
Fe (mg/L) N 0.3 NR 0.01 1 (leaf)
5 (etc.)
+
Pb (mg/L) 0.05 NR 0.014*@
5 +
421
APPENDIX 1 (Continued)
Class Parameter
I IIA IIB III IV V
Mn (mg/L) N 0.1 NR 0.1 0.2 +
Hg (mg/L) N 0.001 NR 0.001
0.004@
0.002 +
Ni (mg/L) N 0.05 NR -
0.9*@
0.2 +
Se (mg/L) N 0.01 NR 0.0-37
0.2-5@
0.02 +
Ag (mg/L) N 0.05 NR -
0.0002@
- +
Sn (mg/L) N NR NR 0.05 - +
U (mg/L) N NR NR - - +
Zn (mg/L) N 5 NR -
0.35@
2 +
B (mg/L) N - NR 3.4 0.75 +
Cl (mg/L) N 200 NR - 79 +
Cl2 (mg/L) N - NR 0.022
0.0023@
- +
CN (mg/L) N 0.02 NR 0.058 - +
F (mg/L) N 1 NR 11
0.028@
- +
NO3/NO2 (mg/L) N 7/3 NR 0.37@
5 +
P (mg/L) N 0.1 NR 0.1 - +
Silica (mg/L) N 50 NR - - +
SO4 (mg/L) N 200 NR - - +
S (mg/L) N 0.05 NR 0.001 - +
CO2 (mg/L) N - NR - - +
Gross (Bql) N 0.1 NR -
- +
Ra-226 (Bql) N 1 NR - - +
Sr-90 (Bql) N +0.1 NR - - +
CCE (µg/L) N +0.1 NR -
- +
MBAS/BAS (µg/L) N 500 NR 200 NR +
O&G (Mineral) (µg/L) N 40;NF NR NR NR +
O&G (Coking Oil)
(µg/L)
N 700;NF NR NL NR +
PCB (mg/L) N 0.1 NR 0.044
6.1@
NR +
Fenol (mg/L) N 10 NR -
9900@
NR NR
Aldrin (µg/L) N 0.02 NR 0.08 NR NR
Dieldrin (µg/L) N - NR 0.13
0.2@
NR NR
422
APPENDIX 1 (Continued)
Class Parameter
I IIA IIB III IV V
BHC (µg/L) N 2 NR 9.9@
NR NR
Klordan (µg/L) N 0.08 NR 0.004
2.2@
NR NR
t-DDT (µg/L) N 0.1 NR 1@
NR NR
Endosulfan sulfate
(µg/L)
N 10 NR -
0.01@
NR NR
Heptachlor (µg/L) N 0.05 NR 0.06 NR NR
Epoxide (µg/L) N - NR 0.91@
NR NR
Lindane (µg/L) N 2 NR 0.38
2.9@
NR NR
2,4-D (µg/L) N 70 NR 450@
NR NR
2,4,5-T (µg/L) N 10 NR 160@ NR NR
2,4,5-TP (µg/L) 4 NR 850@ NR NR
Paraquat (µg/L) N 10 NR 1800@
NR NR
WQI (%) >92.7 76.5-92.7 51.9-76.6 31.0-51.9 <31.0
CLASS I - Conservation of natural environment. Water supply I –
practically no treatment necessary (except by disinfection or
boiling only).
Fishery I – very sensitive aquatic species.
CLASS IIA - Water Supply II – Conventional treatment (coagulation, sand
filtration and chlorination) is required.
Fishery II – sensitive aquatic species.
CLASS IIB - Recreational use with body contact. (In the present stusy,
Classes IIA & IIB have been combined as Class II).
CLASS III - Water Supply III – extensive treatment is required.
Fishery III – common, of economic value and moderately
tolerant species; Livestock drinking.
CLASS IV - Irrigation
CLASS V - Water unsuitable for specified beneficial uses.
N - Natural level
NR - No explanation or suggestion.
Source: DOE (1998)
423
APPENDIX 2
Sub-index equation in the development of WQI
Sub-index for DO (in % saturation)
SIDO = 0
SIDO = 100
SIDO = (-0.395) + (0.030x2) – (0.00020x
3)
x ≤ 8
92 ≤ x
8 < x < 92
Sub-index for BOD:
SIBOD = 104.4x + 4.23x
SIBOD = 108*e-0.055x
– 0.1x
x ≤ 5
5 < x
Sub-index for COD:
SICOD = -1.33x + 99.1
SICOD = 103 * e-0.0157x
– 0.04x
x ≤ 20
20 < x
Sub-index for AN:
SIAN = 100.5 – 105x
SIAN = 94 * e-0.573x
– 5 * | x - 2 |
SIAN = 0
x ≤ 0.3
0.3 ≤ x ≤ 4
4 ≤ x
Sub-index for SS:
SISS = 97.5 * e-0.0016x
+ 0.05x
SISS = 71 * e-0.0016x
– 0.015x
SISS = 0
x ≤ 100
100 < x <1000
1000 ≤ x
Sub-index for pH:
SIpH = 17.7 – 17.2x + 5.02x2
SIpH = -242 + 95.5x – 6.67x2
SIpH = -181 + 82.4x – 6.67x2
SIpH = 536 – 77.0x – 2.76x2
X < 5.5
5.5 < x
7 ≤ x < 8.75
8.75 ≤ x
Note: x - observation from in-situ reading and laboratory test.
Source: DOE (1997)
424
APPENDIX 3
MEAN, MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM VALUES OF 23 WATER QUALITY
PARAMETERS
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
4.19
33.5
63.4
81.1
86.9
93.4
114
Distance from estuary (km)
DO (mg/l)
Max
Min
Mean
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
4.19
33.5
63.4
81.1
86.9
93.4
114
Distance from estuary (km)BOD (mg/l)
Max
Min
Mean
0.00
500.00
1000.00
1500.00
2000.00
2500.00
3000.00
3500.00
4000.00
4500.00
4.19
33.5
63.4
81.1
86.9
93.4
114
Distance from estuary (km)
COD (mg/l)
Max
Min
Mean
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.004.19
33.5
63.4
81.1
86.9
93.4
114
Distance from estuary (km)
pH
Max
Min
Mean
425
APPENDIX 3 (Continued)
0.00
1000.00
2000.00
3000.00
4000.00
5000.00
6000.00
4.19
33.5
63.4
81.1
86.9
93.4
114
Distance from estuary (km)
SS (mg/l) Max
Min
Mean
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
4.19
33.5
63.4
81.1
86.9
93.4
114
Distance from estuary (km)
AN (mg/l)
Max
Min
Mean
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
4.19
33.5
63.4
81.1
86.9
93.4
114
Distance from estuary (km)
Nitrate (mg/l)
Max
Min
Mean
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
4.19
33.5
63.4
81.1
86.9
93.4
114
Distance from estuary (km)
Cl (m
g/l) Max
Min
Mean
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
4.19
33.5
63.4
81.1
86.9
93.4
114
Distance from estuary (km)
Temp. (Celcius)
Max
Min
Mean
0.00
5000.00
10000.00
15000.00
20000.00
25000.00
30000.00
35000.00
40000.00
45000.00
4.19
33.5
63.4
81.1
86.9
93.4
114
Distance from estuary (km)
Cond. Max
Min
Mean
426
APPENDIX 3 (Continued)
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
4.19
33.5
63.4
81.1
86.9
93.4
114
Distance from estuary (km)
Salinity (mg/l)
Max
Min
Mean
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.19
33.5
63.4
81.1
86.9
93.4
114
Distance from estuary (km)
Phosphate (mg/l)
Max
Min
Mean
0.00
5000.00
10000.00
15000.00
20000.00
25000.00
30000.00
35000.00
4.19
63.4
86.9
114
Distance from estuary (km)
DS (mg/l) Max
Min
Mean
0.00
5000.00
10000.00
15000.00
20000.00
25000.00
30000.00
35000.00
4.19
63.4
86.9
114
Distance from estuary (km)
TS (mg/l) Max
Min
Mean
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
4.19
33.5
63.4
81.1
86.9
93.4
114
Distance from estuary (km)
Zn (mg/l) Max
Min
Mean
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
4.19
33.49
63.43
81.14
86.94
93.38
113.99
Distance from estuary (km)
Ca (mg/l) Max
Min
Mean
427
APPENDIX 3 (Continued)
0.00
1000.00
2000.00
3000.00
4000.00
5000.00
6000.00
7000.00
8000.00
9000.00
4.19
33.5
63.4
81.1
86.9
93.4
114
Distance from estuary (km)
Na (mg/l) Max
Min
Mean
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
4.19
33.49
63.43
81.14
86.94
93.38
113.99
Distance from estuary (km)
Fe (mg/l) Max
Min
Mean
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
4.19
33.5
63.4
81.1
86.9
93.4
114
Distance from estuary (km)
Coli
Max
Min
Mean
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
350.00
400.00
450.00
4.19
33.49
63.43
81.14
86.94
93.38
113.99
Distance from estuary (km)
K (mg/l) Max
Min
Mean
0
5000000
10000000
15000000
20000000
25000000
30000000
4.19
63.43
86.94
113.99
Distance from estuary (km)
Coliform
Max
Min
Mean
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
700.00
800.00
900.00
1000.00
4.19
33.5
63.4
81.1
86.9
93.4
114
Distance from estuary (km)
Mg (mg/l) Max
Min
Mean
428
APPENDIX 4
TEMPORAL TREND OF WATER QUALITY
7.00
7.20
7.40
7.60
7.80
8.00
8.20
8.401995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
DO (mg/L)
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
BOD (mg/L)
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
pH
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Temp. (Celcius)
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
1995
1997
1999
2001
DS (mg/L)
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
EC
429
APPENDIX 4 (C
ontin
ued)
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Salinity (mg/L)
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Turbidity (NTU)
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Zn (mg/L)
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Nitrate (mg/L)
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Cl (mg/L)
-0.20
-0.10
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Phosphate (mg/L)
430
APPENDIX 4 (Continued)
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Ca (mg/L)
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Fe (mg/L)
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
K (mg/L)
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Mg (mg/L)
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Na (mg/L)
0.00
50000.00
100000.00
150000.00
200000.00
250000.00
1995
1997
1999
2001
E.coli (MPN)
431
APPENDIX 4 (Continued)
-0.10
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.701995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
AN (mg/L)
0.00
200000.00
400000.00
600000.00
800000.00
1000000.00
1200000.00
1400000.00
1600000.00
1995
1997
1999
2001
Coliform
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
COD (mg/L)
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
350.00
400.00
450.00
1995
1997
1999
2001
SS (mg/L)
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
350.00
400.00
450.00
1995
1997
1999
2001
TS (mg/L)
432
APPENDIX 5
DA STANDARD STEPWISE MODE PLOT OF REGIONAL (HPS, MPS AND LPS)
DISCRIMINATION
Variables (axes F1 and F2: 100.00 %)
COLIFORM
COLI
NaMgK
Fe
Ca
Zn
PO4
Cl
NO3
TSDS
TUR
SALCOND
TEMP
NH3-N
pH
SS
COD
BOD
DO
-1
-0.75
-0.5
-0.25
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
F1 (87.17 %)
F2 (12.83 %)
Observations (axes F1 and F2: 100.00 %)
MPS
LPS
HPS
-4
-2
0
2
4
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4
F1 (87.17 %)
F2 (12.83 %) HPS
LPS
MPS
Centroids
433
APPENDIX 6
DA FORWARD STEPWISE MODE PLOT OF REGIONAL (HPS, MPS AND LPS)
DISCRIMINATION
Variables (axes F1 and F2: 100.00 %)
COLIFORM
COLI
NaMgK
Fe
Ca
Zn
PO4
Cl
NO3
TSDS
TUR
SALCOND
TEMP
NH3-N
pH
SS
COD
BOD
DO
-1
-0.75
-0.5
-0.25
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
F1 (88.28 %)
F2 (11.72 %)
Observations (axes F1 and F2: 100.00 %)
MPS
LPS
HPS
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
F1 (88.28 %)
F2 (11.72 %) HPS
LPS
MPS
Centroids
434
APPENDIX 7
DA BACKWARD STEPWISE MODE PLOT OF REGIONAL (HPS, MPS AND LPS)
DISCRIMINATION
Variables (axes F1 and F2: 100.00 %)
COLIFORM
COLI
NaMgK
Fe
Ca
Zn
PO4
Cl
NO3
TSDS
TUR
SALCOND
TEMP
NH3-N
pH
SS
COD
BOD
DO
-1
-0.75
-0.5
-0.25
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
F1 (88.75 %)
F2 (11.25 %)
Observations (axes F1 and F2: 100.00 %)
MPS
LPS
HPS
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
F1 (88.75 %)
F2 (11.25 %) HPS
LPS
MPS
Centroids
435
APPENDIX 8
DA STANDARD MODE PLOT OF SEASONAL (WET AND DRY)
DISCRIMINATION
Variables (axes F1 and F2: 100.00 %)
COLIFORMCOLINaMgKFeCa ZnPO4Cl NO3TSDSTURSALCOND TEMPNH3-NpHSS CODBODDO
-1
-0.75
-0.5
-0.25
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
F1 (100.00 %)
F2 (0.00 %)
Observations (axes F1 and F2: 100.00 %)
Wet
Dry
-3.2
-1.6
0
1.6
3.2
-6.4 -4.8 -3.2 -1.6 -1E-14 1.6 3.2 4.8 6.4
F1 (100.00 %)
F2 (0.00 %)
Dry
Wet
Centroids
436
APPENDIX 9
DA FORWARD STEPWISE MODE PLOT OF SEASONAL (WET AND DRY)
DISCRIMINATION
Variables (axes F1 and F2: 100.00 %)
COLIFORMCOLINaMgKFeCa ZnPO4ClNO3TSDSTURSALCOND TEMPNH3-NpHSS CODBODDO
-1
-0.75
-0.5
-0.25
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
F1 (100.00 %)
F2 (0.00 %)
Observations (axes F1 and F2: 100.00 %)
Wet
Dry
-1.6
0
1.6
-6.4 -4.8 -3.2 -1.6 -1E-14 1.6 3.2 4.8 6.4
F1 (100.00 %)
F2 (0.00 %)
Dry
Wet
Centroids
437
APPENDIX 10
DA BACKWARD STEPWISE MODE PLOT OF SEASONAL (WET AND DRY)
DISCRIMINATION
Variables (axes F1 and F2: 100.00 %)
COLIFORMCOLINaMgKFeCa ZnPO4ClNO3TSDSTURSALCOND TEMPNH3-NpHSS COD BODDO
-1
-0.75
-0.5
-0.25
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
F1 (100.00 %)
F2 (0.00 %)
Observations (axes F1 and F2: 100.00 %)
Wet
Dry
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
F1 (100.00 %)
F2 (0.00 %)
Dry
Wet
Centroids
438
APPENDIX 11
DA STANDARD MODE PLOT OF RIVER CLASS (1, 2, 3, 4 AND 5)
DISCRIMINATION
Variables (axes F1 and F2: 84.72 %)
COLIFORM
COLI
NaMgK
Fe
Ca
Zn
PO4
Cl
NO3
TSDS
TUR
SALCOND
TEMP
NH3-N
pH
SS
COD
BOD
DO
-1
-0.75
-0.5
-0.25
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
F1 (64.15 %)
F2 (20.58 %)
Observations (axes F1 and F2: 84.72 %)
V
IV
III
I
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
F1 (64.15 %)
F2 (20.58 %)
I
III
IV
V
Centroids
439
APPENDIX 12
DA FORWARD STEPWISE MODE PLOT OF RIVER CLASS (1, 2, 3, 4 AND 5)
DISCRIMINATION
Variables (axes F1 and F2: 89.37 %)
COLIFORM
COLI
NaMgK
Fe
Ca
Zn
PO4
Cl
NO3
TSDS
TUR
SALCOND
TEMP
NH3-N
pH
SS
COD
BODDO
-1
-0.75
-0.5
-0.25
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
F1 (68.90 %)
F2 (20.47 %)
Observations (axes F1 and F2: 89.37 %)
V
IV
III
I
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
F1 (68.90 %)
F2 (20.47 %)
I
III
IV
V
Centroids
440
APPENDIX 12
DA BACKWARD STEPWISE MODE PLOT OF RIVER CLASS (1, 2, 3, 4 AND 5)
DISCRIMINATION
Variables (axes F1 and F2: 86.33 %)
COLIFORMCOLI
NaMgK
Fe
Ca
Zn
PO4
Cl
NO3
TSDS
TUR
SALCOND
TEMP
NH3-N
pHSS
COD
BOD
DO
-1
-0.75
-0.5
-0.25
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
F1 (66.01 %)
F2 (20.33 %)
Observations (axes F1 and F2: 86.33 %)
V
IV
III
I
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
F1 (66.01 %)
F2 (20.33 %)
I
III
IV
V
Centroids
441
APPENDIX 6
PCA PLOT FOR DETERMINATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF SOURCES OF POLLUTION AT HPS REGION
Scree plot
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
axis
Eigenvalue
0
20
40
60
80
100
Cumulative variability
(%)
Variables (axes F1 and F2: 50.89 %)
COLIFORM
COLI NaMgK
Fe
Ca
Zn
PO4
Cl
NO3
TSDS
TUR SAL
CONDTEMP
NH3-N
pHSS
COD
BOD
DO
-1
-0.75
-0.5
-0.25
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
F1 (39.07 %)
F2 (11.82 %)
Observations (axes F1 and F2: 50.89 %)
Obs50Obs49
Obs48
Obs47
Obs46
Obs45
Obs44
Obs43
Obs42
Obs41Obs40
Obs39
Obs38Obs37
Obs36
Obs35
Obs34
Obs33Obs32Obs31
Obs30
Obs29Obs28
Obs27
Obs26Obs25Obs24
Obs23
Obs22 Obs21Obs20Obs19Obs18
Obs17Obs16
Obs15Obs14
Obs13
Obs12Obs11
Obs10
Obs9
Obs8
Obs7
Obs6
Obs5
Obs4
Obs3
Obs2
Obs1
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
F1 (39.07 %)
F2 (11.82 %)
Biplot (axes F1 and F2: 50.89 %)
Obs50Obs49
Obs48
Obs47
Obs46
Obs45
Obs44
Obs43
Obs42
Obs41Obs40
Obs39
Obs38Obs37
Obs36
Obs35
Obs34
Obs33Obs32Obs31
Obs30
Obs29 Obs28
Obs27
Obs26Obs25Obs24
Obs23
Obs22 Obs21 Obs20Obs19Obs18
Obs17Obs16
Obs15Obs14
Obs13
Obs12Obs11
Obs10
Obs9
Obs8
Obs7
Obs6
Obs5
Obs4
Obs3
Obs2
Obs1
COLIFORM
COLI NaMgK
Fe
CaZn
PO4
Cl
NO3
TSDS
TUR SAL
CONDTEMP
NH3-N
pHSS
COD
BOD
DO
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
F1 (39.07 %)
F2 (11.82 %)
442
APPENDIX 5 (Continued)
Variables (axes D1 and D2: 45.07 %)
after Varimax rotation
COLIFORMCOLI NaMgKFe
CaZn
PO4
Cl
NO3
TSDSTUR
SAL
CONDTEMP
NH3-N
pHSS
COD
BOD
DO
-1
-0.75
-0.5
-0.25
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
D1 (36.89 %)
D2 (8.17 %)
Observations (axes D1 and D2: 45.07 %)
after Varimax rotation
Obs50Obs49
Obs48
Obs47
Obs46
Obs45Obs44
Obs43
Obs42
Obs41Obs40
Obs39
Obs38
Obs37Obs36
Obs35
Obs34
Obs33Obs32
Obs31
Obs30
Obs29
Obs28Obs27Obs26Obs25
Obs24
Obs23Obs22 Obs21Obs20Obs19
Obs18
Obs17Obs16
Obs15Obs14
Obs13
Obs12
Obs11
Obs10
Obs9
Obs8
Obs7
Obs6
Obs5Obs4
Obs3
Obs2 Obs1-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
D1 (36.89 %)
D2 (8.17 %)
Biplot (axes D1 and D2: 45.07 %)
after Varimax rotation
Obs50Obs49
Obs48
Obs47
Obs46
Obs45Obs44
Obs43
Obs42
Obs41Obs40
Obs39
Obs38
Obs37Obs36
Obs35
Obs34
Obs33Obs32Obs31
Obs30
Obs29Obs28
Obs27Obs26Obs25
Obs24Obs23Obs22 Obs21
Obs20Obs19Obs18
Obs17Obs16
Obs15Obs14
Obs13
Obs12
Obs11
Obs10
Obs9
Obs8
Obs7
Obs6Obs5
Obs4
Obs3
Obs2 Obs1COLIFORMCOLI NaMgK
Fe CaZn
PO4
Cl
NO3
TSDSTURSAL
CONDTEMP
NH3-N
pHSS
COD
BOD
DO
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
D1 (36.89 %)
D2 (8.17 %)
443
APPENDIX 6
PCA PLOT FOR DETERMINATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF SOURCES OF POLLUTION AT MPS REGION
Scree plot
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
axis
Eigenvalue
0
20
40
60
80
100
Cumulative variability
(%)
Variables (axes F1 and F2: 44.34 %)
COLIFORM
COLINaMgK
Fe
Ca
Zn
PO4Cl
NO3
TS
DS
TUR
SAL COND
TEMP
NH3-N
pH
SS
COD
BOD
DO
-1
-0.75
-0.5
-0.25
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
F1 (31.37 %)
F2 (12.97 %)
Observations (axes F1 and F2: 44.34 %)
Obs50 Obs49Obs48
Obs47
Obs46
Obs45
Obs44
Obs43
Obs42
Obs41
Obs40
Obs39
Obs38
Obs37
Obs36Obs35
Obs34
Obs33Obs32 Obs31Obs30
Obs29
Obs28
Obs27
Obs26
Obs25
Obs24
Obs23
Obs22
Obs21
Obs20
Obs19Obs18
Obs17Obs16
Obs15
Obs14
Obs13Obs12
Obs11Obs10
Obs9
Obs8
Obs7
Obs6
Obs5
Obs4Obs3
Obs2Obs1
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
F1 (31.37 %)
F2 (12.97 %)
Biplot (axes F1 and F2: 44.34 %)
Obs50 Obs49Obs48
Obs47
Obs46
Obs45
Obs44
Obs43
Obs42
Obs41
Obs40Obs39
Obs38
Obs37
Obs36Obs35
Obs34Obs33
Obs32 Obs31Obs30
Obs29
Obs28
Obs27
Obs26
Obs25
Obs24
Obs23
Obs22
Obs21
Obs20
Obs19Obs18
Obs17Obs16
Obs15
Obs14
Obs13Obs12
Obs11Obs10
Obs9
Obs8
Obs7
Obs6
Obs5
Obs4Obs3
Obs2Obs1
COLIFORM
COLINaMgK
Fe
Ca
Zn
PO4Cl
NO3
TS
DS
TUR
SAL COND
TEMP
NH3-N
pH
SS
COD
BOD
DO-5
0
5
10
15
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
F1 (31.37 %)
F2 (12.97 %)
444
APPENDIX 6
Variables (axes D1 and D2: 41.47 %)
after Varimax rotation
COLIFORMCOLI
Na
MgK
Fe
Ca
Zn
PO4Cl
NO3
TS
DS
TUR
SALCOND
TEMPNH3-N
pH
SS
COD
BOD
DO
-1
-0.75
-0.5
-0.25
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
D1 (28.18 %)
D2 (13.29 %)
Observations (axes D1 and D2: 41.47 %)
after Varimax rotation
Obs50
Obs49Obs48
Obs47Obs46 Obs45
Obs44Obs43
Obs42
Obs41
Obs40 Obs39
Obs38
Obs37Obs36 Obs35Obs34
Obs33Obs32 Obs31Obs30
Obs29
Obs28
Obs27
Obs26Obs25
Obs24
Obs23
Obs22
Obs21
Obs20
Obs19Obs18
Obs17 Obs16
Obs15
Obs14
Obs13
Obs12
Obs11
Obs10
Obs9
Obs8
Obs7
Obs6
Obs5Obs4
Obs3Obs2 Obs1
-1
0
1
2
3
4
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
D1 (28.18 %)
D2 (13.29 %)
Biplot (axes D1 and D2: 41.47 %)
after Varimax rotation
Obs50
Obs49Obs48Obs47Obs46 Obs45
Obs44Obs43
Obs42
Obs41
Obs40 Obs39
Obs38
Obs37Obs36 Obs35Obs34
Obs33 Obs32 Obs31Obs30
Obs29
Obs28
Obs27
Obs26Obs25
Obs24
Obs23
Obs22
Obs21
Obs20
Obs19Obs18
Obs17 Obs16
Obs15
Obs14
Obs13Obs12
Obs11
Obs10
Obs9
Obs8
Obs7
Obs6
Obs5Obs4 Obs3Obs2 Obs1COLIFORM
COLI
Na
MgK
Fe
Ca
Zn
PO4Cl
NO3
TS
DS
TUR
SALCOND
TEMPNH3-N
pH
SS
COD
BOD
DO
-2
0
2
4
6
8
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
D1 (28.18 %)
D2 (13.29 %)
445
APPENDIX 7
PCA PLOT FOR DETERMINATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF SOURCES OF POLLUTION AT LPS REGION
Scree plot
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
axis
Eigenvalue
0
20
40
60
80
100
Cumulative variability
(%)
Variables (axes F1 and F2: 50.24 %)
COLIFORMCOLINa
Mg K
Fe
Ca
ZnPO4 Cl
NO3
TS
DS
TUR
SALCOND
TEMP
NH3-NpH
SS
COD
BOD
DO
-1
-0.75
-0.5
-0.25
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
F1 (37.92 %)
F2 (12.32 %)
Observations (axes F1 and F2: 50.24 %)
Obs50Obs49Obs48
Obs47
Obs46Obs45
Obs44
Obs43Obs42
Obs41Obs40Obs39Obs38Obs37
Obs36Obs35Obs34Obs33 Obs32
Obs31
Obs30Obs29 Obs28
Obs27Obs26
Obs25Obs24
Obs23
Obs22
Obs21
Obs20Obs19Obs18
Obs17
Obs16Obs15
Obs14
Obs13Obs12
Obs11
Obs10
Obs9Obs8
Obs7
Obs6
Obs5
Obs4
Obs3
Obs2
Obs1
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
F1 (37.92 %)
F2 (12.32 %)
Biplot (axes F1 and F2: 50.24 %)
Obs50Obs49Obs48
Obs47Obs46Obs45
Obs44
Obs43Obs42Obs41Obs40Obs39Obs38Obs37Obs36Obs35Obs34Obs33 Obs32
Obs31
Obs30Obs29 Obs28
Obs27Obs26
Obs25Obs24
Obs23
Obs22
Obs21
Obs20Obs19Obs18
Obs17
Obs16Obs15
Obs14
Obs13Obs12Obs11
Obs10
Obs9 Obs8
Obs7
Obs6
Obs5
Obs4
Obs3
Obs2
Obs1
COLIFORMCOLINa
Mg K
Fe
CaZnPO4 Cl
NO3
TS
DS
TUR
SAL COND
TEMP
NH3-NpH
SS
COD
BOD
DO
-10
0
10
20
-20 -10 0 10 20 30
F1 (37.92 %)
F2 (12.32 %)
446
APPENDIX 7 (Continued)
Variables (axes D1 and D2: 45.51 %)
after Varimax rotation
COLIFORM
COLI
NaMg
KFe
Ca
Zn PO4ClNO3
TS
DS
TUR
SAL
COND
TEMP
NH3-N
pH
SS
COD
BOD
DO
-1
-0.75
-0.5
-0.25
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
D1 (32.22 %)
D2 (13.29 %)
Observations (axes D1 and D2: 45.51 %)
after Varimax rotation
Obs50
Obs49Obs48Obs47Obs46Obs45
Obs44
Obs43Obs42
Obs41
Obs40
Obs39Obs38Obs37Obs36Obs35Obs34Obs33
Obs32
Obs31
Obs30Obs29Obs28
Obs27Obs26
Obs25Obs24
Obs23
Obs22
Obs21
Obs20
Obs19Obs18
Obs17
Obs16Obs15
Obs14
Obs13Obs12Obs11
Obs10
Obs9Obs8
Obs7
Obs6
Obs5Obs4Obs3
Obs2
Obs1
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
D1 (32.22 %)
D2 (13.29 %)
Biplot (axes D1 and D2: 45.51 %)
after Varimax rotation
Obs50Obs49Obs48Obs47Obs46Obs45
Obs44
Obs43Obs42Obs41
Obs40Obs39Obs38Obs37Obs36Obs35Obs34Obs33
Obs32
Obs31
Obs30Obs29Obs28
Obs27Obs26
Obs25Obs24
Obs23
Obs22
Obs21
Obs20
Obs19Obs18
Obs17
Obs16Obs15
Obs14
Obs13Obs12Obs11
Obs10
Obs9Obs8
Obs7
Obs6
Obs5Obs4Obs3
Obs2
Obs1
COLIFORM
COLI
NaMg
KFe Ca
ZnPO4ClNO3
TS
DS
TUR
SAL
COND
TEMP
NH3-N
pH
SS
COD
BOD
DO
-5
0
5
10
-10 -5 0 5 10 15
D1 (32.22 %)
D2 (13.29 %)
447
APPENDIX 8
MLR ‘SIGN’ FOR WATER QUALITY – LAND USE RELATIONSHIP FOR HPS REGION
Water quality vraiables Land use types
DO BOD COD SS pH AN Temp Cond Sal. Tur DS TS NO3 Cl PO4
Buffer 1 km
Agriculture + + + - + + + + + - + + - + +
Forest - - - - - - + + + - + + - + +
Urban + - + - + - + + + - + + - + -
Waterbody - - - + - - - - - + - - - + -
Others + - + + - + - + + + + + - + +
LUCI + + - - + + + - + - + - + - +
R 0.29 0.38 0.06 0.24 0.31 0.61 0.41 0.23 0.22 0.50 0.19 0.20 0.54 0.48 0.72
Buffer 2 km
Agriculture + + + - - - + + + - + + - + +
Forest - - + + + - + + + + + + - + -
Urban - - - + + - + - - + - - - - -
Waterbody + - + + + - + + + + + + - + -
Others - + - - - + - - - - - - + - +
LUCI + + - - - + + + + - + + + + +
R-square 0.31 0.28 0.14 0.33 0.16 0.56 0.28 0.33 0.23 0.49 0.24 0.26 0.56 0.62 0.74
Buffer 3 km
Agriculture - - + - - - - + + - + + - + -
Forest + + + - - + - + + - + + - + +
Urban + - + + + - + + + + + + - + +
Waterbody - - - - - - - + + - + + - + -
Others - + + + - - + + + - - - - - -
LUCI + + + + - + + - - + - - - - +
R-square 0.13 0.36 0.11 0.33 0.17 0.55 0.33 0.32 0.25 0.52 0.25 0.27 0.49 0.73 0.63
Whole area
Agriculture - + - + + + + + + + + + - + -
Forest + + + - + - + + + - + + + + +
Urban - - - - + - + + + - + + - + -
Waterbody + + - + - - - - - + - - - - -
Others - + + + - - + - - + - - - - +
LUCI + + + + + - + + + + + + + + -
R-square 0.44 0.13 0.25 0.25 0.44 0.49 0.47 0.31 0.26 0.42 0.24 0.25 0.53 0.61 0.77
448
APPENDIX 8 (Continued)
Water quality parameter Land use types
Zn Ca Fe K Mg Na E.coli Coliform
Buffer 1 km
Agriculture + + + + + + - +
Forest - + - + + + - -
Urban + + - + + + - +
Waterbody - - - - - - + -
Others + + - + + + - -
LUCI + - - - - - - -
R 0.19 0.21 0.67 0.25 0.19 0.20 0.47 0.09
Buffer 2 km
Agriculture + + - + + + - +
Forest - + - + + + - +
Urban + - + - - - + +
Waterbody - + - + + + + +
Others - - + - - - - -
LUCI + + - + + + - -
R-square 0.21 0.22 0.73 0.34 0.23 0.22 0.64 0.10
Buffer 3 km
Agriculture + + - + + + - -
Forest - + - + + + - -
Urban + + - + + + - +
Waterbody - + - + + + - -
Others + + - - - - + +
LUCI + - - - - - - +
R-square 0.15 0.30 0.76 0.29 0.26 0.26 0.86 0.08
Whole area
Agriculture - + + + + + + +
Forest + + - + + + - -
Urban - + - + + + - -
Waterbody + - - - - - + +
Others - - - - - - - -
LUCI + + - + + + - +
R-square 0.34 0.25 0.55 0.29 0.22 0.24 0.59 0.25
449
APPENDIX 9
MLR ‘SIGN’ FOR WATER QUALITY – LAND USE RELATIONSHIP FOR MPS REGION
Water quality vraiables Land use types
DO BOD COD SS pH AN Temp Cond Sal. Tur DS TS NO3 Cl PO4
Buffer 1 km
Agriculture + - + + - - + + - + - + + + +
Forest - + + + - + + + - + + + - - +
Urban + + + + - + + + - + + + - + -
Waterbody - - - - - - - - + - - - - - -
Others - + + - - + + + - + + - + + -
LUCI - + + - - + - - - - - - - + +
R 0.28 0.27 0.21 0.16 0.46 0.09 0.43 0.15 0.50 0.30 0.17 0.16 0.69 0.15 0.15
Buffer 2 km
Agriculture + - - + - - - - - - - + - - +
Forest + - - - - - - - - + - - - - -
Urban + - + + + - + + - + + + - + -
Waterbody - - - - - - - - + - - - - - +
Others - + + + + + - + + - + + - + +
LUCI - + + - - + - + - + - - - + -
R-square 0.23 0.24 0.17 0.27 0.50 0.18 0.29 0.09 0.54 0.39 0.17 0.27 0.67 0.13 0.05
Buffer 3 km
Agriculture - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +
Forest + + + - - + - + - - - - - + -
Urban + + + + + + + + - + + + - + -
Waterbody - + - - + + - + + - - - - - -
Others - - - - - - - - + - - - - - +
LUCI + - + + + - + - + + + + + + +
R-square 0.11 0.20 0.34 0.26 0.40 0.19 0.28 0.16 0.51 0.23 0.17 0.26 0.67 0.17 0.13
Whole area
Agriculture - + + + - - - + - - - + - - +
Forest + + - - - + - + + - + - - + -
Urban + - - - - - - + - - - - - - -
Waterbody - - - - + - - + + - + - - + +
Others + + + + - + - + - + - + + + +
LUCI - - + + + - + + - + - + - + -
R-square 0.20 0.20 0.29 0.27 0.15 0.20 0.07 0.10 0.26 0.44 0.16 0.27 0.61 0.17 0.11
450
APPENDIX 9 (Continued)
Water quality vraiables Land use types
Zn Ca Fe K Mg Na E.coli Coliform
Buffer 1 km
Agriculture + + + - + - + -
Forest - + + + + + - +
Urban - + - + + - + +
Waterbody - - - - - - - -
Others + + + + + + + +
LUCI - + - + + + - +
R 0.39 0.34 0.42 0.36 0.40 0.12 0.42 0.32
Buffer 2 km
Agriculture - + + - + - - +
Forest - - - - - - - -
Urban + + - + + - + +
Waterbody - - + - - - - -
Others - + + + - + + +
LUCI - - - + - + - +
R-square 40.70 0.24 0.56 0.23 0.27 0.24 0.48 0.34
Buffer 3 km
Agriculture - - + - - - + -
Forest - + + + + + - +
Urban - + - + + + + +
Waterbody - - - - - + - -
Others + - + - - - - -
LUCI + + - + + - + -
R-square 0.38 0.31 0.48 0.26 0.29 0.18 0.41 0.23
Whole area
Agriculture - + + - - - - -
Forest - - - + + + - +
Urban - - - - - - + -
Waterbody - + + + + + + -
Others + + + + + + + +
LUCI + + - + + - + -
R-square 0.34 0.13 0.37 0.26 0.28 0.22 0.11 0.09
451
APPENDIX 10
MLR ‘SIGN’ FOR WATER QUALITY – LAND USE RELATIONSHIP FOR LPS REGION
Water quality parameter Land use types
DO BOD COD SS pH AN Temp Cond Sal. Tur DS TS NO3 Cl PO4
Buffer 1 km
Agriculture + + - - + - - - + - + - - + -
Forest + - - - + - + - - + - - - - +
Urban + - - - + - + - - - - - - - -
Waterbody - - + + - - - + + + - + - + -
Others - - - - + + + + - - + - - - +
LUCI - + + + - + + + + + + + + + +
R-square 0.24 0.11 0.05 0.36 0.08 0.12 0.19 0.24 0.27 0.34 0.42 0.30 0.43 0.32 0.64
Buffer 2 km
Agriculture + - + - + - + - - - + - - - -
Forest + - - - + - - - + - - - - - +
Urban + - - + - - - - - + - + - - -
Waterbody - - - - + - + - - - - - - - +
Others - + + + - + - + + + + + + + -
LUCI - + + - - + + + + - + - + + +
R-square 0.313 0.212 0.267 0.485 0.209 0.152 0.304 0.321 0.556 0.284 0.424 0.481 0.472 0.39 0.637
Buffer 3 km
Agriculture + - + + - - - - + + - + - + -
Forest - + + - + + + + + - + - + - +
Urban + - - - + + + - - - - - - - +
Waterbody - + + - - - - + + - + - - + -
Others + + - - - - - - - + - - - - -
LUCI - + + - - + + + + + + + + + -
R-square 0.519 0.345 0.249 0.569 0.303 0.158 0.175 0.548 0.55 0.429 0.494 0.558 0.372 0.375 0.557
Whole area
Agriculture - + - - - - + + + + + + + + +
Forest + - + - + + - - - - - + - - +
Urban + - - - + - - - + - - - - - -
Waterbody - + + - - - + + - + + - + + -
Others + + + - + - - - + - - + - - +
LUCI + - + - + + - - - - - - + - -
R-square 0.58 0.364 0.221 0.416 0.276 0.22 0.686 0.382 0.441 0.604 0.352 0.412 0.412 0.437 0.618
452
APPENDIX 10 (Continued)
Water quality parameter Land use types
Zn Ca Fe K Mg Na E.coli Coliform
Buffer 1 km
Agriculture - - + + + + + +
Forest + - - - - - - +
Urban + - - - - + + +
Waterbody - - - + - - - -
Others + + + - - + - +
LUCI + + - + - + + +
R-square 0.46 0.38 0.42 0.22 0.38 0.24 0.37 0.06
Buffer 2 km
Agriculture + - + - - - + +
Forest - - - - - - - +
Urban - + - - - + + +
Waterbody + - - - - - - +
Others - - + + + + + -
LUCI + - + + + - - -
R-square 0.372 0.399 0.425 0.211 0.327 0.113 0.383 0.091
Buffer 3 km
Agriculture - - - - + + + +
Forest + - + + + - + -
Urban + + - - - - + +
Waterbody - - - + + - + -
Others - - - - + + - -
LUCI + + - + + + + +
R-square 0.33 0.278 0.41 0.3 0.322 0.114 0.282 0.067
Whole area
Agriculture - - - + + + + -
Forest + - + - - - - -
Urban + - - - - - - -
Waterbody - + - + + + + +
Others + - - - - - - -
LUCI + + - - - - - -
R-square 0.37 0.301 0.403 0.391 0.322 0.122 0.367 0.034
453
APPENDIX 11
COPY OF PUBLICATIONS AND CERTIFICATES
