169

Appendix 1: Federation Officials and Organisers

I make no claims that this list is complete and it is presented here with some important caveats:

1. It is not always easy to determine whether organisers were employed by the Federation or the WTUL, and some carried out work for both or were hired temporarily by the Federation. I have not included a full list of WTUL staff, merely those whose WTUL duties included Federation campaigns or the establishment of Federation branches.

2. The dates given are the known years of engagement, but for many their involvement may have preceded and succeeded these years.

3. During and after the war, the term ‘organiser’ was sometimes used to describe both a paid worker and a branch official. Although I have tried to identify those who were paid, the nature of the Federation sometimes makes the dis-tinction between paid, honorary and branch officials difficult to distinguish. In addition, the Federation rules (1911) make it clear that as long as branches kept within the limits of their local management fund and paid the money due to the Central Office, the payment of branch officials was left to the deci-sion of the Branch Committee.

4. Because of these uncertainties, some names are included both here and in Appendix 2, which lists known branch locations and their officials.

President: Mary Macarthur ( 1906– 11); Gertrude Tuckwell ( 1911– 18); Mrs Agnes Lauder (nee Young) (also Divisional Organiser, Scotland, 1917) ( 1918– 21)

Vice President: Mrs Lamont (1908); Miss Arkell (1918)

Treasurer: Rosa Hillary (1908); Miss Margaret Craig (1909)

General Secretary: Louisa Hedges ( 1907– 09); Jessie Main ( 1909– 10); Helena Flowers ( 1909– 10); Mary Macarthur ( 1911– 21)

Assistant Secretary: Helena Flowers (1907), Florence Weidner (left to be married 1912); Agnes Young (1914); Mr George Kershaw (resigned 1918)

Organising Secretary: Miss Mollison (1910); Marion Phillips (1911) Miss Ethel Weaver (1912, then Assistant Organising Secretary 1918– 19); Margaret Bondfield (1915, and Chief Assistant Secretary 1918); Dorothy Jewson (Deputy, temporary 1918)

Head of Negotiations Department: Madeleine Symons (1918– 19); department worker and organiser Miss Cutlack

Organising Secretary of the War Workers’ Campaign: Susan Lawrence (1915)

Junior Organiser: Miss Nutcher (1915)

Secretary of Domestic Workers’ Section: Jessie Stephen (1918– 19)

Chief Organiser: George Dallas (1912)

170 Appendix 1

National Organiser: Harriet Fawcett ( 1917– 18)

Regional:

English Organiser: Miss Ada Newton (1912)

Midland Organiser: Mr W. J. Hodgetts (1912)

Birmingham: Miss Ellen Smyth (1908); Mr Rowley (1917), Miss Howarth (from Bristol, 1917); Miss Gibson (1918); Mrs Pownell (1918); From 1920 offices 262 Corporation Street

Bradford: Miss Lilian Barton (1919)

Brighton: Mrs Busby (1920)

Bristol: Miss Codrington (1917) 1918 offices Kingsley Hall

Cradley Heath: Mr Charles Sitch (1911), office in the Workers’ Institute

Coventry: Mrs Givens ( 1916– 18)

Five Towns: Miss Phoebe Wedgwood (1917)

Ireland: Helena Flowers ( 1917– 19); Miss O’Donovan (1917); Mrs Buckley ( 1918– 19); Mrs Duffy (1918)

Leeds: Mrs Jeannie Arnott ( 1916– 19)

London and South East: Ada Warters (1916); Isabel Sloan (National Organiser 1916– 17); Miss C.L. Adams (1917); Helen Bowen Pease (1918); Mrs Coombes (1918); Miss Calthrop (1918– 19); Miss Campbell (1919); Mrs Flattery (1919); Miss Goldsworthy (1920); Miss Burton (1920); Miss Wilson; Miss Butcher, Mrs Holloway

Manchester and North West: Mrs Shepherd (1914– 17); Mrs Mills (Barrow, 1915– 18); Reina Harris (1916, becomes Mrs George Davies); Miss Murray (1918)

Mansfield: Alice Maclenan (1914)

North East: District Organiser Harriet Fawcett; Miss C.M. Ellis (later Lewcock) (1917); Miss Mathews (1917); Mrs Boak (1917); Dorothy Jewson (1917); Mr Dryden (1917); Miss Neeme (1918); Mrs Platt

Nottingham: Miss Peters (1912); Mrs Johnson (1918); Miss Scott (1918)

Scotland: Agnes Brown (1911); Kate Maclean (1911– 14); Kate McIntosh (resigned 1914 to be married); Miss Mellor (resigned as Scottish Secretary 1914); Miss Lois CP Young (Scottish Secretary 1914); Miss Agnes Young (Assistant Scottish Secretary 1914); Nancy Adam (1917– 21); Miss MacGregor (1917); Miss Quin (1917); Miss Innes (1919); Miss Jenny Alexander (1919)

Sheffield and the North of England: Miss Helena Airey (1914); Mrs G Wilkinson (1917)

Willenhall: Mrs Hunter (1920)

Appendix 1 171

Pre- war Federation organising: Mrs Pete Curran, Esther Dicks (became Mrs Young 1910), Miss Hickling, Barbara Keen, Susan Lawrence, Mrs Annie Lowin, Mrs Annie Marland-Brodie, Marion Phillips, Ada Nield Chew, Sophy Sanger, Julia Varley, Jessie Ward, Miss Windsor

Organisers and staff whose permanent work locations (if any) remain unclear or who worked in various locations: M. Baldwin (based in Head Office), Amy Barker, Miss Baxter, Miss Berne, Miss Bibby, Miss Bromhall, Miss Bulmer, Miss Cole, Miss Cutlack, Mr Dryden, Miss Ferne, Mrs  Flattery, Miss Elizabeth Glen (earlier association with the National Association of Telephone Operators), Mrs Hayes, Miss Jones, Miss Kelman, Mrs Kennedy, F.M. Lees, Mrs Pretty, Mrs Reeves, Mrs Rogers, Helen Stock, Mrs Koster, Miss Burfoot, Miss Lister, Miss McDermid, Miss Russell, Miss Walton, Miss Woodhead, Miss Wragg (including Nottinghamshire and Hull)

172

Appendix 2: Federation Branches

This is not a comprehensive list but is included here to encourage and facilitate further research. Dates indicate the years of establishment and/or known branch existence but do not necessarily imply that there was no branch in the interven-ing or subsequent years. Entries include trades or firms in which the Federation organised, where these are known, as well as branch personnel and/or rank and file members and dates of association. Branches that transferred to the NUGW or merged with an existing NUGW branch are marked with*.

Evidence is drawn from the range of primary sources and newspapers listed in the bibliography.

London

Abbey Wood 1916, 1917, Miss E. Thomas. Munitions

*Acton 1912– 19, 1913, Secretary Miss Archer. 1916 Branch Secretary Miss Romayne. 1919 Secretary Mrs Goode. Branch chairman Mrs Radcliffe. 1920 Secretary Mrs Searle. Laundry, Aircraft, Wilkinson Sword

Acton and Hammersmith 1919 laundry

Aldgate 1917, Secretary Miss E. Hyde, Collector Mrs Sheppy

*Barking 1914– 15 mineral water factory, Indian Rubber goods. 2 branches 1914 Secretaries Miss Franks, Miss A. Stokes, 1916 Secretary A. Stokes

*Battersea 1916, Officials Miss Deits, Miss Dean. Battersea Projectile branch 1918 Secretary Miss H. Bridault. 1920 Phillips Mill

*Bermondsey 1911 tin box makers, jam makers, confectioners. 1913 secretary Miss W. Cole, 1914 2 branches, Miss Leary, Miss Newman, 1915 Miss Bathe. 1918 Hepburn, Gale & Ross. 1919 Secretary Miss Jessie Stephen

Blackheath 1916 nut and bolt trade

Blackwall 1911 sack makers

*Borough 1914 rag picking. Secretary 1914 Miss Stanton, 1915 Miss M. Nicholls. 1918– 20. Messrs Haywood

*Brentford 1921

Brixton 1916 Moffat Institute Branch Secretary, Miss Handford. Laundry

*Brook Green 1917– 21, Collectors, Miss Gladys Ward, capping room, Miss Budd, winding room, Mrs Gyford, sealing room. 1918– 20 Honorary Secretary Miss Winifred Goldfinch

Camberwell 1914 button holers. 1914 secretary Miss Challis. 1920

*Camden Town 1911 Idris and Co, Soda Water Manufacturer. President Annie Lowin

Appendix 2 173

*Central London 1908 dressmakers (formerly London Dressmakers), President Miss Rosa Hillary. 1917. Secretary Alice Horan. 1919 district office and meeting rooms 7 Featherstone Buildings near Chancery Lane. 1920 button makers

Chadwell Heath 1919 Sadgrove Aircraft Company

*Charlton 1915 Messrs Siemens. 1915 Secretary Miss E.M. Shorter. 1916 braiding and rubber departments of Siemens. 1917 Collector Mrs Felstead

Chelsea and District 1917– 18

Chiswick 1914– 15 Cherry Blossom Boot Polish Factory (tin shop). 1914 secretary Miss Arnold. 1917 revived by Miss Gibson. 1918 Gwynnes

*City of London 1912– 15 amalgamation of several branches, including Fulham and Hackney. 1915 secretary Miss L. Hulland 1917–18 Downbee & Sons, West India Dock Road. Secretary Miss O’Grady. 1919 umbrella makers

Clapham Common 1919 Laundry

Clapton and Hackney 1920 Laundry

Clerkenwell 1907, Secretary Miss Louisa Hedges. Formerly Dressmakers Union. Honorary Secretary Miss Hillary. 1911 Confectioners (Murray). 1913 secretary Miss E. Cooke

*Crayford 1916, Secretary M. Hocking. Vickers (munitions)

*Cricklewood 1916 munitions, aircraft. 1917, Handley Page. President Miss Taylor, Vice President Miss Manning, Secretary Miss Kilburn, Assistant Secretary Miss Hopkins, Treasurer Mr Franklin, Collector Miss Shepherd, Shop Stewards Miss Billingham, Miss Collins

Croydon 1918 Waddon’s. Canteen workers

*Croydon (East) 1916– 17 Creed & Bille’s. 1918 Secretary Miss Hardy, member Miss Oakley. Fuller’s, Brighton Road

*Cubitt Town 1915– 17. 1915 Secretary Miss Gildred, Miss Machie. 1919 Secretary Miss Coombes. Collectors Miss Stark, Miss Pidgeon

Dagenham 1915– 16 Sterling Telephone Works. 1915 Secretary Miss Cutts. President Ada Warters, Secretary Mrs Campbell, Treasurer Mrs Errington. 1918 Dagenham Dock. 1918 Secretary Mrs Perryman, Shop Steward Miss Godfrey. 1919 disbanded

Dartford 1915, Secretary Miss B. Cook

*Deptford 1914– 15 tin box industry, several branches. 1914 secretaries Miss M. Willing, Miss L. Ashwin, Miss L. Carter. 1918– 19. District office 364 Evelyn Street. Resignation of Mrs Macallister as Secretary. Shop Steward Miss Sanders. 1920 Secretaries Mrs Burke, D. Batho. Laundry

East End 1914 Messrs J. Walker, Whisky Distillers. 1914 Secretary Miss A. Lake. 1919 Yeatman’s. 1919 Walker & Co. Cable Street, rag- sorters and sack makers, Secretary Mrs Hyams 1920. Messrs Amster & Randall, Chocolate Makers, Bow

East London Ropemakers 1917– 19 West’s Factories, East London Rope Factory. Organised by Miss Jewson. Branch at Frosts. Secretary Miss Annie Lawrence

174 Appendix 2

Edgware 1918 Wrights

*Edmonton 1906 Eley’s ammunition factory. 1907 Secretary Helena Flowers. Succeeded by Miss Murray. 1909 delegates to Federation Annual Conference, Misses Louie Harding, Murray, King, Ada Gurden, Dewy, Isaacs, Walker, L. Arkell, McEwen, Nutcher, Maud Watson, Criddell, E. Dicks, Carter, Preston, Glover, Surrey. Clothing club started by Miss Flowers and Miss King. 1913 resignation of Secretary Miss L. Arkell, replaced by Miss King. 1915 Sparklet Limited. 1916 Eley’s, Enfield Lock, Ponder’s End Shell Factory, I.A. Preswick’s, Tottenham. Member (or Secretary) Leslie Jones. 1918 death of Gertrude Cooper, aged 28. Member for nine years. Gothic Works. Edmonton & Tottenham

Feltham 1917– 18, Shop Steward Miss Clark. Aircraft

Finsbury Park 1916– 17, 1919 British Ever Ready Company

*Fulham, Walham Green and Hammersmith 1913 Secretaries, Miss McCabe, Miss A. Holmes. 1918– 19 laundries. President Mrs August (Sunlight), Chief Steward, Mrs Garlick (Crown),Treasurer Miss White (Crown). 1919 President Miss Cavalier, Secretary Miss Prowler, Treasurer, Mrs Scott

Greenwich 1920 Saxonia Cable Works. Organiser Mrs Coombes

*Hackney 1913, Secretary Miss Chapman 1919– 20 Laundry

Hammersmith 1915 Secretary Miss E. Madigan. Messrs Waring and Gillows, Oxford St (Shop Steward Alice Horan) and also at the White City

Hammersmith Laundries 1920

*Hammersmith and West Kensington 1921 amalgamated

*Hampstead 1917 Messrs Aldam and Heaton. 1918 Secretary Miss Hughes replaced by Mrs Chiglett

Harlesden 1920 Stella Lamp Company

*Harrow 1920 laundry, Miss Webster

*Hayes 1915– 17 His Masters Voice Gramophone Company (making fuses and shells). 1915 Secretary Miss M. Birch. Organising Secretaries, Miss Cryan and Mrs Bray (acting as Branch Secretary). 1917 Filling Factory

Hendon 1913 Hendon Aircraft Company 1915– 16 Aeroplane Department. Secretary Miss Lording replaced by Miss Alice Green (former President). 1915 Secretary Miss A. Woodward, Treasurer Miss Emily Lovelidge. Later in the year President Miss Symes, Secretary Miss Smith (possibly more than one branch)

Highams Park 1919 British Xylonite Works

Highgate 1917, Secretary Mr Howard (pro tem)

Homerton 1911 Lead workers

Hoxton 1908 box makers. 1916 Maurice Hostel Branch, President Miss Vivian (Hostel Warden), Secretary Miss Allen (Assistant Hostel Warden)

*Islington 1910 jam workers, mineral water workers and chocolate workers. 1913. 1917, Poulton and Noel; Acme Arc Lamp and Engineering Company.

Appendix 2 175

Laundry. Meetings held by Mrs Bray and Miss Jennie Johnston. 1918 Poulton and Noel, Brewery Road 1918 (soup makers), 1920 Maxim Lamp Company

Kennington 1917 Adams Grinnock’s, Officers Mrs Barnard (President), Mrs Keely (Vice President), Miss Thomas (Treasurer), Mrs Anthill (Secretary). 1919 Messrs Jennings. Secretary Miss Corrie

*Kentish Town 1919– 20 silk bag makers

Kilburn 1919 District office Middle Row Club, 271 Kensal Rd, North Kensington (laundry workers)

*Kings Cross 1909– 10 chocolate makers. 1910, Plaistowe’s Jam Factory. Laundry workers. 1913 Secretary Miss M. Woods, 1914 Mrs M. Tisdall, 1915 Miss F. Miller. 1917, Laundry. Kings Cross No. 3 officers: President, Miss Pope, Secretary, Miss Whenman, Treasurer, Miss Cheese. 1917 Branch No. 2, Plaistowe’s. GN Railway. Meetings Pentonville Labour Exchange. 1919 Secretary Mrs E. Coutts. Shop Steward at Bertish Mothersill, Mrs Phillips

*Kingston 1918 Sopwith’s Aviator 1920, Miss Bulmer

*Lewisham 1917– 18 Messrs Graham’s and Elliot’s

Leyton 1918

Limehouse 1919 General Equipment Company

*London County Council 1911– 20 school and kitchen cleaners. Secretaries 1913 Mrs Rushbrook, 1915 Miss Groves

London Laundries 1917, Times Laundry. 1919, ‘dozens’ of laundries joining – Willesden, Hornsey, Balham, Kensington, Kennington, Brixton, Forest Gate, Chiswick, Hammersmith, Notting Hill

London (South West) 1919 Spiers and Ponds’ packers and sorters. Treasurer Miss Leadbetter (Spiers). Joint Secretaries Miss Emily Rolfe (Clapham Common Laundry) and Miss Ada Rhodes. Shop Steward Miss Hilton

London Packing Case Branch 1915, Secretary Miss Price (from Head Office). Poplar, Hackney Wick, New Cross, Hoxton, Deptford and Old Ford

London Upholstresses 1909– 14. 1913 Secretary Miss M. Craig

*Mile End 1919

*Millwall 1914– 15 tin box workers and confectionery. Secretaries 1914 Miss C. Hall, 1915 Miss Fallis. 1919 John Smith’s Tent Works. 1920 Maconochie’s Preserves Factory

Ministry of Munitions 1918 lift attendants in Government offices

N3 Branch (London) 1920

*New Cross 1914– 15 Tin Box workers, (Mazawattee Tea Co). 1915 2 branches, Secretaries Miss Gardner, Miss S. Luney

North Kensington 1918, new branch. Secretary Miss Lily Sutton

North Woolwich 1916 Western Electric Works. Mrs Warters

176 Appendix 2

*Notting Hill 1920, new Secretary Miss Joy

Oxford Street 1915, Secretary Mrs Morton

*Paddington 1918. 1920, Secretary Miss Richardson

*Park Royal 1916 munitions. Standard Woodwork. 1916 Secretary Miss Davey. 1919 Miss Adams secretary and then organiser

Peckham 1909 Showcard workers

Perivale 1916–17 Miss Lording (formerly Secretary of Hendon branch)

Pimlico 1916, Secretary Mrs Helen Dean, Treasurer Mrs Walker; Classic Department Collector, Mrs Gare; Machine shop, Mrs Waller; President Mrs Derkin. 1917, Pimlico British Motor Cab Company; Ogston Motor Company. Thanks Miss Campbell and Mrs Holloway for help

*Ponders End 1917 Shell Works. 1918. 1919 Thanks to Miss Symons and Miss Cutlack. 1920 Secretary Mrs Bradley. Ediswain Lamp Company

*Poplar 1914 Messrs Lusty, packing case makers. Secretary Miss S. Nash. Members also at Hackney Wick and Bromley. 1916, rooms at Poplar Working Men’s Club. 1917, social club at Toynbee Women’s Settlement, 130 Poplar High Street. 1918. 1919 Cake Company

*Putney 1918 Palladium Auto Car. Shop Steward Miss Harris. 1920, help from Miss Burfoot (shop steward), Miss Bromhall and Mrs Weller. 1920, Miss Goldsworthy

Regent’s Park & District 1916, Secretary Miss Gallagher, Treasurer Mrs Green

Richmond 1917 Messrs Whitehead’s Aircraft Works

Rotherhithe 1914

St Pancras Borough Council 1920 electric light meter workers

*Shadwell 1907 tent- makers. Secretary Miss L. Crabbe. Committee meetings, Farrance Street School, Limehouse. 1911. 1917, rope workers. Frost Brothers. 1919 secretary Alice Horan (also of Central London)

Silvertown 1907– 9, Secretary Miss L. Gardiner. Co- operative Wholesale Society. 1913 Secretary Miss J. Streeting. 1918, Keller’s Jam Factory

Slades Green 1915 Thames Ammunition Factory. Secretary Miss H. Davidson

Southall 1919, Secretary Mrs Hollings

*Southwark 1908 tinworkers but branch failed. 1920, Messrs Jones and Wilcox

Stepney 1917, collector Mrs Clogg replaced by Mrs Furness

Stepney Laundries 1919

Stratford 1915 Co- op Society’s laundry. 1915 Secretary Miss E. Russell. 1917. 1918, President Mrs Goodenough; Treasurer, Mary Murphy

Summerstown 1908 box makers

Tidal Basin 1914– 15 Venesta Limited. 1914 secretary Miss M. Docherty, 1915 Miss L. Sadler

Appendix 2 177

Tooting 1913, Secretary Mrs Dixon

*Tottenham 1911 Millington’s Printing Works. 1913 Secretary Miss Tombling 1914, branch lapsed. 1917, new branch. Miss Gibson. 1920, Mineral Britannia Works

Tower Bridge 1914, Secretary Miss R. Stocking

Walham Green 1917 Darracq’s, secretary Miss Ribbons. Assistant Miss Neale (also Shop Steward). Treasurer, Mrs Alderton; Collectors, Misses Church and Baker

Waltham Abbey 1911 Nobel’s. 1915 Secretary Mrs Kimber. 1917, re- established

*Walthamstow 1916, Secretary, Miss Ormes. Munitions. 1917, Peter Hooker’s. 1918, second branch. Wright and Klinger’s. 1918, Newall Gauge Factory. 1919, canteen workers

Walworth 1919 Messrs Joseph Limited (Scrap Metal and Cloth Merchants) Miss Berne & Miss Kelman Messrs Joseph Limited (London) 1919, meetings BSP Hall, 4 York Street, Walworth

Wapping 1919 Yeatman’s. Secretary, Mrs Taplin

Whitechapel 1907– 08, Secretary Miss Melsheimer. Cooperative Wholesale Society. 1913 Secretary Miss A. Stewart. 1914– 15. 1918. 1920, Victoria Wine Company. British Asbestos Company

*Willesden Laundries 1913– 17. 1913 Secretary Miss G. Sweet. 1919– 20

Wimbledon 1908

Wood Green 1913

*Woolwich 1907, Secretary Mrs S. E. Stevenson. 1909. 1911, cable makers. 1913 Secretary Miss Hannaford. 1913, Siemens. Messrs James’ Shirt Factory. 1913 Secretary Miss Hamsford. 1915, 2 branches. Secretaries Mrs Gilder, Miss Baggett. 1916, Arsenal. Secretary, Mrs Holtham. President, Mrs Ansell; Assistant Secretary Miss King; Treasurer, Mrs Hollidge. 1917, Chief Shop Steward Miss Boardman. 1918. Offices 31 Walmer Road, Plumstead. 1920. 1921

South East

Abingdon 1907, Secretary Miss Leng. Garment making

Addlestone 1917

*Banbury 1908 clothing (undergarments). 1911, re- established. Secretary Mr R. B. Walker (ILP) & Mr Oatham. 1913 Miss C. Jackson

Basingstoke 1917 Messrs Wallis & Stevens Limited and Thorneycrofts. Branch officials: Secretary, Miss Conran (replaced by Mrs Mutton later in the year); President, Mrs Ryan; Treasurer, Miss Tillen; Committee members, Misses Haydon, Roshier, Slade and Grant

Bletchley 1916 brush making

Bognor Regis 1918, Secretary Miss J. Witcher. Shop Steward, Miss Fipps. Bognor Aircraft Works

178 Appendix 2

Bournemouth 1919, Organiser Miss Cole. Also laundry branches in nearby Boscombe, Winton and Poole

*Brighton 1917. 1918, premises London Road. Secretary, Mrs Bastock. 1919, Portslade Laundries, Perfection Laundry, the Temperance Laundry and the Seafield Laundry. Mrs E. J. Smith honorary member

Chatham Dock 1917

Chatham Manufacturing Company 1919

*Cowes 1918 Messrs Saunders. Secretary Miss Lloyd, Treasurer Miss Early

Dartford 1915 Vickers, Maxim

Erith 1915, Secretary Miss Mungal. 1916– 18 Vickers, Maxim

Folkestone 1918

Gillingham 1916– 17, President Miss M. Hedges, Secretary Miss L. Risborough, Literature Secretary Mrs Fletcher. Committee members, Miss Kimber, Eva and Elsie Ridges

Guildford 1916. Messrs Dennis

High Wycombe 1914, furniture. 1914 Secretary Miss K. Ross, 1915 Mrs Youens

Oxford 1907– 8, Secretary pro tem Miss L. Leng. Messrs Lucas (seamstresses and whiteworkers) with help from Mr Keatley of Ruskin Hall. 1908 Treasurer, Miss May Hounslow. Meetings at the Oxford Café. 1913, branch re- established

Portsmouth 1908

Reading 1911– 12 Huntley and Palmers

Redhill 1917. 1920, Lanston Monotype Corporation Limited. President, Miss Bonner; Secretary Mrs Knape (leaving district). Organiser Miss Elliott

*Southampton 1916– 17 Thorneycroft’s and Pirelli’s. 1917. Cunard Steamship Co and the Union Castle Mail Steamship Co 1919, 1920

Thames Ditton 1917 munitions

Wolverton 1914 Secretary Miss N. Morris. 1915 Mr A.E. Skinner. 1916, Secretary, Miss Robinson

South West

*Bath 1907– 08. Treasurer, Miss Tollemache, Secretary, Miss Johnson. 1911 branch falls through. 1914, laundry workers. 1917, President Mrs F. M. Kearne. Treasurer, Miss Applegate, Secretary Miss R. Turner. 1918, Bath Cabinet Works. 1920, Secretary Miss Wheeler. First member at Bath and West of England Laundry, Mrs Shaddock

Bridport 1912 Gundry’s fishing net factory. Revived 1914, Secretary Mr W.H. Martin

Appendix 2 179

*Bristol 1908 corset makers. 1914, Great Western Cotton Works. 1916, 2,000 members. National Shell workers, laundries, Cotton Works, Thomas’ Soap Works. Organisers Miss Howarth, Miss Codrington. 1917, Stephen Brothers and Martins, Strachan and Henshaw, Wilson’s Brass Foundry. 1918, Parnells & Sons. 1919, Victoria Laundry, New Hudson Cycle Company. 1920, laundries

*Cheltenham 1917, Secretary Miss Brotheridge. Gloucestershire Aircraft Factory. 1919 LP delegate Mrs Tarling. 1920 laundries

Devizes 1917

Dursley 1917 W. Lister & Co. Help from Miss Sealey, Mrs Woodward, Mrs Jones

*Gloucester 1912, Mrs Tyndall (pro tem) secretary. 1915 Secretary Mrs Bishop. 1917 collar works. National Shell Factory, Quodgley. Secretary Mrs Prosser, President Mrs Edwards

*Stroud 1917 Government controlled hosiery factory

Swindon 1917, Miss Codrington’s Division. New branch. 1919, honorary secre-tary, Mrs Eyres

Taunton 1907, Secretary Miss F. Jarmen. Officials Miss Oaten and Mrs Jones. 1908, declining. 1913 Secretary Miss M. Fursdon. 1914, ceased to be independent branch; linked with City of London branch

Tewkesbury 1918, aircraft workers

Yeovil 1913 2 branches, Secretaries Mrs Fowler, Miss M. Fort, Stoke-under-Ham, Miss Stone

East of England

*Bedford 1916 Allens and Igranic Works

Braintree 1917– 20 Messrs Joseph Bradbury

*Cambridge 1908 garment making. 1917, Chivers’ Factory. Ammunition box mak-ing. 1919, laundries, gloves, hosiery, college bed makers. Secretary Miss E. Barnes, President Mrs Nanning. 1920

Chivers’ Histon 1919

Colchester 1908– 09 ready made clothing. 1913 Secretary Mrs Hughes

*Halstead 1906. 1907, Secretary Miss Ada Newton. Courtaulds. 1915, Miss L. Sillitoe succeeded Miss Wicker as secretary who left to get married. 1916. 1917, Miss Sillitoe still secretary. 1919, committee member Miss Bibble. Secretary Miss Sillitoe. 1920, Miss Lily Rayner

Hainault 1917– 18 Messrs Henry Hughes. 1919, first secretary of the branch Mrs Hubbard resigning. Replaced by Mrs Hoff. District organiser, Mrs Holloway

Hertford 1919 biscuit factory

*Hitchin 1921

180 Appendix 2

Ilford 1916 White’s, Sterling

Ipswich 1908– 10 corset making. Miss C. Andrews

*King’s Lynn 1918 Messrs Savage Limited, St Nicholas Iron Works, biscuit work-ers and dressmakers. Engineering, woodwork. 1920, presentation to retiring Secretary Miss Flanders

*Letchworth 1914 Spirella Corsets. Secretary Miss V. Symonds. 1916, Arden Press Munitions. President, Miss Lees; Secretary, Mrs Purves; Trustees, Miss Marfleet, Mrs Durston. 1918, National Box Factory. 1919, corset, laundry workers. 1920, iron moulders

Lowestoft 1916 shell workers at Messrs Lundberg and Sons. Shop Steward Mr Williams

*Luton 1916– 19, more than one branch. Secretary, Mrs Jensen. Vauxhall Motor Works. 1919, straw workers

*Norwich 1907– 09, branch started by Mrs Pete Curran and Miss Hedges. Secretary Miss M. Bird. 1913 Mr W.R. Smith. Silk mills. 1911– 15 Crape Company Mills. 1919 Miss Tooke, Miss Lister at branch AGM

Peterborough 1913 Messrs Luke Turner and Co (elastic weavers) and Messrs R. and WHS Symington (corset manufacturers). Secretary Miss Rowe

*St Albans 1919 laundry and hosiery workers (Abbey Silk Mills)

*Southend 1919, Secretary Miss Julie Handford. Laundry branch

Tilbury 1919

*Ware 1912– 15 Secretary Miss Flitney, resigned to be married. Allens & Hanbury’s. Secretaries Miss Lily Hammond, Miss E. Saunders

West Midlands

*Astwood Bank 1915– 17 pins and needles. 4 branches. 1915 Secretary Miss J.E. Mole

*Birmingham 1908, organiser Miss E. Smyth. Domestic Servants branch, 1908. 1912, office Albert Chambers, Paradise Street. Honorary Secretary, Miss Dorothy Braithwaite. 1913 Secretary Miss Matthews, Organiser Miss Hickling. 1917, Secretary Mr S. C. Mitchell. Meetings Queen’s College, Paradise Street. Kynoch’s, General Electric Company, King’s Norton Metal Works, Lucas. 1917, Harriet Fawcett organising in city. 1918, Wrigley’s. 1918, Organiser Mrs Pownell. 1919 Thomason and Bennett, Pitman’s Health Foods, Dunlop, Climax Frame Limited. 1920, Secretary Mrs Pownall, President Miss E. Harris, Organiser Miss Bromhall. 1920, Eli Grifiths, Plant & Greens, Southerton & Sons, Taylor Brothers, Twiggs & Co., Planet Stamping Ground

Bournville 1907 (Cadbury) Card Box department. Honorary Secretary (pro tem), Mr J. E. Wain. Meetings at the Stirchley Institute. 1908, organiser Miss E. Smyth. Resigned after 10 months. 1909, cardboard box, wood box and apparatus. 1910, Card Box and Amalgamated branches. Card Box secretary, Miss Hilde Archer.

Appendix 2 181

1912, Secretary Miss Amy Fashan, Miss Mary Snowden (both leaving after 5 years’ service). Amalgamated Branch Secretary 1913 Miss E.M. Harris. 1916

*Coventry 1907, Secretary Miss Oliver. 1908, President Mrs Williams. Honorary member, Helen Dawson. 1912, Honorary secretary, Sarah Griffiths. 1913 Secretary Mrs Price. Dressmaking, cycles, components. Midland Division Secretary Edith Mayell (née Stringer). 1913 secretary Henrietta Givens. Several munitions branches. Givens becomes organiser 1917. 1917, Treasurer Miss L. Barton. President Mrs Lewis. Shop Steward, May Ford

*Cradley Heath 1906– 14 chain makers, hollow ware. Chain maker Delegates 1912 Conference, Misses Eva Hubble, Smith, Fanny Tromans, Maud Tibbetts, A. Sims, Amy Scriven, D. Robinson, H. J. Tromans, Pitchford, P. Tromans, M. Hill, Fellows, Mrs Williams, Mrs Clarke, Mrs Parkes, Mrs J. Bloomer, Mrs A. Garbett, Florrie Cox, Mr Alfred Homer, Ruth Tromans, J. Brooks, L. Rooke, Mr C. H. Sitch, Mr Charles Homer. Hollow ware delegates, Mrs Mary Hill, the Misses D. Mason, Norah Shaw, B. Deeley, Laura Priest, Annie Thomas, Amelia Spittle, Edith Shaw, Florrie Heath, Kate Brettle, Lizzie Hart, Nellie Shaw, Mary Poole, Sarah Taylor, Laura Robinson, Maud Brooks, Lily Chance, Anoloivnie Penn, Alice Stanton, Sarah Willetts, Perrins, Nellie Field, Matilda Bashford, and Mr Joseph Guy. 1913 brick workers. Stourbridge Laundry

Darlaston 1909

Dudley 1916– 20, Organiser Mrs Hunter. Munitions. Messrs Palethorpe Sausage Manufacturers, Ewarts, Messrs Rays

Evesham 1914

Five Towns 1917 laundries. Mr Miller. Resident Organiser, Miss Phoebe Wedgwood. Longton laundries, Mrs Middleton. Hanley, 1917– 18 munitions

Hereford 1917– 18, Secretary Mrs Pownall. Munitions

Kidderminster 1913, Secretary, Miss Surrell. Carpets

Newcastle under Lyme 1917– 18 Labert Mill, Pool Dam Mill and Friarswood Road Mill (fustian cutters). Laundries. Meetings in the Ebeneezer School, Marsh Street. Organiser, Phoebe Wedgwood

Nuneaton 1912, 1914. 1913 Secretary Mr W. Whetstone, 1914 Mrs Marsh. Garment making

Nuneaton, Wellingborough and Rugby 1913 combined branch. Secretary Mrs Butt. Laundries

Oldbury 1919, Former president Mrs Ashby

*Redditch 1910. 1915 Secretary Miss N. Jones, Miss A. Curtis (2 branches). 1917, Treasurer Miss Such. Miss Savage, Organiser. 1918– 19, needle and fishing tackle industries

*Rugby 1912, Mr Hodgett oversees branch formation. Meeting Queen Street Co- operative Hall. 1916 new branch. British Thomson Houston. Rugby Lamp Co, Willans and Robinson. 1917 secretary, Miss Mockrie. 1918– 19 Secretary Miss Turton. 1920. Lodge Sparking Plug Co

182 Appendix 2

Selly Oak 1908 cycle and motor industry

Smethwick 1920, Secretary Miss Timms, President Miss Andrews. Messrs Kendricks. Mrs Flattery organising

*Stafford 1917– 19, Secretary E. E. Dinham. Siemens. Stafford Steam Laundry

*Stoke on Trent 1918, Secretary Miss Green. Mrs Booth and Miss Foster appointed to branch committee and as collectors. 1919, Siemens. 1920, presenta-tion to Miss Phoebe Wedgwood, leaving district for new position. Secretary, Miss Insull. 1920, secretary Miss Hall. 1921 North Staffordshire Laundry

*Stourbridge 1914. 1916. 1918. Laundry, hollow ware. Organisers Mr Sitch, Mrs Hunter

Stourport 1914, Secretary Miss L. Chell

Tipton 1918 National Fuse Factory

Walsall 1915– 16, Secretary Mr Bentley. Hardware

Wednesbury 1908. 1920 Messrs Quilliams. Mrs Wright, Shop Steward

West Bromwich 1920 Kendrick’s

*Willenhall 1914– 15. 1915 Secretary Mr Lawson. 1916. 1920, Organiser Mrs Flattery

Wolverhampton 1911. 1914, Mrs Hunter organising. 1916. 1920. Laundry

Worcester 1914. Secretary Mr E. Baldwyn. 1917 Cartridge Factory. Engineering

East Midlands

Chapel en le Frith 1920

Chesterfield 1913, Sheffield Organiser, Miss Airey. 1914 Secretary Miss Wheeldon, 1915 Mrs Dodd. 1915, Surgical Dressings. Cotton Mill. 1917, Electric Shot Company. 1917 President Mrs Todd

Coalville 1914, Organiser Miss Sara Cave

*Colwick Junction 1914– 15, Britannia Cotton Mills (Messrs S. Bourne and Co). Secretary, Mrs Widdowson. 1917

*Derby 1907, Honorary Secretary Mr S. F. Pritchard. 1917, Rolls Royce. 1918, resignation of Secretary Mrs Bateman, Treasurer Miss Pollard. 1918 Mrs Cooke nominated (unsuccessfully) as Federation representative to Local Advisory Committee, Derby Employment Exchange. 1919 laundry

Grantham 1916, Secretary Miss Filing. Treasurer, Mrs Spink. Collector, Miss Ross (replacing Miss Hook). 1917. Presentation to Miss Wincup and Miss Filing. 1917, Hornsbys

Leicester 1910– 12, Gillette Safety Razor Company. 1917 new branch. Organiser, Mrs Reeves. First President, Miss Ada Maisey. W. Spiers and Company

Lincoln 1913 local trustee Mr Jackson

Appendix 2 183

Loughborough 1914 Weaving

*Mansfield 1908– 10, Secretary, Miss Jones. Branches at Shirebrook, New Houghton, Woodhouse and Pleasley Hill. Secretary for all, Mr Warren. Spinning mill. 1914 Secretaries Miss A. Maclenan, Miss Sipson. 1915 Miss M. Adams, Mrs Challoner. Tin box workers. Group of branches: Sutton in Ashfield, Whittingdon, Bolsover (Secretary 1914 Mr J.C. Stubbins), Chesterfield. Organiser Mrs Wilkinson

Netherfield 1916

*Northampton 1911 Brooks Manufacturing Company. Honorary Secretary, A. H. Cox. Secretary Alice L. Reeves. 1917, part time Secretary Miss Nora Walker

*Nottingham 1908, Acting Secretary, Secretary of Female Lace Workers’ Society. 1911 office opened at 13 George Street. Secretary of Lace- Finishers’ Branch of Federation, Miss Peters. Organising, Miss Kathleen Mollison and Mrs Esther Young. Miss Peters permanent Secretary Nottingham. 1912 organising help Miss Enfield. 1914 Secretary Miss Beatrice Murray (succeeded by Miss Broadbent). Boots the Chemist. 1918 lace workers, munitions and laundry. Organiser, Mrs Johnson. 1919 cotton workers

Ripley 1914 formed by Miss Airey. Secretary Miss E.J. Redfern. Candlewick manufacturer. 1917 ammunition box makers. 1918. 1919, Crossley and Morgans, Ripley Maunfacturing Company. Secretary, Mrs Ollerenshaw (of WCG)

Stamford 1916 Munitions. Secretary Miss Worthington, Treasurer Miss Haynes

Wellingborough 1914 Steam Laundry. Secretary Mrs Butt

Yorkshire and Humberside

*Bradford 1916 National Munition Factory. 1917 Organiser Mrs Arnott. Aircraft and Shell boxes. Meetings in ASE Hall, New John Street, Westgate. 1919 Secretary, Miss Lilian Barton from Coventry (left to get married later that year). Messrs Wilson & Wolfe Limited

Hebden Bridge 1917

Huddersfield 1916 National Shell Factory

*Hull 1907, Secretary Miss Hall. Tin box works. 1914. Secretary Miss Clarke. 1917 new branch. 1918, laundries and café workers. Secretary, Mrs Lewis. 1919 Organiser Mrs Barton from Bradford in city. 1920, all the big laundries organ-ised. Miss Donaghue assisting

Kippax 1919 branch of unemployed women from Barnbow Filling Factory formed

*Leeds 1916– 17 Whitley Partners (Brass Shop) Greenwood and Batley’s, Mann’s. Meetings at the ASE Institute, Woodhouse Lane. National Shell and Fuse Factories and Aircraft Works. 1919– 20, Lawson’s. Leeds (Stockbridge) 1920, Samuel Fox and Company

184 Appendix 2

Otley 1916 Dawson’s, Payne’s and Mann’s. Help from Miss Jackson. Mrs Jeanie Arnott

Rotherham 1919– 20

*Sheffield 1908. Declining 1912. 1913 office. Organiser, Miss Helena Airey. Assistance, Mrs Richardson. Confectionery, laundries. 1915 government orders. Munitions. 1916 new branch. Secretary Miss Briars (replaced by Mrs Mitchell). Branch at Coopers, Darnall. Firth’s, Wheeldon Street. Mrs Robinson. National Projectile Factory. Miss Fletcher. Kirkby Banks Screw Company. William Marples and Co. Cuthbert, Cooper and Sons. Sheffield Silver Plate and Cutlery Company, Priestley Street. Meetings Hallamshire Café, Westgate, Rotherham (for National Projectile). 1917 Cammell Laird. Mrs Wilkinson (Divisional Secretary). Tinsley Bond. Messrs Mappin and Webb. 1918, offices 63 Blonk Street, The Wicker. Messrs Swinscot. Organiser, Miss Neeme from Newcastle (Miss Wragg left for Newcastle). Laundries. 1919, Messrs Swift and Sons. Brass foundry, shirt, polish, drug pack-ing factories. Cafés. Herbert Frood and Co., engineers. 1920, Messrs Pickering. Beesley Wood Forge. Messrs Priest and Co. 1921 Cleaners at Wharncliffe War Hospital. Secretary Mrs Platt. 1918 offices 10 Bainbridge Buildings, Surrey Street

Shipley 1918

*York 1913 Secretary Mrs Fawcett. Mrs Leonard. Organiser Miss Airey. Laundry, confectionery. 1917, Adams Hydraulic

North West

Appley Bridge 1914– 15, Chemical Glue Works. Secretary Miss L.A. Stringfellow

*Barrow 1908–9 jute and flax workers. 1913, branch re- established. Laundry workers. 1915– 16, membership at Vickers, Maxim. 1919, jute workers. 1920, laundries and breweries. Secretary 1913– 20, Mrs R. Mills. Mr Roper, conscripted 1916, back with branch 1920. 1918 offices 108 Harrison Street

Birkenhead 1917 Cammell Lairds

Blackburn 1913, Secretary Miss Annie Ormerod, Chair Mrs Hopwood

*Blackpool 1916 boxes for munitions. Mrs Shepherd (née Newton) organising

*Bolton 1916, Secretary Mrs Holmes. President, Mildred Hill. Treasurer, Mrs Baxter. Trustees, Mrs Pendlebury, E. H. Taylor. 1917 Dobson & Barlow’s. 1918 Secretary Mrs Holmes. Resigned 1918. Mrs Blackburn appointed secretary. Meetings at the Spinners Hall

*Burnley 1914 laundries. Secretary 1914 Mrs A. Mortimore. 1915 Miss M. Gibson. 1916 Organiser Mrs Shepherd. Secretary Miss Gibson. 1920 Secretary Miss Bickford resigned. Replaced by Miss Firth. Miss Bickford Assistant Secretary. 1921

Bury 1915– 16. Secretary 1915 Miss Taylor

Carlisle 1909. 1911 tin box makers, Hudson Scott and Company. Secretary 1913 Miss E. Mellows. 1917

Cleator Moor 1914– 16 textile mill. Secretary Miss E. McCarten

Appendix 2 185

Cockermouth 1916– 18 Derwent Mills. Secretary M. Scott

*Crewe 1917, Secretary, Miss Amy Houghton. Treasurer, Miss Ethel Robinson. Printing works

Earlestown 1913, Secretary Miss M. Fairhurst

Ellesmere Port 1918

*Kendal 1917 munitions. 1918, shirt and blouse makers, laundry workers. McKay and Turner’s

Lancashire Pit Brow Workers 1915, branches at Ashton- in- Makefield, St Helens, Sutton, Sutton Heath, Platt Bridge and Wigan

*Lancaster 1916– 17 National Projectile Factory; Vickers. Secretary 1917 Miss Morgan. Collectors, Mrs Rimes and Miss Jessie Holmes. 1919

Leigh 1917 Sutcliffe and Speakman. Secretary N. Tildsley

Liverpool 1908 waitresses. 1914, Hartley’s. Secretary Mrs Billinge. 1917, Messrs Jacobs Biscuit Factory. National Filling Factory, Edgehill. Mrs Anderson Fenn assisting

Macclesfield 1909, Secretary Mrs Neary. 1911– 12 blouse makers. 1914 Secretary Mrs Newton, 1915 Mr J.R. Martlew. 1920 glove works

*Manchester 1916, Mrs Pearson, Mrs Nance Williams. Messrs Brooks & Doxey, Armstrong Whitworth, Galloway’s, Messrs Thompsons, Hollicks. 1917 Miss Weaver. Holroy’s (munitions). Branches at Hollinwood and Newton Heath. Crossley Motors 1917– 18 own offices. 1919, handkerchief and sheet hemming. Levenshulme, engi-neering. 1920 Bank Ridge Rubber Stopper Works. 1918 offices 8 Caxton Buildings, Paton Street, Piccadilly

Morecambe 1917 Morecambe Filling Factory. Lancaster Secretary Miss Morgan

New Brighton 1908 laundry branch

Oldham 1916 Bradbury’s (mills)

Preston 1907, Secretary, Miss A. Walsh. Member Miss Green. 1916 Secretary, Mrs Hutchins

*Rochdale 1914, secretary, Miss Buckley. 1916 munitions. Secretary Mary Stott. Messrs Holt Brothers

Salford 1917

Southport 1917

*Trafford Park 1919, Secretary Miss Forster

Westhoughton 1913 Starkie Pit and Lostock Lance (pit brow workers). Organising, Miss Pemberton (Bolton) and Miss Airey (Sheffield)

Wigan, several branches 1914– 15. Organisers Miss Newton, Mrs Fairhurst. Secretaries Miss E. Ash, Cllr A. Parkinson, Miss Winsterley, Miss Naven

*Workington 1916– 17, District Organiser Mrs Mills. 1919 branch revived. Secretary Miss Smith

186 Appendix 2

North East

Birtley, secretary Mrs Luke

Bishop Auckland 1919, branch opened by Mrs Pretty. Lingford’s Baking Powder Works. Secretary Miss A. Armstrong. Wear Valley Laundry

*Darlington 1908– 09. 1916 munitions, Shell Factory. Secretary Miss Harris. 1917 Secretary Mrs Lumley

Derwenthaugh 1917, shop steward Mrs Joyce

Durham 1919 Provincial Laundry. Secretary Miss Emily Mearis

Gateshead 1916– 17 Nut, Screw and Bolt Works; Armstrong Whitworth; Clark, Chapman and Company; Rivet, Bolt and Nut; Close Works. Meetings Bush Inn. 1918, Mrs Taylor, Miss Neeme, Mrs Graham, Honour Edwards. 1919– 20 laundry. Mrs Oxley

Middlesborough 1916. Secretary Miss Kilvington. 1917. Branch Number 2 at Richardson and Westgarth. President Mrs Rickaby; Secretary, Mrs Maude Clarke; Treasurer, Mrs Court. Organiser C. M. Ellis. Dorman’s, Cargo Fleet, Strachan and Henshaw. Miss Jewson and Miss Ellis. Greatham. 1918, Corebos Company. 1919 Corporation Electric Works

*Newcastle upon Tyne 1911. 1913 Secretary Mrs Howson, 1914 Miss Lindsay. 1915, Armstrong Whitworth (Elswick and Scotswood). 1916, Mrs Harriet Fawcett. Assistance from Miss Weaver and Miss Nutcher. Branch President, Miss Flood, Vice President, Mrs Sinton. Secretary, Mrs Dryden. 1917 Secretary Miss Mathews. Organisers Miss Macgregor & Mr Dryden. Members (shop stewards?) Miss McVeigh, Miss Coffey, Mrs Gilmore. President Mrs Ricksby. Treasurer Mrs Court replaced by Mrs Wass. Collectors, Mrs Boak, Mrs Rigby, Miss Baston, Miss Campbell, Miss Field, Miss Beveridge, Miss Turpin. 1917, Miss Dorothy Jewson organising. 1917, members at Dawson’s Aircraft Factory. Lemington Point Government Bond. Caller’s Box Factory. Nusenbaum’s Box Factory. Armstrong Hospital & Royal Victoria Infirmary (ward maids and clean-ers). Spillers and Baker’s (biscuit manufacturers). Fencehouses. Lambton Sanitary Pipe and Brick Works. 1918 delegates at a strike conference, Jennie Holland and May Baston. Committee at Dawson’s (branch number 3): Mrs Platt and Miss Coates for Dope Department, Miss F. Tyrrel for Wing Room and Mrs Stobbart for ‘Blacketts’. 1918 return of Miss Neeme, Organiser. ‘Probationer’ organiser, Mrs Pretty (from Shell Shop). Collector at Royal Victoria Infirmary Miss Howe. 1919 Secretary Miss Slater replaced by Mrs Luke. 1920 Davidson’s Glass Works. Café workers. Organiser Mrs Platt

South Shields 1917, Organiser, Mr Dryden

Stockton on Tees 1916. 1917 resignation of Secretary Mrs Carter

Sunderland 1911

West Hartlepool 1911 salt packers

Appendix 2 187

Wales

Britton Ferry 1917. Taylor’s Branch helped by Mrs Rogers

Burry Port 1916– 17 munitions workers, Messrs Nobel

*Cardiff 1920 Cardiff Workhouse Laundry

Clydach 1914 tin box workers. Secretary Mrs Williams

Colwyn Bay 1919 domestic workers

Grangetown 1917

HM Factory Pembrey, South Wales 1917

Llanelli 1917– 18 Welsh Tinplate Company. Taylor’s Britton Factory. Mrs Rogers. Laundry workers at Neath. Organiser Mrs D. Rogers

Merthyr Tydfil 1908, Miss Richards. 1920 domestic servants in hospital service

*Neath 1916– 17 branch offshoot of Miss Howarth’s stay at Bristol

Newport 1913– 15 Laundry. 1913 Secretary Mrs A. Parsons, 1915 (number 2 branch) Miss McNamara. Honorary Secretary Mrs Meggitt. Chemical Works. Messrs Lovells (confectionery)

Swansea 1911. Dressmakers. 1913 Secretary Miss K. Probert

Scotland

*Aberdeen 1913– 20, Secretary Miss Milne. 1917 President Mr Palmer. Organiser Kate Beaton (nee Maclean),Miss Lippett. 1918 4 branches. School cleaners, domes-tic servants, fisher girls, munitions, National Shell Factory, aircraft, net braiders

Airdrie 1911– 13. Secretary Miss McComb

Alexandria 1911– 12, 8 branches from Vale of Leven textile mills. Organising help Mr Dallas and Mr Kerr; 1916, munitions

Alloa 1912 Messrs J. Paton & Co. Mill. 1917, aircraft, British Electric Plant Company, Jeffries, British Cauldron Company, Secretary Mrs Whalley, supported by Miss Olive Laycock. 1918 resignation President Miss Peggy Marshall on marriage. New President Miss Jenny Hunter, Vice President, Mrs S. Hunter, Secretary Miss Edith Brotherton, Treasurer Miss Jenny Alexander. 1919, elected President Miss Cairns, Vice President Miss Prentice, Secretary Miss May Drummond, Treasurer, Miss Edith Brotherton

Ayr 1912– 13 Messrs Templeton and Co. Mill. Secretary Miss Millar. 1918, new branch formed by Miss Adams

Bellshill 1916 Mossend Steel Works

Bonnyrigg 1914, Secretary Miss J. Temple

Bothwell Park Quarry and Brickwork 1917

Buckhaven 1914 net workers. Secretary Miss L. Nelson

188 Appendix 2

Caldercruix 1913 J. Glen and Sons, Printworks. Secretary Miss A. Wison

Coatbridge 1916 Eglinton Silica Brick Company

Cowdenbeath 1912– 14, yarn mill. Secretary Miss M. Sinclair

Dalmonach 1912 Calico Printing Association

Dalry 1911

Dumfries 1912– 14 Ryedale Gloves. Secretaries 1913 Miss Johnson, 1914 Miss A. Kirkpatrick

Dundee 1907. 1911. 1920, laundries

*Edinburgh 1906 paper bag makers. Conference delegates, Bella Milne, Barbara Macnab, Annie Rutherford. 1907, Secretary Miss Milne. President Mrs Lamont. 1908 John Brown’s Bagmakers. McKenzie & McKenzie Biscuit Manufacturers. 1913 Secretary Mrs Lamont. 1918, Secretary Miss Nellie Blake

*Falkirk 1913, Secretary (Camelon) Mr S. Hinks. 1916– 17 munitions. 1920 hosiery workers. 1921

*Glasgow 1909 Office 172 Buchanan Street. Box makers. Caledonia Bakery strike 1911. Calendar workers. 1913– 14 Galbraiths Mill. Secretaries Miss M. McGregor, Miss J. Guthrie. Shirtmakers, netmakers. 1915 Beardmore’s. Parkhead Secretary, Miss A. Young. 1916, loss of 2 shop stewards, Miss Florence Craik and Miss Mary Kearney. Treasurer Miss Milne. President Mrs Finlay. 1918 National Projectile Factory. Agnes M. Adam (Secretary?). Wire works. Shop stewards Miss Mary Smillie (wire works). Mrs Paul (pickle works). 1920 confectionery. Handkerchief hem-mers. Saw mills. Jam makers, hosiery, laundry and dress makers. 1921 Secretary Miss Macfarlane

Govan 1913 Govan Rope Work Company. 1913 Secretary Mrs Paton. 1915 Miss M. Davie. 1919, Christie and Company’s Wire Works

Greenock 1913 Spinning and cloth branches. Secretaries Miss Moorhead, Miss Finlayson

Hamilton 1913, Secretary Miss Brown

Inverurie 1918, Organiser Miss Innes

Johnstone 1911

Kilburnie 1912– 13 thread mills. Organiser Miss Maclean. 1916, revival of mem-bership among net workers. Miss Quin

Kilsyth 1914 muslin factory of Messrs J. and M. Wilson

Kilwinning 1911– 12 Busby Spinning Company. 1913 Secretary Miss K. Curran, 1914 Miss J. McClure

Larkhall 1911– 12 Messrs Ronald and Mitchell’s Bleach

Leith 1912– 14 Edinburgh Roperie Works. Secretary Mrs Wright. Replaced by Miss J. Hughes 1914. 1915 Secretary Miss E. Macintyre. Messrs E. Chalmers and Company (Rag and Metal Merchants). Recovery of branch 1916

Lennoxtown 1913 Calico Printing Association. Secretary Miss H. Lowe

Linlithgow 1916 munitions, Nobel’s Works

Appendix 2 189

Moffatt 1917, President Miss Leek

Motherwell 1916

Neilston 1910– 14 English Sewing Cotton Company. Kirkonfield Bleachworks, Pollockshaws (bleach fields), Crofthead Mills. 1913 Secretary Miss J. Kent

*Paisley 1906– 07, Secretary Miss A. Macpherson. Thread industry. 1908. 1911. 1916. Shop Steward Miss Mary Crawford replaces Miss Mary Gray as Secretary

Perth 1910– 11. 1912, Pullar’s Dye Works. 1912 Secretaries Miss C. Richardson, Miss R. Smith, 1913 Miss Howatt. 1914, Linen Manufacturers. 1916

Renfrew 1913 textile workers, Moorpark Weaving Factory. Secretary Miss A. Howatt

Rutherglen 1921 Richmond Park Laundry

Scottish District Council of Federation 1917, Officials Miss Rose Quinn (Chairman), Miss Murphy, Edinburgh (Vice Chairman); Miss A. Adam (Secretary), Miss J. Milne, Glasgow (Treasurer)

Stirling 1912, 2 branches formed. Laundry

Thornliebank 1913 Bleaching and dyeing. Secretary Miss Wotherspoon

Uddingston 1915, Secretary Mrs A. Chambers

Vale of Leven 1913, various branches in district amalgamated. Miss McIntosh

Whiteinch 1916 North British Diesel Engine Co. Miss McGregor and Mrs Lauder

Ireland

Cork 1918 National Factory. 1919 Douglas Woollen Mills, O’Brien’s Woollen Mills. Secretary Miss Elwood

Derry 1907 (as Federation branch of Derry Textile Operatives), Secretary Miss McCarron. 1918. 1919, resignation of Secretary Mrs Dempsey, replaced by Miss Fisher

Dublin 1917– 19 National Shell Factory, hospital cleaners. 1919 offices 42, North Great Georgia Street. Shop Stewards Miss Chrissie Johnston, Miss Bella Holey, Miss Chrissie Telehennan, Mrs Walsh

Galway 1917– 19 2 branches. National Factory. Retiring Secretary Number 1 branch Miss Hoey. Elected: President, Mrs Hatfield; Vice- President, Miss McDermott; Secretary Mrs Kavanagh; Treasurer, Miss Keenan. Two new Shop Stewards, Mrs Gilligan (in place of Mrs Kavanagh) and Miss McDonagh (in place of Miss Kennedy). Continuation in post of Miss Forde. 1918, Secretary Mrs Kavanagh. Shop Steward Miss Bridget Finnegan. Corrib Hosiery. Secretary Miss Bridget Birne. Laundry workers form Galway Number 3. Lydon’s Mills. Galway Woollen Mills

Waterford 1917, President Mrs Hennessey. Organiser Miss O’Donovan. Secretary Miss Dalton replaced by Miss McCarthy. 1918. Waterford National Factory. Shop Steward Mrs Kennedy. 1919

Wexford 1918 munitions. 1919 Murphy’s knitting factory. Secretary Miss Mary Sells resigned on marriage to Mr O’Leary

190

Notes

Introduction

1. These statistics are based on my interpretation of figures cited in Barbara Drake (1920) Women in Trade Unions, Labour Research Department (London, Virago, 1984 edition), Table 1, and Elizabeth Roberts (1988) Women’s Work, 1840– 1940, (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), p. 55.

2. Mary Agnes Hamilton (1925) Mary Macarthur: A Biographical Sketch, (London, Leonard Parsons), p. 57

3. The Woman Worker (WW), August– September 1920 4. Anne Godwin (1977) ‘Early Years in the Trade Unions’, in Lucy Middleton

(ed.) Women in the Labour Movement: The British Experience, (London, Croom Helm), p. 99

5. Drake, Women in Trade Unions, p. 206 6. Mary Macarthur (1908) ‘Trade Unions’ in Gertrude Tuckwell (ed.), Woman in

Industry from Seven Points of View (London, Duckworth & Co.), p. 82 7. The Clarion, 24 May 1907 8. The Manchester Chronicle, 24 October 1907, Gertrude Tuckwell Papers (GTP),

TUC Library Collections, London Metropolitan University, GTP 300b/46 9. WW, October 191810. Macarthur, ‘Trade Unions’, p. 6411. Preface to Handbook of The Daily News Sweated Industries Exhibition (1906)

compiled by Richard Mudie- Smith (London, Burt & Sons), p.  16. Sweated labour was broadly defined as work characterised by extremely low wages, excessively long hours and poor working conditions. Although the WTUL focused a great deal of attention on the plight of the home worker, sweated labour was not confined to home industries

12. See, for example, Deborah Thom (2000) Nice Girls and Rude Girls: Women Workers in World War One, (London, IB Tauris), p. 201; Gail Braybon (2003) ‘Winners and Losers: Women’s Symbolic Role in the War Story’ in Braybon (ed.) Evidence, History and the Great War: Historians and the Impact of 1914– 18, (New York, Berghahn Books), pp. 88– 9

13. These were tribunals established by the Munitions of War Act, 1915 to deal with work ‘offences’

14. See, for example, June Hannam & Karen Hunt (2002) Socialist Women: Britain, 1880s to 1920s (London, Routledge), p. 8

15. Thom, Nice Girls, p. 9716. GTP, TUC Library Collections, London Metropolitan University17. Jenny Morris (1978) ‘The Gertrude Tuckwell Collection’, History Workshop

Journal, 5 (1) pp. 155– 6218. Cathy Hunt (2013) ‘Binding women together in friendship and unity? Mary

Macarthur and The Woman Worker, September 1907 to May 1908’ in Media History, 19 (2), pp. 139– 52

Notes 191

19. WW, 1907– 10; 1916– 2120. Jill Liddington & Jill Norris’ 1978 ground breaking study of radical suffra-

gists explores the politicisation of working women activists in Lancashire; One Hand Tied Behind Us: the Rise of the Women’s Suffrage Movement (London, Virago). In her history of women and the Scottish labour movement, Eleanor Gordon uses local and socialist press, together with trades council (TC) min-utes, to provide rich details of the Federation’s role in key strikes involving women in the years immediately before the First World War; Eleanor Gordon (1991) Women and the Labour Movement in Scotland 1850– 1914 (Oxford, Clarendon Press). The relationship between national and regional organisers in the Women’s Social and Political Union is highlighted in Krista Cowman’s 2007 study of WSPU paid organisers; Women of the Right Spirit: Paid Organisers of the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) 1904– 18 (Manchester, Manchester University Press)

21. See also Cathy Hunt (2012) ‘Sex Versus Class in Two British Trade Unions in the Early 20th Century’, Journal of Women’s History, 24 (1), Spring 2012, pp. 86– 110; Cathy Hunt (2011) ‘The Fragility of the Union: The work of the National Federation of Women Workers in the Regions of Britain, 1906– 14’, in Mary Davis (ed.), Class and Gender in British Labour History: Renewing the Debate (Or Starting it?) (Pontypool, Merlin); Cathy Hunt (2011) ‘Dancing and Days Out: The Role of Social Events in British Women’s Trade Unionism in the Early 20th Century’, Labour History Review, 76 (2), August 2011, pp.  104– 20; Cathy Hunt (2007), ‘Tea and Sympathy: A  Study of Diversity among Women Activists in the National Federation of Women Workers in Coventry, England, 1907– 14’, International Labor & Working Class History, (72), Fall 2007, pp. 173– 91

22. Kenneth Richardson Collection, Lanchester Library, Coventry University (Mrs M. Ford, Mrs E. Mayell) for Kenneth Richardson (1972) Twentieth Century Coventry (City of Coventry)

23. George Rawlinson & Anna Robinson (1997) ‘The United Turkey Red Strike – December 1911’ in William Kenefick & Arthur McIvor Roots of Red Clydeside 1910– 1914? Labour Unrest and Industrial Relations in West Scotland (Edinburgh, John Donald Publishers Ltd), p. 182

24. Ibid., p. 18825. Hamilton, Mary Macarthur, p. 226. Margaret Bondfield (1949) A Life’s Work (London, Hutchinson)27. Gertrude Tuckwell, ‘Reminiscences’, GTP, Box 39; Dorothy M. Elliott, ‘Women

in Search of Justice’, TUC Library Collections; Doris Nield Chew (1982) Ada Nield Chew: The Life and Writings of a Working Woman (London, Virago)

28. Nuneaton Chronicle, 23 January 191429. Weekly Herald (Tottenham, Edmonton and Wood Green), 23 May 191330. Forward, (Glasgow ILP newspaper) 10 May 191331. See discussion in Mary Davis (2011) ‘The Making of the English Working Class

revisited: labour history and Marxist theory’ in Class and Gender, pp.  12– 2932. June Purvis (1995) ’From “Women Worthies” to Poststructuralism? Debate

and Controversy in Women’s History in Britain’ in June Purvis (ed.) Women’s History: Britain, 1850– 1945 (London, UCL Press), p.  6; H. A. Clegg (1964) General Union in a Changing World: A Short History of the National Union of

192 Notes

General and Municipal Workers, 1889– 1964 (Oxford, Blackwell); Richard Hyman (1971) The Workers’ Union (Oxford, Clarendon Press)

33. Barbara Drake, Women in Trade Unions; Sheila Lewenhak (1977) Women and Trade Unions: An Outline of Women in the British Trade Union Movement (London, Ernest Benn); Norbert C. Soldon (1978) Women in British Trade Unions, 1874– 1976 (Dublin, Gill & Macmillan), Sarah Boston (1980) Women Workers and the Trade Unions (London, Lawrence & Wishart)

34. A  good example is Alastair J. Reid’s (2005) United We Stand: A  History of Britain’s Trade Unions (London, Penguin)

35. Lewenhak, Women and Trade Unions, p. 17436. Reid, United We Stand, pp. 217–1 837. Figures for the Miners’ Federation and the ASE from Clegg, A  History of

British Trade Unions, Volume 2, Table 9; the Federation figure is from its 1911 Annual Report (AR) which covered an 18 month period from January 1910 to June 1911

38. See, for example, Gerry Holloway (2005) Women and Work in Britain Since 1840 (London, Routledge); Angela Woolacott (1994) On Her Their Lives Depend: Munitions Workers in the Great War (Berkeley, University of California Press); Gail Braybon (1981) Women Workers in the First World War (London, Croom Helm)

39. Deborah Thom, ‘“The Bundle of Sticks”: Women Trade Unionists and Collective Organisation Before 1918’ in Nice Girls and Rude Girls, pp. 94– 121. In addition a comprehensive and impressively detailed coverage of the Federation in the First W orld War (and other unions catering for women war workers) is in Marion Kozak’s 1976 unpublished PhD thesis, ‘Women Munitions Workers During the First World War, with Special Reference to Engineering’, University of Hull, 1976

40. See for example Sheila Rowbotham (2010) Dreamers of a New Day: Women Who Invented the 20th Century (London, Verso)

41. WW, September 190742. Ellen F. Mappen (1986) ‘Strategists for Change: Social Feminists Approaches

to the Problems of Women’s Work’ in Angela V John (ed.) (1986) Unequal Opportunities: Women’s Employment in England 1800– 1918 (Oxford, Blackwell), p. 235

43. Annelise Orleck (1995) Common Sense and A Little Fire: Women and Working Class Politics in the United States, 1900– 1965, (Chapel Hill & London, University of North Carolina Press) pp. 6– 7

44. A.E. Musson (1974) Trade Union and Social History, (London, Frank Cass), p. 545. Alice Kessler Harris (1982) Out to Work: A History of Wage- Earning Women in

the United States, (Oxford, Oxford University Press), p. 15246. Evidence to the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry, Days 4 and

7, MUN5/84/342/17, NA; Report of the Women’s Employment Committee 1919, Appendix on Female Membership of Trade Unions in the UK, 1914 to 1917, Ministry of Reconstruction, Cd 9239

47. The GFTU recorded the National Federation of Women Workers’ total mem-bership in September 1916 as 10,776 and 13,677 in March 1918. The TUC figure for the Federation in 1918 was, although higher than that used by the GFTU, only 20,000; TUC Annual Report 1918

Notes 193

48. Federation AR 191449. Ibid.50. WW, 9 October 1908; Federation AR 190951. Drake, Women in Trade Unions, p. 5052. Federation AR, 191553. Barbara Drake (1918) Women in the Engineering Trades: A Problem a Solution

and some Criticisms: being a Report based on an Enquiry by a Joint Committee of the Labour Research Department and the Fabian Women’s Group (Labour Research Department, London, George Allen & Unwin, Ltd), p. 37; Drake, Women in Trade Unions, Table 2

54. National Union of General Workers (NUGW) Executive Committee (EC) Minutes, 9 October 1918, Working Class Movement Library, Salford

55. General Workers Journal (GWJ) July– August 192456. WW, November 191657. WW, March 1917; February 191858. Federation ARs; WW, October 191859. Pat Thane (1988) ‘Late Victorian Women’ in T. R. Gourvish & Alan O’Day

(eds) Later Victorian Britain 1867– 1900 (London, Macmillan Education), p. 20060. See for example Catherine Hall (1979) ‘The Early Formation of Victorian

Domestic Ideology’ in Sandra Burman (ed.) Fit Work for Women (London, Croom Helm), pp. 15– 32

61. Christine Stansell (1987) City of Women: Sex and Class in New York 1789– 1860 (Urbana, University of Illinois Press), p. 139

62. Edward Cadbury, M. Cecile Matheson & George Shann (1906) Women’s Work and Wages: A Phase of Life in an Industrial City (London, Fisher Unwin), pp.  136– 7

63. The New Statesman, Special Supplement on Women in Industry, 21 February 1914, GTP, 300f

64. Cadbury et al., Women’s Work and Wages, p. 12765. A  week’s budget for a factory girl, 1910, TUC Library Collections, www.

unionhistory.info/timeline/TI_Display.php?66. Schneiderman cited in Alice Kessler Harris (2007) Gendering Labor History

(Urbana, University of Illinois Press), p. 7667. Chew, The Life and Writings of a Working Woman, p. 7668. Seth Koven & Sonja Michel (1993) (eds) Introduction to Mothers of a

New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States (New York, Routledge), p. 6

69. Records of the National Women’s Trade Union League of America (NWTUL), First National Conference 1905, Reel 1, Library of Congress

70. Kathleen Canning (1996) Languages of Labor and Gender: Female Factory Work in Germany, 1850– 1914 (Ithaca, Cornell University Press), p. 190

71. League Leaflet (LL), March 191172. L. Holcombe cited in Gerry Holloway (2005) Women and Work in Britain since

1840 (London, Routledge), p. 5473. Drake, Women in Trade Unions, Table 174. Cited in Drake, Women in Trade Unions, p. 4475. Cadbury et al., Women’s Work and Wages, p. 12176. Jackson’s Oxford Journal, 22 June 1907; Macarthur, ‘Trade Unions’, p. 21

194 Notes

77. Gail Braybon & Penny Summerfield (1987) Out of the Cage: Women’s Experiences in Two World Wars (London & New York, Pandora Press), p. 12

78. Cited by Gertrude Tuckwell in the Handbook of The Daily News Sweated Industries’ Exhibition

79. Forward, 14 November 1908 80. WW, September 1907 81. BL Hutchins, ‘Women in Trade Unionism’ in The New Statesman, 21

February 1914 82. Francoise Basch (1990) Introductory Essay to Theresa Malkiel (1910) The

Diary of a Shirtwaist Striker (Ithaca, ILR Press), p. 5 83. Elizabeth Roberts (1995) Women’s Work, 1840– 1940 (Cambridge, Cambridge

University Press), p. 14 84. Cadbury et al., Women’s Work and Wages, p. 131 85. Carol Morgan (2001) Women Workers and Gender Identities, 1835– 1913: The

Cotton and Metal Industries in England (London & New York, Routledge), p. 11 86. WTUL AR 1912. In Women’s Work, Roberts notes that dressmakers and mil-

liners were sometimes expected to pay their employers ‘for the privilege of working’ (p. 29).

87. Doris Nield Chew (1982), Ada Nield Chew, p. 13 88. Women’s Trade Union Review (WTUR), May 1894 89. WTUR, April 1896 90. The first four trades to be included were chain making, paper box making,

lace finishing and bespoke tailoring 91. Mrs May Ford, interviewed 1973; Kenneth Richardson Collection, Coventry

University 92. ‘Sweating in Textile Factories’, WW, 10 July 1908 93. Morning Leader, 14 January 1909, GTP 13a 94. Weekly Scotsman, 16 March 1912 GTP 13a 95. Clegg et al., British Trade Unions Since 1889, Volume 1, pp.  1– 2, 466– 7 96. Drake, Women in Trade Unions, Table 1 97. See for example, Joanna Bornat (1986) ‘“What About That Lass of Yours

Being in the Union?”: Textile Workers and Their Union, 1888– 1922’ in Leonore Davidoff & Belinda Westover (eds), Our Work, Our Lives, Our Words: Women’s History and Women’s Work (Basingstoke, Macmillan Education), pp. 76– 98

98. Forward, 6 February 1909 99. Drake, Women in Trade Unions, p. 39; Clegg, General Union, p. 12100. Hyman, The Workers’ Union, p. 87101. Clegg et al., British Trade Unions, Volume 1, p. 489; Drake, Women in Trade

Unions, Table 1102. Kessler Harris, Out to Work, p. 152103. Roger Magraw (1989) ‘Socialism, Syndicalism and French Labour Before

1914’ in Dick Geary (ed.) Labour and Socialist Movements in Europe Before 1914 (Oxford, Berg), p. 61

104. Sian Moore (2011) ‘Gender and Class Consciousness in industrialisation: the Bradford worsted industry 1820– 1845’ in Davis, Class and Gender, p. 40

105. Melanie Reynolds (2006) ‘“ A Man Who Won’t Back a Woman is No Man at All”: The 1875 Heavy Woollen Dispute and the Narrative of Women’s Trade Unionism’ in Labour History Review, 71 (2), August 2006, p. 193

Notes 195

106. Louise Raw (2011) Striking A  Light: The Bryant and May Matchwomen and their Place in History (London, Continuum), p. 227

107. Dick Geary (1989) (ed.) ‘Introduction’, Labour and Socialist Movements in Europe Before 1914 (Oxford, Berg), p. 8

108. Cited in Kessler Harris, Out to Work, p. 153109. Beatrice Webb (1895) ‘The Legal Regulation of Women’s Work’, in Women

Workers: The Official Report of the Conference, Nottingham, 22– 25 October 1895 (Nottingham, James Bell), p. 47, Nottingham Local Studies

1 Beginnings

1. Proceedings: Second Biennial Convention of the National Women’s Trade Union League of America (NWTUL), TUC Library Collections, HD6079.US

2. Cited in Gladys Boone (1942) The Women’s Trade Union Leagues of Great Britain and the United States of America (New York, AMS Press, 1968 edition), p. 20. The NWTUL of America was founded in 1903.

3. Harold Goldman (1974) Emma Paterson (London, Lawrence & Wishart), p. 23

4. Sidney & Beatrice Webb (1935) The History of Trade Unionism (London, Green & Co), p. 336; Sally Alexander, ‘ “Bringing Women into Line with Men”; The Women’s Trade Union League: 1874–1921’ in Alexander, Becoming A Woman and Other Essays in 19th and 20th Century Feminist History, (New  York, New York University Press), p. 57

5. Goldman, Emma Paterson, pp. 31– 2 6. Labour News, April 1874, reprinted in Goldman, Emma Paterson, pp. 117– 24 7. Alexander, ‘ Bringing Women into Line with Men’, p. 63; Kali Israel (1999)

Names and Stories: Emilia Dilke and Victorian Culture (Oxford & New York, Oxford University Press), p. 189

8. Emilia Dilke (1891) ‘Trades Unions for Women’ (reprinted from The North American Review), TUC Library Collections, HD 6079

9. Isabella Ford (1900), contributor to ‘Women as Trade Unionists’ in WTUR, January 1900, TUC Library Collections

10. Labour News, April 1874, reprinted in Goldman, pp. 117– 2411. Teresa Olcott (1976) ‘Dead Centre: The Women’s Trade Union League in

London, 1874– 1914’, The London Journal: A Review of Metropolitan Society Past and Present, 2 (1), p. 35

12. Ibid.13. Women’s Protective and Provident League AR 1875, TUC Library Collections14. Ibid.15. For discussion of these ideas, see Rosemary Feurer (1988) ‘The Meaning

of “Sisterhood”: the British Women’s Movement and Protective Labor Legislation, 1870– 1900’, in Victorian Studies, Winter 1988, pp. 238– 9; Ruth Livesey (2004) ‘The Politics of Work: Feminism, Professionalism and Women Inspectors of Factories and Workshops’, Women’s History Review, 13 (2), pp.  233– 61

16. BL Hutchins and A Harrison (1926) A History of Factory Legislation, 3rd edn (London, PS King & Son), p. 184 (1st edn 1903)

17. Holloway, ‘“United We Stand” : Class Issues in the Early British Women’s Trade Union Movement’, in Davis, Class and Gender, p. 140

196 Notes

18. Lewenhak, Women and Trade Unions, p. 7519. BL Hutchins (1914) ‘Women in Trade Unionism’, The New Statesman, 21

February 191420. WTUL AR 190821. Nottingham & District Trades Union Council, 21 September 1890, 13

October 1890, Nottingham University Manuscripts & Special Collections, Tr M

22. The Reformers’ Year Book, 190423. WTUL, December 1907, GTP 300b/4924. Jenny Johnston (1931) ‘Gertrude Tuckwell’ in The Millgate, GTC, Box 3825. Israel, Names and Stories, p. 23826. Dilke, ‘Trades Unions for Women’27. Boston, Women Workers, p. 5528. WW, December 1907. For further discussion of the Tollemache daughters

and their suffrage activities in Bath, see June Hannam (2000) ‘“Suffragettes are Splendid for Any Work”: The Blathwayt Diaries as a Source for Suffrage History’ in Claire Eustance et al. (eds) (2000) A  Suffrage Reader: Charting Directions in British Suffrage History (London, Leicester University Press), pp.  53– 68

29. Hannam and Hunt, Socialist Women, p. 35 remind us of the nuances that preclude the ready classification of socialist women into working or mid-dle class and of the significant differences between women’s economic circumstances.

30. Women’s Emancipation Union (1893) ‘The Factory Work of Women in the Midlands’, WEU Tracts, British Library 8416.h.40. See also Maureen Wright (2010) ‘The Women’s Emancipation Union and Radical- Feminist Politics in Britain, 1891– 99’, Gender and History, 22 (2), pp. 382– 406

31. Report of the Royal Commission on the Aged Poor, 1895 (London, Royal Commission on the Aged Poor)

32. Coventry Herald, 9 January 1903, Lowes’ Cuttings, Coventry History Centre33. Dilke, ‘Trades Unions for Women’34. Ibid.35. Hamilton, Mary Macarthur, p. 5736. 1909 National Convention NWTUL37. Mary Macarthur (1918) ‘The Woman Trade Unionist’s Point of View’ in

Marion Phillips (ed.) Women and the Labour Party by Various Writers (London, Headley Brothers), pp. 22– 3

38. Ibid.39. Hamilton, Mary Macarthur, p. 20240. 1909 National Convention NWTUL41. Cited in Soldon, Women in British Trade Unions, p. 5542. The Co- operative News, 27 January 1906; ‘The Women’s Corner’ first appeared

in the paper in 1883 and inspired the development of the WCG43. Ibid.44. Evidence to the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry, 1918,

Day 4, Mary Macarthur, National Archives (NA), MUN5/84/342/1745. This union became the National Union of Gas and General Workers in 1912

and the National Union of General Workers (NUGW) in 191646. The Wednesday Herald, Enfield, 24 October 1906

Notes 197

47. Federation Rules 1911, Webb TU Collection, C/111, London School of Economics (LSE)

48. Ibid.49. Drake, Women in Trade Unions, p. 18250. Strike benefits were paid by the GFTU to union members involved in offi-

cially called disputes51. WW, March 190852. WW, December 190753. WTUL Committee Minutes, 18 June 1908; 11 May 1911; 11 January 191754. Federation Rules, 191155. Drake, Women in Trade Unions, p. 18256. Ibid.57. Boston, Women Workers, p. 6158. Myrtle Whitehead Organisers’ Report, 1915, NWTUL, Reel 10 Library of

Congress59. Macarthur, ‘Trade Unions’ , p. 7960. Federation AR 191461. Halstead Times, 29 June 190762. TUC 8th Annual Report, 1875, TUC Library Collections63. Bath Chronicle, 5 September 190764. Federation Rules 191165. Thom, Nice Girls and Rude Girls, p. 11266. New York World, 1 October 1909, GTP, 321/a/2967. Hyman, The Workers’ Union, p. 1568. Federation AR 191369. Hyman, The Workers’ Union, p. 5070. Hyman estimates that there were 5,000 women members of the WU at the

outbreak of the war; Drake’s figure for December 1914 is 7,500. Hyman, The Workers’ Union, p 87; Drake, Women in Trade Unions, Table 2

71. WTUR, January 190072. Hyman, The Workers’ Union, p. 4373. Webb Trade Union (TU) Collection, A/47/4274. WTUL AR 1907; Federation AR 190975. Carlisle TC Minutes, February 16 1909, Carlisle Archives, DS0 37/176. Nottingham & District Trades Union Council, 18 December 1912; 28 May

1913– 18 March 1914, TrM77. Wolverhampton Express & Star, 20 August 191478. WTUL Committee Minutes, 13 May 1909 & 12 March 1914, TUC Library

Collections79. Gordon, Women and the Labour Movement, p. 22980. See, for example, Hannam & Hunt, Socialist Women81. WTUL Committee Minutes, 11 November 190982. Ibid., 12 October 191183. GTP, 27 February, 1908, 216m84. Federation AR 191385. Cited in Lucy Middleton (1977) ‘Women in Labour Politics’ in L. Middleton

(ed.) Women in the Labour Movement (London, Croom Helm), p. 2686. Westminster Gazette, 8 February 1910, GTP 34587. Hamilton, Mary Macarthur, p. 122

198 Notes

88. Coventry Reporter, 16 September 1911, GTP 345/50 89. The League Leaflet (LL), January 1911. The name was changed to Labour

Woman in 1913 90. Labour Woman, March 1914 91. LL, February 1913 92. Ibid. 93. Ibid. 94. Chicago Daily Tribune, 5 October 1909, GTP 321a/35 95. The first part of the NI Act dealt with health insurance. The second part

provided unemployment benefit but was initially restricted to certain industries, all of which were heavily dominated by men

96. LL, June 1911 97. WTUR, July 1911 98. WTUL Committee Minutes, 12 October 1911; Hamilton, Mary Macarthur,

p. 114 99. WTUL Committee Minutes, 11 April 1912100. Peter Gordon and David Doughan (2001) Dictionary of British Women’s

Organisations 1825– 1960 (London, Woburn Press), p. 111101. John Saville and James A Schmiechen, ‘Margaret MacDonald’ in Joyce M

Bellamy & John Saville (1982) Dictionary of Labour Biography, Volume 6 (Basingstoke, Macmillan), pp. 181– 5

102. WTUL Committee Minutes, 11 October and 8 November 1906, TUC Library Collection, HD 6079

103. Women Workers: The Official Report of the Conference at Nottingham, October 1895, City of Nottingham Local Studies, L33.012

104. Elizabeth Crawford (2001) The Women’s Suffrage Movement: A  Reference Guide 1866– 1928 (London & New York, Routledge), p. 166

105. Tribune, Chicago, 8 October 1909, Sewall Belmont House, Washington DC, Scrapbooks, 1909

106. Ibid.107. ‘Why Women Should Organise’, March 1907, GTP 321/15108. WTUL Committee Minutes, 13 December 1906109. Ibid., 12 November 1908110. Hannam & Hunt, Socialist Women, p. 171111. Labor Leader, 10 October 1907, GTP, 322/4112. New York World, 25 March 1907, GTP, 321113. The Shop Assistant, 1907, GTP, 4 October 1907, GTP, 322/7114. National Convention, 29 September 1909, Records of the NWTUL of

America, Reel 19115. WW, October 1917116. ‘The Working Girl Makes the Best Wife’, 1907 GTP 321/a/65

2 Building a Union, 1906– 14

1. Federation AR 19142. Federation ARs 1908 & 19143. Clegg et al., British Trade Unions since 1889, Volume 1, p. 489; Clegg (1985)

Volume 2, p. 5684. James Hinton (1983) Labour and Socialism: A  History of the British Labour

Movement 1867– 1974, (Brighton, Wheatsheaf Books), p. 84

Notes 199

5. NFWW Second AR 1908 6. WW, 21 August 1908 7. WTUL AR 1912 8. BL Hutchins (1915) Women in Modern Industry, republished by EP Publishing

Ltd, Wakefield, 1978, p. 84 9. Ibid., p. 8510. WW, January 190811. For detail, see Deirdre Beddoe (2000) Out of the Shadows: A  History of

Women in Twentieth Century Wales, (Cardiff, University of Wales Press), pp.   31– 7

12. WTUL AR 1906; Theresa Moriarty (2002) ‘Work, Warfare and Wages: Industrial Controls and Irish Trade Unionism in the First World War’ in Adrian Gregory & Senia Pašeta (eds), Ireland and the Great War, (Manchester, Manchester University Press), p. 86

13. WW, September 190714. Ursula de la Mare (2008) ‘Necessity and Rage: the Factory Women’s Strikes in

Bermondsey, 1911’, in History Workshop Journal, 66, p. 6515. My calculation based on WW and Federation ARs16. Federation AR 191217. Federation AR 191118. Federation AR 191219. WTUL AR 190620. WTUR, July 190621. Edinburgh Trades and Labour Council (T&LC) AR 190722. Edinburgh & District T&LC Minutes 4 December 190623. WTUR , July 190624. WW, September 190725. DC Coleman (1969) Courtaulds: An Economic and Social History, Volume 2

(Oxford, Clarendon Press), p. 156; WTUL AR 190626. The Wednesday Herald, (Tottenham, Edmonton and Wood Green), 17

October 190627. Ibid.28. Ibid.29. Ibid.30. The Wednesday Herald, 24 October 190631. The Weekly Guardian, 16 November 190632. The Weekly Herald, 23 May 191333. Webb TU Collection, A/47, 45, 191434. For discussion of the ways that unions used social events to strengthen local

branches, see Cathy Hunt (2011) ‘Dancing and Days Out’35. Webb TU Collection, A/47, 4536. Cutting at Enfield Local Studies Library, Evening News, 28 January 1909 (see

also GTP 300d)37. Hinton, Labour and Socialism, p. 8438. Henry Pelling (1964) A History of British Trade Unionism, (Harmondsworth,

Penguin), p. 13939. WTUL AR 191340. Hinton, Labour and Socialism, p. 8641. Daily Citizen, 17 January 1914, GTP13a42. Labour Woman, March 1914

200 Notes

43. Boston, Women Workers, pp. 70– 1 44. Thom, Nice Girls and Rude Girls, p. 103 45. Federation AR 1912 46. Webb TU Collection, A/47/44 47. de la Mare ‘Necessity and Rage’ p. 66 48. WTUL AR 1912 49. Webb TU Collection, A/47/44 50. Edinburgh & District T&LC Minute Book, 31 July 1906; 30 November

1909, National Library of Scotland, 4676, 31 July 1906 51. Federation AR 1912 52. Federation AR 1911 53. Nuneaton Chronicle, 23 January 1914. Trade Boards are discussed later in this

chapter 54. Ibid. 55. The Clothiers Operatives, recruiting from those working in clothing facto-

ries, were able to expand as a result of the 1909 Trade Boards Act. See Clegg (1985) British Trade Unions, Volume 2, p. 86

56. WTUR, July 1912 57. Nuneaton Chronicle, 23 January 1914 58. Nuneaton Chronicle, 30 January 1914 59. Cited in Boone, The Women’s Trade Union Leagues in Great Britain and the

United States, p. 59 60. WW, 24 July 1908; 12 June 1908 61. Federation AR 1914 62. Rawlinson & Robinson, ‘The United Turkey Red Strike’, p. 179 63. Ibid., p. 182 64. Forward, 9 December 1911 65. United Turkey Red Company versus George Dallas and Forward, National

Library of Scotland, Accession 6088 66. Ibid. 67. Rawlinson & Robinson, ‘The United Turkey Red Strike’, p. 187 68. Federation AR 1912 69. See Pat Thane (2011) ‘The Making of National Insurance, 1911’ in Journal

of Poverty and Social Justice, 19 (3), pp. 211– 19 70. The Workers’ Institute was relocated to the Black Country Living Museum

and opened in 2009 71. The Chain Makers’ Monument is by artist, Luke Perry. It was unveiled

in June 2012. See also Tony Barnsley (2010) Breaking their Chains: Mary Macarthur and the Chainmakers’ Strike of 1910 (London, Bookmark Publications); Jean Debney (2010) Breaking Their Chains: The Story of the Women Chainmakers from Cradley Heath (Warwickshire, Brewin Books)

72. The Chain Making Trade Board met for the first time on 7 January 1910, Sheila Blackburn (2007) A Fair Day’s Wage for a Fair Day’s Work and the Origins of Minimum Wage Legislation in Britain (Aldershot, Ashgate), p. 130

73. WTUL Committee Minutes, 13 December 1906 74. Mary Macarthur (1910) Slaves of the Forge: the Women of Cradley Heath, GTP

200b 75. Shelley Pennington & Belinda Westover (1989) A  Hidden Workforce:

Homeworkers in England, 1850– 1985, (Basingstoke, Macmillan Education), p. 123; Blackburn, A Fair Day’s Wage p. 131

Notes 201

76. Macarthur, Slaves of the Forge 77. Ibid. 78. Edith Mayell, Tape no 74, Richardson Collection 79. Macarthur, Slaves of the Forge 80. Federation AR 1910– 11 81. Federation AR 1911; WTUL Committee Minutes 16 March 1911 82. LL, June 1912 83. GTP, TUC at Nottingham 1908 525a 84. WTUR, April 1909 85. Nottingham Oral History Transcripts A85/ a- c/2, Nottingham Local Studies

Library 86. ‘Home Workers of Nottingham’, Sunday Chronicle, 17 November 1909 87. WTUL AR 1911 88. Federation AR 1913 89. Nottingham Daily Express, 21 February 1912 90. Nottingham Guardian, 14 January 1913 91. Macarthur, ‘Trade Unions’ 92. J Ramsay MacDonald (1912) Margaret Ethel MacDonald (London, George

Allen & Unwin 1929 edition), pp. 148– 9 93. Federation AR 1912 94. The Act came into force in July 1912 and the first benefits were payable

from January 1913 95. Thane, ‘National Insurance’, p. 215 96. Hamilton, Mary Macarthur, pp. 110– 16 97. David Rubenstein (1982) ‘Trade Unions, Politicians and Public Opinion

1906– 14’ in Ben Pimlott & Chris Cook (eds) Trade Unions in British Politics (London, Longman), p. 60

98. Federation AR 1912 99. Hamilton, Mary Macarthur, p. 113100. Ibid., pp. 113– 14101. Federation AR 1912102. This was the subscription under Class B, the category under which the

Federation strongly urged women to join103. Federation AR 1913104. LL, June 1912105. Rugby Advertiser, 4 May 1912, GTP 357/26106. Federation AR 1912107. Federation ARs 1911 & 1912108. Federation AR 1914109. Webb TU Collection, A/47 44110. Federation AR 1914111. WTUL AR 1912112. Webbs, History of Trade Unionism, p.  475; Pelling, History of British Trade

Unionism, p. 129113. Clegg, General Union, p. 68114. Report of the Departmental Committee on Sickness Benefit Claims under

the National Insurance Act, 1914– 16, [Cd 7687]115. Ibid.116. Ibid.117. Webb TU Collection, A/47/44

202 Notes

118. In addition there was the Workers’ Institute, Cradley Heath119. Margaret Cole (1938) ‘Mary Macarthur’ in Women of Today (London,

Thomas Nelson), p. 113120. WTUL AR 1911121. WTUL Committee Minutes, 8 December 1910122. Ibid .

3 The First World War

1. Drake, Women in Trade Unions, p. 182 2. WTUR, April 1916 3. WW, June 1917 4. Federation AR 1914 5. Ibid. 6. Daily Citizen, 23 July 1914, GTP 357/110; Federation AR 1914 7. For a discussion of women’s wartime union membership see Marion Kozak,

‘Women Munition Workers During the First World War with special refer-ence to Engineering’, pp. 300– 5

8. NUGW Executive Committee (EC) Minutes, 9–10 October 1918 9. GWJ, July– August 192410. WW, July 191611. WW, June 191612. WW, May 191813. Ibid.14. Ibid.15. Ministry of Munitions, Requirements and Statistics Department Weekly

Reports, MUN2/27, week ending 23 October 1915, NA16. Health of Munition Workers Committee, Ministry of Munitions, 1917,

Women, Work and Society (WWS), Imperial War Museum (IWM) MUN.V/6817. Pedersen, Family, Dependence and the Origins of the Welfare State, p.  99;

Lewenhak, Women and Trade Unions, p. 15218. Federation AR 1914; WTUL AR 191619. WW, September 191620. This is my calculation based on accounts in WW, provincial newspapers and

TC records. 217 branches were represented at the Federation’s 1918 confer-ence (WW, October 1918) but there are likely to have been others which did not send delegates

21. Federation AR 1918–191922. Angela Woolacott (1994) On Her Their Lives Depend: Munitions Workers in the

Great War, (California, University of California Press), p. 1823. Ibid., p. 1724. Boston, Women Workers, p. 12625. Soldon, Women in British Trade Unions, p. 9926. Report of the Women’s Employment Committee 1919, Appendix on Female

Membership of Trade Unions in the UK, 1914 to 1917. See, however, my discussion in the Introduction on the variations in trade union membership numbers discussed in the Introduction

Notes 203

27. I. O. Andrews & Margaret A. Hobbs (1921) Economic Effects of the World War Upon Women and Children in Great Britain, (New York, Oxford University Press), p. 89

28. IWM Sound Archive, 826/2;828/2; 3144/2; 56629. Federation AR 191530. WW, July 191731. WW, March 191632. WW, July 191633. WWS/IWM Press cuttings EMP.47.634. AW Kirkaldy (1918) Industry and Finance: War Expedients and Reconstruction

(London, British Association for the Advancement of Science), p. 7835. Statement on Women’s Wages prepared for the press, NA, MUN5/83/342/11336. Woolacott, On Her Their Lives Depend, pp. 24– 537. WW, July 191638. Midland Daily Telegraph (MDT), 4 September 191739. Ibid.40. WW, August 191741. WW, September 191742. Report of the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry, 1919, cited in

Braybon & Summerfield, Out of the Cage, p. 5143. Working Classes Cost of Living Committee, cited in Woolacott, On Her Their

Lives Depend, pp. 117– 1844. WW, May 191745. The Woman’s Dreadnought (WD), paper of the East London Federation of

Suffragettes (ELFS) 25 March 191646. Gail Braybon (2008) ‘Winners or Losers: Women’s Symbolic Role in the War

Story’ in Braybon (ed.) Evidence, History and the Great War: Historians and the Impact of 1914– 18, (New York & Oxford, Berghahn Books) p. 88

47. WW, August 191848. Cited in Thom, Nice Girls, p. 11449. WW, January 191650. WW, January 191751. WW, January 191852. WW, March 191753. IWM Sound Archive 828/254. Susan Lawrence (1918) ‘The Woman Wage Earner’ in Marion Phillips (ed.)

Women and the Labour Party, by Various Writers (London, Headley Bros) p. 655. Hinton, Labour and Socialism, p.  98; Mary Davis (1999) Sylvia Pankhurst:

A Life in Radical Politics, (London, Pluto Press), p. 4656. Hamilton, Mary Macarthur, p. 13057. WTUL Committee Minutes 6 August 191458. Hamilton, Mary Macarthur, p. 13059. Daily Dispatch, 31 August 1918, GTP 357a/. For statistics see also Federation

AR balance sheets, 1918–1960. Saturday Review, 7 September 1918, GTP 357a/161. WW, February 191862. Federation AR 191563. Ibid.

204 Notes

64. I. O. Andrews, cited in Gail Braybon (1981) Women Workers in the First World War,(London, Croom Helm), p. 44

65. Federation AR 191566. Sylvia Pankhurst (1932) The Home Front, (London, The Cresset Library,

reprinted 1987), p. 5367. WD, 3 October 191468. WTUR, October 191469. Thom, Nice Girls, p. 11570. Ibid.71. See Braybon, Women Workers, p. 4572. Federation AR 191573. Daily Sketch, 8 & 22 November 1915, Archive of the International Woman

Suffrage Alliance, IWSA 3/59/66 & 68, John Rylands Library74. Vera Brittain (1933) Testament of Youth (Brittain, Fontana Paperback edition,

1980, in association with Virago), p. 10075. Daily Sketch, 8 November 1915, IWSA 3/59/6676. Daily News, 10 December 1915, IWSA 3/59/7077. Pankhurst, The Home Front, p. 5578. WTUR, July 191579. WTUL AR 191680. Federation AR 191581. WTUR, January 191582. See, for example, Pedersen, Family, Dependence and the Origins of the Welfare

State, p. 10083. WW, January 1916 84. A. W. Kirkaldy (1916), Labour, Finance and the War, (London, British

Association for the Advancement of Science) p. 13385. WW, January 191686. Federation AR 191587. Federation AR 191488. Federation AR 1915; WW October 191689. WW, October 191690. WW, March 1917; Thom, Nice Girls, p. 14491. ‘What Are Women Actually Earning on Munitions Work?’ Press statement

copy, MUN5/83/342/11392. The Shells and Fuses Agreement of March 1915 was followed by the Treasury

Agreement93. Drake, Women in the Engineering Trades, p. 16. In engineering pay agreements

were generally made in the districts.94. War Emergency: Workers’ National Committee, National Conference on War

Service for Women, Labour History Archive, Manchester, WNC32/5/47i95. Cited in Drake, Women in the Engineering Trades, p.  23. Lloyd George was

Minister of Munitions from May 1915 to June 1916 when he became Secretary of State for War. He became Prime Minister in December 1916

96. Ibid, p. 3097. WTUL AR 191698. These included those it owned before the war, such as ordnance factories, as

well as the National Factories99. Woolacott, On Her Their Lives Depend, p. 114

Notes 205

100. Kozak, ‘Women Munition Workers During the First World War’101. Minutes of Meetings of War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry

1918, MUN5/84/342/17, NA; Hamilton, Mary Macarthur, p. 161102. Barrow District ASE Minutes, 3 September 1915, Barrow Archives, BDSO 57103. Federation AR 1915104. Hamilton, Mary Macarthur, p.  155. Ministry of Munitions: Reports and

Statistics Department Weekly Reports, MUN2/27, NA, week ending 4 December 1915

105. Myra Baillie (2002) ‘The Women of Red Clydeside: Women Munitions Workers in the West of Scotland during the First World War’, PhD thesis, McMaster University, p. 127

106. Drake, Women in Engineering, p. 39107. WW, November 1916108. WW, October 1916109. Ministry of Labour, Munitions Production, LAB2/252/LR19160/2/1918,

May 1918, NA110. WW, January 1916111. Commission of Enquiry into Industrial Unrest, LG/F/78/5, PA112. L. Penwarden, IWM Sound Archive 3139/1113. WW, October 1916114. WW, March 1918115. WW, May 1917116. IWM Sound Archive 3141/1; 3139/1117. WW, August 1916118. Ibid.119. Red Lane Oral History Project, Coventry Archives, 1235/8/1120. WD, 15 July 1916121. Federation AR 1915122. Woolacott, On Her Their Lives Depend, p. 84; WW, November 1916123. John Burnett (ed.) (1974) Useful Toil: Autobiographies of Working People From

the 1820s to the 1920s, (London, Allen Lane), p. 128124. Elliott, ‘Women in Search of Justice’, p. 3125. George Hodgkinson, Red Lane Oral History Project, 1983, Coventry

Archives126. ASE Monthly Journal and Report, April 1916127. Macarthur, ‘The Woman Trade Unionists’ Point of View’, p. 22128. Cited in Alice Kessler Harris (2007) Gendering Labor History, (Urbana,

University of Illinois Press), p. 69129. Macarthur, ‘The Women Trade Unionists’ Point of View’, pp. 22– 3130. WTUR, April 1916131. Ibid.132. NUGW Quarterly Report & Balance Sheet, March 1916133. WU Record, 23 September 1915134. WTUL Committee Minutes 11 November 1915135. WTUL ARs 1915 &1916136. WW, May, July, October 1916137. Baillie, ‘Women of Red Clydeside’, p. 132138. WW, June 1916139. Cole, Trade Unions, p. 83

206 Notes

140. Ibid.141. Joint Committee Minutes, Barrow, BD/50 57 1/8142. Barrow District ASE Minutes, 16 August 1917 BDS0 57143. Cited in G.D.H. Cole, Trade Unions, p. 204144. Clegg, General Union, p. 83145. WW, January 1916146. Drake, Women and Trade Unions, p. 78147. WU Record, August 1916148. Lewenhak, Women and Trade Unions, p. 156149. WU Record, September 1915150. Drake, Women in Engineering, pp. 40, 30151. Kozak, ‘Women Munition Workers’, p. 319152. WW, January 1917153. WU Record, 23 September 1915154. Drake, Women in Engineering, p. 128155. Helen Bowen Pease, IWM Sound Archive, 821/20156. WW, October 1917157. 14 September to 26 November 1917, MUN 7/259, NA158. Drake, Women in Engineering, p. 23; Macarthur (1918) ‘The Woman Trade

Unionists’ Point of View’ in Phillips, Women and the Labour Party, p. 22159. Kozak, ‘Women Munitions Workers’, pp. 320– 1160. LG/F/78/5, PA161. Ibid.162. Woolacott, On Her Their Lives Depend, p. 72163. Minutes of the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry,

MUN5/84/342/17164. LG/F/78/5165. WW, February 1917166. MUN5/84/342/17, NA167. WW, December 1917168. The Guardian, 7 May 1917169. Minutes of the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry,

MUN5/84/342/17170. WW, August 1917171. WWS/IWM Health of Munition Workers Committee, Welfare Supervision,

MUN.V/53172. WW, February 1917173. WW, December 1917; MUN5/84/342/17174. Hinton, Labour and Socialism, p. 105175. WD, 25 March 1916176. WW, May 1917177. WW, November 1916178. LAB2/148/9 NA179. WW, May 1918180. WW, May 1916181. WW, December 1917, January 1918182. WW, January 1918183. Baillie, ‘ Women of Red Clydeside’184. WW, January 1918

Notes 207

185. Baillie, ‘Women of Red Clydeside’, p. 142186. Ibid., p. 144187. WW, January 1918188. See also Chapter 6189. Hinton, Labour and Socialism, p. 106190. WTUL AR 1917191. WW, May 1917192. Manchester Guardian, 2 September 1918, IWSA 3/74/18193. Daily News & Leader, 15 August 1918, IWSA 3/70194. WW, September 1918195. The Times, 13 September 1918196. Federation ARs, 1915 & 1918–19197. NUGW Quarterly Report & Balance Sheet, March 1921, Working Class

Movement Library, Salford198. Elliott, ‘Women in Search of Justice’, p. 11199. WW, July 1917200. Hamilton, Mary Macarthur, p. 161 201. WW, July 1918

4 The Final Phase, 1918– 21

1. Braybon, Women Workers, p. 205 2. The Bristol Evening News, 1 January 1917 3. WW, December 1918 4. Dorothy Elliott, ‘Women in Search of Justice’, p. 9 5. Ibid., p. 10 6. This was later raised to 25 shillings, and the male rate to 29 shillings. 7. Cited in Thom, Nice Girls, p. 187 8. MUN5/92, NA; quote from Manchester Guardian, 19 November 1917,

EMP.47.6 9. Hamilton, Mary Macarthur, cited in Braybon and Summerfield, p. 12110. WW, February 191911. Thom, Nice Girls, p. 190; WW, February & March 191912. WW, March 191913. Scottish TUC Annual Report 191814. Federation AR 1918–1915. WW, January 191916. The Newcastle Daily Chronicle, 13 December 191817. Ibid., 6 January 191918. The News (Barrow) 7 December 191819. Ibid., 22 February 191920. Ibid.21. WW, January 191922. WW, June 191923. WW February 191924. Elliott, ‘Women in Search of Justice’, p. 1025. Braybon & Summerfield, Out of the Cage, p. 12126. Weekly Dispatch, 6 April 1917, IWSA 3/70/9527. WW, July 1917

208 Notes

28. WW, November 191829. WTUAC Minutes, 1 January 191930. Ibid.31. Newcastle Daily Chronicle 15 January 191932. Federation AR 1918–19; Elliott, ‘Women in Search of Justice’, p. 1633. Lewenhak, Women and Trade Unions, p. 17834. WU Record, March 192135. GWJ, March–April 192236. Lewenhak, Women and Trade Unions, p. 16637. WW, March 191938. WW, February 191939. WW, January & June 192040. WTUL AR 191941. WW, August 191942. WW, October 191943. WW, March 192044. WW, October 191945. WW, March 191946. Thom, Nice Girls, p.  40; Jane Lewis (1984), Women in England, 1870– 1950

(New York, Harvester Wheatsheaf), p. 18247. Kessler Harris, Gendering Labor History, pp. 54– 6048. Cited in Mary Agnes Hamilton (1924) Margaret Bondfield, London, Leonard

Parsons, p. 11449. Weekly Dispatch, 6 April 1917, IWSA 3/70/9550. Macarthur, ‘The Woman Trade Unionist’s Point of View’, p. 2451. Mary Macarthur (1917) ‘The Future of Women in Industry’ in Problems of

Reconstruction, Lectures and Addresses with an intro by the Marquess of Crewe (London, Fisher Unwin)

52. In 1917 the Federation voted to affiliate with the LP, giving it the right to field a Parliamentary candidate

53. WW, August 191854. Ibid.55. Ibid.56. MUN5/84/342/17, NA57. Macarthur, ‘The Woman Trade Unionist’s Point of View’, p. 2558. Ibid.59. WU Record, July 191960. MUN 5/84/342/17, NA61. Pedersen, Family, Dependence and the Origins of the Welfare State, pp. 100– 162. RPWPA (no. 3) Second Reading, 2 June 1919, Hansard, http://hansard.

millbanksystems.com/commons/1919/jun/02/restoration63. Federation AR 1918–1964. WU Record, July 191665. Macarthur, ‘The Woman Trade Unionist’s Point of View’, p. 2566. First International Congress of Working Women, Washington DC, 1919,

Records of the NWTUL of America, Reel 2567. WW, August– September 192068. WW, October 191869. Federation AR, 1918–19

Notes 209

70. WW, August–September 1920 71. H A Clegg, General Union, p. 63. In 1910 its membership, as the GW, was

32,000 72. WW, January 1921 73. Lewenhak, Women in Trade Unions, p. 172 74. Gertrude Tuckwell, ‘Reminiscences’, p. 282 75. Margaret Bondfield, A Life’s Work, p. 60 76. The ASE remained all- male until 1943 77. NFGW Annual Meeting, 15 August 1918, bound with NFGW First Report

and Balance Sheet 78. WW, August–September, 1920 79. Ibid. 80. Lewenhak, Women and Trade Unions, p. 172 81. NUGW Executive Committee Minutes, 11 August, 1919 82. Ibid, 22 January 1919 83. WW, August–September, 1920 84. Ibid. 85. Ibid. 86. Ibid. 87. NUGW Women Workers’ Section First Report & Balance Sheet for Year

Ended 31 December 1921, TUC Library Collections 88. Ibid. 89. Federation AR 1918–19; NUGW Executive Committee Minutes, 27

September 1918 90. Clegg, General Union, p. 102 91. Federation AR 1918–19 92. Blackburn, A Fair Day’s Wage, p. 179 93. General Workers’ Journal (GWJ), July–August 1922 94. NUGW Women Workers’ Section First Report & Balance Sheet, 1921 95. WW, April 1921 96. GWJ, May–June 1922 97. Ibid. 98. Clegg, General Union, p. 103 99. Ibid; The WU lost 69 per cent of its members during the same period100. NUGW Reports & Balance Sheets 1921 & 1922101. GWJ, July– August 1924102. Ibid.103. From this point the NUGW became the National Union of General and

Municipal Workers104. GWJ, March–April 1922105. GWJ, July–August 1922106. Ibid.107. GWJ, September–October 1923108. NUGW Women Workers’ District First Report & Balance Sheet, Year Ended

31 December 1921109. NUGW National EC Minutes, 14 March 1923110. GWJ, July–August 1924111. NUGW Reports & Balance Sheets, 1921 to 1924112. GWJ September– October 1924

210 Notes

113. Clegg, General Union, pp. 114– 15; Lewenhak, Women and Trade Unions, p. 195114. WTUL EC Minutes, 10 February 1921115. Ibid., 10 October 1918116. WTUL AR 1921117. The first two women elected were Margaret Bondfield and Julia Varley118. WTUL Committee Minutes, 10 February 1921; Lewenhak, Women in Trade

Unions, p. 175119. WTUL AR 1921120. Lewenhak, Women and Trade Unions, p. 187121. Elliott, ‘Women in Search of Justice’, p. 1 1

5 Organisers and Activists

1. WW, April 1917 2. WW, December 1917 3. WW, April 1917 4. WW, May 1917 5. Gertrude Tuckwell (1931), Constance Smith, A  Short Memoir (London,

Duckworth), p. 29 6. Edith Mayell, No 74, Richardson Collection. 7. Reformers’ Year Book, 1906; WW, October 1907, April 1908 8. Federation AR 1914 9. WW, 31 July 190810. WU Record, August 191611. Cole, ‘Mary Macarthur’, p. 9412. Hamilton, Mary Macarthur, p. 713. National Amalgamated Union of Shop Assistants, Warehousemen and Clerks14. Bondfield, A Life’s Work, p. 5415. Gertrude Tuckwell, ‘Reminiscences’, p. 194, GTP, Box 3916. Lady Dilke (1891), Trades Unions for Women, p. 1117. Address to the NWTUL of America, 29 September 1909, cited in Hamilton,

Mary Macarthur, p. 3518. Lewenhak, Women and Trade Unions, p. 16119. WW, 30 December 1908; see also Cathy Hunt (2013) ‘Binding Women

Together: Mary Macarthur and The Woman Worker, September 1907 to May 1908, in Media History, 19 (2), pp. 478– 96

20. Jewson became a Labour MP in 1923, Phillips in 192921. WW, February 192122. Holborn & Finsbury Guardian, 15 September 191123. The Times, 14 November 191124. LL, June 191225. Federation AR 191326. Bondfield, A Life’s Work, pp. 59– 6027. IWM Sound Archive, 821/2028. WW, March 192129. A report in WW of February 1917 tells of a similar event, at which Helena

Flowers used her organising skills to persuade workers back to work after a disturbance caused by the dismissal of a woman.

Notes 211

30. WW, July 191831. WW, October 191832. IWM Sound Archive 821/2033. Some organisers’ salaries were provided by WTUL supporters and

benefactors34. Federation AR 1912; Bridport News, 16 February 191235. Joyce Bellamy et al., ‘Julia Varley’, Dictionary of Labour Biography, Volume 4

(1977), pp. 216– 2136. WTUR, January 190937. MDT, 25 July 190838. Northampton Daily Chronicle, 23 September 191139. Nield Chew, Ada Nield Chew, p. 2840. Census of England and Wales, 191141. WTUL Committee Minutes, 11 May 191142. WTUL Committee Minutes, 12 December 1912; 9 January 191343. WW, July 191744. WW, August– September 192045. Federation AR 191346. WU Record, August 191947. WW, August 191848. Federation AR 1915. Ada Newton’s married name was Shepherd49. Nield Chew, Ada Nield Chew, p. 3450. WTUL Committee Minutes 15 June 1911, 20 June 191251. Hamilton, Mary Macarthur, p. 7352. Nield Chew, Ada Nield Chew, pp. 34– 553. J. M. Bellamy & J. Saville (1977) Dictionary of Labour Biography, Volume 4

(London: Macmillan, 1972– 2000), pp. 69– 7454. WTUL Committee Minutes, 23 June 190955. Federation AR 191156. The National Council Versus Miss Hedges, GTP 357/16157. WTUL Committee Minutes, 23 June & 8 July 190958. WW, December 190759. WU Record July 191560. WU Record, July 191461. WW, September 190762. WW, September to December 190763. Federation AR 191364. Federation AR 191465. LL, February 1913; Federation AR 191466. Federation Rules 1911, Webb TU Collection, LSE, C/11167. Ibid.68. Ibid.69. See also Chapters 1 & 670. Northampton TC AR 1912, Northampton Archives NTC171. Bournville Works Magazine, November 1907; WW, September 1907 & March

190872. WW, December 1907; The Bath Chronicle, 5 September 190773. The Bath Chronicle, 2 September 1907; Federation AR 1908

212 Notes

74. Federation AR 1909 75. Elizabeth Crawford (2006) Women’s Suffrage Movement in Britain and Ireland:

A Regional Survey (New York, Routledge); June Hannam (2000) ‘“Suffragettes Are Splendid for Any Work”: The Blathwayt Diaries as a Source for Suffrage History’ in Claire Eustance et al. (eds) A Suffrage Reader: Charting Directions in British Suffrage History (London, Leicester University Press), p. 57

76. Webb TU Collection, A/47, 43– 45 77. Ibid. 78. Drake, Women in Trade Unions, pp. 182– 3 79. Elliott, ‘Women In Search of Justice’, p. 8 80. WTUL Committee Minutes, 1907– 13 81. Mrs Connie Lewcock (née Ellis), The Brian Harrison Interviews, Women’s

Library, 85UF/B/084 82. Dorothy Elliott, ‘In Search of Justice’, p. 8 83. Ibid. 84. WW, November 1917 85. WW, August 1917 86. See Chapter 2. 87. LAB2/162/IC110/1914 NA; Census England and Wales, 1911 88. WW, October 1916 89. Ibid. 90. Theresa Moriarty (1998) ‘Delia Larkin: Relative Obscurity’ in Donal Nevin

(ed.) James Larkin: Lion of the Fold (Dublin, Gill & Macmillan, 2006 edition), p. 435; Lewenhak, Women and Trade Unions, p. 159

91. Irish TUC & Labour Party Report of the 22nd Annual Meeting, August 1916 92. Dublin Express 1 January 1917, WWS/IWM Press Cuttings EMP 47.6 93. WW, June 1917 94. WTUL Committee minutes, 11 October 1917 95. WW, October 1916 96. Moriarty, ‘Work, Warfare and Wages’, p. 86 97. WW, July 1917 98. Mansion House is the official residence of the Lord Mayor of Dublin; Dublin

Daily Express, 28 May 1917 99. Ibid.100. WW, October 1919101. WW, June 1918102. WW, 1917– 19103. WW, December 1916104. WW, June & July 1918105. Federation AR 1918–19106. See Lewenhak, Women and Trade Unions, pp. 159–60107. WW, July 1918108. Holborn & Finsbury Guardian, 21 April 1911109. Ibid.110. Ibid., 19 May 1911; Federation AR 1911111. WTUL Committee Minutes, 9 November 1911112. Ibid.113. Burnett, ‘Rosina Whyatt’, p. 130114. Thom, Nice Girls, p. 112

Notes 213

115. Shop stewards’ names come mostly from WW116. WW, July 1916117. WW, November 1916118. Baillie, ‘Women of Red Clydeside’, p. 169119. WW, October 1918120. WW, March 1918121. WW, October 1917122. WW, February 1918123. WW, August–September 1920124. NUGW Quarterly Reports & Balance Sheets, 1921125. GWJ, January–February 1923126. GWJ, September–October 1923127. WW, October, 1920; Braybon, Women Workers, p. 198128. Bondfield, A Life’s Work, p. 59129. WW, July 1917; Tuckwell, ‘Constance Smith’, p. 28130. WW, August– September, 1920131. Cited in Pamela Graves (1994) Labour Women: Women in British Working-

Class Politics, 1918– 1939 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), p. 18132. WW, December 1919133. WW, October 1920134. Pease, IWM Sound Archive, 821/20

6 Coventry: A Case Study

1. MDT, 26 May 1906 2. Charles Bray (1857) The Industrial Employment of Women (London, Longman) 3. These ideas are explored by Anna Davin in ‘Imperialism and Motherhood’ in

History Workshop Journal, 5 (Spring, 1978) pp. 9– 65 4. WW, February 1916 5. Report of the Royal Commission on the Aged Poor, Volume 2, 1895 6. Coventry & District Trades and Labour Council Annual Report (CTC) 1890,

MSS.5/4/AN/ 1i- ii, Modern Records Centre (MRC) 7. David Thoms & Tom Donnelly (1986) ‘Coventry’s Industrial Economy,

1880– 1980’, in Bill Lancaster & Tony Mason (eds) Life and Labour in a 20th Century City: The Experience of Coventry (Coventry, Cryfield Press), p. 12

8. Frederick Smith (1945) Coventry, 600 Years of Municipal Life, City of Coventry, p. 171

9. Census of England and Wales, 190110. Ibid.11. Brad Beaven & John Griffiths (2004) ‘Urban Elites, Socialists and Notions of

Citizenship in an Industrial Boomtown: Coventry, c 1870– 1914 in Labour History Review 69 (1), April 2004, pp. 3– 18

12. Ibid., p. 513. Ibid., p. 13; Coventry Herald, 15 November 190214. Ibid., 12 April 190115. Beaven & Griffiths, ‘Urban Elites’, pp. 10– 1116. Report of the Royal Commission on the Aged Poor, p. 89317. Cited in Alexander, Becoming A Woman, p. 69

214 Notes

18. Kessler- Harris, Gendering Labor History, p. 2619. MDT, 25 May 190620. CTC AR 1906, Board of Trade Library Collection, MRC21. Women’s Emancipation Union (1893) ‘The Factory Work of Women in

the Midlands’, A  Paper read at the London Conference, 16 March 1893, Women’s Emancipation Union Tracts

22. The Manchester Chronicle, 24 October 1907, GTP 300b. See Introduction, p. 423. WTUR, January 189524. Ibid.25. Ibid.26. Ibid.27. Kessler Harris, Out to Work, p. 15328. Report of the Royal Commission on the Aged Poor, Volume 229. WTUR, July 189730. CTC AR 1904. MSS.5, MRC31. WTUR, 18 November 190632. CTC AR 190633. 1908 TUC Report, TUC History Online www.unionhistory.info/reports/34. Sunday Chronicle, 20 September 1908, GTP 300c35. GTP 504a; Boston, Women Workers, p. 8736. WW, 25 November 190837. Ibid.38. WTUR, April 190739. MDT, 5 February 190840. Cathy Hunt, ‘Tea and Sympathy’41. Mary E. Dreier (1921) ‘Expansion Through Agitation and Education’ in Life

and Labor, June 1921, cited in Boone, Women’s Trade Union Leagues in Great Britain and the United States of America, p. 164

42. Hunt, ‘Dancing and Days Out’43. WW, March & April 191644. WW, March & May 190845. WW, March 190846. MDT, 8 January 191247. WU Record, November 191848. Federation AR 191349. Ibid.; CTC AR 1914, MRC50. MDT, 1 December 191351. Coventry Times, 15 December 191352. Federation AR 191453. WTUR, October 190754. Federation AR 191455. Frank Carr (1978) ‘Engineering Workers and the Rise of Labour’, PhD,

University of Warwick, p. 31; WU Record, November 191856. Federation AR 191457. Ibid.58. Figure cited in Josie Castle, ‘ Factory Work for Women: Courtaulds and GEC

between the Wars’ in Lancaster & Mason (eds.) Life and Labour, p. 13759. GTP 357b60. MDT, 11 December 1913

Notes 215

61. Frank Carr (1978) ‘Engineering Workers and the Rise of Labour’, PhD, University of Warwick, p. 37

62. D.C. Coleman, Courtaulds, p. 16363. Mayell, Richardson Collection64. WW, November 190765. 16 September 1911, GTP, 345/5066. Coventry Herald, 6–7 June 191367. Federation ARs 1912, 191368. WTUR, July 191269. Ibid.70. Coventry Sentinel Cuttings, Coventry History Centre, JN33571. See Chapter 172. Mayell, Richardson Collection73. MDT 8 September, 1914; WW, June 191774. Anderson & Markham (1916) Report on Industrial Welfare Conditions in

Coventry, Advisory Committee on Women’s War Employment (Industrial), WWS/IWM EMP.45

75. Monthly Reports on Labour in Government Establishments, MUN5/101/ 360/101, NA

76. Report on Industrial Welfare Conditions in Coventry77. Ibid.78. Ibid. A  1916 Ministry of Munitions’ weekly Labour Report stated that

women ‘constantly arrive [at work] with their clothes torn in the struggle for a tram, the satchel in which they bring their tea being sometimes torn away’. The Report emphasised that the workers ‘in this instance were of an exceptionally refined type to whom such rough handling would be alto-gether unfamiliar’, and cited it as an example of women workers’ ‘cheerful resolution in meeting conditions of great discomfort’ when travelling to and from work. MUN2/27, week ending 12 February 1916

79. WW, January 191780. Red Lane Reminiscences (1983) printed by Coventry Resource & Information

Service81. WW, February 1917; WU Record, November 1917, February 191882. MDT, 28 October 191983. WW, March 191784. Red Lane Oral History Project85. Coventry ASE Minute Books, Coventry Archives, PA1243/10- 1386. Ibid., 18 June 1915, Coventry Archives, PA1243/ 10- 1387. Ibid., 16 November 191588. Ibid., 26 May 191689. Ibid., 30 May 191690. MUN2/27, week ending 20 November 191591. WW, February 1917; February 1916; January 191792. Ibid., 7 March 191693. MDT, 14 January 191694. ASE Minutes, 11 January 1916; 25 September 191795. WW, February 191796. WW, March 191797. WW, March 1918

216 Notes

98. WW, July 1918 99. May Ford, no. 64 Richardson Collection100. Red Lane Oral History Project101. Industrial Welfare Conditions in Coventry102. WW, December 1916103. WU Record, May 1916104. WU Record, May 1916105. Dublin Daily Express, 28 May 1917106. John A. Yates (1950) Pioneers to Power (Coventry, Coventry Labour Party),

p.  62; The Times, 1 December 1917107. Hinton, The First Shop Stewards’ Movement, p. 224108. MDT, 1 December 1918; The Women’s Party (the re- named WSPU) was

launched by Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst in the autumn of 1917 with the patriotic slogan ‘Victory, National Security and Progress’. See June Purvis (2002) Emmeline Pankhurst: A Biography (London, Routledge) p. 301

109. Co- operative News (Women’s Corner), 12 January 1918, IWSA, 3/64110. Coventry and Warwickshire Graphic, 23 November 1917; WW, December

1917111. MDT, 11 November 1917112. Jeffrey Haydu (1988) Between Craft and Class: Skilled Workers and Factory

Politics in the United States and Britain, 1890– 1922 (Berkeley, University of California Press), p. 160

113. NFGW Annual Report & Balance sheet, Year Ending 30 June 1918 (see Chapter 4)

114. WU Record, August 1918115. MDT, 6 January 1919116. Ibid.117. WW, February 1919118. MDT, 6 January 1919119. WW, February 1919120. MDT, 8 January 1919121. MDT, 14– 16 February 1920122. Ibid.123. Ibid.124. WW, July 1919125. WW, June and July 1919126. MDT, 27 April 1921127. Lewenhak, Women and Trade Unions, p. 178128. NUGW Report & Balance Sheet, March 1921129. NUGW Report & Balance Sheet, June 1924130. WW, May 1908131. Carr, ‘Engineering Workers’, p. 75132. NUGW Report & Balance Sheets, 1921133. Hyman, The Workers’ Union, p. 145134. National Amalgamated Union of Shop Assistants, Warehousemen and

Clerks, Minutes 1931– 2, MSS.1178/1/1, MRC135. Marjorie Lodge (1986) ‘Aspects of Infant Welfare in Coventry 1900– 40’ in

Lancaster & Mason, Life and Labour136. MDT, 19 March 1920137. CTC AR, 1933, Board of Trade Library Collection, MRC

Notes 217

Conclusion

1. WW, August– September 1920 2. Tuckwell, ‘Reminiscences’, p. 282 3. Gerry Holloway (1998) ‘Let the Women Be Alive! The Construction of the

Married Working Woman in the Industrial Women’s Movement, 1890– 1914’ in Eileen Janes Yeo (ed.), Radical Femininity: Women’s Self- Representation in the Public Sphere (Manchester, Manchester University Press), p.  179; Pedersen, Family, Dependence and the Origins of the Welfare State, p. 101

4. Macarthur in Problems of Reconstruction, Lectures and Addresses, introduction by the Marquess of Crewe (London, Fisher Unwin)

5. The Women’s Industrial League sought, in the immediate post war period, to obtain equal opportunities, pay and training for women in all occupations

6. Macarthur, ‘The Woman Trade Unionist Point of View’, pp. 18– 19 7. MUN5/84/342/17, NA 8. See Chapter 6 9. Kessler Harris, Gendering Labor History, p. 7610. Drake, Women in the Engineering Trades, p. 1311. NFGW First Annual Report & Balance Sheet for Year Ending June 191812. Drake, Women in Trade Unions, p. 9713. GWJ, September– October 192414. WW, February 191815. WW, July 191616. Hyman, The Workers’ Union, p. 5017. Macarthur, ‘The Woman Trade Unionist Point of View’, p. 2118. Ibid.19. Minutes of the Executive Council Meetings (NFGW) and Inaugural and

Special General Council Meetings and Annual Report & Balance Sheet for Year Ending 30 June 1918

20. Ibid .

218

Select Bibliography

Collections and archives (and the main material consulted)

Barrow Archive and Local Studies Centre: Barrow ASE District & Joint Committee Minutes

Birmingham Archives and Heritage Service: Birmingham Trades Council Minutes and Annual Reports

Bradford Archives: Bradford Trades Council RecordsCarlisle Archives Centre: Carlisle Trades Council RecordsCoventry History Centre: ASE Minutes; Red Lane Oral History ProjectCoventry University Library: The Kenneth Richardson CollectionEnfield Local Studies Library and ArchiveGlasgow Caledonian University Archives: Glasgow United Trades Council

Annual Reports; Scottish TUC Annual ReportsImperial War Museum, London: Women, War and Society 1914– 1918; Sound ArchiveThe John Rylands Library, University of Manchester: International Woman

Suffrage Alliance (IWSA)Labour History Archive and Study Centre, People’s History Museum, Manchester:

Standing Joint Committee on Industrial Women’s Organisations; National Conference on War Service for Women

Library of Congress, Washington DC: National Women’s Trade Union League of America Records; Women’s Trade Union League and Its Leaders

London School of Economics: Webbs’ Trade Union CollectionModern Records Centre, University of Warwick: WU Annual Reports, ASE Monthly

Journal & Reports, CTC Annual Reports, Board of Trade Library CollectionNational Archives (NA): Ministry of Munitions; Ministry of LabourNational Library of Scotland: Edinburgh & District Trades and Labour Council

records; ASE Minutes; Printing and Kindred Trades Federation Minutes; United Turkey Red Company v George Dallas & Forward

Northampton Records Office: Northampton Trades Council recordsNottingham Local Studies: Nottingham Trades Council Annual Reports; Women

Workers’ Conference 1895; Nottingham Workers Oral TranscriptsNottingham University Manuscripts and Special Collections: Nottingham and

District Trades Union Council MinutesParliamentary Archives (PA): The Lloyd George PapersSewall Belmont House, Washington DC: Suffrage ScrapbooksSheffield Archives and Local Studies: Sheffield Trades and Labour Council

records; Sheffield Federated Trades Council recordsTUC Library Collections, London Metropolitan University: Gertrude Tuckwell

Papers (GTP), National Federation of Women Workers Annual Reports; Rules of the National Federation of Women Workers; Records of the Women’s Protective and Provident League/Women’s Trade Union League; Women’s Trade Union Review; The Woman Worker; unpublished autobiography of Dorothy Elliott, ‘Women in Search of Justice’; J.J. Mallon Anti- Sweating League and Trade

Select Bibliography 219

Boards Files; Mary Macarthur Papers; Mary Macarthur Holiday Trust Archive; TUC Annual Reports; National Union of General Workers, Women Workers’ Section, First Report and Balance Sheet for Year Ended 31 December 1921; Proceedings of Second Biennial Convention of the National Women’s Trade Union League of America, 1909; Irish TUC & Labour Party Reports, 1916– 1920

Wolverhampton Archives and Local Studies: The Wolverhampton Worker, Organ of the Wolverhampton & Trades and Labour Council; Labour Representation Committee Minutes

The Women’s Library: Autograph Letter Collection: Suffrage and Women in Industry; Brian Harrison Taped Interviews

Working Class Movement Library, Salford: Executive Committee Minutes of National Union of Gas Workers and General Labourers; NUGW Quarterly Balance Sheets; General Workers’ Journal; General Federation of Trade Unions, Proceedings and Reports, 1906 to 1921; National Federation of General Workers’ Executive Council Minutes, General Meetings, Reports and Balance Sheets from 1918 to 1921

Contemporary publications/reports

I.O. Andrews & Margaret Hobbs (1921) Economic Effects of the World War upon women and children in Great Britain (Washington DC, Byron S. Adams)

Clementina Black (1915) Married Women’s Work (London, G. Bell)Charles Bray (1857) The Industrial Employment of Women (London, Longman)Census of England and WalesCommission of Enquiry into Industrial Unrest: Summary of the Reports (1917)

(HMSO)Marquess of Crewe (Introduction) (1917), Problems of Reconstruction. Lectures and

Addresses delivered at the summer meeting at the Hampstead Garden Suburb (London, Fisher Unwin)

Emilia Dilke (1892) Trades Unions for Women, Women’s Trade Union League, TUC Library Collections

Barbara Drake (1918) Women in the Engineering Trades: A Problem, A Solution and some Criticisms: being a Report based on an Enquiry by a Joint Committee of the Labour Research Department and the Fabian Women’s Group (London, Labour Research Department)

B. L. Hutchins (1915) Women in Modern Industry (1915) (West Yorkshire, EP Publishing, 1978 reprint)

B. L. Hutchins (1907) Home Work and Sweating: The Causes and the Remedies (London, Fabian Society)

A. W. Kirkaldy (1918) Industry and Finance: War Expedients and Reconstruction (being the results of enquiries arranged by the section of Economic Science and Statistics of the British Association during the years 1916 and 1917) (London, British Association for the Advancement of Science)

A. W. Kirkaldy (1916) Labour, Finance and the War (London, British Association for the Advancement of Science)

Richard Mudie- Smith (compiled) (1906) Handbook of The “Daily News” Sweated Industries Exhibition (London, Burt & Sons)

Marion Phillips (1918) Women and the Labour Party, by Various Women Writers (London, Headley Bros)

Marion Phillips (1918) Women and the Labour Party (London, Headley Bros)

220 Select Bibliography

Reformers’ Year BooksReport of the Departmental Committee on Sickness Benefit Claims under the

National Insurance Act, 1914–16 (HMSO)Report of the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry (1919) (HMSO) Report of the Women’s Employment Committee 1919 (HMSO)Report of the Royal Commission on the Aged Poor 1895 (HMSO)Report of the Royal Commission on Labour 1892– 4 (HMSO)TUC Annual ReportsGertrude M. Tuckwell (1894) The State and its Children (London, Methuen)Gertrude M. Tuckwell (1903) Industrial Work and Industrial Laws (London, The

Industrial Law Committee)Gertrude M. Tuckwell (1908) Woman in Industry From Seven Points of View (London,

Duckworth & Co)Women’s Emancipation Union PublicationsWomen Workers: The Official Report of the Conference (National Union of Women

Workers), 1895 (Nottingham, James Bell)

Newspapers and journals

In addition to those listed here, local newspapers are referenced throughout the text.

ASE Monthly Journal and ReportBournville Works MagazineClarionCommon Cause Co- operative NewsCotton TimesForwardGeneral Workers’ JournalThe GuardianJusticeLabour WomanLeague LeafletThe New StatesmanThe ScotsmanThe TimesVotes for WomenWoman’s DreadnoughtWomen’s Industrial NewsWomen’s Trade Union ReviewWoman WorkerWorkers’ Union Record

Secondary works

Sally Alexander (1995) Becoming a Woman and Other Essays in 19th and 20th Century Feminist History (New York, New York University Press)

Select Bibliography 221

Betty Askwith (1968) Lady Dilke: A Biography (London, Chatto and Windus)Lord Askwith (1920) Industrial Problems and Disputes (London, John Murray)George J. Barnsby (1989) Birmingham Working People: A  History of the Labour

Movement in Birmingham 1650– 1914 (Wolverhampton, Integrated Publishing Services)

George J. Barnsby (1980) Social Conditions in the Black Country, 1800– 1900 (Wolverhampton, Integrated Publishing Services)

Tony Barnsley (2010) Breaking Their Chains: Mary Macarthur and the Chainmakers’ Strike of 1910 (London, Bookmarks)

Brad Beaven & John Griffiths (2004) ‘Urban Elites, Socialists and Notions of Citizenship in an Industrial Boomtown: Coventry, c 1870– 1914 in Labour History Review, 69 (1) April 2004, 3– 18

Deirdre Beddoe (2000) Out of the Shadows: A History of Women in Twentieth Century Wales (Cardiff, University of Wales Press)

Joyce Bellamy & John Saville ( 1972– 87) Dictionary of Labour Biography, Volumes 1 to 8 (London, Macmillan)

Sheila Blackburn (1987) ‘Employers and social policy: Black Country Chain- Masters, the Minimum Wage Campaign and the Cradley Heath Strike of 1910’ Midland History 12, 1987, 85– 102

Sheila Blackburn (1988) ‘Working Class attitudes to social reform: Black country Chainmakers and Anti-sweating Legislation 1880– 1930 in International Review of Social History, 33, April 1988, 42– 69

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228

AAberdeen, 79Acton, 64, 135Adam, Nancy, 64, 97Adult Suffrage Society, 40Advisory Committee on Women’s

War Employment, 150–1Albert Hall, London, 97, 109Alexander, Sally, 24Amalgamated Clothiers’ Union, 52Amalgamated Society of Dyers,

Bleachers, Finishers and Kindred Trades, 53

Amalgamated Society of Engineers (ASE), see also engineers

alliance with Federation, 64, 84–7, 88, 92, 107–8, 164–5

at Beardmore’s, 79, 85, 92in Barrow, 79in Coventry, 152–4, 158in Glasgow, 79, 85in Manchester, 153membership of (in 1910), 10

American Federation of Labor, 141, 164

Anderson, Adelaide, 155Anderson, Will, 37, 93, 108–9, 117Anti-Sweating League see National

Anti-Sweating Leagueapprenticeships, 18Approved Societies, 13, 59–63, 110,

117, 129, 150Arch, Joseph, 25Armistice, 136, 162Armstrong Whitworth

Manchester, 14, 91Newcastle, 68, 76, 90, 135

Arnold, Alice, 151–2, 157, 158, 159, 160

Arnott, Jeannie, 66, 71, 91, 101, 109, 138

Ayr, 91, 118

BBaillie, Myra, 79, 85, 92, 135Banbury, 37, 53Barker, Lilian, 90Barrow in Furness,

and First World War, 68, 76, 79, 82, 85, 88, 92–3, 122, 130, 132, 155

collapse of wartime Federation membership, 97–8

NUGW branch, 159post-war unemployment in, 98pre-war organising in, 35, 38,

44, 122Barry, Marion, 143Basch, Francoise, 18Bath, 28, 34, 65, 127–8Beard, John, 107–8, 156Beardmore & Company, 79, 85,

90, 91–2Belfast, 45Belmont, Alma, 40Bennett, Louie, 131, 133Bermondsey

Federation branch, 49–50, 61, 62pre-war organising in, 45, 124,

128–9Besant, Annie, 21Birmingham, 32, 63, 89, 98, 99, 100,

109, 110, 116, 118Kynoch’s, 83, 98

Birmingham & District Joint Engineering Trades Committee, 156

Black Country Living Museum, 55Board of Trade, 16, 67

arbitration, 47, 51, 79Bondfield, Margaret

and Susan Lawrence, 120–1and suffrage, 40as Assistant Secretary of Shop

Assistants’ Union, 117, 119

Index

Index 229

as close associate of Mary Macarthur, 37, 120

as Organising Secretary of the Federation, 8, 71, 84, 116, 121, 130

as Parliamentary Secretary, 114at International Congress of

Working Women, 105autobiography, 8chair of TUC General Council,

114, 115election as Labour MP, 37,

114, 137in Coventry, 38, 149, 155in NUGW (as Chief Women’s

Officer), 8, 106, 109, 112, 137merger with NUGW, 107move into trade unionism,

10–11, 117selected to magistracy, 138

Boston, Sarah, 33, 49, 145Bournville, 32, 56, 127Bournemouth, 137Bowen Pease, Helen, 88, 121, 138Bradford, 21, 91, 122Bramley, Fred, 100Brassworkers’ Society, 144–5, 163Bray, Charles, 139Braybon, Gail, 71, 95Bridport, 122, 126Bristol, 65, 66, 94, 95, 109Brittain, Vera, 74–5Brown, Agnes, 46, 124Bryant and May Match Women’s

Strike, 21Buckley, Mrs, 98, 133

CCadbury, Edward, 32Cadbury et al., 15, 16, 18 Calthrop, Eleanor, 130Cambridge, 101Camden, 133Canning, Kathleen, 16Carlisle, 35, 44, 88Carr, Frank, 148Central Committee for the

Employment of Women, 73

Central Committee of Women’s Training and Employment, 137

chain making, 54–7Cradley Heath dispute 1910, 43,

54–7, 163establishment of trade board, 55

Chain Makers’ Festivals, 55Chevenix, Helen, 131Churchill, Winston, 96Clarion, 3Clark, Isabel, 82, 152, 154Clarke, Kate, 82Cleator Mills, Cumbria, 75Clegg, H.A., Fox, Alan & Thompson,

A.F., 20Clerkenwell, 46Clydeside, 85Clydeside Workers’ Committee,

92, 135Clynes, J.R., 107, 109Codrington, Miss, 109Cole, G.D.H., 85Cole, Margaret, 63, 107Coleman, D.C., 148Colwyn Bay, 101Commission of Enquiry into

Industrial Unrest, 81, 88–9, 92Co-operative News, 30conscription, 76, 79, 92, 156Cork, 133cost of living

during First World War, 70, 79, 89, 94

factory girl’s budget, 1910, 15cotton industry, Lancashire, 17, 20, 22Courtaulds (Halstead) (see also

Courtaulds, Coventry), 33, 42, 46

Coventry, see also Arnold; Clark; Ford; Givens; Hurlston; Mayell; Morris; Williams, 5, 7, 117, 139–60

Ada Nield Chew in, 147Alfred Herbert, 152ASE in, 152–4, 158Bushell’s box makers firm, 19Coventry Chain, 147, 148, 152Courtaulds, 148–9

230 Index

Coventry – continuedCramps & Sons, 147cycle industry, 140–2domestic workers, see Coventry &

District Domestic Helpers’ Scheme

Dunlop, 143elastic web weaving, 140engineers’ strike, 155–6Federation branch origins, 143–5Federation personnel, 149First World War, 70, 81, 82, 84,

132, 150–6J&J Cash, 148Margaret Bondfield in, 38,

149, 155Mary Macarthur in, 142, 143–4Ministry of Munitions, 152,

153, 154NUGW in, 159–60Ordnance Factory, 151, 152,

153, 154population increases, 140, 151Rudge Whitworth, 151Siddeley Deasy, 154silk ribbon weaving, 139, 140, 146textile industry, post-war,

157–8, 159trades council, 140, 142, 143, 144,

146, 148, 150, 153, 160watch making, 140, 159White & Poppe, 154women’s post-war unemployment,

156–8Women’s Party in, 155–6Workers’ Union in, 146, 147, 148,

150, 151, 152, 154, 155, 156, 157–8, 159–60

Coventry & District Domestic Helpers’ Scheme, 157–8

Cox, Mr, 127Cradley Heath, 41, 43, 54–7, 163

chain makers’ dispute, 43, 54–7, 126

hollow ware dispute, 57Cradley Heath Workers’ Institute,

55, 57Crewe, 18Croydon, 71

DDallas, George, 37, 53–4Darlington, 13, 82, 122Davies, Bessie, 72Davis, W.J., 144Dawson, Helen, 145, 150de la Mare, Ursula, 45, 50Defence of the Realm Act, 72–3Derry, 45, 133Despard, Charlotte, 40, 124Dicks, Esther (married name Young),

32, 36, 48, 124, 126, 129, 148Dilke House, 137Dilke, Charles, 27Dilke, Emilia, 24, 26, 27, 29, 119dilution, 77–9, 92Dock, Wharf & Riverside Workers’

Union, 67domestic ideology, 14–15domestic work, 38, 100, 101, 141,

157–8, 165Drake, Barbara

on Federation, 2, 87, 88, 129, 164on Federation membership

numbers, 13on women’s trade unionism, 9, 16,

20, 21 Dreier Robins, Margaret, 53Dreier, Mary, 146dressmakers, 18, 32, 44, 45, 46Dublin, 45, 101, 131–3

Lock Out, 1913, 131Dudley Port, 111Duncan, Charles, 87–8, 167Dundee, 29–30

EEast London Federation of

Suffragettes, 73Easter Rising, 131Edinburgh, 46Edith Mayell, 7, 149Edmonton

organisation of Federation branch in, 126, 128–9

strike at Eley’s, 31, 32, 46–9Elliott, Dorothy

as Federation organiser, 94, 95–6, 99, 100–1, 115, 129, 130

Index 231

as war worker, 83at LSE, 130Chief Women’s Officer, NUGW, 8memoirs, 8post-war organising, 95–6, 99, 100with NUGW, 8, 109, 115

engineering, 5, 6, 35engineers (male), see also

Amalgamated Society of Engineers, 77–88

national strike of, 1917, 92

F‘factory girl’s’ budget, 1910, 15factory inspectors, 19–20, 27, 155family wage, 3, 15, 26, 34, 42Farren, Thomas, 131Fawcett, Harriet

as Federation National Organiser, 165at Federation conference, 72–3, 109organising in Birmingham, 116organising in Newcastle, 14, 68,

91, 135resignation as Federation National

Organiser, 110as secretary of Federation’s York

branch, 138Fawcett, Millicent, 71Federation see National Federation of

Women WorkersFemale Umbrella Makers’ Union,

New York, 24First World War, 4–5, 64–94, see

also munitions, dilution and Coventry

cost of living during, 70, 79, 89, 94Enquiry into Industrial Unrest, 81,

88, 89, 92women’s employment and wages,

72–82unemployment at the start of the

war, 73–4Flattery, Mrs, 112Flowers, Helena

as Assistant Secretary of Federation, 32, 51, 126

becomes joint secretary of Federation, 125

organising in Ireland, 131–3

Ford, Isabella, 24Ford, May, 7, 19, 154Forward, 9, 20, 53–4

GGalway, Mary, 45Gas Workers and General Labourers’

Union, 21, 31, 35, 67General Federation of Trade Unions,

32, 39, 60general unions

formation of, 21, 25, 31, 36growth of, 43in First World War, 67, 86–8women’s membership of, 12–13, 35

Gertrude Tuckwell Papers, 6Gillette Safety Razor Works, 50Givens, Henrietta, 151, 152, 153, 154,

156, 157, 158, 160Givens, Walter, 153, 154, 158Glasgow

Federation office in, 37, 61, 63, 118Beardmore’s, 79, 85, 90, 91–2pre-war Federation branch, 45shop stewards, 135unemployment at start of war, 73

Golders Green, 38Gompers, Samuel, 141Gordon, Eleanor, 36Gore-Booth, Eva, 41Govan, 37Government post-war employment

training schemes, 101 Graham, Belle, 88Grantham, 80Great Western Cotton Works,

Bristol, 65Gretna, 88, 133Griffiths, Sarah, 148, 149, 160

HHackney, 38Hallas, Eldred, 100Halstead, 33, 42, 46Hamilton, Mary Agnes

Beardmore strike, 79, 107on Federation, 104on Macarthur, 8, 17, 30, 37, 72, 124wartime cost of living, 94

232 Index

Hart & Levy, Nuneaton, 51–2Hayes, 88, 121Health of Munition Workers’

Committee, 66, 89Hedges, Louisa

as Dressmakers’ secretary, 32, 46as Federation General

Secretary, 125as Federation organiser, 122dismissal from Federation, 125in Coventry, 122–3, 145salary, 129

Hendon Aircraft Company, 83Hereford, 66Hinton, James, 49historiography and method, 7–10Hodgetts, W.J., 61, 150hollow ware dispute, 57Holloway, Gerry, 26, 161Horan, Alice, 115, 137Howarth, Miss, 95, 109, 110Hull, 71, 102Hunter, Mrs, 36Hurlston, Amy

class and occupation, 28work and trade unionism in

Coventry, 19, 140–3Hutchins, Barbara

and branch organisation, 33, 128with A. Harrison, 26women workers, 17, 44

IIdris Factory, Camden, 133–4Imperial War Museum, 67Independent Labour Party, 33, 37,

53, 130Industrial feminism, 11Industrial Law Committee, 37International Congress of Working

Women, 105Ipswich, 61Ireland, see also individual place-

names, 45, 66, 67, 98, 101, 131–3, 155

Irish TUC, 131 Irish Women Workers’ Union, 131–3Israel, Kali, 24

JJ&J Cash silk weaving firm

(Coventry), 146 Jewson, Dorothy, 37, 120, 135

as Labour MP, 137Johnson, Miss, 128Jute and Flax Workers’ Union, 29jute industry, 29–30, 35, 44, 45

KKeighley, 37Kellaway, Frederick, 93Kelly, William, 104Kessler-Harris, Alice, 12, 102, 143, 164Kilburnie, 9King, Louie, 48, 126, 128–9Kirkaldy, A.W., 69, 76Kirkwood, David, 85Kozak, Marion, 87

Llabour exchanges

and post war unemployment, 98, 100, 101, 115, 157

and women war workers, 72, 82, 151

Labour Party, 37, 38, 59, 90, 103, 104, 162, 163

Labour Party Conference, 138labour unrest 1910–14, 4, 49–52lace making industry, 54, 57–8, 63Lancashire

and cotton, 17, 20, 65and Federation, 33, 46, 65, 124and NUGW, 112

Lancaster, 68Lansbury, George, 134Larkin, Delia, 131laundry workers, 44, 45, 61,

65, 76, 101Lawrence, Susan

and NI campaign, 60 and Federation’s War Workers’

Campaign, 69, 72and post-war attacks on women’s

wages, 97as close associate of Macarthur,

37, 120

Index 233

as Labour MP, 37, 137introduction to trade unionism, 10,

120–1organising with LCC school

cleaners, 120League Leaflet, 38, 39Leaving Certificates, 80Leeds, 66, 101, 104, 109Lees, Miss, 109Leicester, 50Lewcock, Connie, 130Lewenhak, Sheila

on Bondfield, 114–15on Federation, 66, 107, 108on Macarthur, 10, 120on Varley, 87

Lewis, Jane, 102Lewis, Mrs, 102Llanelli, 80Lloyd-George, David, 59, 70, 78, 96London, 44, 45, 46, 47, 54, 62, 64, 65

East End, 120–1, 136, 138, 146Londonderry, see DerryLCC, 120Lowin, Annie, 32, 123, 133–4

MMacarthur, Mary, see also National

Federation of Women Workers, 1, 2, 11–12

and ASE, 84, 88, 93, 107and beginnings of Federation, 23,

29–30, 46and ‘Bundle of Sticks’, 11, 94and Brassworkers, 144–5and Central Committee of Women’s

Training and Employment, 137and Central Munitions Labour

Supply Committee, 78and close associates, 118–21, 137and disputes 33, 45, 47–8, 49, 79,

90, 91, 92, 93and Edmonton branch, 46–8and end of WTUL, 114and Federation staff, 94, 118–20,

124–6, 129and First World War 64–5, 70, 72–4,

77, 78, 79, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93

and ILP, 37and Ireland, 45, 131and Mecklenburgh Square, 37, 117and merger with NUGW, 106–9,

161, 164and middle class women’s voluntary

war work, 74–5and National Insurance, 39,

59–60, 62and pre-war industrial unrest, 49and suffrage, 40–2and Trade Boards, 55, 58and War Emergency Workers’

Committee, 78 and wartime voluntary work, 74–5and welfare in wartime factories, 89and WLL, 37–9as Federation President, 31as Parliamentary candidate, 37,

103, 108, 115at Gretna, 88at International Congress of

Working Women, 105becomes Federation General

Secretary, 125daughter (Nancy), 120, 124death, 106, 114, 120dispute with Louise Hedges, 125editor of Woman Worker, 120evidence to War Cabinet

Committee on Women in Industry, 103, 162–3

in Coventry, 143–4introduction to trade unionism,

10, 118–19leadership style, 124–5marriage, 37, 124national influence, 64, 65, 77, 79,

161, 164, 166–7on belief in trade unionism, 57on Federation’s ‘alliance’ with

ASE, 84, 88on motherhood and work, 105on single sex organisation, 166on post war industrial reconstruction

and women’s employment, 103–6, 162–3

on protective legislation, 17

234 Index

Macarthur, Mary – continuedon purpose of Federation, 23, 30,

34, 42, 142, 166on women’s low pay and sweating,

17, 30, 36, 70, 120 on women’s need for trade

unionism, 2–4, 142salary, 32, 134visits United States, 23, 40, 41, 150

MacDonald, Margaretand motherhood, 16and National Insurance, 39and National Union of Women

Workers, 39and Trade Boards, 58and Woman Worker, 38

MacDonald, Ramsay, 20–1Maclean, Kate, 46Maclenan, Alice, 124magistracy, 138, 160Main, Jessie, 125Malkiel, Theresa, 18Mallon, J.J., 2, 37, 117, 134Manchester (Armstrong Whitworth),

14, 91Manchester, 14, 91, 93, 153Manchester Women’s Trade & Labour

Council, 41Mansfield, 50Markham, Violet, 155Marland-Brodie, Annie, 28, 46Mary Macarthur Memorial Fund, 120Mary Macarthur Memorial Park, 55Match Women’s Strike, 1888, 21maternalist politics, 16Mathews, May, 130Mayell, Edith, 7, 117, 149Mecklenburgh Square, 37, 61,

117–18, 137Merthyr Tydfil, 45metal industries, 44, 45, 144,

157, 163Middlesbrough, 130Middleton, Mary, 38Midland Engineering Employers’

Federation, 86, 100Mills, Mrs, 38, 82Millwall, 13Miners’ Federation, 10, 41

Ministry of Labour, 91, 123, 131Ministry of Munitions, see also

Coventryand dilution, 78–81and labour movement, 104, 164and women war workers, 66, 69,

77, 93, 96Health of Munition Workers’

Committee, 89in Ireland, 132

Ministry of Reconstruction Report of the Women’s Employment Committee, 12

mixed sex general unions, 78–81Moore, Mildred, 11Moore, Sian, 21Morgan, Carol, 18Moriarty, Theresa, 132Morris, George, 148, 151motherhood, 3, 16, 17, 105, 140, 162

and war working, 70Moulder, Priscilla, 19–20Municipal Employees’

Association, 112Munitions, see also First World War,

and dilutionand health, 82–3, 89and wages, 69–70, 77–82, 86–7and women workers, 14, 65–6, 79,

91, 129–30Central Munitions Labour Supply

Committee, 78definition of, 69dilution, 77–9in Coventry, 150–1Leaving Certificates, 80local tribunals, 5, 80–1

Munitions of War Act, 79, 91Musson, A.E., 11

NNational Amalgamated Union of

Labour, 67, 112National Anti-Sweating League, 2, 37,

58, 117National Factories, 66, 69, 77, 80, 88,

97, 132, 151, 155and agreement with Federation in

Ireland, 132

Index 235

National Federation of General Workers, 104–5, 156

refusal to allow Federation to affiliate, 107–8, 167

National Federation of Women Workers (Federation)

alliance with ASE, 83–6, 164 amalgamation with NUGW, 2, 5–6,

65, 106–14, 161and family wage, 3and First World War, 64–94, 150–6,

164–5and Labour politics, 36–40and legislative change, 54–62and post war industrial

reconstruction, 102–6and post war unemployment,

95–102and pre-war industrial unrest, 49–54and suffrage, 40–2and Woman Worker, 7, 17, 19, 97,

101, 111and Women’s Labour League, 6,

37–40Approved Society, 60–3, 110, 117,

129, 150badge and motto, 43, 168branch development, structure and

organisation, 31–4, 44–9, 64–7, 126–9, 166

branches become NUGW women’s branches, 136

campaigns, see also National Insurance and War Workers’ Campaigns, 54–62, 75–7, 96–7, 161

clothing and savings clubs, 60, 63conferences, 72, 106, 109, 121, 123,

125, 126, 136, 138contraction of organising team,

post 1918, 136–7defence of munitions workers,

79–82end of independent existence,

106–9, 161Executive, 32finances, 63, 73, 94honorary members, 33, 127, 129,

130, 133

in Ireland, 45, 101, 131–3local and branch activity see place

names and strikes and disputesoccupations recruiting from, 44–6origins of, 1–10, 28–31management and organisation,

31–4, 44–9, 126–9marriage dowry, 31, 34–5membership classes, 31membership numbers, 10, 12–14,

43, 59, 65merger with NUGW,

see amalgamation with NUGWNational Insurance Campaign,

58–62 offices, national and regional, 31,

33, 37, 46, 58, 61, 63organisers and activists, 31–3, 44,

52–4, 116–38and the magistracy, 138and marriage, 124–5and pay, 129–30

post-war organising, 99–101, 123–7pre-war organising, 43–63relationship with WTUL, 23,

28–32, 117retention of staff, 123–6seeks affiliation with GFTU, 32shop stewards, 133–6socials, 48, 126, 155strikes see strikes and disputes War Workers’ Campaign, 13, 69,

75–7, 84–5welfare, 89–90

National Insurance Bill, 1911, 39, 54, 58–62

National Insurance Act, 1911, 54, 59, 62, 110

administration through Approved Societies, 59, 129

National Insurance see National Federation of Women Workers (campaigns)

National Labour Women’s Conference, 111

National Union of General Workers (NUGW), 2, 123, 161

and First World War 67, 85, 86–8balance, 1921, 94

236 Index

National Union of General Workers (NUGW) – continued

becomes National Union of General and Municipal Workers, 112

end of Women’s Department, 114Federation’s merger with, 6, 46, 95,

106–9, 136, 165Federation staff retained by

NUGW, 109–10in Coventry, 139, 159–60loss of members 1920–3, 111journal of, 110, 111, 112membership, 35women’s branches, 109–11Women’s Section, 110–14,

115, 136National Union of Women’s

Suffrage Societies, 128National Union of Women Workers,

39, 117National Women’s Trade Union

League of Americacampaigns, 11Macarthur addressing, 23, 29, 34organisers, 15, 30, 33, 53,

84, 146, 164Neilston, 61Nestor, Agnes, 84New Cross, 68New Unionism, 21, 25, 31Newcastle upon Tyne

and war, 14, 65, 68, 76, 88, 90, 91, 116, 124, 130, 135

pre-war organising in, 126post-war membership, 97, 100

Newnham College graduates, 117, 120, 121

Newton, Ada (married name Shepherd), 42, 46, 65, 122, 124, 126

New York, 15, 18, 24Nield Chew, Ada

as tailoress, 16, 18as WTUL organiser, 8, 10, 28, 35,

40, 122, 123, 124, 125in Coventry, 147

Nine Elms, 124

Northampton, 114, 123, 127Nottingham, 26, 147

lace trade in, 54, 57–8Federation office in, 63, 118

Nuneaton, 9, 51–2

OO’Grady, Jim, 104–5O’Reilly, Leonora, 30Olcott, Teresa, 25Oliver, Miss, 150Ordnance Works, see Coventryorganisers see under National

Federation of Women Workers (organisers and activists)

Orleck, Annelise, 11Osgood Andrews, Irene, 67Out of Work Donation, 99,

101, 156

PPaisley, 50Pankhurst

Christabel, 93Emmeline, 93Sylvia, 73–4, 75

Park Royal, 64Paterson, Emma, 23–6, 27, 34, 107Pearson, Mrs, 89, 91, 99, 109Pedersen, Susan, 66, 104, 162Pelling, Henry, 62Penwarden, Mrs, 82People’s Suffrage Association, 37,

40, 117Perole, Marie, 131Perth, 73Phillips, Marion, 37, 39

as Federation Organising Secretary, 120

as secretary of WLL, 124Poor Law Guardians, 28, 140, 149Pontefract, 13Poplar, 146Portsmouth, 36post war economic boom, 99Potteries, Staffordshire, 27Preston, 46Putney, 137

Index 237

QQueen Mary’s Needlework Guild

(later Queen’s Work for Women Fund), 73

Queen Mary’s Workrooms, 137

RRaw, Louise, 21Rawlinson, George & Robinson,

Anna, 7Reddish, Sarah, 28Redditch, 65–6Reid, Alastair, J., 10Report on the Condition of Woman

and Child Wage Earners, US, 22Restoration of Pre-War Practices, 104,

105, 158, 162Reynolds, Melanie, 21Richardson, Kenneth, 7Roper, Esther, 41Royal Commission on the Aged Poor,

28, 140Rugby, 61Ruskin College, 137

SSanger, Sophy, 117Schneiderman, Rose, 15, 163–4Scotland, see also individual place

names, 30, 45, 53, 54, 73, 79, 85, 92, 97, 99

Sheffieldconfectionery workers, 44Federation conference in, 106, 123Federation office in, 63Federation organising, 99, 118, 138NUGW branch, 109, 159Will Anderson parliamentary

seat, 108Shepherd, Ada (nee Newton),

see Newtonshirtwaisters’ strike, New York

City, 18Shop Assistants’ Union, 28, 45, 117,

118, 119, 159shop stewards, 67, 85, 90, 133–6Shop Stewards’ Movement, 92, 135Silcock, Helen, 28

Sloan, Isabelas Federation Assistant

Secretary, 123as Federation organiser, 36, 38, 49,

51–2, 71, 82, 90as WTUL typist, 123employment with Ministry of

Labour, 137in Coventry, 147, 153, 155in Ireland, 132salary with WTUL, 129

Sloane Street, 27, 118Smith, Constance, 117, 137Smyth, Ellen, 32, 44Soldon, Norbert, 67Special Arbitration Tribunal for

Women’s Wages, 80, 92, 154‘speeding up’, 19Standing Joint Committee

of Industrial Women’s Organisations, 90, 106, 137, 164, 166

Stansell, Christine, 15Stepney, 50, 128Stourbridge, see Mary Macarthur as

Parliamentary Candidate strikes and disputes, 49–52, 88–93

Ayr, 91 Bermondsey, 45Bradford, 91Bridport, 122Camden, 133–4Carlisle, 44Cradley Heath, 54–7Dundee, 29Edmonton, 31, 32, 46–9Govan, 37Kilburnie, 9Leicester, 50Manchester , 91Mansfield, 50–1Millwall, 13Neilston, 61Newcastle upon Tyne, 90–1Northampton, 123Nuneaton, 9, 51–2Pontefract, 13Swansea, 18

238 Index

strikes and disputes – continuedUnited Turkey Red, 53–4Wellingborough, 61

suffrage, 40–2American suffrage campaigning, 40

Swansea, 18sweating, 66

definition, 4exhibitions, 17Mary Macarthur and

‘supersweating,’ 17Symons, Madeleine, 88, 106, 109, 121

as close associate of Macarthur, 120as head of Federation’s Negotiations

Department, 121

Ttailoring, 18Tawney, R.H., 117Teichmann, Mrs, 32Textile Operatives Society of Ireland,

45Thane, Pat, 14Thom, Deborah, 10, 34, 49, 74, 102,

134Thorne, Will, 35, 85, 107Tillett, Ben, 141Tollemache, Miss, 28, 127, 128toy balloon making, 20TNT, see health under munitions Trade Boards, 55–8, 65, 71, 73, 100,

101, 102, 110Trade Boards Act, 1909, 19, 51, 54trades councils, see also under

Coventry, 7, 38 Belfast, 45Carlisle, 35–6Darlington, 13, 122Dublin, 131Edinburgh, 46Northampton, 127Nottingham, 26–7, 36, 58Nuneaton, 51–2Paisley, 50Wolverhampton, 36

trade union membership, see also ASE, Federation, NUGW, WU, 10, 12–14, 16, 20–1, 43, 67, 100, 107, 111

Transport & General Workers’ Union, 159

Trades Union Congress (TUC), 2, 13, 28, 34, 55, 61, 127, 128

1908 Congress, 144–5and start of war, 72General Council of, 114WTUL as Women’s Group, 114–15

TUC Library, 6Tuckwell, Gertrude

as Federation President, 4, 29, 106as WTUL President, 6, 119campaigning, 20, 27, 34 end of WTUL, 114magistracy, 37Mecklenburgh Square, 117memoirs, 8on Federation merger with

NUGW, 107Turner, John, 118

Uunemployment, women’s post war, 5,

95–102, 110–12, 156–8Unemployment Insurance Act, 1920,

110United Turkey Red Company, 53–4

VVale of Leven, 7, 53–4Varley, Julia

as organiser with WTUL, 13, 122branch secretary with Weavers &

Textile Workers’ Union, 122in Coventry, 148, 155in Cradley Heath, 126in Portsmouth, 36leaves Federation, 125–6 views on motherhood, 105with Workers’ Union, 35–6, 87,

108, 126Vickers, 68, 76, 85, 98victimisation, 8, 32, 49, 53, 58, 101,

128, 133, 135, 165

Wwages, 16–20, 69–70, 72–82, 86–7, 97Wages (Temporary Regulations)

Act, 105

Index 239

Wain, J.E., 127Wales, see also individual place

names, 45, 66, 67, 80, 101Walker, Mr, 37Wapping, 97War Cabinet Committee on Women

in Industry, 12, 103–4War Emergency Workers’ National

Committee, 78Waring & Gillow, 137Waterford, 98, 133Weaver, Ethel, 65, 111, 112, 113, 115,

165Weavers and Textile Workers’ Union,

122Webb, Beatrice, 15, 22, 119Webb, Sidney, 16Webbs (Beatrice & Sidney), 24, 62Wednesbury, 43welfare supervisors in wartime

factories, 89–90 Wellingborough, 61Wexford, 133Whitehead, Myrtle, 33Whyatt, Rosina, 83Widdrington, P.E.T., 145Wigan, 65Wilkinson, Gertrude, 99, 109, 138Willesden, 137Williams, Mrs, 148, 149Wolverhampton, 36Woman Worker, 7, 17, 19, 97, 101,

111, 136, 137and war, 66, 68, 76, 81, 85, 86, 91,

92, 123, 124, 130, 131, 133ceases production, 1921, 112 Macarthur as editor, 120Song of the Organiser in, 138

Woman’s Corner (Co-operative News), 30

Woman’s Dreadnought, 73, 82, 124Women’s Co-operative Guild, 6, 166Women’s Emancipation Union, 28,

142Women’s Employment Committee, 12Women’s ILP Guild, 37Women’s Industrial League, 162Women’s Labour League, 6, 33, 37–40,

46, 124, 127, 149, 151, 166

Women’s Party, 93, 155Women’s Protective and Provident

League (see also Women’s Trade Union League), 24–7

Women’s Social & Political Union, 40, 128, 150

Women’s Suffrage Association, 24Women’s Trade Union Advisory

Committee, 96, 99, 106, 164 Women’s Trade Union League see also

Tuckwell; Macarthur; National Federation of Women Workers; Women’s Protective and Provident League, 1–29

and First World War, 75, 84–5becomes Women’s Group of TUC

General Council, 114–15leadership, 27–9Mary Macarthur as Secretary, 119organisers, 8, 19, 28, 31, 35–6,

39, 46, 48, 122–3, 126, 142–3, 148

origins of, 23–30records of, 6–7working with Federation, 28–32, 34,

37, 40, 43, 49–50, 57–8, 60, 65, 75, 117–18, 122, 126,

Women’s Trade Union League of America see National Women’s Trade Union League of America

Women’s Trade Union Review, 7, 22, 28, 39, 60, 84

women’s wages before First World War, 16–20

Women’s Work and Wages, 15, 16, 18women’s work, attitudes towards,

17–20Women’s War Register, 74Woolacott, Angela, 89Woolwich Arsenal, 77, 81, 82, 90

loss of members after the war, 97 march of women workers from,

95–6Workers’ Union (WU), see also

Coventry, Duncan and Varleyand First World War, 67, 85–6,

94, 149antagonism with Federation, 86–8,

107–8, 147–8, 150

240 Index

Workers’ Union (WU) – continuedfounded, 21, 31in Nottingham, 36in Portsmouth, 36in Wolverhampton, 36membership, 12, 146organisers, 124–6, 134Record, 118

restoration of pre-war practices, 104–5, 161

rivalry with other unions, 86–8shop stewards, 134

YYork, 109, 138Young, Lois, 147