Appendix 1List of Mathcad Worksheets

3.1 MCD-WS The Triode Gain Stage Amp3 with RIAA Networks

5.1 MCD-WS The Solid-State Gain Stage Amp4 with RIAA Networks

7.1 MCD-WS The Op-Amp + Transformer Driven Output Stage Amp5

9.1 MCD-WS The Transformer + OP-Amp Driven Amp1 (Real Data)9.2 MCD-WS The Transformer + OP-Amp Driven Amp1 (Data Sheet Data)

11.1 MCD-WS Evaluation of the 1/f-Noise Corner Frequency of a 2SA1316 BJT11.2 MCD-WS Evaluation of the 1/f-Noise Corner Frequency of a 2SC3329 BJT11.3 MCD-WS Amp2 SN and Gain Calculations—1/f-Noise Based Version

14.1 MCD-WS BJT/Op-Amps Driven MC Input Stage with Un-Balanced Inputand Balanced Output

14.2 MCD-WS BJT/Op-Amps Driven MC Input Stage with Balanced Trans-former Input and Balanced Output

14.3 MCD-WS Fully Triode Driven MC/MM Input Stage with TransformerMC-Input and Balanced Output

18.1 MCD-WS The UBC (Un-Balanced-to-Balanced Converter)18.2 MCD-WS The PMMA (Fully-Differential Measurement Amp)18.3 MCD-WS The PFMA (Galvanically Isolated Measurement Amp)

20.1 MCD-WS The Un-Balanced Version (MM Noise Reduction)20.2 MCD-WS The Balanced Version (MM Noise Reduction)

23.1 MCD-WS DIFA-OPA (Differential Amps)23.2 MCD-WS DIFA-IC (Differential Amps

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016B. Vogel, Balanced Phono-Amps, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-18524-8

391

Appendix 2Useful Literature and Web Sites

Books

“Electronic Circuits, Handbook for Design and Application”U. Tietze, C. Schenk, 2nd Edition, Springer 2008ISBN 978-3-540-00429-5Abbreviation in this book: T/S

It is the translated version of the 12th German edition of “Halbleiter-Schaltungstechnik”, 2002, ISBN 3-540-42849-6 (13th edition in 2010)

The accompanying CD-ROM also covers data sheets and simulation softwares likeMicroSim V8.0

“Low-Noise Electronic System Design”C. D. Motchenbacher, J. A. Connelly, John Wiley & Sons 1993ISBN 0-471-57742-1Abbreviation in this book: M/C

“Self on Audio”Douglas Self, Newnes 2000ISBN 0 7506 4765 5Abbreviation in this book: D/S

“Small Signal Audio Design”Douglas Self, Focal Press, Elsevier 2010ISBN 978-0-240-52177-0

“Intuitive IC OP Amps”Thomas M. Frederiksen, National’s Semiconductor Technology Series 1984

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016B. Vogel, Balanced Phono-Amps, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-18524-8

393

“How to Gain Gain”Burkhard Vogel, Springer 2013, 2nd editionISBN 978-3-642-33032-2Abbreviation in this book: HTGG-2

“The Sound of Silence”Burkhard Vogel, Springer 2008, 1st editionISBN 978-3-540-76884-5Abbreviation in this book: TSOS-1

“The Sound of Silence”Burkhard Vogel, Springer 2011, 2nd editionISBN 978-3-642-19773-4Abbreviation in this book: TSOS-2

Web Sites

www.tubedata.info/This web site covers nearly all valve data sheets

www.sengpielaudio.com/This web site covers sound studio and audio calculations in English and German

www.7a.biglobe.ne.jp/yosh/recspecs.htm“Personal notes on record specifications”Website with a great collection on IEC/DIN audio specs

Magazines

Electronics World (ex Wireless World, ex Electronics and Wireless World)www.electronicsworld.co.uk

Elektor Electronicswww.elektor.de (D)www.elektor.com (UK)

394 Appendix 2: Useful Literature and Web Sites

Linear Audiowww.linearaudio.net (NL)

Tube CAD Journalwww.tubecad.com (US)

Appendix 2: Useful Literature and Web Sites 395

397© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016B. Vogel, Balanced Phono-Amps, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-18524-8

Index TSOS-1(Subjects and Personality's Names)

Symbols

µA723 197, 3111/f-noise 19, 59, 922N2905A 1972N3055 1972N4403 1932SC2546E 29, 38, 124, 158ff2SJ74 562SK170 56ff2SK289 673rd octave 1263rd octave band measurement 153

Numbers

5532 187ff5534 186ff7308 299

A

absolute room temperature 183active solution 241ffactive-passive solution 238ffAD536 155, 279ffAD797 123, 314Adam, Wilfried 54, 155, 291admittances 156AEG-Telefunken 75A-filter transfer function 164AMP 155, 165amplifier noise model 18AN-104 135, 149, 157AN-222 159, 160AN-346 240ANSI 291anti-aliasing filter 291anti-RIAA transfer 9,11, 279, 295anti-RIAA transfer function 10, 135argument 157A-weighting 112A-weighting filter CCIR 279ff

A-weighting filter NAB 297ffA-weighting filters 182, 183

B

balanced 86balanced (b) solutions 250balanced cable connections 299balanced in/balanced out 251balanced in/un-balanced out 251base spreading resistance 36,54,159ffBateman, Cyril 200Baxandall, P. J. 159BC212B 135, 144benchmark 182BFW16A 124, 193BJT 36, 119BJT noise model 36BNC 168, 305Boltzmann's constant 21, 157, 183Brüggemann, Albert 82, 126, 324BUF603 297BUVO 187

C

Cale, JJ 324cartridge equivalent model 154cartridge loading capacitor 168cascoded 66cathode input resistance 76CCIR 291, 295CE gain stage noise model 51CE stage 48Chebyshev 155, 292cinch 305Clapton, Eric 324CLIO 40 279CLIO 6.5, 6.5 151, 155, 279ffCLIO AD converter 291Connelly, J. A. 17contribution allowed 42ffcooling 169correction factor 140CS gain stage 63ffCu 126Cu master 128 ffcutting technologies 125

398398 Index TSOS-1

D

Dael, J. W. van 164, 245degrees 157Denon DL-103 3, 121, 181, 197Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft 5, 168deviation 13, 233, 246ffDMM (technology) 125, 140, 141, 325DOSE 186draft design 104

E

E188CC 299Early voltage 69ELC-131D 155Elector Electronics 81, 151, 155, 245ELMA 311Emerick, Geoff 299engine diagram 304Epcos 200equivalent transformer circuit 110, 189example calculations 52, 70, 76, 89,

91, 99, 100, 111excess noise 34, 52experience electronics 187

F

fab 4 (The Beatles) 299FETs 55ffFFT 190, 281, 319fffilter bank 291fffisher electronic 305flicker noise 19formulae method 247ffFrederiksen, Th. M. 86, 291Friedemann 324full speed 324

G

gain loss of the transformer 109ffGevel, Marcel van 150, 154, 161groove 3

H

half speed 324headers 314heaters 85HM 412 155Hood, John Linsley 229HP 331 A 155hum 83ff, 298, 305, 319

I

IEC 11, 182, 314impedance measurement 151impedance network 156impedance transfer 108in-amp 93ffin-amp IC circuitry topologies 102ffin-amp IC topology type 1 102in-amp IC topology type 2 103in-amp noise model 95ffin-amp type 2 topology 251INA103 102inductance 54,181insertion loss 234 ff

J

J113A 144J37 (Studer tape recorder) 299JAES 7Jensen 187 ffJensen Transformers 107JFET noise model 58JFETs 55,119,120JLH 229Johnson noise 21Jones, Morgan 81JT-346-AX 123ffJT-346-AXT 314JT-347-AXT 124jumpers 314

K

Kay, Sharon xKruithof, J. A. 164, 245

L

L-Com 305lacquer (technology) 125LF356 144Linn Linto 182 ffLM317/337 197LM394 32,161,193logarithmic converter 285 fflow-noise BJTs 45 fflow-noise measurement pre-amplifier 154low-noise valves 74low-noise vinyl records 324low-noise in-amp 104LT1028 155, 285Lundahl 187

399Index TSOS-1 399

M

M44G 150, 168magnitude 156manufacturer's data 150Massey, Howard 299MAT02 44,124,193MathCad 149 ffMC cartridge 3, 181MC cartridge noise 182ffMC phono-amp 304MC phono-amp noise 182ffMcCormick, Tom 55MCD 149ffmeasurement amp 158, 165, 279, 285measurement filters 279microphones 299Miller capacitance 64Miller-C 122, 230ff, 236ffMM cartridge 3, 149ffMM cartridge data 150MM cartridge noise 154ffMM phono-amp 190, 304module 1 304, 309, 321ffmodule 2 304, 311, 320, 324module 3 304, 313Mogami 193Motchenbacher, C. D. 17MOTHER 126, 136Mu-metal 86mutual conductance 38, 68

N

NAB 291, 295NAB-A-Filter 155Neumann 127Neumann phono-amp PUE 74 135Neumann PUE 7 144, 169Neumann VMS-80/DMM 127Neutrik 193noise contribution 42, 314noise current 18, 59noise current sources parallel-connected 23noise current sources series connected 23noise factor 28, 43noise figure 28, 60, 61noise figure approach 112noise gain 92noise index 34noise measurement system 279noise model 79noise resistance 72noise spectrum 85

noise voltage 18, 59, 72, 73noise voltage approach 111noise voltage densities 201noise voltage sources parallel-connected 23noise voltage sources series-connected 22Nordholt, E. H. 7Nyquist 21, 183

O

Okhams's Razor 49, 154op-amp noise model 88, 90op-amps 86OP27 19ff, 31, 89, 91, 197OPA604 151, 296OPA627 313, 314optimal source resistance 30, 62, 116Ortofon RMA-297 127Ortofon Rondo 197Ortofon Samba 123overload 236

P

Panasonic (FC/25V) 197paralleling 24passive solution 228ffPauler, Günter 126, 325peak velocity 168phase angle 156phase measurement 151phono-amps 6ff, 140ffPikatron 187ffpotential-free 299power supply 192, 197, 289, 304, 311pre-amps 3, 313pre-pre-amp 3primary 110pSpice 13,153PSU 1 … 3 304PSU-4 305purpose 3

Q

Quad 84

R

radians 157RCA 305rectifier 285ffreduced mutual conductance 63

400400 Index TSOS-1

relay control 318resistor noise 21results 167, 196, 200, 235, 303, 319RIAA 5RIAA decoder 295RIAA encoder 295RIAA equalization 155, 165RIAA networks 227RIAA phono amp engine 303ffRIAA time constant 227RIAA transfer 5, 9, 11, 183, 190, 193,

197, 227, 279, 295ffRIAA transfer function 10, 163, 227Ricker, Stan 324RTA 190

S

Schenk, C. 17secondary 110Self, Douglas 17,184ff, 196sensitivity 168sequence 26Sergeant Pepper's 299series configuration 87series mode 245S-filter 185ff, 285, 294Sheingold, D. H. 86, 161Sherwin, Jim 149, 157shot noise 291shunt configuration 87shunt mode 243Shure V15 V MR 3, 5, 314Signal-to-Noise Ratio 33SME 3012 127Smith, L. 86, 161SN by simple means 183SN calculations 162SN-factors 184solid-state approach 193SON 126sound 197, 200, 324Sowter187ffspectral noise voltage density 290, 323ffSRPP 66,81ff, 236SSM2017 103, 313ffSSM2210 32, 105, 193stereoplay 84ffStockfisch Records 126, 325stray-C 230ffStuder 299

succ-apps method 245ffsum of two SNs 139

T

Talema toroidal transformer 197tape recorder 299Taylor, E. F. 190Taylor, F. 294Teldec 126, 140Telefunken 71, 135fftemperature 169test circuit for i/p capacitances 196test record 5, 168test terminal 282THAT 300 104THAT 320 104Tietze, U. 17transfer factor 138transformer driven MC phono-amp 190fftransformer equations 108fftransformer noise model 108fftransformer solution 187transformers 106ffTSD15 (EMT) 127Tube CAD Journal 82tubes 71turns ratio 106Twin-BNC 193, 305

U

U87 (microphone) 299un-balanced (ub) solutions 228ff

V

V15II 127V15III 150V15IV 150V15V 136valve noise model 71valve power supplies 83valves 71, 119VALVO 75velocity 125, 181Vierzen, R. M. van 7vinyl record 3, 125ffvinyl record noise 126ffVitilec 305VMS-80/DMM 127

401Index TSOS-1 401

W

Walker, H. P. 149, 243weighted 69weighting filters 33Whitlock, Bill 299Williams, A. 294WIMA MKP4/10 200

wiring 193wobble speed 298worst case 139

X

XLR 305

403

Index TSOS-2(Subjects and Personality's Names)

Symbols

π-model (BJT) 55π-network (power supplies) 144µA723 337, 680µ-F 368ffµ-follower 122, 131ff, 193, 368ff, 3751/f-corner-frequency 33, 102ff1/f-noise 31ff, 66, 77ff, 97ff, 160,

293, 396, 6212N3055 3372N2905A 3372N4403 63ff, 3332-pham 368ff, 3832-pham (example) 391ff2SA1083E, F 63ff2SA1316BL 65ff, 6902SB737S 63ff2SC2546E, F 44, 57ff, 63ff, 73, 82ff, 195,

293ff, 6892SC3329BL 65ff, 6902SC550 332SJ74 77, 832SK170 77ff, 82ff2SK389 83, 89, 1943-pham 368ff3-pham (example) 397ff3rd octave 202, 286ff, 38326dB boundary 41445° modulation, modulated 5, 18ff45°/45° modulation 18ff6BK8 1016SN7 1086J5 1086KX8 1407DJ6 9712AU7 108, 367, 37212AT7 108, 37212AX7 108, 37220Hz hp 687

Numbers

2549 (Mogami) 332, 6775532 (op-amp) 327

5534 ( " ) 3256276 (pentode) 1016922 (double-triode) 97, 108ff, 3727308 (double-triode) 60110 99 112 (test record) 5, 303

A

absolute temperature 292, 322AC/DC-conversion 613active anode load 368active devices 40active-passive 2-step solution 519active 1-step solution 522Adam, Wilfried 59, 74, 289, 573, 615admittances 290Adventure: Noise 283AD53 290, 560, 576AD745 6AD797 198, 622, 677, 687A-DIN certified 586AEG 106A-filter 102, 367A-filter transfer 299A-filter-weighting 83Al-box 300Al plug-in box 8AMP 300ffamps 3ffamplifier chain 3amplifier noise model 32amplifying stages 41AN-104 (Nat. Sem.) 204, 283, 292AN-222 (Nat. Sem.) 293, 332, 680AN-346 (Nat. Sem.) 520Analog Devices 34ff, 175, 290analog meter 576analog solution 643Analogue Dialogue 296anode current 690anode load 122anode load resistance 110anode power lines 141fANSI 50, 102, 299, 559arm (circuits) 560, 613anti-alias filter 588, 591, 602anti-alias filter (CLIO) 595anti-phase 18anti-RIAA (ARIAA) 341, 634, 642anti RIAA transfer 9, 204, 597ffanti RIAA transfer function 9ff

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016B. Vogel, Balanced Phono-Amps, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-18524-8

404404 Index TSOS-2

Application hints (National Semic.) 605argument 291arm circuits 613fARIAA 634, 644ARIAA network 642AS040 186, 329audio analyzer 118audio band 33AUDIOMATICA Srl 286, 595, 643Audio Precision 584, 619, 628, 643audio spectrum 51Audio.TST 619average noise voltage density 7averaging 329average 35average noise resistance 139average spectral noise voltage density 102average reading meter 560, 570average single frequency component 581A-weighting 50, 152, 566, 617ffA-weighting term 186A-weighting application (silly) 609ffA-weighting filters 320ff, 593A-weighted SN 299

B

B32652 (capacitor) 340balanced amplifier 122balanced cable connections 600balanced gain stage 134fbalanced input 7balanced solutions (RIAA network) 531band-pass filter (hum figure) 636base 55base spreading resistance 55ff, 74fBateman, C. 340Baxandall, P. J. 55, 293BC109C 579BC212B 205, 220BD 679, 680 300benchmarks 320Berliner, Emil 17BFW16A 64, 198f, 333bin(s) 582bin width 588bipolar junction transistor 6, 55ffBJT 6, 32, 55ffBJT noise model 55blocks 402ffBloehbaum, F. 95BNC connectors 300, 676Boltzmann's constant 6, 100, 292, 322BRAUN 621brick wall filter 602ff

Brüggemann 144btb-elektronik (internet) 738BUF634 336buffer 336Burr-Brown 176, 220Butterworth 559ff, 591, 605ff, 687Butterworth band-pass 602, 604BUVO 327ffbypassed 86, 109ffbypassed cathode resistor 121bypassing capacitance 102

C

cable capacitance 93calculated deviation (2- & 3-pham) 397, 399calculation approach (2-& 3-pham) 385ffcalculation approachA (2-& 3-pham

examples) 401ffcalculation by blocks (2-pham) 402ffcalculation by blocks (3-pham) 404ffcalculation method(s) (valves) 379, 407Cale, JJ 703calibration process 220calibration record 20camouflage(s) 583capacitance load of MM cartridge 88capacitors 39cartridge equivalent circuit 18cartridge equivalent model 287fcartridge impedance 285cascoded gain stage 89ffcascoded SRPP 91cathode current sink 134cathode follower 21, 368ffcathode input resistance 107cathode resistance noise 107cartridge 3CCA 122, 374ff, 402CCIR 468-(Filter) 290, 559, 586, 633, 642CCIR-1kHz 566CCIR-2kHz 566CCIR-A-Filter 593CCG 120ffCCS 368ffCCSCF 368ff, 409CE stage 67CF 128ff, 368ffCFA 128ff, 591Chebyshev 559ff, 605ff, 23, 641Chebyshev hp 289, 324, 622, 641cinch 676circuit worsening factor 140circuitry topology (in-amp) 174ffClapton. E. 703

405Index TSOS-2 405

CLIO 286ff, 560ffCLIO noise performance 576coil inductance 45, 319coil resistance 183, 327coil turns 328coil windings 183collector 55collector current 32ff, 45, 58f, 82common anode 95common base 60common cathode 95common cathode stage 95, 108, 368ffcommon collector 60common drain 77common emitter 60common gate 77common grid 95common plate 95common source 77comparison (measurement results) 610Connelly, J. A. 31, 66, 737constant current generator (valve) 120ffcontribution allowed 61ff, 88, 560confusion 565ffcooling 304corner frequency 81, 85, 88, 97ff, 367ff, 602ffcorner frequency changing factor 104correction factor (cartridges) 217correction factor(s) 602ffcorrelated 36, 134, 631cross-section 18ffCS-configuration 86CSRPP 91CSV60 621Cu layer 214Cu master 202Cu material 214current feedback 67ffcurrent feedback op-amps 153current noise index 50, 372, 409fcurrent mirror 329current sink 134customer confusion 586ffcutting (vinyl) 9cutting modulations 17ffcutting possibilities viicutting process 9cutting technologies 201

D

Dael, J. W. van 299, 526, 528Dangerous Music 632

Darlington transistors 300data sheet 19, 33DC power supply 576DC resistance 19decade 50Decca 203decode 9decoder 559decoding 10decoding mode 12decoding process 9decoding transfer function 11degrees (converted from rad) 291definite frequency bandwidth 297Denon 3, 20ffDenon GmbH 21, 26derivation (arm vs. rms) 570Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft 5, 303deviation 14ff, 404, 512ffdeviation area 637deviation (CCIR transfer) 597deviation tolerance 637differential amplifier 122differential gain stage 134fdifferentiation 75differentiator 12digital meter 576digitisation 319DIN 5DIN-IEC 651 559, 586DIN EN 61672-1 586DIN 0dB (level) 22, 25, 185, 303DIN 45405 559, 586ffDIN 45535/6 11DIN standard 8direct metal mastering (DMM) 201distortion analyzer 290distortion artefacts 142, 631DL-103 3, 20ff, 185, 319, 337, 690DL-103R 25fDL series (Neutrik) 676DMM 201, 220ff, 703DMM process 202Dolby arm approach 612ffDolby, R. 566, 593DOSE 324ffdraft design (in-amp) 177fdraft design (JFET) 93draft design (valve) 151D/S 31double-triode(s) 110ff, 368ffdrain 77drain current 32

406406 Index TSOS-2

E

E88C 375E88CC 97, 105, 108ff, 372E188CC 601ear 3Early voltage 91EC8010 414EC92 375ECC81 108, 372ECC82 108, 367, 372ECC83S 108, 372ECC88 97, 7f, 17ECC808 140ECF80 621Edison, Alva 17EF86 101EL84T 134ELC-131-D 290electron (elementary) charge 100Elector Electronics 101, 176, 286, 289, 739Electronics World x, 101, 739Elektor 176, 299, 526, 739ELMA 679Emerick, G. 601Emerson 332emitter 55emitter bulk resistor 55emitter resistor 55EMT TSD15 203, 214ENB 138, 322encode 9encoder 559encoding mode 12engine 671ffengine diagram 672fengine functions 672ffengine performance 693ffEngineering Note 1.2 565Epcos (capacitor) 340equalization 297equalization factor 322equalized 49, 299equalizing effects 5, 49equalizing network 559equivalent circuit(s) 35ff, 182, 327equivalent gate noise current density 80equivalent grid noise current density 95fequivalent noise bandwidth viii, 138, 322,

566ff, 602ffequivalent noise current density BJT 56equivalent noise current density triode 96equivalent input noise sources 32equivalent input rms noise voltage EIN 99

equivalent noise voltage density BJT 56equivalent noise voltage density JFET 78equivalent noise voltage density (opa) 153equivalent noise voltage density triode 95equivalent noise resistance (triode) 96fESCORT 290essentials 1Etna E1 418EU standard 8Everest C3 418example calculation 71ff, 75, 92ff, 108ffexample calculation (in-amp) 171ffexample calculation series config. 157example calculation shunt config. 159example calculation (transformer) 184ffexample 2-pham 391ffexample 3-pham 397ffexample phono-amps (calc. approach) 391ffexample phono-amp (hum figure) 634ffEXCEL 14, 287excess noise 50ff, 71ff, 86, 107ff, 409experience electronics 327exponent change 582

F

fab 4 (Beatles) 601Fairchild 680FEG viii, 332FET(s) 6, 32, 77ffFFT analyzer 118FFT approach 622, 627FFT diagram(s) 367f, 583ffFFT measurement 329, 573, 579ffFFT measurement methods viiiFFT noise measurement 579ffFFT resolution 579FFT size(s) 579, 627field effect transistor 6, 77fffilter approach 622, 624filter bank 1 591fffilter bank 2 604fffischer elektronik 676flank modulation 18ff, 215, 303flicker noise 33, 97, 329FM stations 31formulae method 528forward transfer admittance 80fourth time constant (20Hz) 376fourth time constant (>20kHz) 526Frederiksen, Th. M. 153, 593, 738frequency 32frequency response 10, 180, 693fffrequency test record 5

407Index TSOS-2 407

Friedemann, W. 703full-speed mastering 201, 703fully active solution (RIAA) 506fully active-passive solution (RIAA) 506fully passive solution (RIAA) 506Future Equipment Service viii

G

gain 86gain loss 183gain rate 560gain setting options (in-amps) 165fgain stage calculation 71ff, 85fgate 77gate cut-off current 80gate-drain-capacitance 87general noise effects 31Gerhard, J. 689Gevel, M. van 284, 288, 296Glowing GainMaker 109, 134golden ears 414grain size 214graphs (o/p noise voltage density) 342fgraphs (performance) 693ffGreen, L. 287grid load resistance 112grid resistor(s) 691grooves 3groove depth 18ffgroove width 18ff, 203guarantee 139Gundry, K. 566, 593gyrators 300

H

half-speed mastering 201, 703Hameg 290Handbook of Linear Applications 220hard disk 562head shell 3headers 687heating effect, equivalent 32heater(s) 141, 144HF measurement amp 622ffHF measurement instrument 639ffhigh-end 31, 319high-price 31high-Z 131Highlights 15 - 18 217Hitachi 44HM 412 290Hood, J. L. 508, 737

How to Gain Gain (HTTG) 107, 738HP 331A 290, 560HR2000 560HTTG 107fhum vii, 118, 141ff, 617ffhum artefact(s) 138, 617ff, 639hum content 144hum figure vii, 144, 559, 589, hum figure (linear amps) 617ffhum figure (phono-amps) 631ffhum-free 6, 586hum-infected 586, 631hum interference(s) 6, 600, 639hum spectrum 624hum spikes 589

I

ideal filter 602ideal situation 14idle gain 136idle output voltage 144idle voltage 19IEC 11, 297, 320, 376IEC 20Hz hp 671IEC 651 586IEC/CD 1672 299impedances 39INA103 174in-akustik 703in-amp(s) 165ffin-amp noise model 165ffin-amp IC topology 174ffindicator(s) 560inductance(s) 19, 39inductance of MC cartridge 195, 319influence of temperature 304input load 320input noise current 77input noise resistance 79, 285input network 291input network impedance 414input possibilities 411input referred 33input referred noise voltage density 92, 121input resistance 45, 65, 285, 300, 324ffinput resistance (cathode) 107input section 677input sensitivity 6insertion loss 511ff, 560, 576, 579integrated amplifier 617internal resistance 20ffinverse RIAA transfer 634ISCE 565

408408 Index TSOS-2

ITU 566, 612ITU-T J.16 633, 25ITU-R 486 586

J

J113A 220J37 (Studer) 601JAES 6, 221, 566, 593, 601JAN double-triodes 418Jensen Transformers 152, 180, 185f, 197f,

327ff, 412, 601, 677, 679, 687fJFET 77ffJFET gain stage 87JFET noise model 79JFETs parallel connected 194JJ electronics viii, 108ff, 372jogis-roehrenbude 101Jones, Morgan 108, 122, 131, 328, 369, 375,

417, 738Johnson noise 35, 107JT-10KB-DPC 677JT-123-SPLC 679JT-346-AX or AXT 152, 197, 337, 687JT-347-AXT 180, 186, 198JT-44K-DX 185ffjunction field effect transistors 77ffjumper settings 686

K

Kay, Sharon xKelvin 292kernel (BJT) 55Kruithof, J. A. 299, 526, 528

L

lacquer technology 201, 703lateral modulated, modulation 5, 17L-com 332, 676LF356 220linear amps 591, 617Linear Applications Databook 204, 283, 292fLinear Audio 95, 689, 739line input transformer 677lin/log-converter 614Linn Linto 320ffLL9226 329LM317 337LM337 337LM394 61ff, 71, 296, 333load capacitance 19, 284, 304load resistance 19

locations (hum) 639lowest-noise 31, 95low-frequency noise 31, 367log-converter 560, 576long-tailed pair 60, 66, 134, 329loudness pot 337lowest-noise 92, 95, 100, 146, 151, 176flowest-noise in-amps 177low-frequency noise 367, 375, 381, 397, 413fflow-noise 6low-noise BJTs 192low-noise measurement pre-amp 289low-noise triodes 150, 379, 415low-noise valves 105, 121, 139low-noise vinyl records 703low-pass filter (30Hz) 593low-pass filter sections 611low-Z 131LP records 201LT1028 289, 573, 622Lundahl 180, 327f

M

M44G 304magnetic shielding 144magnitude 12mains interferences 142, 332mains transformers 142manufacturer 17manufacturer selected triodes 407Massey, H. 601master (Cu) 202mastering 201MAT02/03 61, 63ff, 333, 337Mathcad ix, 14, 283mathematical model 290, 302Mathew, D. 619Mathsoft 283Matsushita 679maxi records 201maximal SNs (records) 216maximal stage gain allowed 88maximum deviation 591maxi ixMC cartridge 3ff, 19, 81ff, 411MC cartridge classification 181McCormick, T. 59, 74MC encoding situation 598MC phono-amp 330, 336M/C 31measurement amp(s) 300, 559ff, 573ffmeasurement confusion 565ffmeasurement equipment

409Index TSOS-2 409

(HF in phono-amps) 633measurement filter(s) 559, 591ffmeasurement methods 566measurement results (relationships) 568fmeasurement results (comparisons) 610measurement set-up 561, 624measurement standards 566measurement system noise performance 576ffmeasurement tools 289measurement set-up 75, 561measurement set-up (hum figure) 624mechanic arrangement 378metal film resistor(s) 51, 691Metzler, B. 628, 737microphone pre-amps 591Microsoft 287MicroSim ixMiller capacitance 87f, 152MKP (capacitor) 340, 372MKT (capacitor) 340, 372MM cartridge 3ff, 19, 65, 83ff, 92, 284ff, 411MM encoding situation 598MM phono-amp 330, 411modulation possibilities viimodules 1 - 4 672ff, 679ff, 694ffmodule 3 viiiMogami 332, 677mono 17fmonophonic purposes 25monophonic records 18monophonic signal 22morphological box 381Motchenbacher, C. D. 31, 66, 737MOTHER 202Motorola 205mud effects 583Mu-metal 144Musical Fidelity XLP 326, 333mutual conductance of BJT 69mutual conductance of JFET 91mutual conductance (anode) 100mutual conductance (cathode) 100mutual conductance (minim. required) 410mutual conductance of triode 97ff, 690mutual conductance of pentode 100

N

NAB 50, 559NAB/ANSI 299NAB-A-filter 289National Semiconductor 48, 204, 605negative valve effects 148f

Neumann (GmbH) 152, 202, 220Neumann PUE 74 203ff, 220ff, 304Neumann U87 601Neutrik 332, 676NF (calculations) 62, 145, 410noise (cathode resistance) 107noise (general effects) 31ffnoise basics 29ffnoise calculations (triodes) 101ffnoise contribution 61noise currents 33noise current density 34ff, 56ff, 80, ff, 96, 120, 153, 173ff, 199noise current source(s) 32ff, 55noise density 33noise density frequency band 292noise factor 43ffnoise figure 43ff, 82ff, 6, 7noise figure approach (trafo) 184ffnoise figure calculation process 17noise floor (records) 202noise floor (FFT diagrams) 583noise-free 32noise gain 163noise generator(s) 559, 573, 579ffnoise index NI 50noise in BJTs 55ffnoise in instrumentation amps 165ffnoise in JFETs 77ffnoise in MC phono-amps 319ffnoise in MM cartridges 283ffnoise in op-amps 153ffnoise in transformers 179ffnoise in valves 95ffnoise issues 9, 31noiseless amplifier 291noise level (records) 202noise measurement methods viinoise measurement results (different methods) 566ffnoise measurement system 559ffnoise model 32, 56ff, 59, 70, 95f, 118fnoise model (in-amps) 165ffnoise model (measurement amp) 292ffnoise model (op-amp) 155ffnoise model series configuration 157fnoise model shunt configuration 158f noise of capacitors 39noise of inductances 39noise of triode driven phono-amps 367ffnoise of vinyl records 201ffnoise performance 46, 343noise power 43, 49noise resistance 96f

410410 Index TSOS-2

Noise Specs Confusing? 204noise voltages 33noise voltage approach (trafo) 184ffnoise voltage density 36ff, 57ff, 77ff, 113ffnoise voltage density plots (valves) 146ffnoise voltage of the MOTHER 214noise voltage source 32ff, 55nominal data 21nominal input voltage 179nominal internal resistance 21nominal output load 21nominal output voltage 21, 179non-equalized 297, 633ffnon-inverting configuration 154non-selected 117non-weighted 633Nordholt, E. H. 66, 221noval 108Nyquist, M. 36, 292, 627Nyquist frequency 582, 588

O

octal 108octave-band analysis 283Okham's Razor x, 67, 131, 288op-amp 6, 33OP27 33ff, 61f, 337, 634OPA604 285OPA627 683operating frequency bandwidth 292operating gain 42operating output level 333operating point 372operational amplifier 6operational SN 333optimal (optimum) collector current 75, 336,

688foptimal input load 75optimal (optimum) source resistance viii, 46,

75, 84, 161optimisation process 141optimal (optimum) collector current 75, 688optimum source resistance 46f, 84f, 161fOrtofon RMA-297 203Ortofon Rondo 337Ortofon Samba 198oscillation prevention resistor 112, 372output capacitance 87output current noise 134output impedance 42output load 109, 385output power 49output resistance 110, 136

output section 687output voltage 19ffoverload(ing) ix, 9, 89, 174, 283, 289, 328,

332, 507, 516, 520, 615

P

Panasonic (FC) 336ffparalleling 40f, 105, 373, 375parallel-connected 37f parallel operation 108ffParametric Technology Corp. 283passive 1-step solution 507passive 2-step solution 515passive RIAA (transfer) network 89, 369ffPauler Acoustics 202f, 703Pauler, Günter 202fPCC88 97peak value 32peak velocity 5, 22ff, 201pentode 95, 100, 109pentode noise resistance 100fpentode noise voltage 101fphase angle(s) 286, 341phase measurement 285phase relationship 109phase response 180, 693ffphase shift 69phono-amp 3phono-amp noise 6phono amplification 3physical constants 32Pikatron 180, 327fpin-1 problem 677pink noise 33, 117, 367, 559, 579ffpink noise generator 579ffPL504 621platter 3plug-in box 8ponderé 587pop-corn-noise 367Potchinkov, A. 738potential-free 677power amplifier 617power supply(s) 74, 84, 141ff, 300, 331f,

337ff, 369f, 520, 576, 671f, 676, 679ffpower-supply-unit 329, 369ffplug-in box 8pre-amps 3ffpre-pre-amp(s) 3ff, 319, 411primary 179, 183, 327professional audio (magazine) 632pSpice simulation 16, 67, 220, 287PSU 690

411Index TSOS-2 411

PSU 1 - 5 672ffPUE 74 203ffpurpose 3, 6f

Q

Q & A (transformer) 190ffQ & A (2- & 3-pham) 389Quad 24P 142ffquadratic equation 57, 283, 294fquasi-peak 290, 393, 560, 566ff, 586, 596, 612, 633, 642

R

rabbit hole 689radians 291random 31Rauschmessungen 101rbb' calculation 295RCA 676real situation 14Record Industry Ass. of America 9record reference levels viirectifier 560, 576red noise 102, 367reduced mutual conductance 86reference level(s) vii, 5, 17ff203reference point 12reference test record 5reference voltage 102regulated power supply 144relay control 688relay drivers 688relationships (measurement results) 568frelationship (SNs) 417resistor-capacitor network 194resistor excess noise 50ffresistor noise 35ffresults 302ff, 327, 333, 341, 379, 413, 610results (µ-F 2- & 3-pham calculated) 386fresults (example triode phams) 407fresults (hum figure) 622fresults (hum figure in phono-amps) 633, 639,

642results (module 3) 689results (test gain-stages) 382reverse-transfer-capacitance 87RG58 677RG176 332Rhode & Schwarz 290, 560, 602, 643RIAA x, 5, 9, 283ffRIAA curve 367

RIAA decoder 597ffRIAA decoding function 505RIAA encoder 597ffRIAA equalized 7, 92, 633RIAA equalization 83, 300RIAA equalizating term 186RIAA feedback network 336RIAA-Isierung 299, 526, 528RIAA network(s) 151, 340, 369, 372, 376, ff,

505ff, 691RIAA transfer 5, 9ff, 14, 220, 283, 298, 322, 505ffRIAA transfer circuit 299RIAA weighting 9ff, 2Ricker, S. 703ripple rejection 680rms velocity 201RMS voltmeter 290Robinson, D. 566, 593Roehren 101Roehren Taschen Tabelle 106Rohm 66role of 2nd gain-stage 414rotary switch 573, 679RTA measurement 329rule(s) of thumb 143, 300414rule of thumb (FFT diagrams) 579rumble 204ff, 220, 289

S

sample frequency 581sample rate 581, 627schematic 16Schenk, C. 737scope 290secondary 179, 183, 327ffsensitivity 6, 220, 289, 303, 319, 622, 628, 631, 642, 672sequence 12, 36ff, 61, 143, 164, 169, 177,

195, 287, 327, 368, 372, 569, 587, 611f, 634f

selection 62ff, 106, 217ffselected low-noise 116Self, Douglas ix, 31, 67, 322ff, 620, 737Semiconduct. Handbook (Telefunken) 205sengpielaudio (internet) 738Sennheiser electronic 202Sennheiser UPM 550 203sequence-connected 36ffsequence of two amplifying stages 41ffSergeant Pepper's …. 601series configuration 153ffseries mode (RIAA feedback) 526

412412 Index TSOS-2

S-filter 323ff, 367, 573, 593Shannon 588Sheingold, D. H. 153, 296Sherwin, J. 204, 283, 292shielded cable 332shot noise 102, 152, 388, 395shunt configuration 154ffshunt regulated push-pull see SRPPshunt mode (RIAA feedback) 524Shure 3, 284Shure M44G 284Shure V15 III 203, 284Shure V15IV 284Shure V15V (MR) 203, 205ff, 284ff, 687sidebands 631Siemens (capacitor) 340, 372signal-to-noise ratio (SN) ix, 5, 32ff, 49, 66,

72, 114, 139, 158f, 186f, 283, 297ff, 586, 617ff, 633ffsignal modulation 27signal track 20silly (A-weighting) 609ffsingle ixsingle records 201singleton 77, 83fskin effect 287SME 3009 203SME 3012 203SME connector 300Smith, L. 153, 297smoothing effect 300, 388, 413SN by simple means 321ffSN calculation (vinyl record) 204SN calculation rules 321ffSN (calculations) 49, 145, 297SN-delta 321SN guessing (via FFT) 590SN measurements 102SN of the MOTHER 213SN relationship(s) 417socket (valve) 378soft start 689solid-state devices 6Solid Tube Audio 417, 738solving approach 57SON(S) 202sound (& measurement & pressure) 332, 337,

340, 505, 586f, 601, 609, 618, 629, 676703source 77source resistor 85source resistance (cartridge) 319Sowter 180, 327fspecifications (MM cartridges) 284

spectral noise density 153, 202spectral noise current density 34spectral noise voltage density 34, 52, 108, 114spot noise 367Springer web site www.springer.comSRPP gain stage (JFET) 88fSRPP gain stage (valve) 120, 126ff, 374ffSRPP (valve) 120f, 368SSM2210 63ff, 198f, 333, 337SSM2017 174f, 683SSM2220 63ffSST Brüggemann 144, 202ff, 703stamper 202standard cartridge 303step-up transformer 7, 151, 180ff, 319stereo 18stereo equalizer 418stereoplay 142, 217ff, 320, 341, 586, 631f, 739Stockfish Records 202f, 703stray-C 508, 511, 517Studer 601succ-apps 375, 404, 410succ-apps approach (RIAA) 512successive approximation (RIAA) 512subsonic 289sum of A-weighted SNs 216fsum of two SNs 217, 683summary (on FFT mesurement) 581fsummary (on hum figure) 628summary (on measurement methods) 571summary (on MM cartridges) 305summary (on valves) 415ffsummary tables 703fsuppression of noise 134

T

Talema 337tangents 98Taylor, E. F. 329Taylor, F. 595, 738Teldec 203, 206ff, 217, 220, 222Telefunken (+ Decca) 203, 205Telefunken Labor Buch 95, 738Texas Instruments 176temperature 32, 62, 332, 340temperature (influence of) 304test and calibration record 20fftest circuit (capacitances) 336TESTfactory 586, 631test gain-stage(s) 372test magazines 333test record 5, 19ff, 303

413Index TSOS-2 413

test terminal 560ffTexas Instruments 66That Corporation 66That 300 63ff, 177That 320 63ff, 177That 1648 687thermal noise 31Thorens TEP3800 632threshold voltage 89ffthird octave 202ffTietze, U. 737time constants 9ff, 14, 340, 405, 505, 519, 526toroidal transformer 300, 337Toshiba 65TQ2-12V relay 679trackability test record 5, 303transfer factor (cartridges) 214transfer function 49transfer function producing networks 591transfer of impedances 181transfer plot 9transformer 7transformer capacitance 183transformer classification 181transformer equation (ideal) 181fftransformer equation (real) 183fftransformer frequency response 180transformer inductance 183transformer input situation 412transformer phase response 180transformer solution 327fftriode constants 110, 123, 135, 402, 416triode constants data 135triode driven 151, 367ff, 672, 691triode equation 111triode noise model 95ftriode noise production 135triode noise resistance 96, 410triode noise voltage 97fftriodes 95ff, 367ffT/S 31TSD15 (EMT) 203, 214TSR-1005 21TSR-1007 23Tube CAD Journal 101, 739tube data (internet) 738tubes 95ffturns ratio 179turn-table 3Twin-BNC 332, 676

U

un-balanced - balanced conversion 681un-balanced input 7un-balanced solutions (RIAA network) 506un-bypassed 86, 107, 109ff, 369un-bypassed cathode resistor 107, 121un-loaded 109uncorrelated 36, 291un-equalized 634UPGR 290, 560ff, 602US standard 8

V

valve control figure 97valve constants 375, 379valve manufacturers 139valve manufacturing industry 105valve noise model 95fvalve power supplies 141ffvalves 6, 95ffValves Pocket Book 106Valvo 106van den Hul 201velocity 19ff, 201ff, 214vertical modulation 17Vierzen, R. M. van 66, 221vinyl record ix, 201ff, 520, 617, 703vinyl record noise 201ffvinyl record reference levels vii, 17ffVishay 51, 410Vitelec 332, 676VMS-80/DMM 202, 212voltage divider(s) 42, 74, 112f, 118f, 189, 196, 221, 292f, 327, 391, 399, 416, 511ff, 576, 597voltage feedback 67ffvoltage feedback op-amps 153voltage potential 50, 369volume knob 31V15III 203V15V (MR) 3, 204, 396, 414, 687ff

W

Walker, H. P. 219, 283, 524Warner Music Group 203weighted 49weighted SN calculations 92weighting filters 49, 596weighting factor 322Weinzierl, S. 738

414414 Index TSOS-2

WEKA Media Publishing 586white-noise 33, 103white-noise based (meas. results) 568white-noise character 214white-noise generator 580white-noise level 620white-noise region 80, 96Whitlock, B. 601Williams, A. 595, 738Wilson current mirror 329WIMA (polypropylene capacitor) 340, 372WIN98 560wiring 332Wireless World xwobble speed 600fWonneberg, F. 738worsening factor 102, 140worsening figure 140

worst case SNs (records) 215ffwyciwym viiiwyciwym approach (final) 607ff

X

XLR 332, 676

Y

Yageo 372

Z

Zwicky, F. 381Zwicky approach 381ffZwicky matrix 382

415

Index TSOS-E(Subjects and Personality's Names)

Numbers & Symbols

1:1 831:10 1011/f-noise - Amp1 23, - Amp2 128ff, 132ff - Amp4 58 - BJT 341, 344 - CMS 234 - DIFA 370, 372 - other input stages 201 - PMMA 247, 251, 274180° 5319" 519" 3 UH-42 HP 11ff19" 3 UH-84 HP 11ff2SA1316 BL 125ff2SC3329 BL 125ff, 1902SJ74 1992SK170 1992-pham 63-pham 7, 165317 (LM) 15337 (LM) 152798 1685534 125, 188ff6922 217308 21

A

Aalen (university) 170Abbreviations xviiabsolute temperature 342AD797 188ff, 274admittance(s) 193AES (UK) 58AKG 169Al-box 269ff, 281alternatives (input resistors) 141Amp1 6, 101ff, 101ff - CMRR 103f - gain calculation 102f

- noise calculation 104f - SN calculation 105Amp2 6 - CMRR 127 - gain calculation 125ff - noise calculation 127ff - SN calculation 137ffAmp3 6, 21ff - CMRR 21 - gain calculation 25f - noise calculation 27f - SN calculation 27fAmp4 6, 49ff - CMRR 49, 55f - gain calculation 52ff - noise calculation 56ff - SN calculation 60fAmp5 6, 25, 28, 83ff - CMRR 86 - gain calculation 83f - noise calculation 86f - SN calculation 89amp - central 7ff - differential 365ff - input 7 - microphone 49 - sequence 51 - -stage, no-noise 23amplifier - chain(s) 167f - differential 52 - instrumentation 53 - measurement 247, 275 - transconductance 199amplifying devices 6anode 193anode output 252, 254Analog Devices 49, 128anechoic chamber 170Appendices xvAP 248, 254, 274AP system 233arrangement(s), loudspeaker 168artefacts - distortion 238 - harmonic 183 - intermodulation 183 - sideband 238Atwell, Bob 49

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016B. Vogel, Balanced Phono-Amps, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-18524-8

416416 Index TSOS-E

audible effects 167ffaudio band 128, 155Audiomatica 233Audio Note 190Audio Precision 233, 247auxiliary (PFMA gain) 279average - (noise voltage) 61 - density value 28 - level 248 - value 189averaging 266A-weighted 5, 28, 51, 61, 89, 140, 247,

274, 312, 317A-weighting 104A-weighting function 28, 61

B

balanced - fully vii, 5 - gain 26, 54 - input capacitance(s) 8 - input load 58 - inputs 5 - line 277 - output noise 88 - outputs 5Bark 168base-emitter resistance 342base-spreading resistance 130ffbasic consideration(s) 6bass control 181BC550C 190BC560C 190Beethoven, Ludwig van 168benchmark 248BF862 199Biber Records 168BJT driven 4, 187fBJT noise model 128ffBJT(s) 21, 28, 125ff, 254, 341ffblock, gain 195block diagram 5BNC 203B & O 169board, main 6Boltzmann 342booster(s) 126f, 239BRAUN 169, 385ffBRAUN+Design Tax 385, 387BRAUN PCS 52 E 385BRAUN TG 385

Breden, Russel 169brick wall 248broadband 6BTFMI 387fbudget, low 249BUF634 188Burosch, Klaus 23Butterworth 248

C

cable capacitance 252, 307calibration records 385ffcapacitance, input 307, 313, 317calculation, NF 134ffcapacitance, Miller 349ffcapacitance(s) 9, 201, 307capacitance(s), balanced input 8capacitance, cable 252, 307cartridge, standard 310ff, 317case(s) 5, 11ffcase, insertion 11cathode 193 - follower 9 - load 26 - output 252 - resistor 254cathodyne phase splitterCCIF 238CCS 191CCSCF 21CCSi 25, 28CE (BJT) 341ffcenter section 6central amp 7ffceramic 8, 141CF 21CF gain 26fCGS 25, 28channel, left 11channel, right 11Chebyshev 266Cinch 203CLIO 30, 51, 89, 233ff, 243clipping 23, 49closed-loop 137CMR 64CMRR 181 - Amp1 103f - Amp2 127 - Amp3 21, 25 - Amp4 49, 55f, 61 - Amp5 86

417Index TSOS-E 417

- PMMA 256, 258, 261, 268 - PFMA 275, 278 - DIFA 366, 371CMRR, lousy 51CMS 247, 275CM voltage 89, 103C-multiplier(s) 239Cohen, Graeme John 58coil(s) 101coil resistance(s) 277collector - current 25, 342 - current, operating (DC) 132 - -emitter resistance 342 - noise current 130, 189common - cathode stage 191, 252 - emitter (CE) 341ff - grid stage 28, 191, 252 - mode gain 256 - mode input 372 - mode rejection ratio 6comparisons 3, 6complementary (BJTs) 125ffconcertina phase splitter 191condition(s), equal 6connection, input 7Connelly, J. A. 59, 393consideration(s), basic 6concept, general 5configuration 5constant current sink 25constants, physical xxvContents ixconverter, DA (NAD) 247converter, un-balanced to balanced 105cooling, resistor 309corner frequencies (1/f-noise) 25, 58, 128ffcorrelated, noise voltage(s) 25, 28, 59,

61ff, 102, 261Cordell, Bob 199ffCPS 191, 193C-R-C chain 20current, collector 25, 342current, DC 21current, emitter 189current gain, DC 130, 342current gain, operating 132current generator 21current sink (constant) 21, 25cutting head 385cutting lathe 385, 390

D

DA converter (NAD) 247data sheet data 130ffDC current 21, 125DC current gain 130, 342DC resistance 101DCS 195DC servo 108, 195ff, 269, 274, 372DC voltage 125decade(s) 345DDR 386Denon 104, 168density, noise current all chaptersdensity, noise voltage all chaptersdependent, frequency 10Design + Design 169, 385designer(s) 183Deutsche Grammophon 168Deutsche Grammophon (TCRs) 386ffdevelopment examples 195ffdeviation 24deviation (calculated) 51devices, amplifying 6Didden, Jan 23, 247DIF (amp) 21, 25, 64, 316f, 365ffDIFA 365ffDIFA-IC 365DIFA-OPA 365ffDIFCF 26DIFCF, noise calculation 27fDIFCF, SN calculation 27fDIF gain 25ffdifferential - amplifier 52, 365ff - gain 52f, 195, 258, 365ff, 365ff, 370 - gain stage 21 - mode (fully) 195 - output 25. 54 - o/p resistance 24DIN 5, 126, 237fDIN (TCRs) 386ffdistortion 236ff - artefacts 238 - level 5f - low- 6 - spike level 23DL-103 (Denon) 104, 168DL-103 R 197ffDMM 186DMM cut 5double-relay(s) 181

418418 Index TSOS-E

double triode 14, 20f, 28, 169draft design(s) 187ffdual JFET 199DUT 234ff, 241, 247ff, 252ff, 263, 277

E

E188CC 21E88CC 21ff, 175, 192Early voltage 342ECC88 169, 175ECM 168effects, audible 167ffeffects, visible 165ffEIN 272fElektor 394electron charge 342Electronics (Wireless) World 169, 394Elektronik 49ELS 309ffemitter current 189emitter load(s) 137ENB 274enclosure (PMMA) 269, 281encoder, RIAA 165, 168, 243Engine I vii, 6, 21, 183Engine II viii, 3ff, 6, 183Engine II results, summary 176ffenvironment, low resistive 125equal condition(s) 6equalized, non- 23equivalent noise model (BJT) 343equivalent noise source(s) 130Ermer, Florian 170ESL 57 169euphonic harmonics 193EW 309examples, development 195ffexcess noise (resistor) 345extension, TSOS viiexternal input viii, 5, 187

F

FC 63V 24female, strip connectors 84FET(s) 170, 195ff, 254FFT diagram 20, 23, 248FFT resolution 234, 248, 266FFT size 234, 248, 266Figures (listing) xxviifilter, measurement 266fisher (company) 11flat 5

flatness 24flexibility 7flicker-noise 128ff, 344Floru, Fred 58FM tuners 385Focal Press 125Frederiksen, Thomas M. 393frequencies, high 7frequency dependent 10, all chaptersfrequency independent 10, all chaptersfrequency response(s) 5, 105ff, 165ffFriedemann 168front 13ffully balanced viifully passive 5, 7

G

gain - Amp1 102f - Amp2 125ff - Amp3 25f - Amp4 52ff - Amp5 83f - balanced 26, 54 - BJT 347ff - (BJT driven) 188f, 341ff - block(s) 195 - CF 26f - common mode 256 - current 342 - (Cordell) 199f - DIF 25ff - differential 52f, 195, 258, 365ff, 370 - (Gerhard) 195 - idle (BJT) 347ff - loss 103 - -loss 251f - noise 371 - (noise reduction) 312, 316 - nominal 5, 125 - operating (BJT) 348ff - (PFMA) 275, 278 - (PMMA) 258 - (Popa) 197f - overall 125, 249 - transformer 103 - (transformer driven) 190 - (triode driven) 194galvanically isolated 7, 275ffgalvanic isolation 275GDR 386German Democratic Republic 386generator, current 21

419Index TSOS-E 419

generator output resistance 103, 105ffGerhard, Joachim 195ff, 370Gevel, Marcel van de 309goals 3fgoal, worsening 254ground - lead, PSU 189 - lift(s) 15, 278 - line 189 - loop 268, 275grounded grid 25grounding 15gyrator(s) 239

H

half (N, P) 133ffharmonic(s) 241harmonic artefacts 183harmonics, euphonic 193headphone 168fheater PSU, triode 18heater supplies 20Herbert, Gary K. 58HiFi equipment 248high frequencies 7high-frequency (cut) 252high-quality 6high-Z 196, 199, 201hints (PMMA) 264ffHoeffelman, Jean M. 307HP21 195HP5.1 197HTGG-2 394hum 6, 266hum-free 247hum interference(s) 188, 266

I

IC, measurement 256idle gain (DIF) 26idle gain(s) BJT 347ffIEC 468 248IMD 6, 23, 51, 89, 169, 171ff, 181, 237fimpedance, input load 139improvements 269INA 53, 256, 261independent, frequency 10Index TSOS-1 397Index TSOS-2 403Indices xv

input - alternative 7 - amp 7 - capacitance(s) 8f, 307, 313, 317 - common mode 372 - connection 7 - current 49 - external viii, 5 - load 23, 104 - load, balanced 58 - load impedance 139 - reference level 191 - resistance(s) BJT 347ff - resistance(s) 7, 103, 137, 249, 251ff - resistors (alternatives) 141 - section 6 - stage, paralleled 256 - transformer 101, 181 - voltage divider 51 - voltage, transformer 101insertion case 11instrumentation amplifier(s) 53, 256, 357integrated stabilizing circuit 20interference(s), hum 189, 266intermodulation artefacts 183intermodulation level 6isolated, galvanically 7isolation, galvanic 275ITU-R 238

J

JAES 307Jarrett, Keith 168Jensen Transformers Inc. 84, 187,

268, 275, 278JFET(s) 197ffJFET driven 4, 197JFET, dual 199JJ 175JT-10-KB-D 275JT-346-AXT 190jumper(s) 262, 314

K

Karajan, Herbert von 168Kempff, Wilhelm 168kernel (BJT) 130fKirkwood, Wayne 58Klatt, Jo 169, 385Kraftwerk 168Krieger, Daniel 390

420420 Index TSOS-E

L

LA 274lathe, cutting 385, 390LE 1 169LED 11left channel 11level, average 248level, output 83light-pattern measurement instrument 390linear amps 5linear amps 187linear amp stage(s) 5Linear Audio 15, 23, 170, 193, 195ff,

247f, 395Linkwitz 169listening test(s) 167fflist of figures xxviilist of tables xxxviiLF411 188ffLL9226, Lundahl 101, 191LSK389 199load, cathode 26load-effect 307load resistor 254load(s), emitter 137load synthesis 309loss, gain 013loudspeaker 169loudspeaker arrangement(s) 168loudspeaker chain(s) 167flow budget 249low-distortion 6low-end (audio band) 165low-hum 20low-noise 6, 20, 49low-pass role 252low resistive environment 125low-THD 49low-Z 196LP vinyl record 5LT783KC 20LT1028 102, 256ff, 271, 275, 278LTE(s) 193, 198LTP 201Lundahl 103Lundahl LL9226 101, 191

M

MA 247ff, 252ff, 275magnitude 9, 251main board 6, 12, 20, 84main board wiring 19mains connections 15

mains interferences 20main PCB 15ffmargin, overload 5Mathcad worksheet(s) viiimathematical sizes xxvMatsushita 181Mayer-Schüller-Theory 170MC cartridge load(s) 101ffMC cartridge(s) viii, 3MC pre-amp 125MC purposes 5ff, 29, 187measurement amplifier 247, 275measurement filter 266measurement IC 256measurement instrument, light-pattern 390measurement instrument, tracking force 385ffMeasurement tools 233ffMeys, René P. 307microphone amp(s) 49, 58, 180middle control 181Miller capacitance 349ffmix (noise levels) 183MKS 189MKT 189MM cartridge(s) viii 4, 307ffMM purposes 5, 29, 187MM, standard model 307fmode, differential (fully) 195model, operational (BJT) 354ffmodel(s), noise (BJT) 356ffModule 4 21Module 2 125ff, 188, 341Mono record 168MST 170Motchenbacher, C. D. 59, 393Musikverein (Vienna) 168mutual conductance 131, 193, 342mutual conductance, reduced 137

N

N (noise) 236ffNAD M51 247, 274Neef, Ulrich 389network, R-C 101network(s), RIAA 6Neumann 385Neutrik 203NF(s) 29, 62, 104f, 274, 344NF charts 132ffNF calculation 134ffNF-picking 137, 140NF values 132ffN-half 133ff

421Index TSOS-E 421

noise - (BJT) 349ff - calculation(s) 56ff, 86f, 127ff - calculation, DIFCF 27f - current all chapters - current, collector 130 - factor 345 - figure 29, 62, 344, 346 - flicker- 128ff - gain 371 - index (resistor) 345ff - low- 6 - model(s), BJT 128ff, 343, 355ff - model (PMMA) 261ff - model (triode driven) 194 - pink 168ff, 175 - red 130 - reduction 307ff - results 170f - shot 130 - sources (DIFA-IC) 372 - sources (DIFA-OPA) 368f - source(s), equivalent 130 - test 168 - voltage(s) 27f, 279 - voltage density all chapters - voltage, correlated 25, 28, 61ff,

102, 261 - voltage, un-correlated 28, 59f - white 23, 128nominal gain 5, 125nominal output level 83nominal signal level 6non-equalized 23no-noise amp-stage 23no-noise arrangement 62non-shielded 181NOS 23, 175NPN 341NPN-half 197

O

Occam's Razor 254, 313OP27 51, 102, 275OPA1632 54OPA627 6, 51, 255OPA827 255op-amp driven 4op-amp output 252op-amps, quadruple 49operating collector current (DC) 132operating current gain 132operating gain (BJT) 348ff

operational gain (DIFA) 366foperational model (BJT) 354ffo/p resistance, differential 24o/p resistance(s) 24oscillation, wild 109, 141output - anode 252, 254 - cathode 252 - differential 25, 54 - level 83 - level, nominal 83 - load, transformer 101 - op-amp 252 - resistance 7f, 10, 29, 49, 243,

247, 251ff, 272f - resistance, generator 103, 105ff, - resistance(s) (BJT) 347ff - resistance(s), triode 7, 193 - stage(s) 49, 200 - transformer 6, 83, 88, 165 - un-balanced 83 -voltage swing 49, 52 - voltage, transformer 101overall gain(s) 125, 249overload 312 - (PMMA) 269 - goal 7, 23 - margin 5, 23, 49, 83 - question 7 - requirement 6 - situation 126 - threat 126overview, Engine II 3

P

pair, value 134Panasonic 24, 181Panasonic FC 189paralleled input stage 256parallel operation 193passive, fully 5ffPauler acoustics 168PCB(s) 11ff, 84, 109, 141, 181PCB, main 15ffPCI 233PCS 52 E, BRAUN 385performance (PMMA) 266ffPFMA 240f, 266, 268, 275ffP-half 133ffpham, 2- 6pham, 3- 7, 165phase

422422 Index TSOS-E

- response(s) 5, 105ff, 165ff - shift 53, 365f - splitter, cathodyne 191 - splitter, concertina 191piano 168picture(s) 11ffpink noise 168ff, 175Pioneer 168phenomenon, transient 127, 141phono-amps 6physical constants xxvPL-L 1000 168plugged-in 12ffplug-in 84PMMA 235, 240f, 247ff, 254ff, 264ff, 275PNP 341point(s) 5polypropylene 189Popa, Ovidiu 197ffpost-measurement work 233pot, trimming 7power supply 5, 84fpre-amp(s) 29, 61, 181, 187ffpre-amp, MC 125pre-pre-amp 197primary 104printed circuit board(s) 12ffPSRR 269, 281PSU 5, 11ff, 15, 167, 281 - ground lead 189 - (PMMA) 269 - soli-state 16 - triode 17 - triode heater 18psychology 184Putzey, Bruno 274

Q

Quad 169quadruple op-amps 49

R

Rams, Prof. 169, 387ratio, common mode rejection 6ratio, signal-to-noise 5Razor, Occam's 254, 313Razor (personal) 390Razor (Vogel's) 184R-C network 101rear 13ffrecord, Mono 168record(s), calibration 385ff

record specifications 394record(s), test 168, 385ffrecording studio 183red noise 130reduced mutual conductance 137reduction, noise 307ffreference level, input 191reference signal 390regulated 5relay(s) 6requirements 5resistance(s) - base-emitter 342 - base-spreading 130ff - collector-emitter 342 - input 7, 103, 137, 249, 251ff - coil 277 - output 7f, 10, 243, 247, 251ff, 272f - output (BJT) 347ffresistor, cathode 254resistor cooling 309resistor, load 254response, frequency 5response, phase 5result(s) (draft designs) 201ffresults, Engine II 176ffresults, noise 170fRevox A77 385RIAA - encoder 165, 168, 244 - equalized 5, 62, 140, 312, 317 - equalization 104 - network(s) 6, 24, 49 - transfer 104 - transfer function 5f, 26f, 54f - voltage divider 51Richter, Svatoslav 168right channel 11Riley 169ringing 141RMMA 274Rohde und Schwarz (R&S) 247role, low-pass 252roughly 195R&S 254rule-of-thumb 195, 260

S

S-AES17 248, 274sample rate 234, 266Schaltungstips 49Schenk, C. 393Schüller, Peter 170

423Index TSOS-E 423

SC-02 233secondary 104section, center 6section, input 6Seelmann, Prof. 170Self, Douglas 125, 187f, 239, 248, 309, 393sengpielaudio 394sequence 7sequence, amp 51sequence connected 9servo, DC 108, 195ff, 269, 274, 372shielding 266, 271shot noise 130Shure viiiShure V15 IV 385Shure V15 V 194sideband artefacts 238Siemens 169, 175signal chain 5signal conditioner 233signal level, nominal 6signal path(s) 7, 9signal-to-noise ratio(s) 5, 234ff, 346single ended 101, 181single-ended intermediate viisink, current (constant) 21, 25situation, overload 125size(s), mathematical xxvslew rate 5, 181SLOA054D (TI) 371slope 130ffslope figure 130ffsmall signal 341fSME II 385SMPTE RP120 238SN 5SN (BJT) 346SN calculation(s) 60f, 86f, 137ff, 260ff,

279f, 317SN calculation, DIFCF 27fSN improvement figure 23solid-state 7solid-state PSU 16sound 6, 167ffsource(s) 6spike(s) 165f, 241, 266spike level, distortion 23SSM2142 275SSM2210 128SST Brüggemann 390stabilizing circuit 20stacked 20standard cartridge 310ff, 317

standard Model, MM 307fstereo (use) 11stereoplay 247, 387strip connectors, female 84studio, recording 183sub-net 7subtractor(s) 53, 56, 59fsubtraction stage 262subwoofer 169succ-apps 137successive approximation 137summing stage 262summary results, Engine II 176ffswitchable 6switches 20switching possibilities 13symbols xviisynthesis, load 309SYS 2722 248, 274

T

tables (listing) xxxviiTchaikovsky 168TCR(s) 385fftemperature (T) 130, 309temperature, absolute 342test-board (case) 244ftest(s), listening 167fftest noise 168test point(s) 125test record(s) 168, 385ffTexas Instruments 371THAT Corp. 58THAT1646 275THD 6, 23, 89, 169, 171ff, 181, 236ffTHD + N 23THD performance (UBC) 241ffThird octave 168thread, overload 126TI Application 371Tietze, U. 393time constant(s) 7f, 51tonearms 3tools, measurement 233ffToshiba 124, 132TQ2 181tracking force (measurement instrument) 385ffTrafo 23transconductance 13transconductance amplifier 199transfer function, RIAA 5f, 26f, 55transformer(s) 7, 182

424424 Index TSOS-E

- driven 4, 187 - gain 103 - house 167 - input 101, 181 - input voltage 101 - output 6, 83, 88, 165 - output voltage 101 - output load 101transient phenomenon 127, 141transit frequency (BJT) 128treble control 181Trimming 233ff, 244fftrimming possibilities 5trimming procedure 191trimming pot 7triode 254 - driven 187 - heater PSU 18 - output resistance 7 - PSU 17 - system(s) 21, 23TSOS extension viiTSOS-1 3, 394TSOS-2 3, 394tubecad 395tubedata 394turns ratio(s) 102ff, 190turntable(s) 3, 168Tyler, Les 58

U

un-balanced vii - connectors viii - inputs 5 - output 83, 88f - to balanced converter 105, 168UBC 105, 165, 236ff, 239ffun-correlated, noise voltage 28, 59f

V

value pair 134valve 7

valve driven 4Vatter, Martin 168VC-A 199VEB-Deutsche Schallplatten 389velocity 5, 390Vienna Symphony Orchestra 168Vierfach Op-Amps 49vinyl viivisible effects 165ffvoltage divider 243, 252 - effect(s) 105, 193, 251 - input 51 - RIAA 51voltage swing, output 52volume knob 180

W

Walton, John 15white noise 23, 128, 247f, 341Whitlock, Bill 268Whitt, S. 239wild oscillation 109, 141WIMA 189WIN 2k 233WIN 7 233WIN XP 233winding(s) 277Wily-Interscience 59Wireless World 239, 394wiring, main board 19wobbling 168ffWorsening Figure 201, 234ff, 250f, 254, 272ffworsening goal 254

X

x (slope figure) 130ffXLR 203, 266, 277

Y

y (slope figure) 132ffYaniger, Stuart 193