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Appendicula r Skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton

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Appendicular Skeleton. Appendicular Skeleton. The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the limbs and bones that anchor the limbs to the axial skeleton. Pectoral girdle: scapula, clavicle. Upper limbs: humerus, radium, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Appendicular Skeleton

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Appendicular Skeleton• The appendicular skeleton consists of

the bones of the limbs and bones that anchor the limbs to the axial skeleton.

• Pectoral girdle: scapula, clavicle.

• Upper limbs: humerus, radium, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges.

• Pelvic girdle: coxal bones.

• Lower limbs: femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges.

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Figure 7.42

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Pectoral Girdle

• Clavicles: collar bones that attach the sternum to the shoulder anteriorly.

• Scapulae: shoulder blades with two processes.– Acromion process: tip of the shoulder.– Coracoid process: attaches to the clavicle

and provides attachments for muscles.– Glenoid fossa articulates with the humerus.

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Upper limb

• Humerus: upper arm bone, articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula

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Upper limb cont.

• Radius: thumb side of the forearm, articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna

• Ulna: longer bone of the forearm, olecranon and coronoid processes articulate with the humerus

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Hand

• Carpal bones: eight small bones of the wrist.

• Metacarpal bones: five bones, the framework of the palm.

• Phalanges: finger bones, three in each finger (proximal, middle, distal phalanx), two in the thumb.

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Figure 7.47

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Pelvic Girdle

• Coxal bones: two hips bones composed of three fused bones.

– Ilium: superior part of the coxal bone.

– Ischium: lowest portion of the coxal bone.

– Pubis: anterior part of the coxal bone. The two pubic bones joint at the symphysis pubis.

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Figure 7.49Obturator foramen

(bone) Pubis

Iliac crest

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Figure 7.49

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Lesser sciatic notch

Inferior iliac notch

Pubic tubercle

Superior iliac notch

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Male and Female Pelvis• Female iliac bones are more flared. “Hips

are wide”• female pubic arch angle is greater.• The sacral curvature is shorter and flatter.

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• greater distance between the ischial spines and tuberosities in the female.

• The differences create a wider pelvic cavity in all diameters

• Larger pelvic brim

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WHY???

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Figure 7.51

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Lower Limb

• Femur: thigh bone, longest bone

• Patella: kneecap, located in a tendon, femur, tibia, and patella form the knee joint

• Tibia: shinbone, lateral malleolus forms the ankle

• Fibula: slender bone lateral to the tibia, not part of the knee joint

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Figure 7.52

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Popliteal surface

Linea aspera (posterior)

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• Osgood schlatter disease– Swelling of bony projection of tibia below knee– Due to over use of thigh muslces– More common in teens b/c of rapid bone

growth

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Foot

• Tarsal bones: seven small bones in the ankle. The calcaneus (heel bone) is the largest, located below the talus.

• Metatarsal bones: elongated bones that form the arch of the foot.

• Phalanges: each toe has three except the great tow which has two.

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Figure 7.55

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• Tarsus and metatarsus: arranged and bound by ligaments to form arch

• Plantar fascitis: flat foot “fallen foot”– Weakened tissue, constant or heavy weight

applied to foot

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Life-Span Changes

• Calcium levels fall through life and the skeleton loses strength.

• Osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts.

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Life-Span Changes

• By age 35, everyone loses bone mass. Women lose bone mass faster between menopause and age seventy.

• Trabecular bone is lost before compact bone.