Appendix 1: Seed Processing Table – Species List

Table A.1. Seed processing table – species list

Family/genus / Prevailing fruit type – species group description Extraction procedure

Apocynaceae Dehiscent, dry, often long Drying will cause fruits to split ● Alstonia and slender double follicles open. Seeds fall out by ● Wrightia with many seeds themselves or with minimal ● Dyera mechanical impactAnacardiaceae Drupe with fleshy, often Depulping by ingestion or ● Spondias edible mesocarp. Mesocarp soaking followed by stirring or ● Dracontomelum fibrous in, e.g., Mangifera. high-water pressure, or ● Swintonia In Swintonia and Gluta mechanical depulping. Seeds ● Gluta drupes remain attached to a are not extracted from the ● Mangifera 5-winged placenta formed pyrene. Removal of wings not

from persistent petals necessary as they will fall offduring wet processing

Araucariaceae Dehiscent cones, often large. Drying causes cone scale and ● Araucaria Disintegrate at maturity seeds to separate from the ● Agathis central cone axis. Cone scale

removed by sifting and/or winnowing; fine cleaning by flotation

Bignoniaceae Long slender dehiscent Sun-drying causes dehiscence.● Marchamia follicles/pods – in some species Seeds usually fall off or out ● Fernandoa up to 80 cm. Winged seeds readily or with little mechanical ● Stereospermum attached to central columella impact. If extracted manually,● Millingtonia fruits are discharged by the ● Spathodea same procedureBombacaceae Large woody capsules. Dehiscent Dry extraction from fruit ● Bombax with woolly seeds in Bombax followed by removal of testa ● Ceiba and Ceiba; dry edible pulp in appendices. In Bombax and ● Coelostegia Adansonia. Indehiscent with Ceiba mechanical deflossing or ● Durio arillate seed in Durio burning of seed hair. In Durio● Adansonia removal of aril by depulping

procedures, e.g. high-water pressure or, in edible species, by soaking off the edible pulp.Hard pulp in Adansoniaremoved after soaking

(Continued)

366 APPENDIX

Table A.1. Seed processing table – species list––Cont’d.

Family/genus / Prevailing fruit type – species group description Extraction procedure

Boraginaceae 1 seeded drupe Pyrene extracted by wet ● Cordia extraction, e.g. high water

pressure after softeningBurseraceae Drupe with fleshy pulp and Wet extraction for removal ● Canarium hard endocarp containing of pulp, e.g. high-pressure ● Commiphora up to 3 seeds water after softening. Seeds ● Boswellia are not extracted from the

pyreneCasuarinaceae Dry dehiscent multiple fruits, Drying makes fruits open.● Casuarina ‘conelike’, spherical to oblong, Tumbling usually suffices to ● Allocasuarina opening by slots make seeds fall out. If trapped,● Gymnostoma seeds can be extracted after

disintegration of the whole fruit, e.g. threshing

Celestraceae 3-valved woody capsule Drying until dehiscence, then ● Kokoona mechanical raking, shaking or

tumbling to remove seedsCombretaceae Mostly dry winged fruits, in Extraction reduces storability ● Combretum Combretum with 4 angular and is generally avoided. To ● Terminatia wings, in Terminalia with 1 wing reduce bulk, fruits can be ● Anogeissus surrounding the seed (wing dewinged by rolling between

much reduced in, e.g., wire-mesh screens. In T. catappa, making fruit Combretum seeds may be drupelike) extracted by manually

splitting open the wings before sowing

Cupressaceae Dehiscent cones with central Cone scales open upon drying ● Cupressus cone scales that open upon and seeds are released by gentle ● Fokienia drying tumbling. Usually no dewinging● LibocedrusDatiscaceae Dehiscent capsules with Extraction by drying and ● Octomeles many seed shaking. The volume of fruits ● Tetrameles and that of seeds are always

small and the tiny seeds easily spill out. To avoid loss, opened fruits can be shaken thoroughly manually in a pail with a closed lid and extracted through a fine masked sieve

Dilleneaceae Dehiscent follicles making Fruits split open upon drying;● Dillenea a star-formed compound fruit seeds extracted manually.

surrounded by enlarged fleshy Fleshy sarcotesta removed sepals that split open at by wet extraction, e.g. high maturity water pressure or wet

tumbling

APPENDIX 367

Table A.1. Seed processing table – species list––Cont’d.

Family/genus / Prevailing fruit type – species group description Extraction procedure

Dipterocarpaceae Nuts with 2 or 4 (occassionally5) Manual removal of wings ● Anisoptera large wings originating from sometimes done to reduce bulk ● Dipterocarpus persistent sepals. Fruits contain and ease sowing. Sensitivity to ● Dryobalanops usually only 1 embryo. Fruits desiccation and their short ● Hopea usually large, including wings storability makes fast sowing ● Parashorea from 3–20 cm. Most species mandatory● Shorea have desiccation-sensitive seed● VaticaEbenaceae Berry with persistent sepals and Fleshy pulp removed by normal ● Diospyros from 1 to a few seeds. Most wet extraction, e.g. water ● Euclea species with fleshy pulp, but pressure or wet tumbling. Dry

species with dry pulp occur in fruits keep well when sun-dried.dry areas Pulp must usually be removed

before sowing to remove germination inhibitors

Euphorbiaceae Dehiscent capsules. Seeds In this group of euphorbia,● Aleurites usually small seeds can be extracted by any ● Bridelia dry extraction procedure, i.e.● Croton drying until dehiscence and ● Hevea tumbling or other mechanical ● Macaranga impact to separate fruits from ● Trewia seeds● ClutiaEuphorbiaceae Drupes or berries, usually Stones or seeds extracted wet ● Aleurites small, often with sticky, after softening by soaking or ● Bischofia milky pulp initiated decomposition. Bleach ● Drypetes or some mild liquid soap help ● Endospermum remove sticky residual pulp● TrewiaFagaceae Nut with enclosing, dehiscent The dehiscent cupula in Fagus● Castanopsis or open cupula. Usually large and Castanea open by slight ● Quercus drying. The cupula remain ● Fagus firmly attached to the fruit in ● Lithocarpus some Lithocarpus and Quercus● Castanea species. Wetting and slight ● Nothofagus drying help soften the

attachment, but many Fagaceae are desiccation-sensitive.Cupula must often be removed manually

Guttiferae Callophyllum has a drupe fruit Wet or dry extraction for fleshy ● Calophyllum with fleshy/fibrous mesocarp. and dry fruits, respectively.● Mesua The fruit in Cratoxylum is a Residual pulp of fleshy ● Cratoxylum woody capsule mesocarp removed by tumbling

in sand or by brushing

(Continued)

368 APPENDIX

Table A.1. Seed processing table – species list––Cont’d.

Family/genus / Prevailing fruit type – species group description Extraction procedure

Hamamelidaceae Semidehiscent, casuarina-like, Apertures open upon drying ● Altingia compound, dry fruits, which and seeds may be extracted by ● Liquidambar open by apertures tumbling. If seeds are stuck

inside the fruit, it is necessary to disintegrate the fruits, e.g. by threshing or in a hammer mill

Juglandaceae Dry drupes or nuts, in Dry exocarp/mesocarp removed ● Carya Engelhardtia with wings manually or, for some species,● Engelhardtia by tumbling in a cement mixer ● Juglans with abrasive material or in

brushing machines with hard brushes

Lauraceae Most genera with 1 to a few Fleshy pulp removed by wet ● Cinnamomum seeded berries. In Eusideroxylon extraction, e.g. high-pressure ● Cryptocarya fruits are large drupes (up to water after soaking. Some ● Eusideroxilon 15-cm long). In Cryptocarya species have fragile seed coats,● Litsea fruits are surrounded by a which are easily damaged by ● Machilus persistent flower tube. mechanical handling

Cinnamomum often have a persistent placenta

Leguminosae – Dehiscent/semidehiscent pods. Mature fruits will split up upon Caesalpinaceae Often large, woody and thick. drying. However, owing to the ● Erythrophloeum Seeds often remain enclosed in thickness of the pod and the ● Intsia the fruit until after dispersal. woody character, drying for a ● Pelthophorum In Sindora and Afzelia seeds long time, occasionally using an ● Senna have large and thick arils artificial heat source, is ● Brachystegia necessary. Pods that remain ● Delonix closed can be split open ● Bauhinia manually by a few blows with a ● Baikaea club. Arils are easiest to remove ● Sindora immediately after extraction ● Afzelia when they are still soft. Strong

drying for dehiscence has the drawback of hardening the aril.A few hours’ soaking immedi-ately after extraction facilitates manual removal of the aril

Leguminosae – Indehiscent often round pods, Drying and then thrashing or Caesalpinaceae – 30–70-cm long. Seeds pounding to crush the fruits.● Cassia surrounded by a sticky Seeds usually separate readily ● Tamarindus substance from the fruits. Residual pulp ● Dialium removed by washing with ● Koompassia addition of sodium hypochlorite.

Seeds cleaned by sifting following winnowing

APPENDIX 369

Table A.1. Seed processing table – species list––Cont’d.

Family/genus / Prevailing fruit type – species group description Extraction procedure

Leguminosae – Dehiscent thin pods, usually Sun-drying until dehiscence.Mimosaceae with many (4–16) seeds. Shaking or thrashing used to ● Acacia (some) Seeds usually remain attached extract seeds – the strength and ● Albizia to half of the pods during method depend on the strength● Paraserianthes dispersal. Australian acacias of funicle attachment. Arils ● Xylia frequently with funicle detached by threshing, in ● Leucaena developed into an aril brushing machines or by ● Calliandra biological means (e.g. ants)● GllericidiaLeguminosae – Indehiscent pods with several Extraction often difficult as it Mimosaceae seeds. Pods often leathery and requires disintegration of the ● Prosopis hard – in Inga and Pithecellobium pods. Threshing or milling● Inga seeds are imbedded in a pulp (e.g. hammer mill) is easiest ● Pithecellobium after drying. Where pulp is ● Acacia (e.g. fleshy/soft it may be removed

A. nilotica) by washing or high-pressure water

Leguminosae – Indehiscent pods with fibrous Seeds can be extracted from Papilionaceae or woody pericarp. The pods pods with fibrous pericarp by ● Dalbergia are flat and have usually threshing or milling. Seeds are ● Ormosia developed an extension of a generally not extracted from ● Pterocarpus wing. In Pterocarpus there is a fruits with woody pericarp, but ● Cordyla surrounding wing and wings are sometimes removed ● Sophora sometimes spines to reduce bulk● TephrosiaLeguminosae – Dehiscent pods with many Sun-drying until dehiscence.Papilionaceae seeds. Seeds usually release Depending on the strength of● Derris easily from the pods funicle attachment, shaking or ● Cordyla tumbling is usually sufficient to ● Sophora release seeds● Sesbania● Erythrina● TephrosiaLeguminosae – Dehiscent woody pods. This Woody pods require a long time Papilionaceae group contains several species and strong drying to split open.● Milletia with very hard pods If pods do not open, splitting ● Crotolaria can be performed by manually ● Derris pounding them in a mortar or ● Pongamia threshing in a hammer mill.

Seeds usually detach themselves readily from the pods

Lycythidaceae 1 seeded berry Seeds extracted by wet ● Barringtonia extraction, e.g. soaking in water

with subsequent washing under high water pressure

(Continued)

370 APPENDIX

Table A.1. Seed processing table – species list––Cont’d.

Family/genus / Prevailing fruit type – species group description Extraction procedure

Lythraceae Dehiscent capsules with Fruits dehisce upon drying and ● Lagerstroemia many seeds seeds fall out after gentle

tumbling or other turningMagnoliaceae Compound fruits consisting Seeds extracted from the ● Magnolia of a long axis with dehiscent follicles by drying until the ● Michelia follicles each containing 1 or fruits open, then removal of the ● Manglietia more seeds surrounded by a seeds manually or, in some ● Elmerrillia fleshy aril species, by tumbling/flailing or

beating. Seeds often retain a strong funicle attachment to the fruit. The fleshy aril removed by washing or strong water pressure

Meliaceae Dehiscent capsule withseeds The pericarp will open and fall ● Amoora attached to a central receptacle. apart during drying. Seeds will ● Cedrela The fruits are usually large, e.g. fall off the receptacle with ● Chukrassia up to 20 cm in Swietenia and minimum impact, e.g. raking or ● Khaya Entandophragma. The pericarp shaking drying fruits. Large ● Swietenia is shed shortly before dispersal wings are occasionally broken ● Entandophragme off manually to reduce bulk● ToonaMeliaceae Drupe with fleshy mesocarp Fruit flesh removed by washing ● Melia and hard endocarp. Usually or water pressure. In Aglaia the ● Azadirachta several seed in the pyrene. exocarp is preliminarily ● Aglaia Aglaia spp. have berry capsules removed manually● Ekebergia● SandoricumMoraceae Multiple fleshy fruits, many Extraction sometimes in ● Arthocarpus with edible pulp. Very variable connection with use of fruits ● Antiaris in size from less than 1-cm for consumption. Otherwise ● Ficus diameter in Ficus spp. to more depulping by soaking,● Morus than 50-cm long in Arthocarpus mechanical depulping or water ● Bosqueia pressure. Sticky ‘milk’ can ● Chlorophora hamper mechanical depulpingMyrtaceae Capsules with various degrees Dehiscence by sun or kiln ● Eucalyptus of dehiscence. Opening by drying and extraction by ● Melaleuca dentate operculum. Syzygium subsequent tumbling. Floss or ● Syzygium has 1–2 seeded fleshy fruit other mechanical constrictions

can hamper extraction in species with an inferior ovary

Pinaceae Dehiscent cones with Cone scales split open upon ● Pinus many seeds drying in most species – in ● Abies Abies the cones disintegrate by ● Tsuga dehiscence of the cone scales. In

serotinous cones high tempera-ture is required to melt the resin before dehiscence can occur

APPENDIX 371

Table A.1. Seed processing table – species list––Cont’d.

Family/genus / Prevailing fruit type – species group description Extraction procedure

Podocarpaceae Seed-bearing structure Seed with aril removed from ● Podocarpus consists of 1 or more sterile branchlets by threshing or ● Dacrycarpus cone scales upon which the pulling the branches through a ● Dacrydium seed with surrounding fleshy rake. Removal of the aril by wet ● Nageia aril is borne depulpingProteaceae Follicles with 1 to several seeds. Grevillea seeds are easily ● Grevillea From thin and fragile in, e.g., extracted after drying, but ● Helicia Grevillea to very hard in some sometimes the maturation ● Macademia Hakea species. In Banksia period is short. Seeds of some ● Banksia individual fruits are united into Hakea and Banksia species can ● Hakea a dense, woody multiple fruit be extracted after strong

drying,but many species require scorching, e.g. over a charcoal fire. Seeds must be rapidly cooled when extracted

Rhamnaceae Drupe, often with thick Wet depulping, e.g. by softening ● Ziziphus endocarp of pulp followed by high-● Maesopsis pressure waterRhizophoraceae Fruits have one viviparous seed, Seeds are not extracted. The ● Bruguiera which may grow up to 25 cm viviparous seed is kept cool and ● Kandelia in Bruguiera and Rhizophora; moist and sown as soon as ● Ceriops significantly smaller in possible after collection● Rhizophora Kandelia and CeriopsRubiaceae Multiple fruits consisting of Fruits are soaked in water until ● Anthocephalus many drupes in a globose they get soft and can be split up

multiple fruit. Many tiny seeds by washing. Fruit pulp easiest to remove by flotation as seeds are very small

Rutaceae Variable, e.g. dehiscent capsule Seeds from capsules extracted ● Teclea in Fagara and Flindersia and by dry extraction after drying,● Fagara drupe in Teclea and Zanthoxylum. e.g. tumbling. Fruit pulp of● Zanthoxylum Often large fruits drupes removed by washing ● Flindersia after short softening treatmentSantalaceae Drupe Fruit pulp removed by wet ● Santalum extractionSalvadoraceae Berry or drupe with thin Depulping by wet extraction.● Salvadora endocarp Species with very thin seed coat ● Dobera must be depulped gently, e.g.

manually removing the exocarp and cleaning seeds under running water

Sapindaceae Mostly drupes with fleshy Wet extraction, e.g. high-● Pometia mesocarp and exocarp. pressure water or washing after ● Sapindus softening of the pulp by soaking

and fermentation

(Continued)

372 APPENDIX

Table A.1. Seed processing table – species list––Cont’d.

Family/genus / Prevailing fruit type – species group description Extraction procedure

Sapotaceae Berries with thin or thick Depulping by wet extraction,● Madhuca pericarp, containing 1–6 seeds e.g. softening by soaking and ● Manilkara depulping by mechanical ● Palaquium treatment or water pressure● Payena● Eberhardtia● Sideroxylon● VitellariaSimaroubaceae Samara with large wing No extraction but fruit wing ● Ailanthus surrounding the seed often removed to reduce bulkSterculiaceae Samara Usually no extraction. Wings ● Heritiera may be removed to reduce bulk● Scaphium● TarrietiaSterculiaceae Single follicles in Brachychiton. The seeds fall out readily from ● Brachychiton In Sterculia and Pterospermum the dehiscent fruits upon drying● Pterospermum the follicles are compressed into ● Sterculia a starlike structure. Seeds largeTaxodiaceae Dry dehiscent cones, Dry extraction as in pines● Cunninghamia morphologically similar to

those of pinesTheaceae Schima has a woody capsule, Capsule opens upon drying.● Schima Ternstroemia a berry capsule Fleshy aril removed by washing● Ternstroemia with arillate seedThymeleaceae Round, woody 2–5-valved Capsules open at maturity by ● Gonostylus capsules with 1–5 seeds, drying. Seed coats often thin ● Aquillaria often with arils and fragile and easily damaged

by mechanical handlingVerbenaceae Most species with fleshy or juicy Fleshy fruits are depulped by ● Avicennia drupes with 1–4 seeds. Tectona moist extraction or, as in some ● Gmelina and Peronema have dry drupes. Vitex species, are dried without ● Vitex In Tectona the pericarp is felty. depulping. Peronema seeds are ● Tectona In Peronema the fruits split into extracted by drying. Tectona is ● Peronema 4 parts exposing several extracted by mechanical

pendulous seeds treatment which removes the enclosing involucre and felty pericarp

Appendix 2: Seed Testing Forms

Different laboratories use different forms as seed testing records. It is practicalto use forms where all relevant data are filled in, e.g. weight of containers inmoisture analysis. The standard test form has two parts, the first part pertain-ing to seed weight, moisture content and purity, and the second one pertainingto germination (Figs. A.1, A.2). Each sheet is indicated by seed lot number, seedsource name and reference number, and the species name as appears from thetest request submitted to the laboratory, and should follow the test result.A test normally starts with a purity test, since the pure seed fraction can thenbe used for other seed tests. A purity test is normally carried out on two repli-cates of 5–10 g, depending on seed size. For large seeds, up to 50–100 g may beapplicable. Once a clear ‘pure seed definition’ has been established, the twofractions are weighed separately and the percentage calculated. The weight ofthe container is not necessary for this calculation.

Determination of the 1,000-seed weight is carried out on pure seeds, e.g.those identified in the purity analysis can be used in order to save time. Formost seeds, eight replicates of 100 seeds are used. The number may be reducedfor very large seeds. The 1,000-seed weight is calculated as 10 times the averageof the eight replicates. A statistical variation coefficient is calculated for theresults: the smallest figure is subtracted from the largest one in order to calcu-late the range, which is used as a shortcut to calculate the standard deviation –the range is divided by 2.85, which is a table figure for n = 8. After the standarddeviation has been calculated, the variation coefficient is easily found as thepercentage of the average 100-seed weight. If this figure exceeds 4, the variationis too large (which could indicate a sample error), and the analysis should beredone.

Moisture content analysis is usually carried out on two replicates of 5–10 g,depending on seed size. Samples used for seed weight or purity analysis maybe used again for moisture content. The weight of the empty container isindicated as this figure must be used the following day after oven-drying tocalculate the loss of weight.

The final result of tests of purity, seed weight and moisture content is trans-ferred to seed test form II.

374 APPENDIX

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APPENDIX 375SE

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t sh

eet

The germination test is usually carried out on 50–100 seeds. Germinationmay be recorded once a week – for fast-germinating species more often and forslow-germinating species often with 1 or 2 weeks before the first count.Germination criteria should be established, e.g. whether there should be a fulldevelopment of a seedling or whether radicle protrusion, e.g. equal to thelength of the seed, is accepted as an indication of germination. The exact crite-ria are important for calculation of the speed of germination. Abnormal ger-mination is counted separately and entered in the column indicated by ‘c’. Afterthe end of the test period, non-germinated seeds are examined and classified invarious categories, b, d, e, f and g. Polyembryony (h) is indicated since this maygive rise to more than one seedling per seed, usually in species with severalmorphological seeds within an endocarp (Box 7.4).

The speed of germination is calculated as the germination percentage at onethird of the duration of the test.

At the bottom of the sheet there is room for information on germinationconditions, viz. pretreatment, germination temperature (ambient or degreescentigrade) and substrate (top of paper, sand, top of sand, etc.)

Observations of damage by insects, fungi or other types are classified as‘none’, ‘small’, ‘average’ or ‘large’.

376 APPENDIX

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Subject Index

AAbnormal seedling /plants, 221, 307, 312, 315Abortion, 14Abrading material, 92–93, 107, 203Abscisic acid (ABA), 167, 205, 239Abscission, 12–13, 58, 73, 172Absorption, 86, 127–128, 134, 136, 162–163,

180, 182, 203, 206–207, 213, 238, 242,248, 251–252, 255, 264, 278, 282

Accelerating ageing, 158–159, 319Accession number, 344–346Acetylene, 74Acid pretreatment, 208, 212, 221, 223–227Advanced line technique, 32, 36, 41–42,

47–49, 51, 56Aeration, 65, 97, 233, 238, 242, 261–263, 268,

271Aerobe decomposition, 97Afforestation, 28, 275, 277–278, 324–325, 327,

329After ripening, 12, 14, 71–75, 156, 207–208,

233, 236–237Aggregate fruit, 82–83Agricultural

department, 335seed, 69, 131, 138, 189, 196–197, 291, 335,

357, 359Agroforestry, 18, 35, 274–275, 277, 327, 359Air

compression, 99–100, 142condition, 178humidity, 73,84, 130, 133–134, 161–163,

178, 192–193water balance, 263

Air tight, 154, 162–163, 171, 180, 182, 341Alcohol, 58, 97, 126–127, 138

Altitude, 61, 148–149, 173, 185, 209, 233, 248,269, 333, 349

Ambient conditions, 84, 153, 161–163, 179,182, 185, 285, 310

Anaerobic decomposition See fermentationAngiosperms, 10, 77, 254, 256Animal dispersal, 10–12, 29, 79, 93Anoxia, 170, 238, 243, 253Ants, 20, 58–60, 104–106, 369Apomixes, 314Aril/arilate, 78, 82–83, 96, 103, 106, 202, 207,

215, 228–230, 365, 368–372Assimilation, 248Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA),

282, 285, 308, 316, 343, 357Atmosphere, 74, 136, 153, 162–164, 170, 187,

199, 299Authorisation, 356Availability, 22–23, 54, 163, 263, 275, 325, 351Azadiractin, 190

BBacteria, 70, 103, 183, 202, 271, 278–279,

307Ballistic devices, 48–49Balloon, 7Bare root plants, 262Basket, 62, 64, 74, 111, 117Berry, 367, 369–372Big shot catapult, 49, 51Biological pest management, 190–191Biotechnology, 29Blotting paper, 308, 321Boiling water dip, 88, 222Bruchids, 183–185, 189, 305Brushing machine, 92–93, 107, 368–369

Bulk collection, 30–31, 296Bulk pre-treatment, 215Bulk reduction, 75–76Burning, treatment, 20, 107, 137, 140, 208, 218,

222–223, 235–236, 264, 275, 322, 365Buttresses, 18–19, 42, 48

CCaches, 105Calibration, 131–132Cambium, 33Capsules, 12, 77–78, 80, 85, 88, 91, 130,

365–367Carabiner, 45, 48, 52, 57–58Carbon dioxide (CO2), 74, 187–189Case hardening, 74, 77, 85, 136Catapult, 48–49, 51, 56Cement mixer, 92, 103, 107, 220, 368Certificate/certification, 60, 110, 326,

343–344, 355, 360–363Certified seed, 343, 348Chaff, 88, 108, 116, 120, 128Chain saw, 40–41Chemical damage, 137, 202Chemical inhibitors See inhibitorsChilling, 202, 208, 233Chilling damage, 149, 158, 169Chlorinated hydrocarbon, 189, 340Cleaning, 24–25, 34, 67, 69–70, 91, 101,

103–104, 108–119Cleavage embryony, 314Climate, 20, 143, 147–148, 151, 178, 201,

259–260, 262, 276, 310, 348, 358Climbing, 1, 7–8, 16, 18–20, 22–23, 31, 35, 37,

39–40, 42–44, 46–48, 50–51, 55–61, 330Climbing spurs, 16, 23, 43–44, 46–47, 58–59Clonal seed orchard, 27Clones, 151, 314Clothing, 58, 224CO2 fumigation, See fumigationCoastal plants, 9Coating, 95, 197, 242–245Cold storage, 163–164, 172, 175–177, 179,

209, 233Cold stores, 173–174, 176–178, 288Collection from the ground, 20, 31, 171Collection from the crown, 7, 35–55Collection time, 12–15, 54, 347

Colour of mature fruits, 13, 73Compatibility, 14Competition, 8, 26, 263, 274–278, 329Composite sample, 289–292Compound fruit, 77–78, 80, 82, 88, 95, 366, 370Computerised systems, 340Conductivity test, 318–319Conservation, 3, 16, 28, 55, 144, 175, 327, 342Consumers, 323Consumption, 4, 69, 178, 298, 357, 370Container plants, 271Containers, 1, 62, 65, 77, 140–142, 154,

162–163, 173, 175, 177–181, 186, 193–194,224, 235, 242, 268, 286–290, 299, 373

Contamination, 24, 34, 65, 70, 130, 141, 248,286, 296

Control systems, 3Cotyledons, 137, 210, 218, 254–256, 301, 304,

306–307, 312, 315Critical moisture content, 145, 149, 165,

See also desiccation toleranceCritical water potential, See desiccation

toleranceCrop damage, 14–17Crossbow, 48, 49, 56Crown access, 7, 21Crown form, 18–19, 26Cryopreservation, 144, 148, 169Culling, 128, 344Custom, 362–363Customers, 2, 4, 108, 143, 323, 327–330,

332–333, 335–338, 340, 342, 346Cutting test, 74, 302–304, 306, 321

DDamaged seed, 126, 128, 193, 220, 303, 312Damping off, 191, 260, 263, 265–269Data management, 346–347Database, 164, 337, 342, 344, 346–348,

351–353Debris, 24, 34, 65, 67, 70–71, 108–115,

117–123, 125–126, 138, 262, 292,See also impurities

Decentralisation, 328Dehiscence, 12–13, 20, 73, 80, 84–85, 88, 90,

365–370Dehumidifier, 178Dehusker, 70, 103, 106

400 Subject Index

Dehydration, See dryingDehydrogenase, 253, 306Demand and supply, 325Denaturation of cell constituents, 159Deposits, 103, 105, 151Depulping, 77–78, 92–93, 95–103, 126,

140–141, 167, 207, 229–230, 365,370–372

Desiccation, 9, 67, 73–74, 78, 84, 96, 130,136–137, 139, 144–149, 151–152,155–156, 161–170, 182, 192, 205, 215,218, 242–243, 247, 249, 263, 269, 271,299, 302, 339, 341, 367

Desiccationchamber, 299intolerance, 137, 149rate, 78, 130, 139, 156, 161 167–169sensitivity, 145, 147–149, 165, 169tolerance, 139, 147, 149, 165–167

Desorption, 127, 134, 136, 282Destructive tests, 292Detergent, 98, 286Development, 1, 3, 12–13, 15, 21–23, 50,

71–72Development stage, 15, 152, 187De-winging, 67, 89, 92, 106–107, 138–139,

299, 366Dipterocarps, 9, 81, 106, 168, 203, 250, 256,

265–266, 269Direct sowing, 201, 228, 238, 242, 244, 249,

260–261, 274–278Disease, 16, 58, 110, 138, 181–183, 199, 248,

260, 263, 265, 267–270, 279, 294,342–343, 356–357, 361–362

Disinfection, 186Dispersal, 9–12, 14, 29–30, 71–72, 77–79, 89,

93, 96, 103, 105, 146, 148, 150, 171–172,182–183, 200, 202–203, 206–208, 215,229, 236, 249–250, 265, 267, 283, 293,295, 368–370

Distribution system, 1, 2, 69, 324–328, 335Documentation, See seed documentationDormancy, 1, 11, 72, 77–78, 96, 105, 199–237Dormancy breaking, 199, 203, 205, 208–209,

221, 232, 235, 242Double (/ combined) dormancy, 200, 207,

237Drainage, 234–235, 248, 261, 263–264, 311

Drupe, 10–12, 33, 76–78, 82–83, 95,97–98, 102, 190, 202, 204, 208, 210,227, 293, 304, 314, 365–368,370–372

Dryfruits, 12–13, 20, 62, 65, 73, 78–79, 82, 86,

88, 95–96, 139, 202, 230, 367–368weight, 72, 148, 152, 219, 299–300, 320zone species, 20, 148, 248, 252, 257–258,

273–274, 278Drying, 13, 65, 67–68, 72–73, 78Drying rate, See desiccation rateDurian type, 255–257Dust, 67, 108, 116, 139–140, 170, 189, 286

EEcotypes, 27, 29Ectoparasites, 183Elevated platforms, 18, 23, 35–37, 39–40Embryo, 13, 72, 77, 96, 126–127, 203–212,

236, 253–255, 304–308Embryo differentiation, 253–255Empty seed, 126–129, 285, 304–305, 315Endocarp, 11, 13, 75, 77–78, 206–207,

210–211, 214–215, 225, 304, 366,370–371, 376

Endogenous dormancy, See embryodormancy

Endoparasites, 183Endosperm, 13, 77, 137–138, 205, 230, 256,

299, 307, 367Energy, 5, 110, 133, 161, 171, 173–174,

176–178, 191, 251, 303, 316, 349Enzymes, 72, 156, 158–159, 183, 191,

253, 306Epicotyl, 255–256Epigeal germination, 255–257Epiphytes, 18–20, 23, 42, 48, 296Equilibrium moisture content, 130,

135–136Equipment, 1, 18, 21–23, 39, 42–43, 47, 49,

55–57, 59–60, 63, 68–69, 91–94, 111,139–142

Equipment adjustment, 49, 68, 90, 115Ethanol, See alcoholEtiolation, 269Evaporation, 73, 134, 272, 299Excised embryo, 169, 204, 302, 307–308

Subject Index 401

Exhaustion test, 319–320Exogenous dormancy, See seed coat

dormancyExotic species, 18, 362Extended pruners, 18, 20, 40, 56Extraction, 9, 11, 67–72, 74–106

biological, 95, 103–106mechanical, 70, 78, 88–92, 210, 314

FFacultative outcrossing, 14, 28Fan, 84, 86, 117–119Farmers, 22, 117, 323–324, 327–328, 330,

335–336, 339–340Farmland, 27–29Farmland seed sources, 27, 29Felled trees, collection from, 18, 52–54Female climbers, 23Fermentation, 82–83, 97, 137, 229, 371Fertilisation, 127, 236, 274, 314Fertiliser, 201, 242–244, 271, 276, 335Field conditions, 192, 242, 249, 259, 271,

274–275, 301, 316, 319, 360Field testing/field trials, 25, 323Filtered light, 231Fire, 49, 84, 87, 139, 188, 201–203, 208, 223,

240, 258–259, 371Fire prone areas, 201, 258–259Flailing, 79–80, 89–90, 370Fleshy fruits, 11–13, 64, 73–75, 77–78, 82,

94–97, 100, 105, 129, 200, 207, 228,309, 370, 372

Flexible saws, 18, 36, 41–42Floss, See hairsFlotation, 98–99, 109, 112, 126–128, 137–138,

365, 371Flotation medium, 126Flowering, 14–15, 27–28, 351Fluctuating temperature, 1, 69, 200,

209, 232Foreign seed, 67–68, 108Forest

industries, 326rehabilitation, 327seed sector, 2, 326–327soil, 262

Freeze drying, 146Fresh weight, 161, 298–300

Fruitlot, 70, 72structure, 75, 78, 205, 230, 304taxonomy, 77

Fruiting season/time, 11, 14–15, 20, 31, 351Fumigation, 138, 163, 170, 186–189, 194, 196,

268, 362Fungal infections, 138, 156, 170, 192, 195, 285Fungi, 24, 75, 103, 106, 145, 153–154, 158Fungicides, 137, 170, 183, 194–197, 242–244,

268, 311Funicle, 79–80, 87–89, 106, 213, 369–370Funnel, 22, 34–35, 119–220

GGene bank, 144Genetic

base, 30, 328, 348erosion, 29history, 29, 348improvement, See tree improvementquality, 2–5, 25–30, 127, 325–326, 329, 343,

347–348, 356–357technology, 29variation, 3, 27–29, 151, 347

Genotype, 17–18, 27, 284Genotype x environment interaction, 26, 156–157Geographical Information System (GIS), 340,

347, 352–353Germinating seeds, 191, 210, 232, 238, 258,

263, 264–265, 311Germination

boxes, 311capacity, 248, 285, 293, 315–316chamber, 286conditions, 110, 144, 158, 201–202, 207,

209, 213, 226, 236, 242, 247–248, 308,310, 316, 320, 322, 376

environment, 150, 248inhibitors, 77–78, 95–96, 167, 205,

228–229, 239, 367potential, 110, 308room, 310speed, 128, 171, 212, 239, 312, 316–318substrate(in appendix in fig), 311–312,

375test, 165, 283, 285–286, 292, 294, 300–304,

306–320, 375–376

402 Subject Index

Global position system (GPS), 61, 348–349Goats, 95, 104–105, 228Grading, 67, 111–112, 127–129Grass stage, 258–259Gravitropism, 266Gravity, 115–116, 118–122, 124, 266,

287–288Gravity cleaning, 116–119Gravity point, 115, 124Gunny bag, 74, 189, 339Gymnosperms, 10, 77, 83, 254, 256–257, 314

HHairs, 67, 92, 106–107, 137, 184, 295Hammer mill, 90–91, 106, 368–369Handling fee, 332, 362Hard seed, 90, 102, 105, 127, 131, 148, 183,

202–203, 206, 208, 213, 220, 227, 251,276, 251, 303, 307, 309, 315, See alsophysical dormancy

Hardening, 13, 136, 271, 274, 368Harness, 23, 43–45, 48, 50, 57–58Harvest seed, 2, 11, 15, 18, 52, 130, 161, 173,

282, 297, 327, 336, 351, See also seedcollection

Healthy seed, 7, 111, 126, 128, 193, 303Heat

damage, 137–138, 221–222transmission, 174–175, 178

Helicopters, 7Highland species, 168–169, 173, 212, 234,

310, 320Hilar valve, 136, 213Hilum, 136, 213–214, 219Hoisting system, 22Horizontal branches, 38, 51Hormones, 13, 191, 200, 238, 239–240Hot water treatment, 207, 221–222Hot wire burner, 218, 223Humidity, 20, 73–74, 84, 86, 110, 130,

132–134, 136, 153, 155, 159, 161–163,173, 175, 178, 181, 191–193

Hydration, 13, 168, 170–171Hydrogen peroxide, 195, 227, 302,

308–309Hygiene, 68, 90, 130, 142, 182, 193, 267, 286Hypocotyl, 255–256Hypogeal germination, 255–257

IIDS, 112, 129Imbibition, 146, 208, 219, 223, 250–252Imbibition rate, 252Immature

fruit, 15, 33, 71, 74, 152seed, 71, 127, 152, 181, 183, 185, 218, 302, 318

Impermeability, 206–207, 209, 213, 215, 251,See also hard seed, physical dormancy

Import restriction, 362–363Imported seed, 343Impurities, 67, 108–112, 128, 288, 292, 297,

See also debrisInbred seed, 14, 28–30, 307Inbreeding, 14, 27–30, 315Incentives, 323, 327, 353, 356, 360Incubation, 129, 184, 308, 321Indehiscence, 12, 79, 88Indented cylinder, 115–116Indigenous species, 332Induced dormancy, 202, 239Inert matter, See impurities, debrisInfections, 95, 192, 267, 311Information

technology, 1, 342seed, 342, 353

Ingestion, 11, 79, 97, 106, 202, 216, 228, 365Ingestive dispersal, 103, 105Inheritance (see genetics)Inhibitors, 11, 77, 96–97, 103, 202, 204–207,

228–230, 238–240, 307Innate dormancy, 199, 203, 206Inoculant, 195, 242, 278–279Inoculate/inoculation, 193, 243–244, 248,

276, 278–279, 354Insect damage, 302, 375Insect infestation, 14, 126, 321Insecticides, 189–190, 243Insects, 16, 27, 31, 58–59, 183–185Integument, 77Interaction, 138, 151, 156, 139, 326Intermediate, 7, 11, 68, 77, 95, 113, 118, 126,

146, 164–170, 192, 249, 256International Seed Testing Association

(ISTA), 130–131, 240, 249, 282, 285–321International transfer, 321, 338, 342, 360Internet, 333Isolation, 28–29, 173–174, 178

Subject Index 403

ISTA oven dry method, 131, 297–300ISTA rules, 282, 285, 287, 291–292, 298,

303–308, 312, 321

JJuvenile, 256

KKiln, 72, 81, 86–88, 130, 137

LLabelling, 62, 338Labels, 62, 140–141, 338, 346, 353Laboratory hygiene, See hygiene, 286Labour cost, 39, 69, 275Ladder, 35, 43, 48, 50Lamination, 341Land

races, 151–152, 350tenure, 327use efficiency, 249

Large seed, 108, 114, 177, 218, 291–292Leaching, 205, 208, 230Lechate conductivity, 318–319Legislation and regulation, 324–325, 342, 353,

356–363Legume seed, 213, 226, 251–252Licence, 55, 60Life cycle, 184–185Life processes, 155, 191, 250, 281, 306Light

adaptation, 256–259exposure, 15, 199, 208, 232regimes, 311sensitive seed, 202, 240, 263–264sensitivity, 205–206

Light-dark cycles, 232, 310Long

handled tools, 35–39, 56rotation species, 3, 324term storage, 151, 173, 175, 189, 283–284

Longevity, See storability, 151–153Lowest safe moisture content (LSMC), See

desiccation tolerance

MMaintenance, 57, 69, 203, 269, 274Mangrove species, 9, 148, 171, 203, 250

Manual extraction, 98, 210Market mechanisms, 323, 325Maturation drying, 72–73, 146, 155–156,

202, 250Maturity

criteria, 12–13stage, 52, 73, 159, 205, 318

Mechanicaldamage, 90, 91, 102, 128, 137–138, 180,

235, 243dormancy, 204–205, 209–212, 238extraction, 70, 88–92, 210sowing, 110, 128, 243–244

Mercury based fungicides, 194Metabolic activity, 155, 187, 249, 307Metabolic processes, 158, 166, 239, 251, 253Metabolism of stored seed, 154Microclimate, 262, 358Microorganism, 159, 181Micropyle, 213, 265Microsymbionts, 178, 243, 268, 278–279Mobile

cooling vans, 178processing-equipment, 69platforms, 39

Moist zone species, 248Moisture content

dry weight, 297–300fresh weight, 134–136, 161–163, 298–300

Moisturemanagement, 132meters, 130, 131–132, 293

Moisture retention (holding) capacity, Seewater retention capacity

Mortality, seed, 159Mortar, 95, 105, 220, 369Mother trees, 7, 18, 26, 28, 250, 323Mould, See fungiMultiple

embryos, 304, 314fruit, 371

Multi-seeded fruits, 314

NNaked prechilling, 236Natural seed fall, 31, 34Natural forest/stands, 16, 25–30, 327, 330, 344Natural regeneration, 27, 202, 260, 274

404 Subject Index

Necrotic tissue, 218, 301, 306, 322Net, collection, 34Naturalfall, 31, 34Network, 191, 323, 326–327, 333, 355Nitrogenous compounds, 200, 240Non-timber forest products, 327Normal germination, 207, 213, 301, 308,

321Nursery, 173, 260, 267, 272Nylon rope, 57

OOil, 136, 156, 197, 299Organophosphate, 189Orthodox, 8, 9, 11, 14, 72, See also desiccation

toleranceOscillating table, 119–121Osmopriming, See primingOutbreeding/outcrossing, 14, 27, 30, 328Ovary, 38, 370Oven drying, 130, 223, 298–299Overheating, 84–85, 341Over-treatment, 68, 200, 215, 225Oviposition, 184Ovules, 314Oxygen, See aerobe

PPacking material, 339Paracotyledons, 256Parent tree, See mother treePartial extraction, 75, 89Pathogens, 70, 110, 166, 181–195, 247, 262, 288Peak

flowering, 14germination, 318

Pedicel, 12–13Peduncle, 12–13Pelleting, 197, 201, 243–245, 279Pericarp, hardness, 89, See also hard seedPest and diseases, 248, 342, See also fungiPesticides, 194, 196, 244, 340, 362ph, 62, 225, 263–264Phanerocotylar, 256Phenology, 12–14Phenotypic

selection, 17–18thinning, 357

Pneumatic table separator, 122–124Photoassimilation, 255Photodormancy, 167, 230–232Photo-sensitive, See light sensitivePhysical dormancy, 209, 212–228, See also

hard seedPhysical process, 216, 251Physiological dormancy, 200, 203, 206, 212,

223, 308history, 287information, 342quality, 2, 5, 67, 248, 300, 343, 357

Phytochrome, 231–232, 248Phytosanitary

certificate, 343, 361–362legislation, 360treatment, 338

Pioneer species, 166, 230, 248, 257Plant propagation, 3, 239–240, 248Plantable size seedlings, 249Plantations, 3, 26, 27, 274, 348Planting

material, 1, 327, 358programme, 3, 296season, 143, 260

Planting zones, See seed zonesPlus tree, 26Poisonous fruits, 140Pole mounted hooks, 36Political priorities, 328Pollinators, 30Polyembryony, 314, 376Population structures, 29Populations, 27–29, 144Pounding, 105, 368Pre-chilling, See chillingPrecision equipment, 130, 296–297Pre-cleaning, 67, 70–71, 92Precocious germination, 148, 171, 250Pre-curing, See after ripeningPredation, 150, 156, 183, 203, 276Predicting storage life, 147Pre-germinated seed, 194Premature collection, 13–14, 72Pretreatment, 106, 199–200, 207, 217–244PREVAC, 112, 128Primary dormancy, See innate dormancyPrimary samples, 289, 291

Subject Index 405

Priming, 241–243Probit viability, 284Processing, 1, 8, 11, 67–142Procurement cost, 330–332Producers, 323, 325–326, 355Production, 8, 17, 26, 30, 144, 203, 261,

323–324, 326, 345, 351Profit, 3, 330, 332, 356Propagation material, See Plant propagationPropellers, See fansProteins, 13, 152Provenance, 27, 29, 105, 152, 161, 287, 332,

338, 347–348, 350Pruning, 12, 15, 272–274, 278Prussic loop, 44, 48, 51Pure

seed definitions, 295seeds, 292, 297, 373

Purity, 108, 110, 281, 292–296, 373

QQuality

control, 3, 325parameter, 297seed, 1, 6, 25, 30, 39, 153, 323, 328, 359test, 281, 343

Quiescence, 150, 169, 249

RRadicle development, 308Radicle emergence/protrusion, 241, 248, 250,

254, 255, 376Rake, 52–54, 371Recalcitrance, 9, 165, 168Recalcitrant seed, 9, 14, 130, 136, 137, 144, 149,

156, 166–167, 182, 188, 192, 260, 333Reference numbers, 344, 346Reforestation, 3, 278Refrigerators, 175–179Regeneration strategy, 256, 260Regulations, See rules and regulationsRehabilitation, 3, 228, 278Relative humidity (RH), 84, 86, 130, 132–134,

136, 163, 173Repair and turnover, 166, 249, 253Replicates, 287, 297, 373Representative, 287, 291, 325

Rescue operations, 60Research and development, 325, 327Residual pulp, 103, 368Resin, 16, 14, 87, 139, 370Resistance, 16, 118, 192, 199, 206, 238, 248Respiration, 137, 145, 155, 162, 181, 261, 263,

270, 339Riffle, See shootingRinsing, 224, 230Ripening, See maturation, after ripeningRoot

pruning, 272–273, 278respiration, 270wrenching, 272

Rope ladder, 50Rot, 57, 74, 253, 267Rotating brushes, 34, 107Rules and regulations, 351, 353–363

SSaddle, 23, 43, 57Safety

belts, 23, 47, 57strop, 45, 47

Salinity, 248Samara, 10, 81, 89, 106, 372Sample, 287–291Sample divider, 290, 292Sampling, 61–62, 287–292Saprophytes, 192satellite population, 29Saturation point, 134Scarification, 213, 215, 218–220, 230Scorching, 82, 223, 371Screening, 112Seasonal/seasonality, 14, 20, 173, 311Seasonal climate, 143, 201, 259, 310Secateurs , 52, 59, 210Secundary dormancy. See induced dormancySeed

ageing, 301, 155–160bearing structures, 77bed, 191blower, 118, 120borne diseases, 192, 263, 265–269borne fungi, 182borne pathogens, 182, 288, 315

406 Subject Index

calogues, 333, 337cleaning, 108–207coat, 13, 77–78, 80coat dormancy, 202, 206coat hardness, 89, 215–217demand, 281, 296, 324, 328–329deterioration, 158, 283, 285, 319distribution, 326, 335–336, 353, 356documentation, 1, 61–62, 338, 340–343,

345–347, 356fungi, See fungigrading, 127–129health, 285, 321lot, 30, 61–62, 67–70, 98, 108–112market, 332moisture, See moisture contentmoisture meters, 130–131, 293oil, 190Orchard, 330, 343, 345–346, 348, 351–357orders, 352, 332, 333, 337, 339, 356orientation, 113, 211, 265–266pool, 201, 205position, 210, 264predation, 275–276price, 22, 39, 327, 330, 332–333processing, 8, 67–141procurement, 3, 7–8, 22, 143, 179, 279,

330–331Production, 8, 15, 30, 144, 179, 203, 323,

326, 328, 351production area, 17, 21, 344–345, 352, 354Propagation, See Plant propagationquality, 2, 6, 14, 22, 30, 70, 73, 137, 158,

281, 285, 301, 305, 343–344, 353–354,356–360, 362

records, See seed documentationresearch, 1, 281–282, 325size, 68, 99, 108, 115, 127–128, 196, 243,

265, 287–288, 291–292, 296, 373source information, 347, 351–352, 354sources, 3, 8, 20–22, 27, 29, 33–34,

323–325, 328, 330, 344–345, 351,353–357

stock, 143, 336–337storage, 105, 143–144, 146, 150, 152–154,

156, 167, 172, 176–177, 183–191,281–283, 330, 342

stores, seed store rooms, 24, 171–174,178–179

supplier, 2, 69, 143, 175, 324–327, 328–330,332–333, 337–338, 342–343, 345–346,351, 355–356, 362–363

supply system, 1, 143, 171, 324–325,326–327, 340

technology, 1, 3, 68, 342testing, 110, 130–131, 200, 240, 281–283,

285–287, 290–294, 296–297, 300, 302,305–306, 308, 310, 315, 338, 342–343,353–354, 355–357, 373

trade, 108, 110, 281, 344, 358transmitted diseases, 182treatment, 164, 170, 186–188, 193–194,

230, 340, 354trees, See mother treesusers, 2, 178, 281, 324, 328–329, 333, 342,

353viability, See viability, seedvigour, 315, 320weight, 15, 249, 281–283, 285–286,

292–293, 297–299, 354, 357, 373zone, 340, 347, 352, 354–355, 358

Seedling establishment, 127, 200–201, 238,242, 256–259, 296

Seedling seed orchard, 345, 357Seedling survival, 150, 199, 201, 215,

230–231, 264Seedlings 70, 127, 138, 172, 182, 192, 195,

201–203, 221, 238, 247–249, 315–316,320–321

Selection pressure, 29Self pruning, 12, 18, 26Selfing, See inbreeding, 28Senescence, 155Serotinous fruits, 86–88Shade management, 269Shaking, 13, 15, 20, 22, 30–34, 79, 112,

118–119, 366, 369–370Shaking branches, 37Sheet, 22, 34, 52, 62, 65, 85, 112, 114, 186,

268, 278, 346, 351, 373–374, 376Shooting, 18, 48–49, 54–56Shoot-root balance, 257–258Short rotation species, 3, 323Sifting, 106, 111–113, 115, 365, 368

Subject Index 407

Silica gel, 136, 146, 162, 299Simple test, 281, 283Site-source matching, 27, 29, 340, 347,

355–356, 358–359Sloping terrain, 21, 39, 276Small bags, 335–336, 339–340Small seed, 9, 18, 24, 65, 69, 98, 112, 118, 127,

131, 134, 136–137, 176–178, 244, 252,261, 264–265, 276, 289, 296, 302, 304,307, 328, 339

Smallholders, 2Smoke, 201, 240Soaking, 95, 97, 100, 137, 140, 212, 216, 217,

221–222, 225–227, 237–240, 354, 365–372Soaking and drying, 230, 237Soaking in water, 97, 171, 209, 216, 221, 238,

354, 369Sodium hypochlorite, 195, 212, 311, 368Softening (of pulp), 100, 371Soil

acidity, 263seed bank, 151, 203, 251, 346sterilisation, 248, 268structure, 252, 261–264

Somatic embryogenesis, 314South Dakota Seed Blower, 120Sowing medium, 264Sowing seed, 67, 78, 235, 242, 244, 247–276,

310–315, 336Spacing, 17, 26, 249, 268, 354Species codes, 344Species distribution, 358Species diversity, 3, 8Standard test, 281–282, 287, 291, 302, 308,

315, 373Stands, 17, 25, 28, 35, 330, 348, 354Statocytes, 266Steel wire, 50Stem damage, 16Sterilisation, 186, 195, 248, 268Sticky pulp, 98, 103, 230Storability, 12, 68, 71, 75, 77–78, 85, 106, 108,

127, 144–145, 147, 151, 161, 167, 169,179, 209, 282

Storagecondition, 110, 129, 145, 147–148, 153,

158–161, 164, 166, 170–171, 183–184,186, 282–285, 319

containers, 1, 65, 142, 175, 177, 179–181facilities, 144, 161, 337–338material, 72, 151period, 67, 72, 129, 151–152, 154, 159, 161,

163, 175, 179physiology, 144–150potential, See storabilityresources, mobilisation of, 249

Store rooms, 23, 162, 171–173, 175–177, 179,180, 186

Stratification, See also chillingpit, 234cold moist, 209, 233, 242warm moist, 212, 237

Stressfactors, 158, 264, 308, 319test, 301, 319–320tolerance, 257, 259

Strophiole, 213, 215Submitted sample, 289–292, 294Subsidies, 325, 332, 356Sub-test, 292Sulphuric acid, 212, 223–224, 226–227, 321Surface/volume ratio, 116, 126, 252Survival curve, 154, 159

TTarget specificity, 192, 279Tarpaulin, 18, 20, 34, 52, 62, 65Taxonomy, 77, 200Technical accessories, 8Technology, 1, 3, 29, 68–69, 101, 304–305, 342Telescope poles, 23Temperature

fluctuation, 20, 208, 262–263, 269, 275,310, 332

regulation, 301, 310Termites, 60, 104–106, 208Test design, 287Testing rules, See ISTA rulesTetrazolium, 74, 253, 302, 304, 306–307Thermodormancy, 205, 207–209, 230,

233–237, 239, 251, 309Thiourea, 240Threshing, 70, 78–80, 90, 92–93, 95, 137, 139,

366, 369, 371Throw bag, 138Time span, 2–3

408 Subject Index

Timing of collection, See Collection timeTissue culture, 3, 8Tolerance range, germination conditions, 248Tool heads, 23, 53Tool line, 52, 57, 59, 62Top heavy, 257, 272Top pruning, 272–274Toxic metabolites, 145, 153, 156, 158, 166, 191Toxin, 183Transition, 89, 247–249, 307–308, 358–359Transmission lines, 56Transparent, 84–85, 311, 339, 341–342Transplanting, 262, 270, 277Transplanting beds, 268, 271Transport, 22, 62, 67, 69, 75, 77, 110, 158, 172,

247, 264, 326, 328, 330–331, 337–339,362–363

Tree bicycle, 18, 42–47Tree defects, 58Tree improvement, 8, 26, 87, 144, 326–327,

342, 357Tree planters, 327, 333Tree selection, See phenotypic selectionTree shaker, 33–34Trials, 2, 25, 27, 141, 175, 181, 228, 324, 343,

347, 362Triers, 288, 291Tumbler, 71, 91–92Turnover and repair mechanism, 156–158, 301

UUnder-developed embryo, 72, 205, 207, 233,

236–237, 304Under-treatment, 68Urban forestry, 23

VVacuum collection, 24, 34, 296Variance, 248, 287, 292, 297Vegetative propagation, 3, See also Plant

propagationVehicle rooftop, 18, 39Ventilation, 58, 74, 84, 134, 139, 170, 174,

235, 268

Viability, 272, 281–282equations, 283test, 159, 253, 300–302, 307, 309, 315, 321

Vibrator separator, 120–122Vigour, 127, 138, 147, 158, 166, 183, 221,

239–240, 248, 285, 296, 301–302,315–321

test, 285, 316, 321Vines, 18Virus, 183Viviparous, 148, 150, 165, 172, 249, 256, 277,

371Vivipary, 148, 171, 249–250

WWalk in cold stores, 177Washing, 78, 82–83, 95, 97–99, 101–103, 212,

229–230, 261, 286, 309, 368–369,371–372, See also rinsing

Wasp, 20, 59–60Water

absorption capacity, 86, 248logging, 266, 271potential, 149, 251–252pressure, 82, 97–100, 238, 248, 251,

365–366, 369–370, 372retention (/ holding) capacity, 261–262stress, 257, 260, 262, 320shed management, 3, 327

Weeding, 275Wetting, 88, 106–107, 141, 162, 244, 251, 341,

367Wind dispersal, 9, 203Winged seed, 76, 106, 112, 266, 288, 365Wings, 9–10, 67, 73, 76, 81, 92, 106–107Winnowing, 108–109, 111, 116–118, 365,

368Winnowing chamber, 119Working sample, 289, 291–292, 294, 296,

298

XX-radiography, 303–306, 321

Subject Index 409