Appendix 1 Command Structure of German Naval Intelligence ...978-0-230-50842-2/1.pdfFrederick alias William Guilden German–American, naval officer, scion of the British Dunbar family

148

Appendix 1 Command Structure of German Naval Intelligence, 1911–1914

Intermediaries in Great BritainWilhelm Croner or Kronauer, Karl Gustav Ernst, August Wilhelm Julius Klunder,

Otto Krüger, Gustav Neumann, Adolf Schneider, Heinrich Schütte

Naval agents in Great Britain Paul Brodtmann or Brockmann (later IIIb), Johann Engel, Karl Armgaard Graves,

Heinrich Grosse, Lina and Max Heine, Paul Hentschel, Frederick Ireland,Karl Franz Joseph alias Charles Francis Bubenheim, Wilhelm Klare, Charles Parrott,Walter Riemann, Alberto Celso Rodriguez, Max Schultz, Stielow, Izzel ben Aladdin,

Ottoman Naval Officers Ahmed Nedjib and Frederick Schroeder alias Gould

The EmperorKaiser Wilhelm II

Secretary of the Naval OfficeAdmiral Alfred von Tirpitz

Chief of the AdmiralstabAdmiral Hugo von Pohl

Naval Attaché LondonLieutenant Commander Wilhelm Widenmann (1907–1912)Lieutenant Commander Erich von Müller (1912–1914)

Director of Naval Intelligence Department (‘N’)Naval Captain Arthur Tapken (1901–1914)Frigate Captain Walther Isendahl (1914–1918)

Director of Subdivision ‘NI’Commander Fritz Prieger

Secretary to ‘N’Naval Lieutenant Georg Stammer

Attached to Admiralstabon Special DutyPolice Officer Gustav Steinhauer

Naval Agents (BEs, VMs)Worldwide

Illustration 8 Flow chart showing command structure of German Naval Intelligence

149

Appendix 2 Statistical Evidence on German Espionage and British Counter-Espionage during the First World War

0

5

10

15

20

25

Aug 1

914

OctDec

Feb 1

915

AprJu

ne Aug OctDec

Feb 1

916

AprilJu

ne Aug OctDec

Feb 1

917Apr

ilJu

ne Aug OctDec

Feb 1

918Apr

ilJu

ne Aug Oct

Num

ber

of G

erm

an s

pies

Total number of German spies operating in Great Britain

Captured by British authorities Released for lack of evidence

Illustration 9 Number of spies and capture/release statistics, August 1914–October 1918

150

Appendix 3 Synopsis of German Naval Agents in the First World War

Agent and alias(es) Brief description of activities

A1 See Grund, Heinrich. A2 See Schroeder, C. A3 See Calkoen, Jonkheer Johan Jakob. A7 See Greite, Franz Lausitz Theodore. A13 See Wünnenberg, Karl. A15 Naval agent, reporting from Great Britain on Anglo-

Russian Commission in May 1917. A19 See Ritzkey, Carl. A21 See Gleichmann, Emil. A29 See van Balen, Willem. A34 Naval agent, reporting from Amsterdam in

December 1916. A35 See Vieyra, Leopold. A42 See van Graff. A49 Dutch (?), employee of De Telegraaf, present at David

Lloyd George’s speech on 19 December 1916. A57 Naval agent, reporting from Holland in June 1917. A58 See Bacon, George Vaux. A63 Dutch ship expert, reporting from Holland in

December 1916. A68 See Flores, Heinrich. A77 See Dunell, Wilhelm. A82 See Meisner, Arthur Denis. A87 Naval agent, reporting from Holland about con-

versation with an English journalist in January. InMay 1918, reported on conversation with Wood,secretary of British consulate at Rotterdam.

A93 See Roodhardt, J.C. A103 See Pass, Adolph. A107 See Mahler, Georg Henri. AE111 See Müller, Carl Friedrich. AE115 Naval agent, on missions to London, Folkestone

and Portsmouth throughout 1915. AE123 Sailor, working for ship line connecting Continent

and England in October 1915.

German Naval Agents 151

AE128 Naval agent, reporting from London in July 1915 onrecruitment of volunteers.

AE129 Dockyard worker in Denmark, reporting to ‘N’ inOctober 1915.

AE134 Dutch precision mechanic. Employed by WolseleyCompany in October 1915.

AE146 English journalist resident in Holland, reportingin October 1915.

Ahrens, Paul H. alias Otto C. Storbeck

German–American, employed by ‘NI’. Undertooktwo reconnaissance voyages to Britain in October1914 and in May 1915.

Albanians, two anonymous

Two Albanians, recruited by German consul Tjabenin Rumania. Supposed to undertake reconnaissancevoyage to Britain in the summer of 1915.

Ayllonrivas, Antonio Argentinean, in October 1916 sent to Holland towork as agent for Antwerp.

Bacon, George Vaux alias A58

American journalist, reported on behalf of ‘N’ forCentral Press Agency from England to RutledgeRutherford and others in Holland. Arrested andcourt-martialled in February 1917, sentenced todeath. On request of US government extradited tothe United States, where he was tried and convictedto one year’s penal servitude.

van Balen or Baalen, Willem alias A29

Naval or military agent, probably Dutch, employedby Antwerp in 1915. Acquaintance of Emil Brugman.

Ballin, anonymous contact of HAL director Albert Ballin

An anonymous contact of Albert Ballin, forwardeda report to the latter about an espionage missionto Britain early in 1916. Ballin sent the report tothe German government.

Bekker or Bekkers Undertook reconnaissance mission for Antwerp toLiverpool in August 1915.

Berg Naval agent in Scandinavia. Upon arrest in thesummer of 1917 betrayed all confidential materialto the local authorities in Denmark.

Black alias Kopreko Naval agent, employed by Antwerp, undertook atleast one voyage to Britain prior to December1914. Then deactivated because ‘N’ suspected thathis identity had been exposed.

Boehm or Böhm, First Lieutenant Hans alias Joseph D. Noerndle alias Jelks Leroy Thrasher

German engaged in sabotage in the United Statesin 1914. Early in 1915, in Ireland to promote unrest.In March on intelligence mission to Scotland onbehalf of ‘N’. In April 1915, declared his inabilityto go on another mission to Britain, but in January1917 arrested and interned there, after the warrepatriated. Recruited William Mac Cully andAnthony J. Brogan.

Born, George American journalist, working for Wünnenbergand Sander.

152 Appendix 3

Bosch, Exequiel Argentinean, in October 1916 sent to Holland towork as agent for Antwerp.

Boulan, C. Naval agent, possibly arrested in England in July1915 and subsequently released.

de Bournonville, Eva Naval agent, born Dane, naturalized Swede.Worked at Danish Legation in London fromAugust to November 1915. Arrested, sentenced todeath, sentence commuted to life imprisonment.

den Braber, Cornelius Marinus

Naval agent, probably hired by Hilmar Dierks.Dutch seaman, travelled to England in June 1915,arrested and released due to lack of evidence insame month.

Brandes, Gertrude Elizabeth Sophia

Private Secretary to Lady Baroness von Schröder.Knew Heddy Glauer (Grosse) in 1912 and hostedLouise Emily Wertheim in 1915. Herself probablynot employed by ‘N’.

Brandt, Dr German, PhD in economics. Recruited agents,until December 1914 for IIIb, then for ‘N’ inHolland. Collaborated with Hilmar Dierks inrecruiting Louise Emily Wertheim and JacobDirkszwager in 1914 and 1915.

van Brandwijk, Jan alias A51

Dutch casual labourer, served as cover address(‘Brandwijk & Co.’) for naval agents in Britain in1915. Possibly involved in exposing Hilmar Dierks.

Braun, Kapitän Employed by Consul Gneist in Rotterdam for ‘N’,but also recruiting, in competition with ‘N’, foranother department in Berlin. Was exposed in1915 when one of Gneist’s agents lost documentson German intelligence system.

Breeckow, Georg Traugott alias Reginald Rowland alias George Parker

German piano dealer, acquired US citizenship. Navalagent for Antwerp, came to England in May 1915,worked together with Louise Emily Wertheim.Arrested in June, executed in October 1915.

Brodersen, J. Swede, in October 1914 offered to go on espionagemission to England, and probably did so shortlyafterwards.

Brogan, Anthony J. alias Kelly

Irish businessman, recruited by Hans Boehm in NewYork. From March until June 1915 in Scotland torecruit Irishmen for ‘N’. Then coordinating Germansabotage in Britain from Lisbon and Madrid. Incontact with Roger Casement.

Brugman, Emil alias A32 Dutch chemical engineer. Employed by Antwerp.Travelled to England in October 1915, obtainedinterview with and pass of Minister of Munitions,Lord Moulton. In May 1916 arrested, but due tolack of evidence released.

Bruns Naval agent, possibly arrested in Britain in July1915.


Buer Naval agent, Armenian. In July 1915 sent to Englandon intelligence mission for Antwerp.

Burhorn alias Charles Morton

German–American, end of December 1914 sent toUnited States by ‘N’ to obtain passport and recruitnaval agents. Finally dismissed by Ambassador JohannBernstorff in Washington, DC due to exaggeratedfinancial demands.

Bushman, Fernando or Ferdinand Buschmann

Brazilian of German origin, naval agent, possiblyrecruited by Hilmar Dierks or Heinrich Flores.Travelled to England in April 1915, arrested inJune and executed in October.

Cadmus, Henry R. alias Gentz alias Edward

Argentinean businessman, recruited by ‘N’through Dr Max Salomon. On intelligence missionin Britain September to November 1914. Had anacquaintance in War Office. In London in contactwith Hugo Gramatzki. Finally dismissed by Priegerdue to exaggerated financial demands.

Calkoen, Jonkheer Johan Jakob alias A3

Dutch cocoa nut trader, reported from London toAntwerp from May until June 1915.

Cléton, Mrs N.M. Cover name used by Hilmar Dierks’ wife while hewas in Dutch custody.

Cornehlsen, Otto alias Kolker

German saboteur in England and Norway in 1917.

Cribben, Peter American journalist, working for Wünnenberg andSander.

Cursach, Juan Argentinean, in October 1916 sent to Holland towork as agent for Antwerp.

Curtis Naval agent, reported to ‘N’ from London in May1915.

Daelen, Paul E. alias P.E. Parker alias Lambrecht alias William Kottkamp

German–American, captain, former NorddeutscherLloyd employee. Employed by Prieger andsubsequently by Wesel, on several missionsto Britain: September–October 1914, December–January 1915, April–May 1915. In March, in NewYork. In the same month awarded the Iron Cross,second class. In 1916–1917, organizing espionagefrom Amsterdam.

Dane, anonymous Unnamed Danish skipper of the German steamboatSeptima. Sent to England on behalf of ‘N’ byLieutenant Commander Kaiser in Rotterdam.

Davis, Robert See Wünnenberg, Karl. Dierks, Hilmar, NCO alias Sanderson or Saunderson

On Western front in opening campaign. Instructedby Wesel to go on intelligence mission to England inOctober 1914, but failed. In December 1914 inDenmark for ‘N’. Then as recruiter for ‘N’ in TheHague. Involved in numerous recruitments in theNetherlands. In June or July 1915 arrested by Dutchauthorities. In September 1915 free again, buttransferred to another German intelligence branch.

154 Appendix 3

Dirkzwager, Dirkswager or Dirkszwanger, Jacob

Dutch, naval agent, recruited by Dr Brandt.Succeeded in being employed by British consulatein Netherlands. Arrested by Dutch authorities inSeptember 1916, but in October 1917 back on duty.

Dittmar, brothers Adolphe, Charles, Otto, Friedrich

Belgian or German, came to England after outbreakof war for ‘N’ or IIIb. Arrested in January 1915, thenreleased.

Drilsma Dutch, naval agent. For ‘N’ on intelligencemission to England in July 1915.

Dunbar, Frigate Captain Frederick alias William Guilden

German–American, naval officer, scion of theBritish Dunbar family and son of an Americanmother. In October 1914, on intelligence missionto Scotland for ‘N’. Quickly arrested and internedin February 1915.

Dunell, Wilhelm alias Thuringen alias A77

Dutch, in December 1916 mission to England. InOctober 1917 reported on conversation with EduardCarl Fimmen, leader of Dutch Socialists.

Duurloo, Francis Al. Black Dane from Virgin Islands, sent to Britain by‘N’ in December 1914.

Earle, Martha, née Baroness von Bothmer

German, married to Englishman, residing in Bristol.In May 1918, arrested for communicating withenemy and sentenced to 12 months’ imprisonment.

Edwin, Edward Swedish masseur, arrested for espionage in August1915 and sentenced to seven days’ hard labour.Then left Britain.

Egelis, A.P. Naval agent, sent on a mission to Britain by Antwerpin July 1915.

Elve (cover name) Naval agent, sent to London in March 1915. Eugling, Franz German–American, sent on intelligence mission

to Hull by ‘NI’ in September 1914. Failde Spaniard, sub-agent of Wilhelm Rehder in England. Filchner, Dr Wilhelm German explorer, served as army officer on the

Western front. In 1916, director of the marineinterrogation service in Bergen, Norway.

Flores, Heinrich alias A68 German teacher of languages in Rotterdam. Workedfor Wesel and Hilmar Dierks whom he assisted inrecruiting agents. Before or in April 1915 dismissedby Freyer.

Funke Naval agent, undertook intelligence mission toLondon, Leith, Folkestone in August 1914.

de Garden, Mrs C. Naval agent, employed by Antwerp. Gleichmann, Emil alias A21

Naval agent, captain of the mercantile marine,name found on Antwerp list.

von der Goltz, Horst alias Bridgeman Taylor alias Franz Wachendorf

German mercenary in Francisco ‘Pancho’ Villa’s armyin Mexican civil war. After August 1914 involvedin sabotage in United States and Britain. Arrestedin Britain in November 1914. In November 1916extradited to United States and interned for durationof war.


van der Goten, Leon Francis

Belgian, sought employment with German secretservice, but was framed by Allies. Arrested onarrival to Hull in June 1917. Sentenced to death,then life imprisonment.

van Graff alias A42 Name discovered on Antwerp list. Gramatzki, Hugo German engineer, born in Assam, India. On two

missions to Britain on behalf of ‘N’, August–November 1914 and January–March 1915. Recom-mended for the Iron Cross, second class, by Chiefof Admiralty Staff. In August 1917, in Norwaysentenced to nine months’ penal servitude forespionage.

Greite, Franz Lausitz Theodore alias A7

German–American, employed by Antwerp. Sent toUnited States (Karl Boy-Ed) in August 1915, thenon espionage mission to France and Britain.Arrested in March 1916 and convicted to tenyears’ penal servitude in July 1916.

Grund, Heinrich alias A1 German, resident in Antwerp before war, employedby ‘N’ to place agents on ships to Britain. In 1916moved to Utrecht. Recruited Alfredo Buschmannand Augusto Roggen.

Guell, Mario alias Guell y Lynch

Spaniard, triple agent for French, British andGerman service (Antwerp). Arrested by ScotlandYard in January 1917, released to Spain underpressure of Spanish government.

Guerrero, Adolfo alias Guantas

Spaniard, naval agent, recruited by German navalattaché von Krohn in Madrid. Landed in Englandin February 1916, arrested in same month andtried in July. Sentenced to death, commuted to tenyears’ imprisonment. Was promised £50 for everyship sunk due to his reports.

H21 See Zelle, Margarete Gertrud. Hagn, Alfred Norwegian, naval agent, came to Britain in

October 1916 and in April 1917. Arrested, tried inAugust, sentenced to death, commuted into lifeimprisonment. In 1919, released due to badhealth.

Hahn, John British citizen of German descent, subagent of KarlFriedrich Müller. Arrested in February 1915, triedand sentenced to ten years’ penal servitude in July1915.

Hardenberg Naval agent, employed by Wesel. Instructed totravel to England from Holland, but failed.Showed up at Karl Boy-Ed’s office in New York inMarch 1915. Eventually dismissed.

Harmer English journalist, working for ‘N’ before and afteroutbreak of war.

156 Appendix 3

Harmsworth English journalist, employed by British service.Then offered his services to Colonel Ostertag atRotterdam, and was subsequently employed byIIIb. In February 1915, on intelligence mission toEngland.

Hastings, Charles E. American, communicated with George Vaux Baconfrom Holland. Interrogated at Scotland Yard inMarch 1917, sent to United States, sentenced toone year’s penal servitude

Harthern German, correspondent of the Frankfurter Zeitungin Norway, arrested for espionage by Norwegianpolice in 1917.

Heineken, Philipp Dutch, employee of Norddeutscher Lloyd. On twointelligence missions to Britain for ‘N’, Septemberand October 1914. In December barred fromentering the country because listed as ‘undesirablealien’. In May 1915, again sent to Britain.Communicated through Mrs Hilde Wilhelmi andrecruited Bruno Jablonsky for ‘N’. In contact withSir Roger Casement.

Heldenbergh, Maurice Belgian, naval agent for Antwerp. Hensel, Paul alias Irving Guy Ries

German–American, employed by Wesel. Arrivedin England in July 1915, arrested in August, court-martialled and executed.

Herbert, Louise German woman married to an Englishman.Sentenced to six months’ penal servitude forcommunicating with Germans via Switzerland.

Herrmann, Fred American, recruited by Daelen. Came togetherwith him to England in February 1915. Secondmission to England launched from United Statesand supplied with funds by Karl Boy-Ed inOctober 1915. Possibly involved in sabotage atBlack Tom pier in United States in 1916.

Herz or Hertz, Peter alias Hecht

Director of German School in Rotterdam whereFlores taught. Recruited as VM by Gneist forWesel. Successor of Ludwig Schnitzer. Under coverof Hecht Co. in contact with Jannings.

Higgs, May British, a minor, sent letter to Holland offering towork for German service in July 1915. Con-sequently interned, then sent to a convent for restof war.

Hockenholz Skipper, employed by Hilmar Dierks to recruitDutch seamen for ‘N’, among them van Zwol.Along with Dierks arrested by the Dutchauthorities in June 1915.

Import (cover name) Naval agent, sent to London by Gneist in March1915.


Irace, Captain Tullio Italian infantry captain, volunteered to travel asagent to London and instructed by Prieger toproceed in June 1916.

Jablonsky, Bruno alias Heidecker

Recruited by Heineken for ‘N’ in Britain inSeptember 1914, betrayed by his Englishgirlfriend, who gave away Heineken’s name.

Jakobsen Agent of AA service in Copenhagen. Betrayed by Berg. Jänicke, Paul HAL employee, recruited by ‘N’ in August 1914.

Sent to Sweden, but recalled in December 1914. Jannings alias Olenschlager

Probably Belgian, worked for British consulate inFlushing, in January 1915 to England, tried in vainto get employment in censorship bureau. Incontact with Herz alias Hecht.

Jannsen, Haicke Marinus Petrius

Dutch, possibly introduced to ‘N’ by WilhelmRehder. Trained by Hilmar Dierks. Came toEngland in February 1915, then again in March.Arrested, court-martialled and executed. KnewWilhelm Johannes Roos.

Jansen Dutch, subagent of Wilhelm Rehder in England Jennings Engaged in sabotage for Sektion P. Directed a gang

of saboteurs. Cooperated with Anthony J. Brogan. Jensen, Herrmann Swede, subagent of Wilhelm Rehder in England. Jordan, Miguel Argentinean, in October 1916 sent to Holland to

work as agent for Antwerp. Joseph Naval agent, in August 1916 in Britain. Josofson or Josephson, Olaf alias A87

German reserve army officer, recruited agents inthe Netherlands from November 1915.

Kelly, Bryan A. Irish student at Marburg university, interned atoutbreak of war. Volunteered to work for Germans,sent on intelligence mission to England in January1915.

Kestein Resident of Rotterdam, subagent of Wesel and/orAntwerp. Forwarded mail from Holland to Belgium.Under cover of ‘Kestein Co.’ and ‘European TextileCo.’ acted as cover address for Paul E. Daelen.In July 1915 in connection with Hilmar Dierksexposed.

Kinberg Swede, introduced to ‘N’ by Adolph Nathanson. InMarch 1915, recruited to obtain documents andcovers for naval agents in Britain.

Klancke Naval agent, recruited by Hilmar Dierks. In July1915 in Britain and possibly arrested due to Janvan Brandwijk’s betrayel.

Klopfer, Georg Naval agent, dismissed from service after he wasobserved visiting the British consul in Rotterdamin March 1915.

Knieper Naval agent in Holland in September 1915. Koch, Adolf German waiter, reported to Wesel in January 1915

about sojourn in Britain.

158 Appendix 3

Koedel, Simon R. Naval agent operating in Holland. In June 1915 inNew York whence he left for intelligence missionto Britain.

van der Kolk, W. German cover address in Rotterdam. Koslowsky, Abraham alias Werge

Norwegian Jew, introduced to Prieger by JosephJ. Bachrach. Three intelligence missions to Britain:November–December 1914, January 1915, March–April 1915. In April arrested in Hull, butreleased in May.

Küpferle, Anton alias Anthony Copperlee

German–American, served as officer on Westernfront in opening campaigns. Recruited byAntwerp, sent to United States where he was paid$100 by von Papen. In February 1915 came toBritain where he was arrested, sentenced to death,but committed suicide on eve of his execution.

Lance Naval agent, in October 1916 in New York. Laprovida, Juan José Argentinean, recruited as agent for AA service,

departed to England from Buenos Aires inFebruary 1917.

Lassen, Julius Danish merchant. Recommended to Germanambassador Brockdorff-Rantzau by Danishprincess Harald. Recruited by AA and sent onintelligence mission to Britain. Arrested inNovember 1915, but eventually acquitted andreleased. Further missions in 1916. In February1918 employed by British censorship in London.

Lassen, Lieutenant Commander August

Naval intelligence officer, dispatched Steinhaueron his mission to Britain in July 1914. Thenassigned to Antwerp. In 1916 counsellor to Chiefof Admiralty Staff in Berlin. After winter 1917,head of ‘NIV’.

Leibacher, F. Employed by ‘N’ in Rotterdam in 1915, served ascover address for agents in Britain.

Leiberich Naval agent, reporting from Scotland in Marchand April 1915. Possibly identical with FredHerrmann.

Lent Naval agent, in August 1915 in New York suppliedwith funds by Karl Boy-Ed.

Lincoln, Trebitsch Hungarian Jew, naturalized Englishman, ex-MP.Recruited by Gneist and Wesel in December 1914 andsent to England. Defected there in February 1915.

Links, Maximilian Johann alias John Mack

Hungarian and British, interned in Berlin atbeginning of war, then sent to England in October1914 by Prieger. Later arrested in Germany asBritish agent.

Lody, Carl Hans alias Charles Inglis alias Nazi

Naval officer, recruited by ‘N’ before the war. Senton espionage mission to Scotland, caught, court-martialled and executed. Awarded the Iron Cross,second class, posthumously.


Mac Cully, William American of Scottish descent. Introduced to ‘N’ byHans Boehm. Operated in Scotland and onEnglish west coast from March–May 1915 onbehalf of ‘NI’. In October at Karl Boy-Ed’s office inNew York.

Madsen, Emilius Dane, recruited by AA service (Brockdorff-Rantzau);possibly also employed by British service.

Mahler, Georg Henri alias A107

Worked with Grund and transmitted telegraphicreports on Dutch shipping. Name discovered onAntwerp list.

Manory Sent to Portsmouth in December 1914 by Prieger.In January 1915 in New York supplied with fundsby Karl Boy-Ed.

Marang Subagent of Wilhelm Rehder in England. Marks, Joseph alias Nelcz alias Multerer

German–American, sent to Britain by Antwerpin July 1915. Quickly arrested and interned. InDecember 1919 deported to Germany.

Marquardt, Fritz alias Frank Miller

In Britain on behalf of ‘NI’ from October–November1914 to find out about air defences. In June 1917reporting from Holland.

Martes Naval agent, in November 1915 in Britain sentencedto five years’ penal servitude.

Mascotte (cover name) Naval agent, sent to Leith in March 1915. Meisner, Arthur Denis alias A82

First lieutenant of the Landwehr (military reserve).In communication with George Vaux Bacon.Name discovered on Antwerp list.

Melin, Ernest Waldemar Swede, recruited by Hilmar Dierks. To England inJanuary 1915 and between February and June1915. Arrested in June, court-martialled andexecuted.

Melnitz, Curt German–American. Sent to Scotland by ‘NI’(Prieger). Stayed there from May to June 1915.

Mergelkamp, Jan Dutch opera singer, was in England for Antwerpbefore September 1915.

Meurling, C. Swede, recruited by Brockdorff-Rantzau as agentfor AA service.

Meyer, Albert Danish or Germans naval agent, probably forAntwerp. Reported from London in July andAugust 1915. Arrested together with van Zwol.Court-martialled and executed in December 1915.

Mulder, I.A. Afrikaner, sent on intelligence mission to Englandand Scotland in January 1915 by Prieger.

Müller, Carl Friedrich alias AE111

Russian (Baltic German). Naval agent of Antwerp, onmission to England from January–February 1915.Employed John Hahn as subagent. In February 1915arrested, court-martialled and executed in June.

Nathanson, Adolph German, recruited by Isendahl in March 1915 togo on an intelligence mission to England.

Noktia (Friedrich Katsch) Agent of IIIb, based in Stockholm, employed severalsubagents in Britain.

160 Appendix 3

O’Nell alias Key Employed by Antwerp, conducted at least onevoyage to England prior to December 1914. Thendeactivated due to fear that his identity might beknown to British authorities.

Obericolab, Alfred Argentinean, in October 1916 sent to Holland towork as agent for Antwerp.

Olofson, S. Swede, naval agent, employed by Wesel. Reportedfrom Hampstead and London in December 1914and January 1915.

Olsson, Ernst Gustav Waldemar

Convicted of espionage on behalf of Germany inApril 1915.

Pandion (cover name) Naval agent, dispatched to Southampton in March1915.

Pass, Adolph alias A103 Supply officer of the Rhenish district. Name dis-covered on Antwerp list.

de Patrocinio, José Brazilian journalist, employee of Brazilian consulatein Rotterdam. Arrested as spy in Britain in September1917 and deported to Brazil in January 1919.

Pendleton, Oscar American. Suspected of espionage and deported toUnited States in November 1916.

Perez, Felipe Argentinean, in October 1916 sent to Holland towork as agent for Antwerp.

Perring, Mary, née Styzczynska

German Jew, married Englishman, recruited byAmbassador Romberg in Berne in October 1916.Introduced by Despina Psycha. Until 1917 onseveral missions to France and Britain.

Plesner, Nicolay Swede, possibly double agent for Wesel and Britishservice. Conducted two missions to Britain inDecember 1914 and January 1915. Then dismissed.

Plümacher Distant relative of Fritz Prieger. Recruited for ‘N’by Naval Attaché Möller in Buenos Aires.

Politopoulos, Andreas Greek resident in Hamburg, introduced to Priegerby Wilhelm Rehder. Recruited for intelligencemission to Scotland in May 1915.

Psycha, Despina Greek journalist in Switzerland, introduced MaryPerring to German Ambassador Romberg.

Ramonsbarbi Argentinean, in October 1916 sent to Holland towork as agent for Antwerp.

Rehder, Wilhelm Sent to England by Prieger in October 1914 toinquire about arrival of Canadian troops. Anothermission in December 1914 to enquire into loss ofU8 submarine. Last mission in March–April 1915.Employed subagents Failde, Jansen, HerrmannJensen, Maag, Pascuale Segenti.

Reinwald, Hans alias Henry Paul Schill

Naval agent for ‘NI’, in October 1914 on mission toinquire about air defences between Brighton andFolkestone. In December sent to Ireland. In January1915 found employment with Vacuum Oil Co. inLiverpool, ordered to stay put for two months.

Ries, Irving Guy See Hensel, Paul.


Ritzkey, Carl alias A19 Russian, name found on Antwerp list. Roggen, Augusto Alfredo Uruguayan, probably employed by Antwerp.

Arrived in Tilbury in May, arrested in June, court-martialled and executed in September. Possiblyin communication with Georg Breeckow whilein England.

Roodhardt, J.C. alias A93 Probably recruited by Rutherford for ‘N’. Reportedfrom Hull, Edinburgh and London for one monthin 1916. Applied also to British service, dismissedfrom both services in 1917.

Roos, Willem Johannes Dutch, recruited through Hilmar Dierks. KnewHaicke Marinus Jannsen. Arrived in Britain in May,arrested in June, court-martialled and executed inJuly although certified insane.

Rosenberg German Jew, resident in London. Served as DrMax Salomon’s contact in September 1914.

Rosenthal, Robert alias John Salomon

German Jew, Landsturm (army reserve). Sent onthree missions to Britain by ‘N’, in November–December 1914, January and April–May 1915.Arrested in May 1915, court-martialled and executedin July 1915. Was to inquire about British navallosses at Falklands.

Rotheudt, Pierre Belgian, recruited by Antwerp. Travelled to Englandin January 1915, and later to France. There arrested,court-martialled in December 1915, sentenced todeath, subsequently commuted into penal servitudefor life.

von Rottweiler alias Krause

American aircraft engineer. After August 1914several missions for IIIb into France. For ‘N’mission to England in November 1914 toreconnoitre aviation and air defences. FromJanuary until March 1915 in United States.At least two more missions to Britain in April1915 and January 1916. Dismissed in March1916.

Rumanian, anonymous Rumanian intelligence officer, ex-employee ofVickers. Recruited by Consul Tjaben in Bucharestfor extended intelligence mission to England.

Rutherford, Rutledge alias A30 or A20

American. Recruited by George Vaux Bacon to serveas his correspondent in Holland. Stayed in Germanyuntil end of war.

de Rysbach, Kurt Herlot alias Captain Hensler

British, recruited from Ruhleben camp in 1915 by‘N’. Came to Britain in June, arrested in July 1915,sentenced to penal servitude for life.

Salomon, Dr Max alias Alfons Melzer alias Melwin A. Riée

Sent to London in August–September 1914 byPrieger. Then served as cover address in Holland.In April 1915 sent to France by ‘N’. In July 1915one aborted mission to Scotland.

162 Appendix 3

Sander, Albert A. Reporting from New York in December 1916,collaborated with Karl Wünnenberg.

Sanders Dutch, sent by Prieger to Britain in January–Februaryand again in March 1915.

Sauter, Wilhelm German, in June 1916 on trial for espionage inBritain. Refused to make any statements.

Schellhass Naval agent, reporting from Edinburgh in October1914.

Schenk, Adolf Hungarian, saboteur (August 1915). Schenk, Frau Hired for espionage mission to Britain by Freyer in

August 1915. Schill Naval agent, reported from Liverpool and Plymouth

in January 1915. Schmidt Skipper of the Eduard Woermann, naval agent for

Wesel or Antwerp. Schnitzer, Ludwig Recruited as VM for Rotterdam in July 1913 by

Prieger. In November 1914 together with Tiesingarrested and tried by Dutch authorities. Replacedwith Peter Herz by Gneist.

Schroeder, C. alias A2 Naval agent, name found on Antwerp list. Schultze, Alfred German agent in the Netherlands Schwartz German, arrested and sentenced to five years of

penal servitude in Norway in August 1917. Schwarz Probably citizen of Austria-Hungary. Recruited by

Wesel in September 1914, in October in Britain,then to United States whence Karl Boy-Ed senthim on another mission to England in January1915.

Schwedersky, A.H. alias Jan Verysel

Employed by Wesel. Served as ‘Schwedersky &Co.’, after June 1915 as ‘J. Verysel & Co.’, as coveraddress for agents in Britain.

Segenti or Seganti, Pascuale

Italian, subagent of Wilhelm Rehder, employed byFreyer. Sent to England in December 1914, inFebruary in Hamburg. Second mission to Britainin March 1915 did not materialize.

Slager, Pauline alias A54 Dutch, landed at Tilbury in July 1915 to establishrelations with suitable persons in artist circles forespionage in England. Immediately arrested andeventually sent back to Holland.

Smith, Louise Mathilde, née Zastrow

German, married to Englishman, resident in England.Communicated on own initiative intelligence toGermany. In November 1917 arrested, in April 1918tried and convicted to ten years’ penal servitude. In1920 sentence remitted.

Smits, Jan Dutch, served as cover address for naval agents inBritain.

Solger German army captain, for Wesel in communicationwith his wife in England in January 1915.


Sopher Indian, resident in Brighton. Arrested uponapplication to go to Holland in February 1916.Admitted knowing Pauline Slager. Interned untilend of war.

Spies, Marteen Boer, for Wesel on several missions to Britainbetween July 1915 and June 1917.

Spitz, Georg alias George S. Speetz

Austrian, in September sent to southern Englandby Prieger. In April 1917 in prison in Germany onaccount of confidence trickery.

Stad, David Naval agent for Wesel or Antwerp. Shortly afterarrival in Britain in June 1915 arrested, releaseddue to lack of evidence and re-interned for rest ofwar.

Stegler, Richard Peter German resident in United States. In March ontrial in New York in connection with pass forgeryfor German officers based in the United Statesand trying to return to Germany.

Steiner, Eugen alias Edward Rush

German–American. Employed by Wesel, onmission to London, Bristol, Edinburgh and othercities from March until May 1915. In June 1915 inNew York.

Stern, Frau Sent on intelligence mission to Holland andEngland in December 1914 by Isendahl.

Thomas (cover name?) Englishman, for ‘N’ on intelligence mission toEngland from April till May 1915. In Novemberemployed by Sektion P for sabotage.

Thoresen Norwegian, in Norway sentenced to two years ofpenal servitude for espionage on behalf ofGermany.

Tiesing Naval agent, in November 1914 together withLudwig Schnitzer arrested by Dutch authorities.

Treitel Naval agent, sent on a mission to England byAntwerp in July 1915.

Triest, Gustav Kenneth alias Latham Ramsey Mahan

American, German father. Enlisted in Royal Navyin January 1915, offered to spy for the Germans.Arrested, released upon intervention of TheodoreRoosevelt. Never in contact with ‘N’.

Uhlrich German police detective (Kriminalschutzmann),attached to German consulate in Rotterdam. Inthis capacity also working for ‘N’.

Ullmann, Arthur and wife

In September and October for Prieger on missionto Britain where his wife lived. In March 1915transferred to Wesel.

Ulrich, Georgine Naval agent, arrived in England together withPauline Slager in March 1915.

Vanderberg, Harry Naval agent, nephew of van Zwol. Vega, David Dutch, resident in London. In January 1915

recruited by Antwerp. Vielhaber, Mrs née Caroc Served as messenger for Hans Boehm.

164 Appendix 3

Vieyra, Leopold alias Leo Pickard alias A35

Dutch Jew, on mission for Antwerp, arrived andarrested in England in May 1916. Court-martialled, sentenced to death, commuted first tolife imprisonment, then to ten years in 1920.

Vronery Austrian, naval agent for Antwerp, in July 1915 onmission in Britain.

W29 (cover name) Agent of Wesel, businessman. Operated since 1915until end of war, had five subagents at hisdisposal, reporting from London, English east coastand Amsterdam.

W440 Naval agent, reporting from London about impactof submarine campaign in September 1917.

W62 Naval agent, reporting from London on slavery inNigeria in December 1916.

W64c Naval agent, on mission to England in March 1918. W97a Naval agent, reporting from London about impact

of submarine campaign in July, October 1917 andJanuary 1918.

W98 Agent reporting from Switzerland about interviewwith teacher from Cardiff on impact of thesubmarine campaign in May 1917.

von Wedell, Adam American notary and former Prussian officer.Employed by German intelligence in the UnitedStates as pass forger for German officers trying toreturn to Germany. Fled to Norway, captured byBritish and drowned on HMS Vinknor in mid-January 1915.

Weiszflog, Adolf alias Ludovico Hurwitz y Zender

German Peruvian, sent by Prieger to Britain inOctober 1914 to reconnoitre air defences. Threemore missions in November–December, January–February, March–May 1915. In May 1915 awardedthe Iron Cross, second class. On next mission inJuly arrested, court-martialled and executed.

Wensky, Walter alias Walter Williams and Jane

German army captain, served for IIIb in France inAugust and September 1914. Sent to Britain withhis American wife in October 1914 by Prieger. InJanuary 1915 sent to United States to recruitagents against England. In May 1915 with his wifeon another mission to England.

Werner, Otto M. Sent to England by Prieger on reconnaissancemission and to contact Muhammad Asaf Ali, a leaderof the Indian resistance movement in London.

Wertheim, Louise ‘Lizzie’ Emily, née Klitzke

German, married to Englishman. Introduced to ‘N’ byDr Brandt in December 1914. After January 1915 for‘N’ in London, lodging with Gertrude ElizabethSophia Brandes. Espionage mission together withGeorg Traugott Breeckow. Arrested in June 1915, triedby civil court, sentenced to ten years’ penal servitude.Died shortly after end of war in lunatic asylum.


Note: The reader may find archival references for each individual in my doctoral thesis,‘German Naval Intelligence and British Counter-Espionage, 1901–1918’, pp. 323–37, at theUniversity of Oxford’s Bodleian Library.

Whytock, Roslyn American journalist, working for Sander andWünnenberg.

Wilhelmi or Wilhelmy, Mrs Hilde

For Prieger on two intelligence missions toLondon in October 1914, reconnoitring local airdefences.

Wilhelms alias Wedstedt Naval agent, linked to Naval Captain Lassen. InJuly 1917 arrested in Denmark.

Woodford, E.G. Boer (?), resident in New York. Recruited throughKarl Boy-Ed. In December 1915 on intelligencemission to England, arrested, released. In February1916 back in New York.

Wünnenberg, Karl alias Charles Wunnenberg Alias Robert Davis alias A13

German naval officer resident in New York.Helped recruit George Vaux Bacon. In 1917 triedin United States and sentenced to two years’ penalservitude. Collaborated with A80 and AlbertA. Sander.

Wuppermann, Dr Hermann alias J. Arnold

Naval agent, reporting from Bristol in April 1915.In 1916 carrying out biological warfare fromArgentina as agent for Sektion P.

Zelle, Margarete Gertrud alias Mata Hari alias H21

German spy, visited England, eventually executedin France.

Van Zurk, alias Johan Zurmuehlen

Double agent, came to England in June 1916, inAugust sent to Holland with no return permit.

Van Zwol Dutch, recruited by Hockenholz. Chief officer ofCaledonia. Arrested in August 1915 together withAlbert Meyer. Interned and deported toNetherlands in October 1919.

166

Notes and References

Introduction

1. William Tufnell Le Queux, Spies of the Kaiser: Plotting the Downfall ofEngland with a Preface by Nicholas Hiley (1909; London: Frank Cass, 1996),pp. xxxiii, 219.

2. N.A.M. Rodger, The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain (London:HarperCollins, 1997), 1, p. 429.

3. David Cannadine, The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy (New Havenand London: Yale University Press, 1990), p. 136; Harold Perkin, The Rise ofProfessional Society: England since 1880 (London and New York: Routledge,1989), p. 41.

4. Niall Ferguson, The Pity of War: Explaining World War I (London: AllenLane, 1998), p. 29. Even semi-autocratic Austria allowed 21 per cent of itssubjects to cast a vote in lower-chamber elections.

5. Gerard J. De Groot, Blighty: British Society in the Era of the Great War (London:Longman, 1996), p. 110.

6. The Times, 31 October 1913, ‘The Declining Birth-Rate’. 7. Bernard Porter, The Refugee Question in Mid-Victorian Politics (Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1979), p. 124. During the First World War,Germanophobia and anti-Semitism merged on the extreme right-wing fringeof British society and politics, see Arnd Bauerkämper, Die ‘radikale Rechte’ inGroßbritannien: nationalistische, antisemitische und faschistische Bewegungenvom späten 19. Jahrhundert bis 1945 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Rupprecht,1991), Chapter 1. See also the contemporary polemics of John H. Clarke,England under The Heel of the Jew (London: C.F. Roworth, 1918), p. 58: ‘It iseasy to understand that the Ashkenazim generally should have desired andworked for a German victory, which would have been, after all, an Ashkena-zim victory. For whilst an “English” Jew is by no means an English man; or a“Polish” Jew, a Pole; or a “Russian” Jew, a Russian; all these Jews areAshkenazim, “German Jews”, and Germany is their home-land.’

8. Gregory D. Phillips, The Diehards: Aristocratic Society and Politics in EdwardianEngland (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979); J. Lee Thompson,Northcliffe: Press Baron in Politics, 1865–1922 (London: John Murray, 2000),p. 133; J.A. Thompson, ‘George Wyndham: Toryism and Imperialism’, inArthur Mejia and J.A. Thompson, Edwardian Conservatism: Five Studies inAdaption (London: Croom Helm, 1988), pp. 105–28.

9. George Dangerfield, The Strange Death of Liberal England (1935; London:MacGibbon & Kee, 1965), p. 320. While Dangerfield’s is an exaggeratedview of British society on the eve of the First World War, he does capturethe existing tensions within that society. Cf. Ernest H. Phelps Brown, TheGrowth of British Industrial Relations (London: Macmillan, 1959), pp. 330f.

10. Bernard Porter, The Lion’s Share: A Short History of British Imperialism1850–1970 (London: Longman, 1975), p. 119; Aaron L. Friedberg, The Weary

Notes and References 167

Titan: Britain and the Experience of Relative Decline, 1895–1905 (Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1988), especially pp. 152–203.

11. For an account of the conflict see Thomas Pakenham, The Boer War (London:Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1979).

12. R.Q.J. Adams, ‘Field-Marshal Earl Roberts: Army and Empire’, in ArthurMejia and J.A. Thompson, Edwardian Conservatism: Five Studies in Adaption(London: Croom Helm, 1988), p. 56. The vast majority died throughdisease.

13. Bernard Porter, ‘The Edwardians and Their Empire’, in Donald Read (ed.),Edwardian England (London: Harrap, 1982), p. 129, referring to contemporaryBritish notions about the Boers. An anonymous English writer referred tothe Boer in 1902 as ‘a preposterously little fellow’, whose defeat ‘was not initself an essentially pleasant or heroic thing to carry through’, ibid.

14. The Times, 23 January 1901. 15. See the seminal study of Ignatius F. Clarke, Voices Prophesying War, 1763–1984

(London: Oxford University Press, 1966), and the expanded edition by idem,Voices Prophesying War: Future Wars, 1763–3749 (Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress, 1992).

16. PRO, CAB 16/8, report by subcommittee on foreign espionage in the UnitedKingdom, 25 March 1909, pp. 3f.

17. John C.G. Röhl, The Kaiser and his Court: Wilhelm II and the Government ofGermany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 83.

18. The term was coined by Foreign Secretary Bernhard von Bülow, in hismaiden speech to the Reichstag on 26 December 1897, see Gerd Fesser, DerTraum vom Platz an der Sonne: Deutsche ‘Weltpolitik’ 1897–1914 (Bremen:Donat, 1996), p. 25.

19. Quoted from James Joll, The Origins of the First World War, 2nd edition (London:Longman, 1992), p. 182.

20. Holger Herwig, ‘Luxury Fleet’: The Imperial German Navy, 1888–1918 (London:Allen & Unwin, 1980), p. 91.

21. See, for instance, the memoirs of Walter Nicolai, director of IIIb during theFirst World War: Nachrichtendienst, Presse und Volksstimmung im Weltkrieg(Berlin: Mittler, 1920), and the English translation: ibid., The German SecretService (London: S. Paul, 1924). There exists, however, no critical history ofSektion IIIb.

22. Albrecht Charisius and Julius Mader, Nicht länger geheim: Entwicklung, Systemund Arbeitsweise des imperialistischen deutschen Geheimdienstes, 3rd edition(Berlin: Deutscher Militärverlag, 1978).

23. Reinhard R. Doerries, Imperial Challenge: Ambassador Count Bernstorff andGerman – American Relations, 1908–1917 (Chapel Hill: University of NorthCarolina Press, 1989), pp. 141–90. Imperial Challenge is a revised edition ofthe author’s doctoral thesis of 1975.

24. Friedhelm Koopmann, Diplomatie und Reichsinteresse: Das Geheimdienstkalkül inder deutschen Amerikapolitik 1914–1917 (Frankfurt/M. and New York:Peter Lang, 1990).

25. Albert Pethö, Agenten für den Doppeladler: Österreich-Ungarns Geheimer Dienstim Weltkrieg (Graz: Stocker, 1998).

26. David Kahn, Hitler’s Spies: German Military Intelligence in World War II(London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1978).

168 Notes and References

27. See the autobiography of Stella Rimington, Director-General of MI5 from1992 until 1996, drawing a continuous line from the early until the latetwentieth century: Stella Rimington, Open Secret: The Autobiography of theFormer Director-General of MI5 (London: Hutchinson, 2001).

28. Sidney Theodore Felstead, German Spies at Bay: Being an Actual Record of theGerman Espionage in Great Britain during the Years 1914–1918, Compiled fromOfficial Sources (London: Hutchinson, 1920).

29. Ibid., p. 281. 30. See, for instance, Nicholas Everitt, The British Secret Service during the Great

War (London: Hutchinson, 1920); Sir George Aston, Secret Service (London:Faber & Faber, 1930); Mildred G. Richings, Espionage: The Secret Service of theBritish Crown (London: Hutchinson, 1934).

31. John Bulloch, M.I.5: The Origin and History of the British Counter EspionageService (London: A. Barker, 1963), p. 6, Bulloch thanking Vernon Kell’s wifefor her support.

32. Alan Judd [Petty’s pseudonym], The Quest for C: Sir Mansfield Cumming andthe Founding of the Secret Service (London: HarperCollins, 1999), p. 69.

33. Rimington, Open Secret, p. 83. 34. Beginning with the publication of Frederick William Winterbotham’s The

Ultra Secret (New York: Harper & Row, 1974). I am grateful to NicholasHiley for information on the evolution of intelligence studies in Britishacademe.

35. David French, ‘Spy Fever in Great Britain 1900–15’, Historical Journal, 21 (1978),pp. 355–70.

36. Christopher M. Andrew, Her Majesty’s Secret Service: The Making of the BritishIntelligence Community (London: Heinemann, 1985).

37. Nicholas Hiley, ‘The Failure of British Espionage against Germany, 1907–1914’,The Historical Journal, 26, 4 (1983), pp. 867–89; idem, ‘The Failure of BritishCounter-Espionage against Germany, 1907–1914,’ The Historical Journal,28, 4 (1985), pp. 835–62.

38. Nicholas Hiley, ‘Counter-Espionage and Security in Great Britain during theFirst World War’, English Historical Review, 101 (1986), pp. 635–70.

39. Bernard Porter, The Origins of the Vigilant State: The London MetropolitanPolice Branch before the First World War (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987),p. 120, referring to the emergence of the ‘secret state’ in 1909–1911.

40. Phillip Knightley, The Second Oldest Profession: The Spy as Bureaucrat, Patriot,Fantasist and Whore (London: André Deutsch, 1986), p. 52.

41. IWM, Kell papers, Constance Kell, ‘A Secret Well Kept’, p. 144. 42. Richard Wilmer Rowan, The Story of the Secret Service (Garden City, NY:

Doubleday, Doran, 1938), p. 590. 43. See the relevant series in the German military archives, BA-MA, RM/3650–716,

entitled ‘Department N, 1902–1919’. 44. PA-AA, series entitled ‘Records of the Imperial Consulate in Rotterdam’. 45. PRO, DPP 1 and 3, series entitled ‘Records of the Director of Public

Prosecutions’. 46. PRO, KV 1 and KV 2, series entitled ‘Records of the Security Service’. 47. See Public Record Office (ed.), M.I.5: The First Ten Years, 1909–1919 . . . with

an Introduction by Christopher Andrew (Kew: PRO Publications, 1997),pp. 12–15.


1 The origins of German naval intelligence

1. Volker Ullrich, Die nervöse Großmacht 1871–1918: Aufstieg und Niedergang desdeutschen Kaiserreiches, 3rd edition (Frankfurt/M.: Fischer, 1999), p. 196.

2. Paul M. Kennedy, The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860–1914(London: Allen & Unwin, 1980), p. 224.

3. For Tirpitz and the restructuring of the Imperial Navy see Walther Hubatsch,Der Admiralstab und die obersten Marinebehörden in Deutschland 1848–1945(Frankfurt/M.: Bernard Graefe, 1958).

4. BA-MA, RM 5/273, memoranda by Admiralstab regarding the establishmentof a central intelligence agency (‘Berichte und Erwägungen über die Einrichtungeiner Zentralnachrichtenstelle beim Admiralstab’), 28 April 1899.

5. Ibid., ‘Handschrift betreffend “N”-Wesen im Großen Generalstab’, Berlin,28 August 1899, this being an assessment of IIIb.

6. BA-MA, RM 5/273, Chief of Admiralstab, Admiral Otto von Diederichs, to HMthe Emperor and King, Berlin, 12 January 1901.

7. Ivo N. Lambi, The Navy and German Power Politics, 1862–1914 (London: Allen& Unwin, 1984), p. 191. For von Diederichs see also Terell D. Gottschall,By Order of the Kaiser: Otto von Diederichs and the Rise of the Imperial Navy,1865–1902 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2003), especially pp. 257–66.

8. BA-MA, RM 5/273, Diederichs to Wilhelm II, 12 January 1901. 9. Ibid., Naval Office to Chief of Admiralstab, Vice-Admiral von Diederichs,

Berlin, 20 February 1901. 10. To date, the year 1905 has been cited erroneously as the founding date of

German naval intelligence: Koopmann, Diplomatie und Reichsinteresse, p. 75,referring to Charisius and Mader, Nicht Länger geheim, p. 82, who do notquote their source.

11. On 22 January 1901, the ‘Nachrichtenbüro’ was mentioned first, see Hubatsch,Der Admiralstab, pp. 241f. Five months later, Tirpitz referred to the ‘Nachrichten-Abteilung des Admiralstabs’ (intelligence department of the Admiralstab)which bore this name until its dissolution in 1919: BA-MA, RM 5/273,Tirpitz to Chief of Admiralstab, 16 June 1901.

12. HStA, HAPAG, 621–1, 1109, Tapken to board of directors of the Hamburg-America-Line, 11 April 1912, marked ‘strictly confidential’. Tapken enquiresif a HAPAG employee at Antwerp, a certain Heinz, would be available to workfor ‘N’. An answer should be sent direct to ‘N’ at ‘Berlin SW 11, KöniggrätzerStraße 70’.

13. Ibid., ‘Handschrift betreffend das Nachrichtenwesen im Großen Generalstab’,Berlin, 28 August 1899.

14. BA-MA, RM 5/3679, Hamburg-America-Line to Tapken, 28 September 1904. 15. PRO, WO 71/1236, court-martial and examination of Carl Lody, 31 October

1914, p. 219. 16. BA-MA, RM 5/3684, Tapken to Naval Attaché von Müller, London, 13 February

1914. Tapken requests information on German agents in Britain for hissuccessor Isendahl.

17. PA-AA, Rechtswesen 6, sabotage claims, K 4493424, statement by Naval CaptainEbert, Wallhausen, 31 December 1930.

18. BA-MA, RM 5/3677, memorandum by Prieger, 6 February 1920. 19. BA-MA, RM 5/3642, Stammer, ‘N’, to Commander Gercke, Berlin, 29 July 1911.


20. Hubatsch, Admiralstab, p. 252. ‘G’ was subdivided into ‘GI’ (organization ofthe enemy intelligence services) and ‘GII’ (counter-espionage).

21. PA-AA, Rechtswesen 6, sabotage claims, K 493424, statement by Naval CaptainEbert, Wallhausen, 31 December 1924.

22. Some members of ‘N’, for instance Isendahl and August Lassen, occasionallyreferred to ‘NIV’ as ‘NIII’, but Paul Reichardt explicitly stated that the officialname was ‘NIV’ and ‘not NIII’, see PA-AA, Rechtswesen 6, sabotage claims,K 4493425, statement by retired Naval Captain Paul Reichardt, Klotzsche beiDresden, 25 January 1925.

23. Ibid., K 497187, Lieutenant Commander August Lassen to Reichardt, 14 July1930.

24. Ibid., K 493425, statement by Naval Captain Paul Reichardt, Klotzsche beiDresden, 25 January 1925.

25. Ibid., K 493427, retired Frigate Captain August Lassen to Ministry ofDefence, Naval Department, Berlin, 8 January 1925.

26. BA-MA, RM 5/3664, Naval Lieutenant Canaris to naval attaché BuenosAires, 10 October 1915. Canaris asked the attaché to recruit agents in SouthAmerica and send them to Europe.

27. Walter Nicolai, Geheime Mächte: Internationale Spionage und ihre Bekämpfungin Weltkrieg und heute (Lerpzig: Woehler, 1923), p. 150.

28. Marine-Offizier-Verband (ed.), Die Ehrenrangliste der Kaiserlich DeutschenMarine 1914–1918, bearbeitet von Kontreadmiral a.D. Stoelzel (3 vols, Berlin:Thormann & Goetsch, 1930), 2, pp. 121, 577.

29. PA-AA, R 870, Tapken to Stumm, AA, 14 April 1910. The task was first carriedout by the Admiralstab, then, from the early 1900s, by its intelligencedepartment.

30. PA-AA, R 871, Chief of Admiralstab to AA, 30 June 1910. 31. BA-MA, RM 5/3682, ‘Vorschrift über die Verpflichtung von BM und VM

sowie das Zusammenarbeiten mit denselben (Vorschrift A)’, 2nd edition(Berlin, 1908). Secret.

32. BA-MA, RM 5/3682, Chief of Admiralstab to Imperial Commodore andsenior officer of Eastern American Station, [name illegible], 1902.

33. BA-MA, RM 5/772, Admiralstab to Royal Commando X. Army Corps,1 November 1901. Similar requests were sent to several army corps.

34. Ibid., General Commando V. Army Corps, Posen, to Chief of Admiralstab,27 November 1901.

35. Ibid., Prussian War Ministry to Naval Office, 3 December 1901. 36. Ibid., Tirpitz to Chief of Admiralstab, 31 January 1902. 37. Ibid., Chief of Admiralstab to Naval Office, 12 February 1902. 38. BA-MA, RM 5/773, ‘Nachweisung der beim Bezirkskommando Hamburg

kontrollierten und in das Ausland beurlaubten Offiziere der Reserve und derLandwehr’, Hamburg, 12 November 1901. Many of them lived in Englandand the United States.

39. See Nicolai’s critical view of two separate intelligence agencies: Nicolai,Geheime Mächte, p. 13.

40. BA-MA, RM 5/3682, IIIb to ‘N’, 1 March 1912, an exchange of notesbetween Lieutenant Commander von Tyska (naval intelligence) and FirstLieutenant von Sydow (IIIb) on swapping of names and addresses of agents.Further cooperation was envisaged, but petered out.


41. HStA, HAPAG, 621–1, 1105, passim. All contracts were struck between 1891and 1907.

42. HStA, HAPAG, 621–1, 1116, HAPAG to M. Bohn, Paranagua, 14 February 1908. 43. BA-MA, RM 5/3681, Ballin to Admiral Pohl, 6 July 1914. 44. Ibid., handwritten comment (‘Vermerk’) by I[sendahl]. 45. HStA, HAPAG, 621–1, 1113, Naval Office to board of directors of HAPAG,

16 June 1908. 46. BA-MA, RM 5/3681, HAPAG to Admiralstab, 21 November 1912. 47. The files of these negotiations are preserved in both the military archives and

the archives of the German Foreign Office: BA-MA, RM 5/3710; PA-AA, R 870–81.For a narrative of these negotiations see Thomas Boghardt, ‘German NavalIntelligence and British Counter-Espionage, 1901–1918’, PhD thesis, Oxford,2001, pp. 37–43.

48. PA-AA, R 870, memorandum by AA, 1 February 1910. 49. PA-AA, R 873, draft memorandum by AA, 8 April 1911, subsequently distributed

to various consuls. Italics mine. 50. BA-MA, RM 5/3682, top secret, Chief of Admiralstab, Berlin, to Imperial

Commodore and senior officer of East American Station, 1902. 51. BA-MA, RM 5/3663, top secret, decree by Chief of Admiralstab, 2 January 1915.

2 The origins of British counter-espionage

1. Michael Howard, The Franco-Prussian War: The German Invasion of France,1870–1871, 2nd edition (London: Routledge, 2001), p. 441.

2. Clarke, Voices Prophesying War: Future Wars, p. 27. 3. Sir George T. Chesney, The Battle of Dorking: Reminiscences of a Volunteer

(1871; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997). 4. Clarke, Voices Prophesying War: Future Wars, p. 36. 5. Ignatius F. Clarke, ‘The Battle of Dorking, 1871–1914’, Victorian Studies,

8 (June 1965), pp. 316f. 6. On Le Queux, see Norman St. Barbe Sladen, The Real Le Queux: The Official

Biography of William Le Queux (London: Nicholson & Watson, 1938). 7. William Tufnell Le Queux, The Great War in England in 1897 (London:

Tower Publishing, 1894). 8. William Tufnell Le Queux, England’s Peril: A Story of the Secret Service (London:

F.V. White, 1899). 9. Quoted from Clarke, Voices Prophesying War: Future Wars, p. 106.

10. Morning Post, 20 February 1903. 11. Andrew Boyle, The Riddle of Erskine Childers (London: Hutchinson, 1977), p. 134 12. Erskine Childers, The Riddle of the Sands (1903; London: Penguin, 1995). 13. Maldwin Drummond, The Riddle (London: Macmillan, 1985), p. 181. 14. Thomas Fergusson, British Military Intelligence, 1870–1914: The Development of a

Modern Intelligence Organization (London: Arms & Armour Press, 1984), p. 211. 15. John Gooch, The Prospect of War: Studies in British Defence Policy 1847–1942

(London: Frank Cass, 1981), p. 10. 16. Prince Louis of Battenberg to Lord Selborne, 23 February 1904, quoted from

Maldwin, The Riddle, p. 153. 17. Boghardt, ‘German Naval Intelligence’, pp. 68–71.


18. John P. Mackintosh, ‘The Role of the Committee of Imperial Defence before1914’, English Historical Review, 77 (1962), p. 494.

19. PRO, CAB 2/1, 6/1, Committee of Imperial Defence, 11 March 1903. 20. Nicholas Hiley, ‘Decoding German Spies: British Spy Fiction 1908–1918’, in

Wesley K. Wark (ed.), Spy Fiction, Spy Films and Real Intelligence (London: FrankCass, 1991), pp. 58f. Predictably, this investigation led to nothing.

21. PRO, CAB 2/1, 27/1, Broderick to Nicolson, 12 December 1903. 22. PRO, CAB 38/3/63, remarks on the possibility of invasion, 24 July 1903. 23. Michael Howard, The Continental Commitment: The Dilemma of British

Defence Policy in the Era of Two World Wars (London: Maurice Temple Smith,1972), p. 22.

24. Andrew, Her Majesty’s Secret Service, p. 39. 25. Clarke, Voices Prophesying War: Future Wars, p. 145. 26. Thompson, Northcliffe, p. 134. 27. Samuel Hynes, The Edwardian Turn of Mind (Princeton and London: Princeton

University Press and Oxford University Press, 1968), p. 43. 28. Sladen, The Real Le Queux, pp. 181–84. 29. BA-MA, RM 5/919, ‘Immediatvorträge’, Berlin, 20 June 1906, compilation for

meeting on 26 June 1906, heading No. 8, ‘The Invasion of 1910’, includingtwo copies, one synopsis and two English newspaper cuttings. The Kaiser andthe German leadership were rather concerned about the spread of scare storiesand reassured British politicians on several occasions that Germany did notcontemplate invasion.

30. Phillips, The Diehards, p. 100. 31. Peter Padfield, The Great Naval Race: The Anglo-German Rivalry 1900–1914

(London: Hart-Davis, MacGibbon, 1974), p. 256. 32. David James, Lord Roberts: A Biography (London: Hollis & Carter, 1954), p. 424. 33. R.J.Q. Adams, ‘The National Service League and Mandatory Service in

Edwardian Britain’, Armed Forces and Society, 12 (1985), p. 62. 34. R.J.Q. Adams, The Conscription Controversy in Great Britain, 1900–1918

(London: Macmillan, 1987), p. 34. 35. Howard Weinroth, ‘Left-Wing Opposition to Naval Armaments in Britain

before 1914’, Journal of Contemporary History, 6 (1971), p. 99. 36. W. Michael Ryan, ‘The Invasion Controversy of 1906–1908: Lieutenant-Colonel

Charles à Court Repington and British Perceptions of the German Menace’,Military Affairs, 44 (1980), p. 10; Edward Spiers, Haldane: An Army Reformer(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1980), p. 169.

37. Ruddock F. Mackay, Fisher of Kilverstone (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973), p. 382. 38. Andrew Morris, The Scaremongers: The Advocacy of War and Rearmament,

1896–1914 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984), pp. 136–8, 158. 39. Stephen E. Koss, Haldane: Scapegoat for Liberalism (New York: Columbia

University Press, 1969), p. 65. 40. For a discussion of the play, and its political context, see Nicholas Hiley,

‘The Play, the Parody, the Censor and the Film’, Intelligence and NationalSecurity, 6, 1 (1991), pp. 218–28.

41. PRO, CAB 2/2, 100/1, report by subcommittee on invasion, 22 October 1908. 42. John Gooch, The Plans of War: The General Staff and British Military Strategy

c. 1900–1916 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974), p. 285. 43. PRO, CAB 38/13/11, report by subcommittee on invasion, 22 October 1908.


44. Morris, The Scaremongers, p. 147. 45. Daily Mail, 4 January 1900. 46. PRO, WO 32/8873, Thwaites to Gleichen, 7 May 1907. 47. PRO, KV 1/8, memoirs of William Melville, 1917, p. 9. Towards the end of

his career at Scotland Yard, Melville directed his activities against allegedGerman espionage. He resigned from the Special Branch on 1 December 1903and was employed as the first detective of the newly founded Secret ServiceBureau (SSB) in 1909 (ibid., p. 2). Following his departure from ScotlandYard, Melville immediately joined the army’s intelligence service MO5, asKell refers to him in 1910 as having ‘worked for us now for the past 6 years’,see PRO, KV 1/9, third progress report by Vernon Kell for October 1910 toMay 1911.

48. PRO, KV 1/8, memoirs of Melville, pp. 17–23. 49. PRO, HD 3/131, Davies to WO, 18 and 21 November 1905. 50. Nicholas Hiley, ‘The Failure of British Counter-Espionage against Germany,

1907–1914’, The Historical Journal, 28, 4 (December 1985), pp. 835f. 51. Liddell Hart Centre, Edmonds papers, memoirs, Chapter xx, III, 5, 1. 52. PRO, KV 1/2, memorandum by Edmonds on ‘Espionage in Time of Peace’,

November 1908; Liddell Hart Centre, Edmonds papers, memoirs, Chapter xx,III/5/1f.

53. Le Queux, Spies of the Kaiser, pp. 45f. 54. PRO, KV 1/2, memorandum by Edmonds, 2 December 1908. 55. Liddell Hart Centre, Edmonds papers, memoirs, Chapter xx, III/5/4. 56. Ibid., III/5/5: ‘I learnt afterwards from General Haldane that I was very

nearly thrown out of my job for my pains.’ 57. Sladen, Le Queux, pp. 182f.; William Le Queux, Things I Know about Kings,

Celebrities and Crooks (London: E. Nash & Grayson, 1923), p. 237. 58. Le Queux, Spies of the Kaiser, p. xvi. 59. Le Queux, Spies of the Kaiser, p. xxxiii. As demonstrated above, Edmonds

and Le Queux had collaborated on this scheme. 60. Ibid., p. xxxiv. 61. PRO, CAB 16/8, ‘Report and Proceedings of a subcommittee of the Committee

of Imperial Defence appointed to consider the question of Foreign espionagein the United Kingdom’, 25 March 1909. It was formed at the request of theGeneral Staff.

62. Liddell Hart Centre, Edmonds papers, memoirs, Chapter xx, III/5/2. 63. PRO, CAB 16/8, ‘Report’, pp. 5–8. 64. PRO, CAB 16/8, ‘Report’, p. 6. 65. Ibid., Appendix i, p. 11, ‘Cases of alleged German espionage which have

been reported to the DMO’. 66. Ibid., p. 3. The map itself is irretrievable, but a list of the cities, presumably

derived from the map, can be found in IWM, the papers of Vernon Kell. 67. Liddell Hart Centre, Edmonds papers, memoirs, Chapter xx, III/5/2f. 68. PRO, CAB 16/8, ‘Report’, Appendix i, case 23, 20 March 1909, source: London

journalist. Brodtmann’s name is occasionally spelled ‘Brockmann’. 69. BA-MA, RM 5/3684, Tapken to IIIb, 21 February 1913. The German military

attaché to London, Major Ronald Ostertag, played a minor role in intelligencegathering in England.

70. Ibid., Captain Marklowski, IIIb, to Admiralstab, 25 February 1913.


71. BA-MA, RM 5/3712, Isendahl to Imperial Naval Office, 30 July 1914.Forwarding a list of army officers ‘who, in the event of war, will be used onbehalf of the Admiralstab . . . necessity to treat these detachments strictlyconfidential’. The list contains thirty-four names, among them Brodtmann’s.

72. PRO, CAB 16/8, ‘Report’, p. 6. 73. Morris, Scaremongers, p. 160. 74. PRO, CAB 16/8, ‘Report’, pp. 7f. 75. Jean Graham Hall and F. Douglas Martin, Haldane: Statesman, Lawyer,

Philosopher (Chichester: Barry Rose Law, 1996), p. 241. 76. PRO, CAB 16/8, ‘Report’, p. 9. 77. PRO, CAB 16/232, subcommittee on SSB. The report is signed ‘Whitehall

Gardens, April 28th 1909’. 78. PRO, CAB 16/8, ‘Report’, p. 10. 79. Knightley, The Second Oldest Profession, p. 22. The document itself is lost, if

it ever existed. Apparently, it was not produced at the meeting. Haldanemerely referred to it.

80. Le Queux, Spies of the Kaiser, pp. 124–39. 81. Andrew, Her Majesty’s Secret Service, p. 57. 82. Morris, Scaremongers, p. 161. 83. Judd, The Quest, p. 95. Churchill put the resources of the Board at the SSB’s

disposal. 84. Morris, Scaremongers, p. 162. In fact, after 1909 the number of spy and

invasion stories in the press declined, but from 1913 the number of suchstories rose again.

85. PRO, KV 1/5, Kell to Ewart, 19 September 1909. 86. PRO, CAB 16/8, ‘Conclusions of the subcommittee of the Committee of

Imperial Defence’, p. 4: ‘By means of this Bureau our Naval and MilitaryAttachés and Government officials would not only be freed from the necessityof dealing with spies, but direct evidence could not be obtained that wewere having any dealings with them.’ See also Bernard Porter, Plots andParanoia: A History of Political Espionage in Britain, 1790–1988 (London:Unwin Hyman, 1989), pp. 123–34. Basil Thomson, the head of the SpecialBranch of Scotland Yard, denounced humanitarians as ‘subhuman’.

87. Andrew, Her Majesty’s Secret Service, p. 63. 88. Winston S. Churchill, The World Crisis (5 vols, London: Thornton Butterworth,

1927–1929), 1, p. 52. 89. PRO, DPP 1/27, confidential memorandum by Major Drake, 23 September 1914. 90. PRO, KV 1/3, memorandum on creation of Secret Service Bureau, no date [1909]. 91. Ibid., pp. 2 and 4. 92. PRO, KV 1/5, Kell to General Ewart, 19 September 1909; Judd, The Quest, p. 86. 93. Ibid., pp. 222–4. 94. Andrew, Her Majesty’s Secret Service, p. 59; Judd, The Quest, pp. 109, 115, 168;

PRO, KV 1/8, memoirs of William Melville, 1917. 95. Judd, The Quest, pp. 93, 178. Judd implies that Childers is identical with a certain

‘Z’ who had reported to the Admiralty on Emden and Borkum since 1901. 96. PRO, KV 1/5, Kell to Ewart, 19 September 1909; Judd, The Quest, pp. 86, 93. 97. Porter, Plots and Paranoia, pp. 101, 199, with a list of the leading personnel of

the Special Branch. The Branch had been founded in the 1880s, mainly asa response to the Fenian bombings, and soon extended its activities to the


surveillance of anarchists, suffragettes, Indian nationalists and, asMelville’s activities demonstrate, foreign espionage. From 1913 until1919, Basil Thomson directed the Branch as one of the assistant commis-sioners of the London Metropolitan Police.

98. Judd, The Quest, p. 115. 99. PRO, KV 1/9, second progress report by Kell, October 1910. The early

administrative history of Kell’s department is complicated; after splittingfrom the SSB, Kell’s department was referred to as the Intelligence PoliceService or Counter-Espionage Bureau. On the outbreak of war, the departmentwas formally incorporated into MO5 as MO5(g). On 3 January 1916, it wasreorganized as MI5. See PRO (ed.), M.I.5, pp. 4, 6.

100. For Kell’s biography, see Bulloch, M.I.5, pp. 23–8. For Kell and Churchillsee Judd, The Quest, p. 95.

101. PRO, KV 1/3, memorandum on creation of SSB, p. 2. 102. Liddell Hart Centre, Edmonds papers, memoirs, Chapter xx, III/5/5. 103. Hiley, ‘Decoding German Spies’, p. 58. 104. Le Queux, Spies of the Kaiser, p. 55. 105. IWM, Kell papers, Lady Constance Kell, ‘A Secret Well Kept’, p. 116. 106. Hiley, ‘The Failure of British Counter-Espionage’, p. 848, quoting from

Star, 30 March 1942. 107. IWM, Kell papers, Lady Kell, ‘A Secret Well Kept’, p. 4. 108. Ibid., p. 111. 109. Ibid., p. 115: ‘Vernon had now heard that he would be getting a job on the

Imperial Defence Committee and this gave us the chance to look aheadand feel more secure.’

110. Ibid. p. 119. 111. PRO, KV 1/9, first progress report by Kell, 25 March 1910, pp. 3–5, ‘Rusper

case’. In the early years, Kell forwarded reports to War Office and Admi-ralty every six months, later every four months.

112. Ibid., second progress report by Kell, October 1910, p. 11. 113. PRO, KV 1/10, Kell’s diary, entry for 6 June 1910; ibid., entry for 10 June 1910. 114. PRO, KV 1/9, third progress report by Kell, May 1911, pp. 23f. 115. Ibid., second progress report by Kell, October 1910. Until October 1910,

the first 500 aliens were registered. In July 1913, 28,880 aliens were registered,11,100 being Germans and Austrians, see ibid., p. 71, ‘Summary of Resultsof Informal Alien Registration to July, 1913’. In this effort, Kell was supportedby the Home Secretary, Winston Churchill, see PRO, HO 45/10629/199699, HO to Kell, 1 November 1910. Although it is true that ‘N’ didregard the German colony as a potential recruiting ground, not a singleagent was later on tracked down through this enormous register. See alsoAndrew, Her Majesty’s Secret Service, p. 60.

116. PRO, KV 1/9, fourth progress report by Kell, for quarter ending 30 June1911. The list was handed to seventeen Chief Constables of the coastalcounties who were asked to report regularly on these individuals. Until 1914,the list was gradually enlarged and renamed ‘Special War List’, comprisingnames and addresses of persons to be arrested or closely watched in thecase of war. See the various lists in PRO, KV 1/7.

117. PRO, KV 1/10, Kell’s diary, entry for 15 June 1910. This incident refers toa Chief Constable in Scotland.


118. The origins of the Trench–Brandon mission are complicated.Apparently, Captain Roy Regnart recruited the two, but MansfieldCumming eventually took over and funded the operation. See Judd,The Quest, pp. 177ff.

119. The Times, 23 December 1910. 120. GStPK, HA 1, Rep. 77, tit. 872, folder 1, ‘index of individuals convicted of

treason (Landesverrat) in the years 1908–1912’, No. 53, ‘Brandon’, No. 54,‘Trench’, No. 60, ‘Stewart’ (occasionally spelt ‘Steward’); BA-MA, RM 3/43,‘Espionage against the Imperial Navy’, pp. 39ff., Trench and Brandon. WalterNicolai, the wartime director of IIIb, responsible for counter-espionage inGermany, also stressed the offensive character of this mission, see Nicolai,Geheime Mächte, p. 29.

121. BA-MA, RM 3/43, pp. 39ff. The sentence was passed on 22 December 1910;it can be considered ‘lax’ as compared to the treatment of German spies inBritain, where the evidence was usually much less convincing. To servea sentence in a fortress (Festungshaft) was a privilege reserved for officers;ordinary convicts had to serve their term in a prison.

122. Ibid., pp. 18ff., Stewart. The sentence was passed on 3 February 1912.Stewart had been sent across the Northern Sea to find out whether Germanywas mobilizing in the wake of the Agadir crisis.

123. BA-MA, RM 3/43, pp. 39ff. 124. BA-MA, RM 3/22641, ‘Espionage trials of Schultz and comrades’. Schultz was

eventually sentenced to seven years’ imprisonment in 1911. He had employedseveral German subagents. For a detailed account of Schultz’s mission seeJudd, The Quest, pp. 217ff. Other cases of convicted British spies includethose of Krueger (on 13 August 1911 sentenced to three months for copyingplans of the Nassau, the first German dreadnought), police officer Reich (on31 March 1912 sentenced to eleven-and-a-half years for stealing an artilleryguide and attempting to steal a copy of the regulations of the Imperial Navy),John and Albert Lindinger and Gustav Boehlert (the latter on 15 May 1912sentenced to four years for copying the construction plans of the Goebenand the Moltke), Leopold Eilers and Olga Kling (on 5 July 1912 sentencedto four years and six months, respectively, for spying in Heligoland), EdmundKegelmann (on 10 October 1912 sentenced to six years for spying inWilhelmshaven); see BA-MA, RM 3/43, pp. 18ff. The list also containsnumerous cases of French and Russian espionage against the Imperial Navy.

125. The Times, 20 May 1913. 126. PRO, KV 1/10, Kell’s diary, entry for 30 August 1910. 127. PRO, KV 1/5, Kell to Ewart, 19 September 1909. 128. PRO, KV 1/9, first progress report by Kell, 25 March 1910, p. 7; ibid.,

second progress report by Kell, October 1910, p. 10. 129. Ibid., second progress report by Kell, October 1910, p. 10.

3 German pre-war espionage in Great Britain

1. BA-MA, RM 5/273, top secret, Chief of Admiralstab, Admiral Otto vonDiederichs, to His Majesty the Emperor and King, Berlin, 12 January 1901.

2. Lambi, The Navy and German Power Politics, p. 113.


3. Hubatsch, Der Admiralstab, pp. 61f. 4. Paul Kennedy, ‘Maritime Strategieprobleme der deutsch-englischen

Flottenrivalität’, in H. Schottelius and W. Deist (eds), Marine und Marinepolitik(Düsseldorf: Droste, 1972), p. 179.

5. Lambi, The Navy and German Power Politics, pp. 91, 118, 209, 211. 6. Hubatsch, Der Admiralstab, p. 91. 7. Lambi, The Navy and German Power Politics, pp. 248, 257. 8. Kennedy, ‘Maritime Strategieprobleme’, pp. 186, 192. 9. Kennedy, The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, p. 273.

10. Ibid., p. 356. 11. Klaus-Volker Giessler, Die Institution des Marineattachés im Kaiserreich: Militärge-

schichtliche Studien (Boppard: Boldt, 1976), p. 134. 12. BA-MA, RM 5/3684, Tapken to Widenmann, 16 February 1912. Agents were

also to be recruited in Hull, Dover and Glasgow. 13. BA-MA, RM 5/3642, ‘Special Codes’, memorandum by von Koch, 11 April 1907. 14. Ibid., memorandum by ‘N’, 5 June 1907. The cover address was ‘Nekpatus

Berlin’. 15. BA-MA, RM 5/3684, ‘N’ to naval attaché, London, 13 February 1914. The two

individuals, referred to as ‘Dr. E . . .’ and ‘Albert K . . .’, had been recruited byNaval Attaché Hugo von Cotzhausen.

16. BA-MA, RM 5/3679, Koch, Deutsche Bank, Berlin, to Chief of Admiralstab,Vice-Admiral Wilhelm Büchsel, 28 September 1904. The sum put at theattaché’s disposal amounted to a hefty £2,500.

17. BA-MA, RM 5/3682, Widenmann to Tapken, London, 31 January 1913.Widenmann also emphasized that the introduction of censorship in timesof rising tension would render swift communication almost impossible. Inthe case of a Franco-German war, with Britain remaining neutral, the agentscould have reported unhindered throughout the period of hostilities. Thishad been the original idea.

18. BA-MA, RM 5/3684, Widenmann to Tapken, 22 April 1912. 19. Ibid. The agents are merely identified by their initials: ‘O’ in Dover, ‘W’ in

Glasgow and ‘B’ in Southampton. ‘B’ was probably Brodtmann or Brockmannwho later defected to the military attaché.

20. Ibid., Tapken to Widenmann, 22 April 1912. 21. Ibid., ‘N’ to de Boer, 31 March 1914. The agreement was reached with a certain

Herr Boedicker, probably acting on behalf of the Admiralstab. 22. Ibid., Widenmann to Tapken, 22 April 1912. 23. Ibid., ‘N’ to de Boer, 31 March 1914. 24. Ibid., Bischoff, director of the Argo Steamship Company, Bremen, to Prieger,

27 April 1914. 25. Ibid., Isendahl to Müller, London, 29 April 1914. 26. BA-MA, RM 5/3691, Müller to Admiralstab, 28 July 1914. 27. See p. 32. 28. BA-MA, RM 5/3691, Müller to Admiralstab, 28 July 1914. 29. Ibid.30. BA-MA, RM 5/3684, Widenmann to Tapken, 22 April 1912. 31. PA-AA, R 908, Naval Attaché Carl von Coerper, London, to Naval Office,

6 December 1906. Coerper wrote that he refused to consider the offerbecause he did not want to ‘buy a pig in a poke’.


32. Douglas Porch, The French Secret Services: From the Dreyfus Affair to the GulfWar (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 42.

33. Holger H. Herwig, The German Naval Officer Corp (Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress, 1973), p. 101.

34. For the conception of honour among officers, see Ute Frevert, Men of Honour:A Social and Cultural History of the Duel translated by Anthony Williams(Cambridge, MA: Polity, 1995), pp. 36–84.

35. For an insightful treatise of the ambiguity of espionage see Hiley, ‘DecodingGerman Spies’.

36. This is the main theme of Erskine Childers’ The Riddle of the Sands and manyother espionage novels.

37. PRO, WO 32/4898, 15th petition of Franz L. Th. Greite, HM Prison, Parkhurst,to Secretary of Home Office, 12 September 1921. Greite fails to take intoaccount that the British were quite capable of honouring Germans who hadspied for their country out of patriotism, see p. 101

38. Gustav Steinhauer, The Kaiser’s Master Spy: The Story as Told by Himself ed.S.T. Felstead (London: John Lane, 1930). However, Steinhauer later repudiatedthis ‘title’, claiming that the British greatly exaggerated his espionage activities:Gustav Steinhauer, Der Detektiv des Kaisers: Spionage und Spionageabwehr (Berlin:Oestergaard, 1932), p. 161. Steinhauer’s memoirs were published simultaneouslyin German and English, with Felstead doing most of the writing and editing.

39. Gustav Steinhauer, Der Meisterspion des Kaisers: Was der Detektiv Wilhelms II.in seiner Praxis erlebte. Erinnerungen (Berlin: K. Voegels, 1930), pp. 171, 188;PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1914, pp. 55ff.

40. Steinhauer, Der Detektiv, passim; PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports,‘G’ branch report for 1914, pp. 55ff.

41. Steinhauer, Der Meisterspion, pp. 210–30. Steinhauer also gives a dramaticaccount of how he and Melville were dragged into a shoot-out with Russiananarchists who had attempted to assassinate the two monarchs.

42. PRO, KV 1/8, memoirs of Melville, 1917, pp. 6f. 43. Steinhauer, Der Detektiv, p. 161. 44. Steinhauer, Der Meisterspion, pp. 137ff. Following Britain and Germany’s

exchange of Zanzibar and Heligoland, the inhabitants of the latter islandstill spoke English and were generally suspected of pro-English sympathiesby the Admiralstab.

45. Steinhauer, Der Meisterspion, pp. 151f. Steinhauer’s account of his activitiesremains rather vague, probably due to the fact that he published his story twodecades after the event, but maybe also to protect his former employees. Thefact that he undertook regular journeys to England after 1900 led some inthe British counter-intelligence community to the conclusion that Steinhauerwas in fact the head of the German secret service, see Felstead, German Spies, p. 3.

46. PRO, DPP 1/28, Drake to Director of Public Prosecutions, Williamson,26 February 1914.

47. BA-MA, RM 5/3684, report by Steinhauer, Potsdam, 25 July 1914. ContainingSteinhauer’s handwritten twenty-three-page report on his reconnaissance tripto Scotland.

48. PRO, DDP 1/4, memorandum submitted to Bodkin, not dated; ibid., statementby Mildred Towse, 12 September 1910. Wohlfahrt spent five–six weeks ather boarding house.


49. Ibid., statement by Hannah Isabel Wodehouse, 22 September 1910. Wodehouseclaimed that she had visited Berlin in the company of an English lady whoseidentity she would not reveal. In Berlin, Wodehouse stated, she met Wohlfahrtwho ‘gave her to understand he had been to England on an intelligencemission’. As there is no corroborative evidence on Wodehouse’s trip to Berlin,she may well have made up the story of the ball, or even the entire trip: ibid.,exhibits, letter by Helm to Wodehouse, 21 August 1910. According to one ofher acquaintances, Miss Wodehouse was ‘inclined to romancing’: ibid., state-ment by Mrs Flood-Jones, 14 September 1910.

50. Ibid., statement by Miss Wodehouse, 8 September 1910; ibid., FarehamPolice Court, 15 September 1910.

51. PA-AA, R 809–16, ‘Voyages of German officers abroad’. 52. PRO, DDP 1/14, statement by Mildred Towse, 12 September 1910. 53. Ibid., exhibits, letter from Helm to Wodehouse, 21 August 1910. 54. Ibid., exhibits, letter from Wodehouse to Helm, 24 August 1910. She also

enquired about ‘Hans’ [Wohlfahrt] and asked whether she had met Helmpreviously in Berlin to which the latter replied in the negative. This suggeststhat Wodehouse indeed visited Wohlfahrt in Berlin.

55. Ibid., Helm to Wodehouse, no date; ibid., statement by Miss Wodehouse,8 September 1910.

56. PRO, KV 1/10, Kell’s diary, entry for 6 September 1910. Wodehouse claimedthat she had done so to gain Helm’s confidence for she had suspected himall along of being a spy. In view of her personality, and her previous relation-ship with Wohlfahrt, she was probably passed on by one German officer toa comrade for more natural reasons.

57. Ibid., statement by James Lodder, 19 October 1910. 58. Ibid., statement by Miss Wodehouse, 8 September 1910. 59. Ibid., statement by Lieutenant H.C. Harrison, Portsmouth, 12 September 1910. 60. Ibid., memorandum by Colonel John Adye, WO, to Pearce, Whitehall,

29 October 1910; ibid., statement by Captain Martelli, no date. Martelliand Lieutenant Salmond had arrested Helm.

61. Ibid., exhibits, letter by Helm, Fort Purbrook, to Wodehouse, 6 September 1910. 62. PRO, KV 1/10, Kell’s diary, entry for 6 September 1910. As Kell found out

one day later, the name of ‘that press correspondent’ was K. C. St. Spiers:ibid., entry for 7 September 1910.

63. PRO, KV 1/10, Kell’s diary, entry for 6 September 1910. While the First SeaLord wished the case would stay out of the papers, Kell argued that presscoverage might deter potential imitators.

64. BA-MA, RM 3/22641, cutting from newspaper Der Tag, no date, article entitled‘The lost sea battle’ by Richard Nordhausen; PA-AA, R 815, AA to PrussianWar Ministry, 12 September 1910; ibid., War Minister Josias von Heeringento AA, 7 December 1910.

65. PRO, KV 1/10, Kell’s diary, entry for 28 September 1910. However, Helm’sbag contained ‘a few addresses where German officers stay when they comeover here’.

66. PRO, DPP 1/4, memorandum by Col. John Adye, WO, to Pearce, Whitehall,29 October 1910.

67. Ibid., Office of Attorney-General to War Office and Admiralty, 3 November1910. Helm was tried under the old OSA of 1889 which obliged the authorities


to prove that the defendant intended to forward the material to a foreigngovernment.

68. Ibid., exhibits, Helm to German embassy: ‘Meldung. Bin Montag 12½ p.m.Fort Widley festgenommen. Habe im Notizbuch Zeichnungen von Hafenbefes-tigungen. Dies geschehen von Clarence Parade Pier zur eigenen Belehrung. HelmP.B. 21 Fort Purbrook.’

69. Ibid., L. Goldberg, solicitor, ‘Kgl. (royal) Preuss. Geheimer Justizrat, Rechtskon-sulat des Kaiserlich Deutschen Generalkonsulats’, to Director of PublicProsecutions, 23 September 1910. The official legal counsel to the Germangeneral consulate in London offered no evidence on Helm’s behalf to expeditethe trial, but instead applied for bail.

70. PA-AA, R 815, AA to Prussian War Ministry, 12 September 1910. 71. Ibid., War Minister von Heeringen to AA, 7 December 1910: ‘Einen Auftrag

zur Erkundung hatte er nicht.’ 72. PRO, DPP 1/4, letter by Helm, Winchester Prison, to Wodehouse, Fratton,

11 September 1910. 73. Ibid., anonymous letter to Miss Wodehouse, Liverpool, 19 September 1910.

The author is using rhetoric associated with Irish Republicanism. 74. Ibid., cutting from The Southern Daily Echo, 14 November [1910]. 75. PRO, KV 1/10, Kell’s diary, entry for 20 September 1910. The hearing took

place at Earsham. 76. PRO, DPP 1/4, cutting from The Southern Daily Echo, 14 November. The sum

was presumably paid by the German consulate. The final hearing took placeat Winchester.

77. PRO, KV 1/10, Kell’s diary, entry for 14 November 1910. 78. For the political dimension of the Agadir crisis see: Geoffrey Barraclough,

From Agadir to Armageddon: Anatomy of a Crisis (New York: Weidenfeld &Nicolson, 1982).

79. Ralf Forsbach, Alfred von Kiderlen-Wächter (1852–1912): Ein Diplomatenlebenim Kaiserreich (2 vols, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Rupprecht, 1997), 2, p. 533.

80. Frankfurter Zeitung, 24 July 1911. 81. Berliner Tageblatt, 26 July 1911. 82. Kreuz-Zeitung, 12 August 1911. 83. Holger Afflerbach, Falkenhayn: Politisches Denken und Handeln im Kaiserreich

(Munich: Oldenbourg, 1994), p. 79. 84. BA-MA, RM 5/3684, Isendahl to Naval Attaché Boy-Ed, Washington, DC,

30 April 1914. 85. Lambi, The Navy and German Power Politics, pp. 391, 405. 86. See, for instance, Ferguson, The Pity of War, pp. 64f. 87. Kennedy, The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, p. 448. 88. BA-MA, RM 5/3684, Tapken to Naval Attaché Widenmann, London,

16 February 1912. 89. See p. 80.90. PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1914, pp. 73ff.

The term ‘intermediary’ was coined by MI5. Steinhauer called them Mittels-männer (mediators) or simply Agenten: Steinhauer, Der Detektiv, pp. 195f.

91. Ibid., p. 196. Steinhauer claimed he had forty intermediaries in Englandwhich seems exaggerated. According to Steinhauer, each agent received 20marks plus stamps and envelopes.


92. PRO, DPP 1/27, ‘Trial of Carl Gustav Ernst’, Mr Bodkin’s opening speechfor the prosecution, 28 September 1914. Ernst was born in Hoxton in 1871.

93. The Times, 14 November 1914. 94. PRO, DPP 1/27, passim, see especially Ernst’s intercepted communications

with Steinhauer (exhibits). 95. Steinhauer, Der Meisterspion, p. 198. 96. PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report, summary of pre-war

period , p. 33. 97. PRO, KV 1/9, eighth progress report by Kell, 9 April 1913. 98. Panikos Panayi, German Immigrants in Britain during the Nineteenth Century,

1815–1914 (New York, Oxford: Berg, 1995), p. 53. 99. F. Burgdörfer, ‘Migration across the Frontiers in Germany’, in Walter F. Willcox

(ed.), International Migrations (2 vols, New York: Gordon & Breach, 1969), 2,p. 343.

100. Porter, The Refugee Question, pp. 1–3. From 1826 until 1905, Britain in practicetook in anyone.

101. BA-MA, RM 5/3684, Widenmann, London, to Tapken, 22 April 1912. 102. See p. 41. 103. Berliner Tageblatt, 21 August 1911. 104. PRO, FO 371/1126, report by Chief Constable, Plymouth, 22 July 1911.

According to his own statement, Schultz possessed £50,000, which seemsexaggerated.

105. PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1911, p. 123. 106. PRO, FO 371/1126, report by Supt Dixson, metropolitan police, Devonport,

to Wodehouse, Scotland Yard, 2 August 1911. To counterbalance his displayof Teuton might, Schultz flew the English flag from the mast of the boat.

107. Ibid., Martin to Sowerby, 14 August 1911. 108. Ibid., police report, 22 July 1911. Neumann’s address was 37 Pembar Avenue,

Walthamstow, London. 109. Ibid., Martin to Sowerby, 10 August 1911. ‘Tobler’s’ full address was 22,

Rue d’Ouest, Ostend, Belgium. 110. PRO, DPP 1/27, exhibit 115a, Ernst to ‘Mr. Tony Reimers’, 31 October 1911;

ibid., exhibit 116a, Ernst to Steinhauer, 7 November 1911; ibid., exhibit123a, Steinhauer, Potsdam, to Neumann, via Ernst, November 1911.

111. PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1911, p. 141. 112. PRO, KV 1/40, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1912, pp. 56ff.,

regarding the case of Charles Frederick Wagener, Southampton. Wagenercommunicated occasionally with ‘Tobler’ via Ernst.

113. PRO, FO 371/1126, ‘R.T.’ (that is, ‘Tobler’) to Schultz, 29 July 1911. Messageintercepted by the police.

114. Ibid., Dixson to Wodehouse, 2 August 1911. 115. PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1911, pp. 126f.,

132, 140. 116. PRO, DPP 1/16, exhibit 14, translation of Heinrich Grosse’s birth certificate. 117. Ibid., two newspaper cuttings from an unidentified German newspaper on

Grosse; ibid., Heddy Glauer to Public Prosecutor, 4 June 1914; PRO, KV 1/39,MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1911, pp. 152ff.

118. PRO, DPP 1/16, translation of three letters from ‘Petersson’ to Grosse,12 October, 1 November and 30 November 1911.


119. PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1911, pp. 152ff.Heddy Glauer told Melville that, in her opinion, Stein and ‘Petersson’ wereidentical. Furthermore, ‘Petersson’ never appeared in person, and Stein[hauer]introduced himself as a representative of the former.

120. PRO, DPP 1/16, Grosse, Chatham, to Steinhauer, Potsdam, 13 December 1911. 121. PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1911, pp. 152ff. 122. PRO, DPP 1/16, statement by Lucinetta Hollidge, Portsmouth, 7 December 1911. 123. Ibid., Grosse to Steinhauer, 13 December 1911. 124. Ibid., statement by John Bunn, Southsea, 16 January 1912. 125. PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1911, pp. 152ff. 126. Ibid., p. 76. 127. PRO, DPP 1/27, exhibit 39a, Steinhauer, Potsdam, to ‘Walters’ (that is,

Ernst), 1 August 1912. 128. Ibid., exhibit 87a, ‘Walters’ to ‘Reimers’, 28 January 1913. 129. Ibid., exhibit 106a, ‘Walters’ to ‘Reimers’, 28 April 1913. 130. PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report, summary of pre-war

period , p. 80. 131. Ibid., ‘G’ branch report for 1911, pp. 202ff., 214ff. 132. Glauer fond employment as a governess with the family of Gertrude

Elizabeth Sophia Brandes in March 1912. Brandes was also hosting a navalagent during the war, Louise Emily Wertheim. MI5 points out that theGlauer–Brandes–Wertheim connection constitutes one of the very fewlinks between German pre-war and war espionage in Britain. To call thisa link is, however, too far-fetched. Brandes was the private secretary to BaronBruno Schröder’s wife. During the war, her brother was interned in Britain. Itwas probably known in Berlin that she was pro-German and thereforeunlikely to betray a lodger, but there is no evidence of her being in contactwith members of the German secret service. See PRO, WO 141/3/1, trial ofL. Wertheim and R. Rowland, proceedings of first day, 14 September 1915,pp. 2–8, testimony by Gertrude Elizabeth Sophia Brandes; when Melville,masquerading as a German secret agent, approached Glauer in July 1912,she said nothing indicating she was a German spy, see PRO, KV 1/39, MI5historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1911, pp. 171ff.

133. PRO, HO 144/1467/322490, memorandum on Joseph King, September 1918. 134. PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1911, pp. 171ff. 135. PA-AA, Botschaft Washington 826, cutting of article of the Frankfurter Zei-

tung, ‘German Court Records on Dr. Graves’, 19 December 1914; PRO, KV1/40, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1912, pp. 22ff.

136. Armgaard K. Graves, The Secrets of the German War Office: By Late Spy of theGerman Government with the Collaboration of Edward Lyell Fox (NewYork: A.L. Burt, 1914), p. 14.

137. PRO, KV 1/40, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1912, pp. 22ff. 138. Steinhauer would contact Graves via Kruger under the pseudonym

‘James Stafford’, see Graves, The Secrets of the German War Office, pp.129ff.; PRO, KV 1/40, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1912,pp. 22ff.; PRO, DPP 1/27, exhibit 163a, letter to Graves via Ernst, 3 February1912, including £15.

139. PRO, DPP 1/27, exhibit 26, letter by ‘W. Ls.’ to Dr Graves, Glasgow, via‘Walters’, 10 April 1912.


140. Graves, The Secrets of the German War Office, p. 146; PRO, KV 1/40, MI5historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1912, pp. 22ff.

141. Ibid.; Graves, The Secrets of the German War Office, pp. 147f., gives a muchless detailed account of his interview with ‘Robinson’ but does not contradictMI5’s historical reports in any way. It is worth noting that both sourcesdescribe Kell as the one who came up with the idea of employing Graves.

142. IWM, Kell papers, Lady Constance Kell, ‘A Secret Well Kept’, p. 128. 143. PRO, KV 1/40, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1912, pp. 22ff. 144. Ibid.145. Ibid.146. PA-AA, R 2346, Sektion IIIb to AA, 5 September 1917. The fact that IIIb

knew so little about Graves illuminates how badly military and navalintelligence coordinated their activities.

147. PRO, KV 1/40, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1912, pp. 22ff. 148. PA-AA, Botschaft Washington, 826, memorandum by Hossenfelder, New York,

5 December 1916. The detective, a certain König, was an employee of theHAL. The investigation took place at the request of a ‘higher military person’but the relevant files have been destroyed by the imperial embassy.

149. The New York Times, 27 June, 22 August 1915, 28 December 1916. 150. NARA, RG 59, General Records of the Department of State, Office of the

Counsellor/Under Secretary and Chief, special agent, classified records ofthe Office of the Counsellor, 1916–27, box 8, folder 136, translation ofintercepted letter from Lieutenant-Colonel H. Herwarth to Captain vonPapen, Berlin, 10 March 1915.

151. The New York Times, 12 November 1916. 152. PA-AA, Botschaft Washington, 826, Bernstorff to AA, 19 November 1916. The

letters chiefly turned out to be correspondence from von Bernstorff’s son. 153. The New York Times, 12, 16, 21, 25 November 1916; 18 August, 23 September

1917; 12 March 1925; 21 February 1928; 5 December 1935; 15 April 1937. 154. Steinhauer, Der Detektiv, p. 206. 155. PRO, KV 1/40, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1912, pp. 96ff,

‘Hentschel alias Atlantis alias Ch. G. Hills’. Tapken was presented to himas ‘Robert Tornow’, aged sixty-four, and chief of the ‘German secret service’;Stammer, Tapken’s assistant, as ‘Captain Fels’, aged forty-five; Steinhauer,without cover name, aged forty-five.

156. Ibid. The list itself is lost. Hentschel may have been included in the list simplybecause he was a German-language teacher rather than due to suspiciousbehaviour. This list did not help the Counter-Espionage Bureau in any wayto track him down later on.

157. Ibid. The name ‘Riley’ suggests that the family was of Irish origin, perhapsaccounting for the Rileys’ subsequent willingness to support the Germans.Patricia Riley had known Parrott since 1908.

158. PRO, DPP 1/20, shorthand notes of Parrott’s trial, pp. 50, 65. 159. PRO, KV 1/40, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1912, pp 96ff. 160. Ibid., pp. 144ff.; Steinhauer, Der Detektiv, p. 208. 161. PRO, DPP 1/20, report by W[illiam] M[elville], 14 July 1912. 162. Steinhauer, Der Detektiv, p. 207. As only the Counter-Espionage Bureau

knew that Melville was shadowing Parrott, Steinhauer’s account must betaken seriously. This makes it even less comprehensible why he did not


warn Parrott. Possibly, ‘N’ wanted to make use of him as long as possibleand was afraid he might quit as soon as he noticed that his movementswere being monitored by the British authorities.

163. PRO, DPP 1/20, ‘correspondence’, memorandum by Director of PublicProsecutions to Attorney-General, 7 August 1912.

164. PRO, KV 1/40, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1912, pp. 144f. 165. PRO, DPP 1/20, Drake to Stephenson, Assistant Director of Prosecution,

3 January 1913. This agent was a German named Steel, residing on theEdgware Road.

166. PA-AA, R 909, AA to Chief of Admiralstab, 5 July 1913; ibid., C. Groebel & Co.,solicitors, London, to ‘Herrn Ober Direktor Geheimdienst, Berlin, Deutschland’,21 June 1913.

167. PRO, HO 144/1250/233717, ‘George Charles Parrott’, note by New ScotlandYard, 8 March 1919.

168. PRO, KV 1/40, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report, pp. 96ff.; NARA, StateDepartment, Office of the Counsellor, RG 59, special agent, classified casefiles of Edward Bell, 1917–1919, box 2, confidential file 73a, memorandum byOffice of the Counsellor, 19 July 1916.

169. PA-AA, R 908–10, ‘recruitment, and offers from agents’. Three large filescontaining letters from volunteers for secret service work on Germany’sbehalf.

170. Usually, the offers were not taken seriously. In 1904, for instance, a certainR. Westwood claimed that he possessed ‘all the vital facts relating to thedefences of the Thames and Medway’ which he would offer ‘for a rewardof course’ to Germany as he had ‘German interests at heart’, see PA-AA,R 908, R. Westwood, Walsall, to Admiralstab, 5 March 1904. A Germanofficial attached the following note: ‘I intend to let this offer unanswered.’,see note, 10 March 1904.

171. PRO, KV 1/41, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1914, pp. 91ff.,‘Schroeder @ Gould’.

172. PRO, DPP 1/28, ‘Gould @ Schroeder’, exhibit 17, certified copy of marriage. 173. BA-MA, RM 5/773, list of the district command in Kiel, November 1901,

No. 2: ‘Oberleutnant der Reserve Schroeder . . . London’. 174. Steinhauer, Der Detektiv, pp. 211–18. Steinhauer refers to him as ‘Benneth’,

but he also writes that, when this man was arrested in 1914, a photographof himself, Steinhauer, was found, revealing his identity to the Britishauthorities. This was exactly the case when Schroeder alias Gould was arrestedin February 1914 (see below) and one may infer that Steinhauer changedthe name in his memoirs. A letter from Gould to Steinhauer in 1904 provesthat by that time the two communicated regularly with each other, see PRO,DPP 1/28, exhibit 31, letter from Gould to Steinhauer, 15 October 1904.

175. PRO, DPP 1/28, proceedings of trial, 4 March 1914, pp. 2–9. 176. Ibid., exhibit 27, letter in German by Gould to T. Macmaster, 8 October

1903. 177. BA-MA, RM 5/3642, memorandum by von Koch of ‘N’, 22 January 1906. 178. PRO, DPP 1/28, exhibit 30, Gould to Steinhauer, 7 October 1904. These

two were Captain Guy Burrows and Captain James Butler-Carter. 179. PRO, KV 1/41, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1914, pp. 91ff.

Most of them were sailors: Billy Knight (HMS Actason), George William


Shepherd (HMS Pembroke), T.J. Mott (ex-torpedo engineer), J.H. Pinkard(HMS Cyclops), furthermore a Swiss German named Klockenbusch residentin Chatham, and the director of the British Cinema Productions, AustinFryers. In all cases the ensuing investigation proved inconclusive.

180. PRO, DPP 1/28, memorandum by Drake to Director of Public Prosecutions,24 February 1914.

181. Ibid., R. Wilson, Treasury Solicitors Department, to Williamson, 8 March1914. The Goulds had ‘about 10 children’.

182. PRO, KV 1/41, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1914, pp. 91ff. 183. PRO, DPP 1/28, exhibit 31, Gould to Steinhauer, 15 October 1904. 184. PRO, DPP 1/27, exhibit 134a, C.F. Schmidt to Charles Shattock c/o Gould,

London, 16 August 1913. 185. Ibid., exhibit 6a, Steinhauer to Gould/Schroeder, undated. 186. PRO, KV 1/41, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1914, pp. 91ff.;

PRO, DPP 1/28, memorandum by Drake, 24 February 1914. The photo-graph was signed ‘In freundlicher Erinnerung von G. Steinhauer, London,February 1913’.

187. PRO, KV 1/41, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1914, pp. 99ff.;PRO, DPP 1/28, proceedings of trial, 4 March 1914, p. 46.

188. PRO, KV 1/41, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1914, pp. 91ff.When MI5’s historical reports were compiled – that is, in the early 1920s –Schroeder was still imprisoned. Steinhauer, Der Detektiv, pp. 217f., claimsthat Schroeder was later murdered.

189. Volker R. Berghahn, Der Tirpitz Plan: Genesis and Vefall einer innerpolitischenKrisenstrategie unter Wilhelm II: (Düsseldorf: Droste, 1971), p. 437.

190. Boghardt, ‘German Naval Intelligence’, pp. 115–7, 160f. 191. BA-MA, RM 5/3684, Isendahl to Boy-Ed, Washington, DC, 30 April 1914. 192. BA-MA, RM 5/3684, handwritten comment by Isendahl, 22 August 1914. 193. PRO, DPP 1/16, trial of Grosse, Drake to Guy Stephenson, 11 June 1914. 194. PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report, summary of pre-war

period, ‘Information Obtained by Chance’, p. 33. 195. Ernst received his mail in his barber shop at 402a Caledonian Road in

London, and Steinhauer received his in Potsdam, either at Brauerstrasse 1–2or at Allée Sanssouci 4. Steinhauer occasionally invited his agents to eitheraddress.

196. PRO, DPP 1/27, Steinhauer to ‘Walters’, 20 April 1912. 197. PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report, summary of pre-war

period, pp. 81ff. 198. PRO, DPP 1/16, Grosse to Steinhauer, 13 December 1911. 199. PRO, DPP 1/27, exhibit 66a, ‘Weller’ to Steinhauer, n.d. Ernst complains ‘that

your agent Grosse had not the slightest consideration who further despatchedthe letters’. In fact, Grosse had even written letters out of his prison cell toCroner and ‘Petersson’.

200. Porter, The Origins of the Vigilant State, p. 173. 201. PRO, KV 1/10, Kell’s diary, entry for 24 August 1910. Kell attended the case

of an Italian, a Signor Paluso, who was allegedly a secret service agent ofthe Italian embassy. Paluso was sentenced to nine months’ imprisonmentfor obtaining money under false pretences. This is one of the rare cases inwhich Kell took interest in alleged espionage other than German, although


Steinhauer claims in his memoirs that the French were much more activein this respect than the Germans, see Steinhauer, Der Detektiv, p. 139.

202. PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report, preface, p. 8. 203. PRO, DPP 1/27, exhibit 100a, ‘Walters’ to ‘Reimers’, 13 March 1913. Steinhauer

was particularly keen on information about the proceedings of Klare’s trial. 204. PRO, KV 1/40, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1912, pp. 67ff.,

‘William Klare’.

4 The outbreak of the First World War

1. Jost Hindersmann, Der Britische Spionageroman: Vom Imperialismus zumEnde des Kalten Krieges (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1995),p. 25.

2. Michael Macdonagh, In London during the Great War: The Diary of a Journalist(London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1935), p. 6.

3. PRO, HO 45/10484/103444, passim. Articles like ‘The Kaiser’s Eyes’ in theDaily Express, 29 September 1914, were common and widespread.

4. The National Review, December 1914, p. 564. 5. Andrew Clark, Echoes of the Great War: The Diary of the Reverend Andrew

Clark, 1914–1919 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), entry for Saturday,26 September 1914.

6. Trevor Wilson, The Myriad Faces of War: Britain and the Great War 1914–1918(Cambridge: Polity, 1986), p. 160.

7. Aston, Secret Service, p. 82. 8. Sir Basil Thomson, Queer People (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1922),

pp. 10, 37. 9. In 1912, the Board of Film Censors had considered the movie, then entitled

The Raid of 1915, as too offensive to Germany. Such considerations evidentlydid not apply after August 1914, see Hiley, ‘The Play’, p. 225. See also Hiley’sintroduction to Le Queux, Spies of the Kaiser, p. xxiv.

10. Sladen, The Real Le Queux, p. 200. 11. PRO, MEPO 3/243, Le Queux, Sunbury, to Commissioner of Metropolitan

Police, 17 August 1914. 12. Ibid., Le Queux to Commissioner, 17 September 1914. 13. Ibid., Le Queux to Superintendent Patrick Quinn, 21 February 1915. 14. Ibid., Quinn to Le Queux, 22 February 1915; ibid., Le Queux to Lambton,

1 March 1915. 15. Ibid., memorandum by (illegible), 2 March 1915; ibid., memorandum by

S.R.H., 2 March 1915. 16. See Panikos Panayi, The Enemy in Our Midst: Germans in Britain during the

First World War (New York, Oxford: Berg, 1991), especially pp. 153–83. 17. Quoted from Cate Haste, Keep the Home Fires Burning: Propaganda in the

First World War (London: Allen Lane, 1977), p. 109. Italics as in Haste. 18. Alan Hyman, The Rise and Fall of Horatio Bottomley: The Biography of a Swin-

dler (London: Cassell, 1972), p. 160. Bottomley had made a remarkableu-turn. A month earlier, John Bull had taken a staunchly non-interventioniststance: ibid., p. 145, ‘TO HELL WITH SERBIA. Why Should Britain ShedHer Blood To Save A Nation of Assassins?’.


19. Panikos Panayi, ‘Anti-German Riots in Britain during the First World War’,in idem, Racial Violence in Britain, 1840–1950 (Leicester: Leicester UniversityPress, 1993), pp. 66f.

20. PRO, WO 141/1/2, Captain J.G. Mayne, Ipswich, to General OfficerCommanding the East Anglian Division, 29 October 1914.

21. Ibid., report by Major Byrne, 27 November 1914. 22. Ibid., Goldstone to Tennant, London, 7 May 1915. 23. Clark, Echoes, entry for 26 September 1914. 24. Porter, Plots and Paranoia, p. 137. By the end of the war, the Aliens’ Office

had compiled a list of c. 100,000 names, which included British citizens offoreign descent.

25. Panayi, The Enemy in Our Midst, pp. 46f. 26. Arthur Marwick, The Deluge: British Society and the First World War, 2nd edition

(London: Macmillan, 1991), pp. 76f. 27. This section is based largely on an exchange of ideas with Nicholas Hiley,

and his research in progress on the early years of British counter-espionage.I am grateful to Dr Hiley for his permission to let me incorporate some ofhis as yet unpublished findings in my work.

28. The Times, 6 August 1914. 29. PRO, KV 1/7, ‘Alphabetical Name Index to S.W.L.’, 1913, with later amend-

ments. Marked for arrest in case of war [as spelled in list]: Alaadin, Apel,Berger, Bubenheim, Diderichs, Johann Engel, Ernst, Fels, Fowler, Graves(marked ‘Wanted if in Great Britain’), Heine, Hentschel (marked ‘Wanted ifin Great Britain’), Klunder, Kruger, Rimann, Rodriquez, Schmidt, Schneider,Schutte, Steinhauer, (marked ‘If in this country’), Theissen (marked‘Wanted if in Gt. Britain’), Wagener.

30. French, ‘Spy Fever’, pp. 364f. 31. PRO, DPP 1/27, memorandum by the Secretary, GPO, September 1914. 32. The Times, 29 September 1914. 33. PRO, DPP, 1/27, Mr Bodkin’s opening speech for the prosecution, 28 Septem-

ber 1914. 34. Ibid., minutes of the trial, p. 68, statement by the accused. 35. Ibid., memorandum by Under Secretary of State, 30 November 1914. 36. Felstead, German Spies at Bay, p. 7. 37. PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report, summary for 1914, p. 50. 38. IWM, the papers of Vernon Kell, lecture notes by Eric Holt-Wilson on ‘Security

Intelligence in War, 1914–1918’, 1934, pp. 16f. 39. Bulloch, M.I.5, p. 30. 40. See, for instance, Andrew, Her Majesty’s Secret Service, p. 73: ‘Kell exaggerated

the scale of his achievements in August 1914, [but] he had none the lesstotally defeated third-rate opposition.’

41. The Times, 20 October 1914. Italics mine. 42. Porter, Plots and Paranoia, p. 129. 43. Apel, Diederich, Engel, Heine, Klunder, Kruger, Rodriguez, Schneider, Schutte. 44. A large number of people were arrested on the outbreak of war, often

merely for ‘suspicious behaviour’. The ones selected for the ‘special war list’were: Buchwaldt, Hengnauer, Marie Kronauer, Kuhr, Laurens, Lozel, Meyer,Nemlar, Rummenie, Stubenwoll, Sukowski, von Willer. For the full list see PRO,KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report, summary for 1914, p. 49.


45. BA-MA, RM 5/3691, Trapp, Imperial Naval Office, to Admiralstab, 15 August1914.

46. BA-MA, RM 5/3712, memorandum by ‘N’, 27 July 1914. Yet it took theGermans some time to detect British naval mobilization.

47. Ibid., telegram by Kaiser, Hanover, to Prieger, 5 August 1914. 48. Nicolai, Geheime Mächte, p. 59. For German intelligence in the United

States, see Koopmann, Diplomatie und Reichsinteresse, and Doerries, ImperialChallenge. For Norway, see Olav Riste, The Neutral Ally: Norway’s Relations withBelligerent Powers in the First World War (London: Allen & Unwin, 1965).

49. Elsbeth Schragmüller, ‘Aus dem deutschen Nachrichtendienst’, in FriedrichFelger (ed.), Was wir vom Weltkrieg nicht wissen (Berlin: Andermann, 1929),p. 142.

50. NARA, T 77, 1440, Gempp-monographs, p. 504. 51. BA-MA, PH 3/604, memorandum by Kefer, KNSt Antwerp, 26 April 1917. 52. NARA, T 77, 1439, Gempp-monographs, pp. 451ff. 53. PA-AA, Konsulat Rotterdam, Bündel 81, IIIm, iii, Gneist, Rotterdam, to

Schnitzer, Antwerp, 19 July 1915. 54. PRO, KV 1/42, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1915, pp. 134ff. 55. NARA, T 77, 1440, Gempp-monographs, p. 676. She is also featured in several

movies. 56. See her published doctoral thesis: Elsbeth Schragmüller, Die Bruderschaft der

Borer und Balierer von Freiburg und Waldkirch (Karlsruhe: VolkswirtschaftlicheAbhandlungen der Badischen Hochschulen, 1914).

57. Schragmüller, ‘Aus dem deutschen Nachrichtendienst’, p. 142; Nicolai, GeheimeMächte, p. 172.

58. NARA, T 77, 1440, Gempp-monographs, p. 98. 59. Ibid., p. 1030. The types of invisible ink in 1916–1917 included nervine,

perogene, gaede B and gaede J. 60. BA-MA, RM 5/3691, agreement between Admiralstab (Isendahl) and Paul

Jänicke, 10 August 1914.; ibid., negotiations of Admiralstab with agent[Paul] Daelen, 4 September 1914. ‘N’ conceded to Daelen that his familywould receive 3,000 marks yearly if he became victim of an ‘accident’. Inaddition, his wife was promised 300 marks while he was abroad.

61. NARA, T 77, 1440, Gempp-monographs, pp. 251ff. 62. Ibid., p. 676. 63. PRO, WO 32/4898, memorandum by Thwaites, 23 December 1920: ‘In

December 1918 a list of German agents was found in the German AdmiraltyBureau in Antwerp.’ British forces had conquered Antwerp in June 1917,but apparently did not search the former KNSt thoroughly. It is strange thatit took the list, which itself does not survive in the files, a year and a half toreach the desk of British counter-espionage.

64. NARA, T 77, 1440, Gempp-monographs, pp. 349ff. 65. BA-MA, RM 5/3691, Captain Kroeger, Wesel, to Admiralstab, 6 August 1914. 66. For the role of the Netherlands vis-à-vis Britain and Germany in the First

World War, see Marc Frey, Der Erste Weltkrieg und die Niederlande: Ein neutralesLand im politischen und wirtschaftlichen Kalkül der Kriegsgegner (Berlin: AkademieVerlag, 1998).

67. NARA, T 77, 1439, Gempp-monographs, p. 447. The staff included fiveofficers.


68. Reichsamt des Innern (ed.), Handbuch für das Deutsche Reich (Berlin: C. Heymann,1914), p. 112.

69. NARA, T 77, 1440, Gempp-monographs, pp. 96ff. 70. PA-AA, Konsulat Rotterdam, Bündel 81, IIIm, iv, Gneist to Isendahl,

10 September 1915. 71. PRO, WO 141/2/1, memorandum by Major Drake, 30 July 1915. 72. NARA, T 77, 1439, Gempp-monographs, p. 504. 73. NARA, T 77, 1440, Gempp-monographs, p. 115. 74. PRO, WO 141/3/1, trial of Louise Wertheim and Reginald Rowland,

20 September 1915, cross-examination of Rowland, p. 133. 75. BA-MA, RM 5/3692, Dierks to Teschemacher, Meldesammelstelle Nord,

1 November 1914. 76. PRO, KV 1/42, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1914, war

period, pp. 52ff. 77. PA-AA, Konsulat Rotterdam, Bündel 81, IIIm, iii, Uhlrich to Gneist, Rotterdam,

2 July 1915; BA-MA, RM 5/3694, telegram Kottkamp, Bristol/Plymouth, toPrieger, via Kestein, 1 January 1915.

78. PA-AA, Konsulat Rotterdam, Bündel 80, IIIm, i, Consul Dr Walther, Vlissingen,to Gneist, Rotterdam, 28 February 1915; ibid., Isendahl to Gneist, 17 March1915; PRO, WO 71/1237, file 2, 2nd day of trial of Ernest Waldemar Melin,21 August 1915, statement by Melin, pp. 21ff.

79. Henry Landau, All’s Fair: The Story of the British Secret Service behind theGerman Lines (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1934), pp. 134–6.

80. Hiley, ‘Counter-Espionage’, p. 639; Judd The Quest, pp. 282, 416; Landau,All’s Fair, passim.

81. PRO, KV 1/43, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1916, pp. 118ff. 82. Ibid., pp. 127ff. 83. Ibid., pp. 67ff.; PRO, WO 32/4898, memorandum by Thwaites, 23 December

1920. 84. PRO, KV 1/43, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1916, pp. 73ff. 85. PA-AA, Konsulat Rotterdam, Bündel 81, IIIm, iv, Gneist to Isendahl,

26 August 1915. 86. PRO, WO 141/2/1, memorandum by Major Drake, 30 July 1915. 87. PA-AA, Konsulat Rotterdam, Bündel 80, IIIm, i, memorandum by Gneist,

8 November 1914. 88. Hiley, ‘Counter-Espionage’, p. 639. 89. PA-AA, Konsulat Rotterdam, Bündel 81, IIIm, iii, Uhlrich to Gneist, 2 July

l915. One of the contacts was a certain Kapitän Hockenholz. 90. Dierks continued to work for German intelligence until his death in a car

accident in Hamburg in 1940, see Nikolaus Ritter, Deckname Dr. Rantzau:Die Aufzeichnungen des Nikolaus Ritter, Offizier im Geheimen Nachrichtendienst(Hamburg: Hoffmann & Campe, 1972), pp. 15–20, 254–56.

91. PA-AA, Konsulat Rotterdam, Bündel 81, IIIm, iii, Uhlrich to Gneist, 2 July1915; ibid., Schnitzer, Antwerp, to Vice Consul Bosenick, Rotterdam, 8 July1915; ibid., Gneist to Chief of Admiralstab, 29 July 1915; ibid., Gneist toSchnitzer, 26 July 1915; ibid., Schnitzer to Gneist, 27 July 1915; The Times,21 October 1915.

92. Landau, All’s Fair, p. 53; Alistair Horne, The Price of Glory: Verdun 1916,3rd edition (London: Penguin, 1993), p. 1.


93. PRO, KV 1/42, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1914, warperiod, pp. 52ff. The address was 38 Chaussée de Malines, Antwerp; Schrag-müller, ‘Aus dem deutschen Nachrichtendienst’, p. 152.

94. The New York Times, 24 February 1917. 95. Landau, All’s Fair, p. 131. 96. PA-AA, Konsulat Rotterdam, Bündel 80, IIIm, ii, Isendahl to Gneist, 27 April

1915. 97. PRO, CAB 24/4, G-153, ‘The position of the Northern Neutral Countries.

Report of Committee’, 27 August 1917, p. 4.

5 German espionage in Great Britain, 1914–1917

1. Ullrich, Die nervöse Großmacht, p. 229; Kennedy, The Rise of the Anglo-GermanAntagonism, pp. 447f.

2. Paul G. Halpern, A Naval History of World War I (Annapolis: Naval InstitutePress, 1994), p. 23.

3. Lambi, The Navy and German Power Politics, p. 392. The planning began inJanuary 1912.

4. Ibid., pp. 394f. 5. Halpern, A Naval History, pp. 28f. 6. BA-MA, RM 5/3694, memorandum by Prieger, 30 December 14, on exped-

ition of Robert Rosenthal; ibid., memorandum by Prieger, 2 January 1915,on expedition of Adolf Weiszflog alias Ludvico Hurwitz y Zender.

7. BA-MA, RM 5/3695, memorandum by Prieger, 21 February 1915. 8. PRO, ADM 137/4177, ‘German Intelligence Centres’, intercepted message

dated 5 June 1915. 9. PRO, WO 141/1/7, file 2, ‘General Court-Martial of Roos, 2nd day’, 17 July

1915, Roos’ telegram to Dierks, 2 May 1915. 10. BA-MA, RM 5/3696, Oberndorff, Kristiania, to AA, 29 April 1915. 11. PRO, DEFE 1/130, memorandum by Browne, 13 December 1919, p. 16. 12. PRO, WO 32/4898, DMI Thwaites, 23 December 1920. The agent was the

Spaniard Adolfo Guerrero. 13. BA-MA, RM 5/3695, Prieger, received on 20 March 1915. 14. BA-MA, PH 3/575, KNSt Antwerp, 8 September 1915, report by C37. 15. IWM, The Diary of Miss W.L.B. Tower; Wilson, The Myriad Faces, p. 161. 16. Thomson, Queer People, p. 37. 17. Caroline Playne, Society at War 1914–1916 (London: Allen & Unwin, 1931),

p. 256. 18. Arthur Ponsonby, Falsehood in War-Time: Containing an Assortment of Lies

Circulated throughout the Nations during the Great War (London: Allen &Unwin, 1928), p. 63.

19. BA-MA, RM 5/3692, Fischer, Stockholm, to Admiralstab, 17 September1914. Forwarding a letter from Lody, dated 4 September.

20. PRO, WO 71/1236, proceedings of court martial of Lody, p. 175. 21. BA-MA, RM 5/3691, memorandum by Prieger, 5 September 1914. 22. NARA, T 77, 1439, Gempp-monographs, p. 15, IIIb, gouvernement Cologne,

17 September 1914. 23. BA-MA, RM 5/3691, memorandum by Prieger, 7 September 1914.


24. BA-MA, RM 5/3691, Oberndorff, Christiania, to Admiralstab, 9 September 1914. 25. BA-MA, RM 5/3692, BE (name illegible) to Admiralstab, 17 September 1914. 26. NARA, T 77, 1439, Gempp-monographs, p. 16, IIIb, Lüttich, 21 September 1914. 27. NARA, T 77, 1440, Gempp-monographs, p. 813. 28. NARA, T 77, 1439, Gempp-monographs, pp. 404f., memorandum on

reorganization of intelligence services, May 1915. 29. BA-MA, PH 3/602, intelligence officer of Army Supreme Command (AOK)

5 to IIIb West, 14 May 1916; BA-MA, RM 5/3696, memorandum by Prieger,9 May 1915. Andreas Politopoulos, a Greek citizen and Hamburg merchant,was recruited in spite of his excessive pecuniary demands because Priegerjudged him to be of outstanding value.

30. PRO, KV 1/42, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1915, pp. 134ff.;KV 1/43, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1916, pp. 30ff.; BA-MA,RM 5/3696, memorandum by Prieger, 2 June 1915.

31. PA-AA, R 8411, Michahelles to AA, 10 June 1917. According to Michahelles,Filchner had left Norway in November 1916.

32. PRO, KV 1/44, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1917, pp. 96ff,French report on German centres of espionage 1916–1917.

33. BA-MA, RM 5/3697, passim.34. BA-MA, RM 5/3693, Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl, Wilhelms-Reede, to

Admiralstab, 29 November 1914. 35. NARA, T 77, 1440, Gempp-monographs, pp. 601–3, memorandum by

Dr Schragmüller, 1915. 36. For statistical data, see appendices 2 and 3. 37. BA-MA, RM 5/3639, Isendahl to Naval Captain Karl Boy-Ed, Washington,

DC, 16 December 1914. 38. Quoted from Doerries, Imperial Challenge, p. 157. 39. PA-AA, Der Weltkrieg no. IIk secr., ii, postcard by Bryan A. Kelly, Ruhleben

prisoner camp, Baracke No. 6, to (illegible), 28 November 1914. The cardmay be addressed to Sir Roger Casement who was in personal contact withKelly later on.

40. Ibid., iii, Chief of General Staff to AA, 23 December 1914. 41. Ibid., iv, Rasmussen to AA, 19 January 1915. It is unclear which service

employed Kelly at this point. 42. BA-MA, PH 2/51, memorandum by War Ministry, Berlin, 3 October 1918,

‘Establishment of a “Female Intelligence Corps” ’. 43. On women and espionage in World War I, see Tammy Proctor, Female

Intelligence: Women and Espionage in the First World War (New York, London:New York University Press, 2003), especially pp. 42–51 on female spies inEngland.

44. According to Kell, the German secret service had tried to enlist Ottomannaval officers attached to the Royal Navy, see PRO, KV 1/9, eleventhprogress report by Kell, 30 April 1914, p. 80.

45. About 500,000 Jewish citizens lived in Germany in 1914, and over 10,000Jewish men volunteered for military service in the first weeks of the war: SeeRoger Chickering, Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918 (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 129f.

46. Felstead, German Spies at Bay, p. 20. In addition, one German agent committedsuicide while on death row.


47. HStA, HAPAG, 621–1, 416, Bünz, Meyer, HAL, New York, to HAL board ofdirectors, Hamburg, 27 November 1914.

48. The New York Times, 31 October, 11 November 1914. 49. PRO, WO 71/1236, proceedings of court martial of Lody, p. 152. 50. The New York Times, 14 November 1914. 51. PRO, WO 71/1236, proceedings of court martial of Lody, p. 219. 52. BA-MA, RM 5/3712, Admiralstab, Berlin, 27 July 1914, No. 11, Lody, naval

command, Hamburg III. 53. BA-MA, RM 5/3711, agreement between Admiralstab and Lody, 25 May 1914. 54. BA-MA, RM 5/3691, memorandum by ‘N’, 7 August 1914. 55. Ibid., Lody, Bergen, to Stammer, 22 August 1914. 56. Ibid., memorandum by Prieger, 14 August 1914. 57. PRO, WO 71/1236, proceedings of court martial of Lody, p. 166. 58. BA-MA, RM 5/3691, telegram from ‘Inglis’, Edinburgh, 31 August 1914. 59. Ibid., Lody to Prieger, 2 August 1914. 60. BA-MA, RM 5/3692, report by Lody to ‘N’, received 15 September 1914. 61. PRO, WO 71/1236, folder 14–2, Lody, Dublin, to Stammer, Berlin, via Burchard,

Stockholm, 1 October 1914. 62. BA-MA, RM 5/3692, memorandum by Prieger, 23 September 1914. 63. PRO, WO 71/1236, court martial of Carl Lody, folder 14–2, Lody, Edinburgh,

to Stammer, Berlin, via Burchard, Stockholm, 26 September 1914. 64. PRO, WO 71/1236, statement by District Inspector Cheesman, not dated

(the police arrested Lody on 2 October). 65. Originally, ‘Nazi’ was the Bavarian short form for the Christian name ‘Ignatz’,

see Franz Ringseis, Neues Bayerisches Wörterbuch: Wortschatz – Worterklärung –Wortschreibung (Munich: Ludwig, 1997), p. 159: ‘Nazi – short form for“Ignatz”, unfortunately superseded by abbreviation for National Socialist.’

66. PRO, KV 1/42, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1914, war period,pp. 30ff.

67. As a matter of fact, Nairne had written several letters to the German navalattaché early in 1914, asking him for a ‘pretty German uniform’ and anappointment as German vice consul in Newhaven. In return, Nairne offeredto compel the British government to ‘bow to the Kaiser’s wishes’. NavalAttaché von Müller dismissed this ‘proposition’, but Nairne’s nameappeared several times in the local press, see BA-MA, RM 5/3684, NavalAttaché von Müller, London, to Admiralstab, 22 April 1914.

68. PRO, WO 71/1236, proceedings of court martial of Lody, pp. 121–4, 144f. 69. The Times, 1 November 1914. 70. The Times, 31 October 1914. 71. PRO, WO 71/1236, proceedings of court martial of Lody, p. 164. 72. Ibid., pp. 155–60. 73. Ibid., p. 194. 74. Ibid., p. 164. 75. Ibid., p. 156. 76. Ibid., p. 194. 77. BA-MA, RM 5/3693, Hanna John, née Lody, Berlin, to Isendahl, 16 November

1914. Hanna John urged Isendahl to permit publication of the letter, whichwas granted. The letter was subsequently published both in the Germanand the British press.


78. The New York Times, 25 November 1914. 79. Baron Robert Baden-Powell, My Adventures as a Spy (London: C.A. Pearson,

1915), p. 45. 80. Quoted in Knightley, The Second Oldest Profession, p. 41. 81. Aston, Secret Service, p. 84. 82. Bulloch, M.I.5, p. 99. 83. For the concept of honour in Europe at the outbreak of war, see Edward

Berenson, The Trial of Madame Caillaux (Berkeley: University of CaliforniaPress, 1992), pp. 200–7.

84. The New York Times, 25 November 1914. 85. The New York Times, 16 April 1915. 86. Hiley, ‘Counter-Espionage’, pp. 638f. 87. PRO, WO 71/1236, folder 14–2, memorandum by MO5(g), 3 October 1914. 88. F.R., ‘Vom Leben und Sterben deutscher und feindlicher Agenten’, in Paul

von Lettow-Vorbeck (ed.), Die Weltkriegsspionage: Original-Spionage-Werk(Basle: Moro, 1931), p. 339.

89. BA-MA, RM 5/3693, Chief of Admiralstab to Naval Cabinet, 18 November 1914. 90. Ibid., Admiral von Müller to Chief of Admiralstab, 12 December 1914. 91. See, for instance, Hans Fuchs, Lody: Ein Weg um Ehre (Hamburg: Hanseatische

Verlagsanstalt, 1936). 92. PRO, HO 144/1437/298806, Davies, Pentonville Prison Commissioner,

20 October 1915. Report on conversation with Georg Traugott Breeckow. 93. BA-MA, RM 5/3693, Chief of Admiralstab to Naval Cabinet, 18 November

1914. A considerable number of German reserve officers lived abroad,many in the United States.

94. For a critical appraisal of ‘the spirit of 1914’ see Chickering, ImperialGermany and the Great War, pp. 13–17.

95. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf translated by Ralph Mannheim (Boston: HoughtonMifflin, 1943), p. 161.

96. Thomas Rohkrämer, ‘August 1914 – Kriegsmentalität und ihre Vorausset-zungen’, in Wolfgang Michalka (ed.), Der Erste Weltkrieg: Wirkung,Wahrnehmung, Analyse (Munich: Piper, 1994), pp. 759–77.

97. Jeffrey Verhey, The Spirit of 1914: Militarism, Myth and Mobilization inGermany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 97.

98. PRO, WO 71/1236, proceedings of court martial of Lody, pp. 154, 160, 166. 99. BA-MA, RM 5/3693, Hanna John, née Lody, Charlottenburg, West End, to

Isendahl, 16 November 1914. 100. BA-MA, RM 5/3712, Lody, Hotel Adlon, to Prieger, 9 May 1914. 101. Verhey, The Spirit of 1914, p. 99. 102. PRO, WO 141/1/7, courts martial of Haicke Marinus Petrius Jannsen and

Willem Johannes Roos, file 2, 17 July 1914, p. 57. Roos was found guiltyand executed by firing squad.

103. Hiley, ‘Counter-Espionage’, p. 639. 104. This calculation is based on Appendix 3. 105. Nicolai, Nachrichtendienst, p. 40. 106. See graph in Appendix 2. 107. PRO, KV 1/44, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1917, pp. 91ff.

Historians have generally accepted this claim, see Felstead, German Spies atBay, pp. 80f.; Bulloch, M.I.5, p. 121; Andrew, Her Majesty’s Secret Service, p. 188.


108. Hiley, ‘Counter-Espionage’, p. 639. 109. PRO, KV 1/61, MI5 black list, Vol. xiv, 8 October 1918. This is the only

preserved volume of MI5’s black list. 110. Hiley, ‘Counter-Espionage’, p. 640; PRO (ed.), M.I.5, pp. 18f. 111. PRO, KV 1/42, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1915, pp. 59ff.

The address was 1 Zwaanensteeg, Rotterdam. 112. PA-AA, Konsulat Rotterdam, Bündel 80, IIIm, report by anonymous author,

Rotterdam, 14 June 1915. 113. PRO, WO 141/1/3, memorandum by Major Drake, 26 February 1915. 114. PRO, KV 1/42, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1915, pp. 59ff. 115. PRO, WO 141/2/2, third day of trial of Hahn and Müller, 4 June 1915, p. 56. 116. PA-AA, Konsulat Rotterdam, Bündel 81, IIIm, iii, Gneist, Rotterdam, to

Admiralstab, 29 July 1915. 117. Willem Johannes Roos, Georg Traugott Breeckow, Fernando Buschmann,

Paul Hensel alias Irving Guy Ries, Haicke Marinus Petrius Jannsen,Augusto Alfredo Roggen were executed.

118. PA-AA, Konsulat Rotterdam, Bündel 80, IIIm, ii, Schnitzer to Gneist, 5June 1915: ‘An wirklich guten Deckadressen haben wir, trotz der verhältnis-mäßig vielen, die wir haben, noch stets Mangel.’

119. Ibid., deciphering by Wesel, 16 April 1915; ibid., Freyer, Wesel, to Gneist,Rotterdam, 21 May 1915.

120. PRO, DEFE 1/139, report by MI5, 1919 [?]; ibid., KV 1/44, MI5 historicalreports, ‘G’ branch report for 1917, pp. 96ff., ‘French report on GermanCentres of Espionage in 1916/1917’: ‘The great danger in transmittingnews was reduced to a minimum by German chemical science.’

121. PRO, KV 1/45, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1915–1918,‘German Clubs etc.’, passim.

122. PRO, HO 45/10881/338498, file 2, Kell to Troup, HO, 30 April 1917. 123. Ibid., Troup to Kell, 11 May 1917. 124. Ibid., memorandum by J.F. Moylan, Aliens Division of HO, 10 November

1917. 125. For instance, Henry de Halsalle (ed.), A Secret Service Woman: Being Confes-

sions, Experiences and Opinions of Olga von Kopf, the Famous International Spy(London: T. Werner Laurie, 1917); Fritz Segelken, Hans Ludwig, der Spion:Seine Erlebnisse als Spion in England (Leipzig: Vogel & Vogel, 1917); ErnstCarl, One against England: The Death of Lord Kitchener and the Plot againstthe British Fleet (London: Jarrolds, 1935). Note the similarity of the name,certainly a pseudonym, with that of the real Carl Ernst, the alleged leader ofthe ‘Ernst ring’. For two celebrated spy cases of the First World War see JuliaKeay, The Spy Who Never Was: The Life and Loves of Mata Hari (London:Michael Joseph, 1987) and Bernard Wasserstein, The Secret Lives of TrebitschLincoln (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), especially pp. 97–105.

126. Jules Crawford Silber, Die anderen Waffen (Breslau: Korn, 1932). Translatedas The Invisible Weapons (London: Hutchinson, 1932).

127. Ronald Seth, The Spy Who wasn’t Caught: The Story of Julius Silber (London:Hale, 1966), p. 7.

128. Bulloch, M.I.5, p. 132. 129. Richard Deacon, The Silent War: A History of Western Naval Intelligence

(Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1978), p. 118.


130. Silber, The Invisible Weapons, p. 9. 131. David Welch, Germany, Propaganda and Total War, 1914–1918: The Sins of

Omission (London: Athlone, 2000), p. 1. 132. Horace C. Peterson, Propaganda for War: The Campaign against American

Neutrality, 1914–1917 (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1939),p. 330: ‘she [the USA] also could have remained at peace. The reason shedid not act in the same way was because of the tremendously successfulBritish propaganda campaign.’ Even though this may be an exaggeration,Peterson highlights an important fact – that British propaganda was farmore efficient than its German counterpart.

133. Barbara Tuchmann, The Zimmermann Telegram, 5th edition (New York:Ballantine, 1985), pp. 10f.

134. James Morgan Read, Atrocity Propaganda, 1914–1919 (New Haven: YaleUniversity Press, 1941), pp. 22ff.

135. Thompson, Northcliffe, p. 231. 136. See John Horne and Alan Kramer, German Atrocities: A History of Denial

(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001). 137. Quoted from Ponsonby, Falsehood in War-Time, p. 90. Wilson’s story is

taken from The New York Times and the Crusader of 24 February 1922. 138. Ferguson, The Pity of War, p. 232. 139. HMSO (ed.), Evidence and Documents laid before the Committee on Alleged

German Atrocities: Being an Appendix to the Report of the Committee Appointedby His Britannic Majesty’s Government and Presided over by The Right Hon.Viscount Bryce, O.M. (London: HMSO, no date [1915]), p. 97, report bya ‘Belgian Soldier’.

140. Michael L. Sanders and Philip M. Taylor, British Propaganda during the FirstWorld War, 1914–1918 (London: Macmillan, 1982), pp. 173, 188.

141. Alice Goldfarb Marquis, ‘Words as Weapons: Propaganda in Britain andGermany during the First World War’, Journal of Contemporary History, 13,3 (1978), p. 492.

142. Holger H. Herwig, The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary1914–1918 (London: Arnold, 1997), p. 158.

143. I am grateful to Evangelia Achladi, St Antony’s College, for sharing thisinformation with me.

144. Welch, Germany, Propaganda and Total War, p. 24. 145. Read, Atrocity Propaganda, pp. 210–15. 146. PRO, WO 141/3/1, proceedings of trial of Louise Emily Wertheim and

Reginald Rowland [that is, Georg Traugott Breeckow], 14–20 September1915.

147. PRO, WO 141/3/1, Major (illegible) to WO, 22 July 1915. 148. Ibid., fourth day of trial, p. 207, statement by Breeckow. 149. Ibid., fourth day of trial, p. 209; folder 22A, Francis Lloyd to WO, 26

September 1915. 150. Ibid., fourth day of trial, p. 208. As a mitigating circumstance, Justice Sir

Reginald More Bray maintained that Breeckow had talked Wertheim intospying. In fact, she had volunteered to work for ‘N’ in December 1914, andhad even declined a salary: BA-MA, RM 5/3694, memorandum by Prieger,29 December 1914.

151. The Times, 25 October 1915.


152. The New York Times, 22 October 1915. See also the case of Gustav KennethTriest below.

153. PRO, KV 1/43, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1916, pp.86ff. 154. Gary S. Messinger, British Propaganda and the State in the First World War

(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992), p. 19. 155. Read, Atrocity Propaganda, p. 215. 156. PRO, KV 1/42, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1915, pp. 58ff. 157. BA-MA, RM 5/3696, memorandum by Prieger, 23 April 1915. 158. PRO, KV 1/42, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1915, pp. 59ff. 159. PRO, ADM 178/99, statement by Octave Blake, 29 September 1915. 160. Ibid., circumstantial letter to Secretary of the Admiralty, 7 September 1915. 161. Ibid., Burminstion, fleet surgeon, 28 July 1915: ‘I consider the man is defi-

cient in certain respects, but he can hardly be called a lunatic.’ 162. PRO, KV 1/42, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1915, pp. 129ff. 163. PRO, ADM 178/99, Wolfgang Triest to Kenneth Triest, 11 June 1915. 164. Ibid., Page to Grey, 30 June 1915. 165. The New York Times, 8 October 1915. 166. PRO, ADM 178/99, Theodore Roosevelt to British Ambassador Cecil

Spring-Rice, 5 October 1915. 167. Ibid., Spring-Rice to Nicolson, 6 October 1915. 168. Ibid., Spring-Rice to Nicolson, 7 October 1915. 169. Ibid., Spring-Rice to FO, 31 October 1915. 170. Ibid., Captain Guy Gaunt to Director of Naval Intelligence, 19 October 1915. 171. The New York Times, 8 October 1915, ‘American Boy Faces Death as Teuton

Spy’. 172. Ibid., 29 November 1915. 173. The New York Times, 29 November 1915; The Times, 30 November 1915. 174. PRO, ADM 178/99, Spring-Rice to Grey, 3 December 1915. 175. PRO, KV 1/43, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1916, pp. 127ff. 176. PRO, KV 1/44, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1917, pp. 48ff. 177. PRO, WO 32/4898, memorandum by Thwaites, 23 December 1920. 178. PRO, WO 141/3/5, B. Vogt to Balfour, 21 September 1917. 179. Ibid., memorandum by Macdonogh, 14 September 1917. 180. PRO, KV 1/44, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1917, pp. 55ff. 181. PRO, WO 141/3/6, memorandum by Director of Military Intelligence,

22 April 1920. 182. PRO, KV 1/42, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1915, pp. 59ff. 183. Just a few days after the outbreak of war, two German bakers’ shops were

looted in London: The Times, 12 August 1914, ‘Germans in London. Outbreaksof Violence’.

184. PRO, KV 1/42, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1915, pp. 99ff. 185. PRO, WO 141/1/5, statement by Robert Rosenthal, Scotland Yard Prison,

May 1915. 186. Knightley, The Second Oldest Profession, p. 41. 187. Felstead, German Spies at Bay, p. 20. 188. Read, Atrocity Propaganda, p. 215; The Times, 23 February 1916, on the

execution of Marie José dei Basi; The Times, 7 May 1918, on execution ofVictorine Francher.

189. Nicolai, Nachrichtendienst, p. 39.


190. Read, Atrocity Propaganda, p. 214. 191. Messinger, British Propaganda, pp. 18f. 192. Nicolai, Nachrichtendienst, p. 13.

6 Covert action

1. Le Queux, Spies of the Kaiser, p. 198. 2. PRO, ADM 1/8264, Edward Troup to Admiralty, 23 October 1911. 3. Ibid., Colonel Andrew Pearson to Kell, 27 November 1911. 4. Ibid., Troup to Admiralty, 2 August 1912. 5. Quoted from Porter, The Origins of the Vigilant State, p. 169. 6. Francis L. Carsten, War against War: British and German Radical Movements

in the First World War (London: Batsford Academic and EducationalPublishing, 1982), pp. 25f.

7. De Groot, Blighty, p. 143. 8. Andrew, Her Majesty’s Secret Service, p. 199. 9. Walter Kendall, The Revolutionary Movement in Britain 1900–21 (London:

Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1969), p. 99; Martin Swartz, The Union of DemocraticControl in British Politics during the First World War (Oxford: ClarendonPress, 1971), p. 117.

10. Hiley, ‘Counter-Espionage’, p. 650; Kendall, The Revolutionary Movement,p. 99.

11. PRO, HO 45/10782/278537/18c, memorandum by J. McBrien and P. Quinnon ‘Anti-War Propaganda’, 20 July 1915.

12. PRO, KV 1/43, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1915,pp. 30ff.

13. BA-MA, RM 5/3692, memorandum by Prieger, 2 October 1914, ‘expeditionof Frigate Captain Dunbar to England’.

14. Marwick, The Deluge, p. 243. 15. Carsten, War against War, p. 167. 16. Ferguson, The Pity of War, p. 275. 17. PRO, KV 1/44, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1917, pp. 91ff. 18. PRO, CAB 24/4, G-157, memorandum on pacifist propaganda, by Sir

Edward Carson, 3 October 1917. 19. Thomas Boghardt, ‘A German Spy? New Evidence on Baron Louis von

Horst’, The Journal of Intelligence History, 1, 2 (December 2001), pp. 101–27. 20. PA-AA, Der Weltkrieg IIk, vii, Behncke to AA, 17 March 1915. 21. PA-AA, Rechtswesen 6, sabotage claims, K 492972ff., Sthamer, London, to

AA, 17 July 1924. Although some doubt must be cast on the authenticityof this document, it being published by a British insurance company in anattempt to avoid payment for a ship lost during the war, this sort of covertaction was indeed carried out from 1914.

22. Martin Kitchen, ‘The German Invasion of Canada in the First World War’,International History Review, 7, 2 (Canada, 1985), pp. 245–60.

23. For Sektion P (‘P’ stands for politics) see Koopmann, Diplomatie undReichsinteresse, p. 82. Rudolf Nadolny’s memoirs, Mein Beitrag (Wiesbaden:Limes, 1955), contain little information on his activities as director ofSektion P. For ‘NIV’ see also Chapter 1.


24. PA-AA, Rechtswesen 6, sabotage claims, K 497184, August Lassen to Reichardt,14 July 1930.

25. The director of the ‘S-service’ in Scandinavia was August Lassen, the brotherof Alfred Lassen, see PA-AA, Rechtswesen 6, sabotage claims, K 497170,Reichardt to August Lassen, 13 July 1930. August Lassen was later succeededby Bruno Fischer. Sabotage against Britain from the United States wasdirected by naval agent Kurt Jahnke, see PA-AA, Rechtswesen 6, sabotageclaims, K 493432ff., Jahnke to Ministry of Defence, 29 January 1925.

26. Koopmann, Diplomatie und Reichsinteresse, pp. 170–82. 27. The New York Times, 27 June 1916. Both Papen and the AA considered

‘Horst von der Goltz’ a pseudonym: PA-AA, Rechtswesen 6, sabotage claims, K493277f., memorandum by Solmann of the AA, 2 May 1925; ibid., K 493297,A. Wandel, Prussian War Ministry, to AA, 25 July 1916.

28. Captain Guy Gaunt, The Yield of the Years: A Story of Adventure Afloat andAshore by Admiral Sir Guy Gaunt, Naval Attaché and Chief of the British Intelli-gence Service in the United States, 1914–1918 (London: Hutchinson, 1940),pp. 138f.

29. PRO, HO 144/21710/270992, file 5, Emerson, British Consul at Chihuahua,to FO, 27 November 1914.

30. Franz von Papen, Der Wahrheit eine Gasse (Munich: List, 1952), pp. 57ff.;Horst von der Goltz, My Adventures as a German Secret Service Agent (London:Cassell, 1918), p. 149. Each claimed that the proposal to blow up the WellandCanal originated with the other man.

31. Doerries, Imperial Challenge, p. 179. 32. The New York Times, 9 May 1916. 33. Ibid.34. Von der Goltz, My Adventures, p. 180. 35. The New York Times, 25 October 1917; Doerries, Imperial Challenge, p. 337,

footnote 242; Bulloch, M.I.5, p. 140; Gaunt, The Yield of the Years, pp. 138f. 36. PRO, HO 144/21710/270992, file 1, cover sheet, note on ‘Horst von der Goltz’. 37. The New York Times, 22 November 1914. 38. PRO, HO 144/21710/270992, file 1, cover sheet, note on ‘Horst von der Goltz’. 39. Ibid., file 3, memorandum by police court, 26 November 1914. 40. Ibid., file 7, Hall to Moylan, HO, 5 April 1915. 41. Ibid., file 14, selection from papers in possession of Papen, 2–3 January 1916. 42. Ibid., Basil Thomson to Under Secretary of HO, 14 March 1916. 43. Thomson, Queer People, p. 121. It is unlikely that such a mission would have

been put in writing on the cheque, just as Papen’s negotiations with vonder Goltz in New York in 1914 were purely oral.

44. PRO, HO 144/21710/270992, file 14, Thomson to Under Secretary of HO,14 March 1916.

45. Ibid., confidential memorandum by HO, 6 March 1917. 46. Harold Brust, ’I Guarded Kings’: Memoirs of a Political Police Officer (London:

Stanley Paul, 1935), p. 131. 47. The New York Times, 1, 18, 19 April 1916. According to The New York Times,

Igel ‘fought like a tiger’ when taken into custody. 48. The New York Times, 7, 18 April 1916. 49. PA-AA, Rechtswesen 6, sabotage claims, K 493425, statement by Naval

Captain Paul Reichardt, Klotzsche at Dresden, 25 January 1925.


50. PA-AA, Der Weltkrieg IIk secr., Nadolny, Sektion IIIb, Pol., to AA, 2 March1915, including a report by Boehm from New York.

51. PA-AA, R 2342, Ratibor, embassy Madrid, to AA, 4 February 1916. Hence,Kelly now worked for both ‘N’ and IIIb.

52. Ibid., Isendahl to AA, 5 February 1916. It is unclear why not. 53. Ibid., R 2343, military attaché Madrid to Sektion P, 31 March 1916. 54. Ibid., Nadolny to AA, 5 April 1916. 55. Ibid., military attaché Madrid to Sektion P, 14 April 1916. 56. Ibid., Nadolny to military attaché Madrid, 15 April 1916. 57. BA-MA, RM 5/3694, memorandum by Prieger, 23 December 1914. 58. PRO, HO 45/10779/277334, E. Blackwell, HO, to Chief Constables,

22 August 1917. 59. Doerries, Imperial Challenge, p. 182. 60. Under the direction of the agents Steinwachs and Wuppermann, see Erhard

Geißler, Biologische Waffen – nicht in Hitlers Arsenalen: Biologische undToxin-Kampfmittel in Deutschland von 1915–1945 (Münster: Lit Verlag,1998), p. 95.

61. Aston, Secret Service, pp. 157f. Aston holds Papen and Paul König responsiblefor these acts.

62. PRO, HO 45/10779/277334, memorandum by Board of Trade, 4 August1915; PRO, MT 25/2, memorandum by Sir E. Howard, 26 June 1917.

63. PRO, HO 45/10779/277334, memorandum by Donovan, police departmentof Wellington, to inspector-general of police, Suva, 21 March 1918; ibid.,Admiralty to HO, 18 June 1915.

64. Nadolny, Mein Beitrag, p. 41. 65. Thomson, Queer People, p. 196. Thomson’s insinuations that the explosions

originated with German intelligence cannot be corroborated. 66. PRO, HO 45/10722/249623/111, file 113a, ‘Report of the Committee

appointed by the Right Honourable Secretary of State to the Home Depart-ment to inquire into the circumstances attending a series of explosions andfires which occurred on the night of July 30th–31st, 1915, of the factory ofMessrs. Nobel’s explosives Company, limited, at Ardeer, in the county ofAyrshire. 1915’; PRO, KV 1/42, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for1915, pp. 101ff.

67. PA-AA, Rechtswesen 6, sabotage claims, K 497182, minutes of conversationbetween Limmer and August Lassen, 23 June 1930.

68. PA-AA, R 8411, Michahelles to AA, 16 June 1917. 69. Otto Cornehlsen, Als deutscher Spion im Weltkrieg (Berlin: Nord-Verlag,

1929), pp. 73–8. Cornehlsen’s name is not mentioned in the Germanarchives, but his matter-of-fact account tallies with a number of incidents.

70. Olav Riste, The Neutral Ally: Norway’s Relations with Belligerent Powers in theFirst World War (London: Allen & Unwin, 1965), p. 184.

71. PA-AA, R 8411, translation of report by Norwegian police officer Larssen,15 June 1917.

72. Ibid., Michahelles to AA, 18 September 1917. 73. Ibid., Isendahl to AA, 19 June 1917. 74. Ibid., report by police officer Larssen, 15 June 1917. 75. Ibid., index of content of bags found in the house of Hjalmar Wirtanen on

16 and 18 June 1917; ibid., Paul von Hintze to AA, 6 July 1917.


76. Ibid., AA to Michahelles, 25 June 1917. Cornehlsen barely escaped arrestand returned to Germany, see Cornehlsen, Als Deutscher Spion, p. 77

77. PA-AA, R 8412, Hintze, Christiania, to AA, 16 August 1917; ibid., Hintze toAA, 31 August 1917; ibid., Hintze to AA, 27 October 1917; Admiralstab toAA, 31 October 1917.

78. PRO, KV 1/44, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1917, pp. 55ff. 79. PA-AA, R 8412, Hintze, Christiania, to AA, 31 August 1917. 80. Ibid., Hintze, Christiania, to AA, 27 October 1917; ibid., Admiralstab to AA,

31 October 1917. 81. The New York Times, 26 November 1917. The sailors’ names were Orth and

Stachel. 82. Ibid., 23 December 1917. 83. See Mark Wheelis, ‘Biological Sabotage in World War I’, in Erhard Geißler

and J.E. Courtland Moon (eds), Biological and Toxin Weapons Research,Development and Use from the Middle Ages to 1945: A Critical ComparativeAnalysis (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 35–62.

84. Geißler, Biologische Waffen, p. 98. 85. Quoted from Patrick Beesly, Room 40: British Naval Intelligence, 1914–1918

(London: Hamish Hamilton, 1982), p. 201. Portugal had joined the Alliesin 1916, Spain remained neutral until the end of the war. ProfessorKleine was a refugee from the German colony of Cameroon. When Alliedforces invaded the colony, Kleine fled and received asylum in the Spanishcolony of Muni. He spent the rest of the war as an internee in mainlandSpain.

86. Wheelis, ‘Biological Sabotage’, p. 38. 87. Geißler, Biologische Waffen, pp. 40ff. 88. PRO, HO 45/10839/333624, memorandum by ‘A’, 28 April 1918. 89. Wheelis, ‘Biological Sabotage’, p. 38. Wheelis argues that later legal rulings

confirmed the General Staff’s interpretation of contemporary law, asdefined in The Hague Convention.

90. John Singleton, ‘Britain’s Military Use of Horses, 1914–1918’, Past andPresent, 139 (May 1993), pp. 178, 194f.

91. Ibid., pp. 178, 186f. 92. Beesly, Room 40, pp. 200ff. 93. Benjamin C. Garrett, ‘Tony’s Lab: Clandestine German Biological Warfare

in the USA’, The ASA Newsletter, 37 (1993), pp. 1, 10–11. Dilger’s addresswas 5503 33rd St. NW, according to the 1916 edition of the Washington,DC city directory.

94. PRO, HO 45/10839/333624, memorandum by New Scotland Yard, 30 March1917.

95. Wheelis, ‘Biological Sabotage’, p. 46. 96. PRO, HO 45/10839/333624, Sargeaunt, Isle of Man Governor’s Office, to

HO, 12 April 1917. 97. Ibid., memorandum by HO, 5 April 1917. 98. Ibid., Lieutenant-Colonel Wade, Copenhagen, to Foreign Office, 28 August

1917. 99. Beesly, Room 40, pp. 200ff.

100. PRO, HO 45/10839/333624, cutting from Empire News, January 1918. Seealso The Daily Telegraph, 5 April 1917.


7 The decline of German naval intelligence, 1917–1919

1. Arthur Link, Wilson: Campaigns for Progressivism and Peace, 1916–1917(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965), pp. 390–431.

2. For a concise overview see Ross Gregory, The Origins of American Interventionin the First World War (New York: Norton, 1971). See also Thomas Boghardt,‘The Zimmermann Telegram: Diplomacy, Intelligence and the AmericanEntry into World War I’, Working Papers of the BMW Center for German andEuropean Studies at Georgetown University, 1, 4 (November 2003).

3. Doerries, Imperial Challenge, p. 190. 4. BA-MA, RM 5/3684, Isendahl to Boy-Ed, 30 April 1914. 5. BA-MA, RM 5/773, Admiralstab, ‘Nachweisung der beim Bezirkskommando

Hamburg kontrollierten und in das Ausland beurlaubten Offiziere der Reserveund der Landwehr’, Hamburg, 12 November 1901, No. 21: Wünnenberg,Lieutenant of Reserve.

6. Press baron William Randolph Hearst was frequently accused of supportingthe Germans, see Ian Mugridge, The View from Xanadu: William RandolphHearst and United States Foreign Policy (Montreal: McGill-Queens UniversityPress, 1995), p. 114.

7. PA-AA, Politische Abteilung 6, Sabotage Claims, K 495297, memorandumregarding witness Albert Sander’s statement of 24 July 1928.

8. PRO, KV 1/43, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1916, pp. 82ff. 9. BA-MA, RM 5/3756, subdivision (Zweigstelle) Antwerp of the Admiralstab to

‘N’, naval corps Bruges, Wesel, department P of Admiralstab, and KNStAntwerp, 1 December 1916.

10. The New York Times, 20 February, 1917. 11. PRO, WO 141/3/4, memorandum by Kell, 27 February 1917; ibid., KV 2/4,

printed forms on Bacon, Rutherford and Hastings; ibid., KV 2/5, MMC,secret, 31 December 1916–1 January 1917; ibid., KV 1/43, MI5 historicalreports, ‘G’ branch report for 1916, pp. 82ff., George Vaux Bacon.

12. The New York Times, 3, 22, 27 March 1917, 14 July 1918. 13. James Gerard, My Four Years in Germany (New York: George H. Doran,

1917), p. 315. 14. PRO, KV 1/43, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1916, pp. 82ff. 15. BA-MA, RM 5/3758, subdivision Antwerp to ‘N’, P, Haeften, 11 January

1918. This is the last time the records refer to the use of ‘newspaper spies’,here an agent codenamed A87.

16. BA-MA, RM 5/773, report by Meldesammelstelle Nord, Wesel, 24 October 1917. 17. Ibid., Chief of Admiralstab to submarine commanders and the Imperial

Command of the High Seas Fleet, 3 September 1918. 18. NARA, T 77, 1440, Gempp-monographs, p. 676. W29 regularly reported from

London between 23 October 1916 and 20 October 1918, see BA-MA, RM 5/3756, Wesel to Admiralstab, 23 October 1916, and ibid., Freyer to Admiralstab,20 October 1918. The letter ‘W’ indicates the agent’s affiliation with Wesel.

19. PA-AA, Politische Abteilung 6, Sabotage Claims, K 497224ff., statement byNaval Captain Lassen to Amtsgericht Berlin-Mitte, July 1929.

20. Hubatsch, Der Admiralstab, pp. 181f., 255; Heinz Höhne, Canaris translatedfrom the German by J. Maxwell Brownjohn (London: Secker & Warburg, 1979),p. 139.


21. PRO, KV 1/44, MI5 historical report, ‘G’ branch report for 1917, pp. 82ff. 22. PRO, WO 32/4898, memorandum by Director of Military Intelligence

Thwaites on Louise Mathilde Smith, née Zastrow, 23 December 1920. 23. Ibid., Kell to DMI, 15 October 1921; ibid., Cubitt to governor, Parkhurst Prison,

27 April 1921. Greite had filed fifteen petitions for his release, and com-plained of unfair treatment. France, Greite explained, had already released allGerman agents in November 1920: ibid., 15th petition of Franz L. Th. Greite,HM Prison, Parkhurst, to Secretary of Home Department, 12 September 1921.

24. See p. 85f25. PRO, WO 141/3/6, file on Leon Francis van der Goten, p. 21A, memorandum

by Director of Military Intelligence, 22 April 1920. 26. PRO, WO 32/4898, memorandum by Thwaites on van der Goten, 23 December

1920. 27. PRO, WO 141/3/6, Charles Tufton, Foreign Office, to Belgian Ambassador

Moncheur, 14 May 1920. Given that van der Goten had been framed by theBritish service, and never been in touch with German intelligence, his treat-ment seems rather harsh.

28. Aston, Secret Service, p. 144; Leonard Sellers, Shot in the Tower: The Story of theSpies Executed in the Tower of London during the First World War (London: LeoCooper, 1997), pp. 118–39.

Conclusion

1. For a sceptical assessment of the role of intelligence in the First World War,see John Keegan, Intelligence in War: Knowledge of the Enemy from Napoleon toAl Qaida (New York: Knopf, 2003), especially Chapter 4 and pp. 144f.

2. BA-MA, PH 3/602, intelligence officer of AOK 5 to IIIb West, 14 May 1916. 3. BA-MA, RM 5/3693, Teschemacher, Wesel, to IIIb, 17 December 1914. 4. Porter, The Origins of the Vigilant State, p. 173: ‘The Special Branch had no

one (or no one prominent) with a military background. All its personnel wereprofessional policemen, with experience of the civilian grass roots. Many ofthem came from working class stock. They were solider, dourer, and generallyless silly than the upper-class community who ran the military side.’

5. For a history of the BND see Udo Ulfkotte, Verschlußsache BND (Heyne:Munich, 1997).

6. Kell was replaced by Sir David Petrie, a veteran policeman, who introducedmethodical investigating practices and reformed the department thor-oughly, see Ladislas Farago, Burn After Reading: The Espionage History ofWorld War II (New York: Walker, 1962), p. 82; Judd, Quest, p. 95; Knightley,The Second Oldest Profession, p. 113.

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220

Index

Note: for individual secret service members see also Appendices 1 and 3.

Agadir (or second Moroccan) crisis, 13f., 19, 48, 51f., 55, 70, 90

Ahlers, Edmund, 55 Aliens’ Restriction Act (ARA), 76, 77, 83 Anti-Semitism, 2, 166 (n. 7) Argo Steamship Company, 45 Asquith, Herbert, 26, 92 Australia, 64, 65, 66, 128

Bacon, George Vaux, 136, 137, 138 Balfour, Arthur, 23 Ballin, Albert, 18, 19 Barlow, Sir John, 34 Battenberg, Prince Louis von, 23, 74 Belgium, 36, 65, 68, 81–3, 90, 110–12,

116, 117, 141 Bendemann, Felix von, 42 Beresford, Charles 28 Bernstorff, Count Johann von, 7, 62 Bethell, Alexander Edward, 31 Biological warfare, 131–4, 145 Bismarck, Otto von, 5, 21, 42 Bletchley Park, 10 Bodkin, Archibald, 66, 78, 100 Boehm, Hans, 126 Boer (or South African) War, 3, 22 Borkum affair, 40f., 49, 50,

176 (n. 118) Born, George, 136 Bournonville, Eva de, 112, 116 Boy-Ed, Karl, 52, 95, 126 Brandon, Vivian, 40f., 49, 59 Breeckow, Georg, 111, 115, 142 British intelligence community

administrative history, 175 (n. 99) Counter-Espionage Bureau, 49,

56, 58, 61, 62, 64, 66, 67, 68, 71, 72

MI5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 16, 59, 62, 70, 72, 79, 80, 85, 86, 101, 104, 105–9,

119, 120, 121, 128, 130, 137, 144–7

MI6, 8, 9, 10, 146 MO5, 28, 36, 38 MO5(g), 79, 85, 99, 102, 106, 119 Naval intelligence, 23, 31, 41, 65,

68, 99, 125 Secret Service Bureau (SSB), 4, 11,

32, 34, 35, 36–41, 73, 144 Special Branch of New Scotland Yard,

27, 36, 59, 74, 75, 92, 119, 120, 121, 126, 174f. (n. 97), 202 (n. 4)

see also entries for individual members of the British intelligence community

Brodtmann (or Brockmann), Paul, 32, 45, 177 (n.19)

Brogan, Anthony J., 126f. Burdon, Richard, see Haldane, Lord Buxton, Sydney Charles, 31

Cadmus, Henry R., 93 Campbell-Bannerman, Henry, 25 Canaris, Wilhelm, 16, 146 Casement, Sir Roger, 95, 120 Cavell, Edith, 111f., 116 Chesney, George Tomkyns, 21, 24 Childers, Erskine, 23, 36, 40 Churchill, Winston, 24, 34,

36, 37, 118, 147, 175 (n. 115)

Clarke, Stanley, 40, 70 Coerper, Carl von, 44, 46 Committee of Imperial Defence

considers establishment of a Secret Service Bureau, 33

considers extent of German espionage, 4, 30–4

considers possibility of German invasion, 23f., 25f.

Index 221

Communication censorship and mail interception,

35f., 56, 58, 68, 69, 70, 71, 99, 106f., 177 (n. 17)

codes and secret writing, 44, 91, 92, 107, 137

difficulty in time of war, 109, 144 Cornehlsen, Otto, 129 Cribben, Peter J., 136, 137 Croner (later Kronauer), Marie, 58,

59, 68, 71 Croner (later Kronauer), Wilhelm, 53, 58 Cumming, Mansfield, 4, 9, 36f., 85,

146, 176 (n. 118)

Daelen, Paul, 91, 95, 98 Dale Long, Henry, 36 Davies, Francis, 38 Defence of the Realm Act (DORA), 76,

77, 99, 115 Denmark, 43, 94, 134 Deutsche Bank, 44 Diederichs, Otto von, 14, 15, 18 Dierks, Hilmar, 84, 87, 91, 107,

189 (n. 90) Dilger, Dr Anton, 133 ‘D-notice system’, 35 Drake, Reginald John, 36, 70, 102 Drew, Edward, 36 Duff, Hugh, 55 Dunbar, Frederick, 119, 120 Dunn, James, 85, 86 Duurloo, Francis Al., 96

Ebert, Friedrich, 140 Ebert, Paul, 16, 140 Edmonds, James, 28–34, 36, 38 Engel, Johann, 69 Englishman’s Home, An (play by Guy de

Maurier), 26Entente cordiale, 22, 43, 44 Ernst, Karl Gustav, 53, 60, 65, 71,

77–80, 81, 100, 194 (n. 125) Esher, Lord, 31, 33 Eulenburg, Count Victor, 31 Ewart, John Spencer, 28, 31, 34, 36

Falkenhayn, Erich von, 52, 87, 128 Fashoda crisis, 22

Felstead, Sidney Theodore, 8, 78 Filchner, Dr Wilhelm, 94, 130 Fisher, John ‘Jackie’, 25, 26, 43, 46 Flores, Heinrich, 87 Fox, Edward Lyell, 62, 63 France, 2, 3, 6, 17, 21, 22, 25, 31, 42,

43, 51f., 72, 84f., 86, 87, 90, 93, 109, 110, 112, 117, 120, 121, 132, 133, 143

Franco–German war of 1870–1, 3, 4, 21, 54, 117, 119

Frankignoul, Brazil, 85, 87 Freyer, Walther, 83, 88

Gaunt, Guy, 113 German intelligence community

Abwehr, 16, 146 BND (Bundesnachrichtendienst), 146 ‘G’, 16 Intermediaries (Mittelsmänner), 53,

55, 56, 58, 68, 70 KNW (Kriegsnachrichtenwesen, war

intelligence system), 20, 45, 52, 80 ‘N’, 6, 8, 12, 14–19, 43–6, 52, 54,

55f., 60, 63–8, 69–71, 72, 80, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 100, 104, 109, 114, 120, 136, 139, 143–6

‘NI’, 16, 98, 126 ‘NIV’, 16, 121, 129, 139, 140,

170 (n. 22) Naval attachés and espionage, 15,

44–6, 63, 70, 144 Schiffsbefragungsdienst (marine

interrogation service), 94, 130 Sektion IIIb, 6, 7, 8, 14, 15, 16, 18,

32, 69, 83f., 120, 121, 143f. Sektion P, 120, 127, 131 Tension travellers, 52f., 80 see also entries for individual members

of the German intelligence community

Germany Admiralstab (Admiralty Staff), 6,

14–20, 32, 42–4, 52, 53, 57, 65, 66, 67, 69, 71, 80, 89, 90, 93, 98, 102, 103, 121, 129, 136, 139, 140, 143f.

Auswärtiges Amt (Foreign Office), 17, 19f., 50, 52, 66, 127, 138

222 Index

Germany – continuedImperial Navy, 6, 13f., 17, 47, 52,

66, 89, 90–2, 97, 139, 143 outbreak of the First World War, 20,

98, 102–4 Reichstag (German parliament), 2, 13 submarine warfare, 90–2, 114,

135, 139 Third Reich, 16, 63, 102, 147 Weltpolitik, 5, 6, 13, 22, 42, 52 see also German intelligence

community Gladstone, Herbert, 31 Glauer, Hedwig, 57, 59, 182 (n. 132) Gneist, Carl, 83, 84, 86, 107, 112 Goltz, Horst von der, 96, 123–6, 198

(n. 27) Goten, Leon Francis van der, 85f.,

114f., 141f., 146 Graves, Armgaard Karl, 54, 60–3, 72,

77, 99, 123, 146 Great Britain

Admiralty, 23, 26, 35, 36, 40, 41, 43, 56, 65

British Expeditionary Force (BEF), 89f., 144

conscription controversy, 25–7 German colony in, 40, 53f., 75f.,

107f., 146, 175 (n. 115) invasion and spy scare literature, 4,

21–5, 46, 145 labour movement, 2f., 59, 118–20 outbreak of the First World War, 2f.,

74–6, 118f., 166 (n. 9) Royal Navy, 1, 6, 14, 17, 23, 25, 26,

43, 44, 52, 65, 68, 89, 90, 109, 112, 143

see also British intelligence community Greene, Sir Graham, 41, 50, 65, 68 Greite, Franz Theodore, 85, 140f. Grey, Edward, 113, 114 Grosse, Heinrich, 54, 56–9, 62,

70, 71 Grund, Heinrich, 82, 138 Guell, Mario, 114 Guerrero, Adolfo, 114

Hagn, Alfred, 114, 130 Hahn, John, 96, 107, 115

Haldane, Lord, 25, 26, 29–35 Hall, Reginald, 99, 125 Hamburg-America-Line (HAL), 18, 19,

96, 97 Hardinge, Sir Charles, 31 Harmsworth, Alfred, see Northcliffe,

Lord Hastings, Charles, 136, 138 Heeringen, August von, 52, 90 Heeringen, Josias von, 50 Helm, Siegfried, 48–51, 71, 72 Henry, Sir Edward, 31, 36 Hensel, Paul, 115 Hentschel, Karl, 54, 63–7, 77, 146 Hentschel, Patricia, 66 Herz, Peter, 87 Heydebrand, Ernst von, 52 Hitler, Adolf, 103, 146, 147 Holt-Wilson, Eric, 7 Honour and espionage,

incompatibility of, 46, 101f. Horst, Baron Louis von, 120, 122

Ireland, 95f., 99, 120, 134 Ireland, Frederick, 58, 71, 78 Isendahl, Walther, 15, 19, 45, 52, 88,

95, 127, 129, 136 Isaacs, Sir Rufus, 51

Jane, Fred T., 32 Jews, 96f., 191 (n. 45) Jihad, 96, 117

Kaiser, Lieutenant-Commander, 80 Kefer, Captain, 82 Kestein Company, 84 Kell, Constance, 11, 38f. Kell, Vernon, 4, 9, 11, 36–41, 49–51,

56, 60, 61f., 64, 65, 66, 71, 73, 76, 77–80, 85, 86, 106, 107, 118, 120, 144–7

Kelly, Bryan A., 95f. Kiderlen-Wächter, Alfred von, 20,

50, 51King, Joseph, 59, 62 Klare, William, 72 Kruger (or Krüger), Otto Moritz

Walter, 53, 58f., 60, 65, 71 Küpferle, Anton, 104, 107, 112

Index 223

Landau, Henry, 85, 87 Lansing, Robert, 113 Lassen, Alfred, 16, 121 Lassen, August, 16, 88, 129, 139 Lavendal, Fritz, 130 Le Queux, William Tufnell, 1, 21, 24,

28–34, 38, 61, 75, 118, 134 Leibacher, F., 106, 107 Lincoln, Trebitsch, 96 Lody, Carl Hans, 93, 97–105, 115 Lloyd George, David, 51f. Lovat, Lord, 25 Ludendorff, Erich, 132

Macdonogh, George, 36 Mahan, Alfred T., 13 Mata Hari, see Zelle, Margarete Gertrud McKenna, Reginald, 31 Meisner, Arthur Denis, 137 Melville, William, 27f., 40, 48, 64, 65,

130, 173 (n. 47) Metternich, Count Paul Wolff von, 27 Mexico, 67, 123, 125 Meyer, Albert, 115 Michahelles, Hans, 129f. Moroccan crisis (first), 24, 43 Mulder, J.A., 127 Müller, Carl Friedrich, 96, 107, 115 Müller, Erich von, 45 Murray, Archibald James, 31, 34 Muslims, 96

Nadolny, Rudolf, 121, 127, 128, 131

Nairne, Charles Stuart, 99, 192 (n. 67) Napoleon III, 3, 21 Netherlands, 81, 83–8, 94, 136–8 Neumann, Gustav, 55f. Nicolai, Walter, 16, 82, 106, 116 Northcliffe, Lord, 24, 28 Norway, 94, 98, 114, 129–31, 134

Official Secrets Act (OSA), 33, 35, 59, 79, 83

Ostertag, Ronald, 32, 83f.

Page, Walter Hines, 113 Papen, Franz von, 123, 125, 126 Parrott, George, 63–7

Patrocinio, José de, 86 Phillips, Violet, 58 Prieger, Fritz, 16, 98, 99, 100,

101, 126 Propaganda, 108–16, 144

Quinn, Patrick, 75

Rautenfels, Baron Friedrich Walter von, 129

Reichardt, Paul, 16 Repington, Charles, 25, 26, 27 Riley, Patricia, 64 Roberts, Lord Frederick, 24, 25,

26f., 28 Roodhardt, J.C., 136 Roos, Willem Johannes, 91, 104 Roosevelt, Theodore, 113, 114 Rosenthal, Levi, 72 Rosenthal, Robert, 97, 115 Russell, Charles Edward, 137 Russia

general, 3, 6, 22, 42, 43, 71, 109, 120, 122, 128, 140, 144

Russian Revolution, 120, 140 Russian soldiers rumoured to be in

Britain, 92f. Rutherford, Rutledge, 136, 137, 138f. Rysbach, Kurt Herlot de, 96, 115

Sabotage, 121–31, 145 Salomon, Max, 93 Sander, Albert A., 136, 138 Scheele, Dr Walter, 127 Scheer, Reinhard, 90, 136, 140 Schnitzer, Ludwig, 82, 86, 87, 107 Schragmüller, Dr Elisabeth

(‘mademoiselle docteur’), 82, 94 Schroeder, Adolf Frederick, 67–9 Schröder, Baron Bruno von, 113, 182

(n. 132) Schultz, Max (British spy), 41, 54, 176

(n. 124) Schultz, Max (German spy), 54–6,

71, 72 Scott, Sir Samuel, 25 Selborne, William Lord, 23 Silber, Jules Crawford, 108f. Smith, Louise Mathilde, née Zastrow, 140

224 Index

Smith, William, 76 Spring-Rice, Cecil, 25, 113, 114 Stammer, Georg, 16, 61, 62, 64,

66, 98, 99 Steinhauer, Gustav, 47f., 53, 55f.,

57, 58, 60, 64, 65, 67f., 70, 71, 77, 78, 80, 87, 94, 144

Stephenson, Guy, 65 Stewart, Bertrand, 41, 59 Storz, Louise, 97f., 102 Stumm, Wilhelm von, 19 Stumpff, Captain, 82 Subversion, 117–21

Tapken, Arthur, 15, 16, 44, 45, 52, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 98

Tarren, E.C., 55 Temple, R.C., 31, 33 Tinsley, Richard Bolton, 85f., 137 Thatcher, Margaret, 10 Thomson, Basil, 59, 74, 75, 92, 120,

126, 128, 137, 138, 175 (n. 97) Thomson, D.C., 30 Thwaites, William, 27, 140–2 Tirpitz, Alfred von, 6, 13, 14, 15, 18,

42, 89

Trench, Bernard, 40f., 49, 59 Triest, Gustav Kenneth, 112–14

United States of America, 42, 63, 91, 100, 101, 109, 112–14, 116, 121–3, 125f., 128f., 132, 133, 135–9

Uranium Steamship Company, 85f.

Victoria, Queen, 3, 48 Vieyra, Leopold, 85, 114

Weber, Max, 5 Weiszflog, Adolf, 91, 106 Wertheim, Louise Emily, 111, 116,

141, 142, 182 (n. 132), 195 (n.150) Whytock, Roslyn, 136, 138 Widenmann, Wilhelm, 44f., 54 Wilhelm II, 5, 13, 14, 15, 48, 52, 96,

103, 112, 132, 172 (n. 29) Wilson, Woodrow, 135 Wodehouse, Hannah, 48–50 Wohlfahrt, Hans, 48 Wünnenberg, Karl, 136, 138

Zelle, Margarete Gertrud (Mata Hari), 95, 112