Appendices

200

Appendix 1 Summary of Pathfinders in Political Time and Space

Pathfinders Political time Political space Skills in context Leadership legacy

Meriwether Lewis Jefferson’s Politics of ReconstructionSituation: highly fluid and uncertain

Discovered contours of new political space west of the Mississippi:

– Physical– territorial– mineral/meteorological– ethnological– imaginative

Actions as wordsDomain expertiseDiscernment

– reducing uncertainty– intelligence gathering

Commitment to purposeDeveloped fraternal bonds with “Corps of Discovery”

– reciprocal loyalty

Collaborative leadership: coleadership with Clark fostered unique “Corps of Discovery” to achieve highly improbable goal

Jackie Robinson Truman’s Politics of ArticulationSituation: post-WWII civil rights/punctuated equilibrium (that is, a weakening but also resilient status quo)

Opened future space for other black Americans in baseball, thereby placing more pressure on the self-limiting space of other segregated fields

Actions as wordsDomain expertiseCharacter

– self-belief– courage– perseverance

Dignity in desire and he created space for all who followed him into professional baseball

Rosa Parks Eisenhower’s Politics of PreemptionSituation: 1950s civil rights movement in Montgomery, AL, in punctuated equilibrium

Challenged existing political space by mobilizing her community to resist and defy segregation; prototype for Dr. King’s subsequent model of nonviolent resistance

Actions as wordsDiscernmentCharacter

– courage– perseverance– determination– authenticity

Hope through courage

201

Appendix 2 Summary of Patriots in Political Time and Space

Patriot Political time Political space Skills in context Leadership legacy

Henry Knox Highly fluid creation moment during unstable equilibriumTension system during the “Siege of Boston”Situation: Multiple rolling crises

Defended existing political space in ever-wider definitions of that space; e.g., Boston, colonies, United States

Actions as wordsDomain expertiseCharacter:

– self-confidence– perseverance– fierce loyalty

Patriotic support to the Commander-in-Chief during a time of acute and multiple crises

Ulysses S. Grant Lincoln’s Politics of ReconstructionSituation: Ultimate crisis conditions

Defended the Union’s existing political space

Actions as wordsSuperior strategic and tactical graspCharacter:

– perseverance– loyalty

Patriotic support to Commander-in-Chief and his war aims during time of ultimate crisis

William T. Sherman Lincoln’s Politics of ReconstructionSituation: Ultimate crisis conditions

Defended the Union’s existing political space

Actions as wordsSuperior strategic graspCreative matching of means to ends:

– March to the SeaCharacter:

– perseverance– dutiful loyalty

Patriotic support to Grant and to the Commander-in-Chief and his war aims during a time of ultimate crisis

Robert E. Lee Lincoln’s Politics of ReconstructionSituation: Ultimate crisis conditions

Attacked the Union to defend the breakaway Confederate space

Actions as wordsDomain expertise– tactical brillianceFailures of discernment– Antietam– Gettysburg

Parochial and self-limiting patriotism to region, not nation

202

Appendix 3 Summary of Existential Heroes in Political Time and Space

Existential Hero Political time Political space Skills in context Leadership legacy

Tom Paine Highly fluid creation moment during an unstable equilibrium

Closed off old political space to bolster the fight for a new political space: the United States

Words as actionsSimplicity of languageIntensity of convictionTiming and penetration

Established tradition of American radicalism

Wayne Morse Lyndon Johnson’s Politics of ArticulationSituation: Prevailing group think in a fabricated crisis situation

Stood alone to challenge political space but failed in bid to limit the expanding reach of American power into Southeast Asia

Words and actionsRhetoric and oratoryCharacter: the courage to stand alone and vote against Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, but failure to mobilize others to oppose

Serves as marker for prudence and against a rush to judgment and unfettered power of presidents in war-making role

Daniel Ellsberg Richard Nixon’s Politics of PreemptionSituation: group think over Vietnam policy and gap between the reality of war and public leadership over it

Defied political space and then unintentionally changed its quality by provoking a maladaptive response from the Nixon White House

Actions as wordsStrategically located close to secret government informationDefied power elites in asymmetrical triumph

Symbol for asymmetrical potential of citizen “office-holders” to serve as check against any government deliberately misleading the public

Barbara Lee George W. Bush’s Politics of ArticulationSituation: post-9/11 extreme existential crisis

Defied political space in doomed but principled attempt to prevent executive overreach

Actions as wordsCharacter:

– courage,– conviction/faith

Adaptive learning

Further example of prudence against the unfettered war-making power and potential of presidents

M. Margolies-Mezvinsky

Bill Clinton’s Politics of PreemptionSituation: fork in the road for the future viability of the Clinton presidency and the American economy

Helped President Clinton strengthen the United States’ economic space through deficit-reduction strategy

Actions as wordsCharacter:

– courage– conviction;– loyalty to president

Symbol for loyal and principled support of president during a fork in the road decision

Notes

Preface

1. See Bob Woodward. 2010. Obama’s Wars. New York: Simon & Schuster, 157–201, for a detailed description of McChrystal’s troop request, its sub-sequent public release, and the political decision making that then ensued before Obama refocused strategy and agreed to increase the number of troops in Afghanistan as part of an exit strategy.

2. In National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, the court held that states could not be compelled to join in the ACA’s Medicaid expan-sion, which meant, at the time of writing, only half of the states have participated.

3. See http://www.gallup.com/poll/165809/congressional-approval-sinks -record-low.aspx.

4. John F. Kennedy. 1964. Profiles of Courage. London: Hamish Hamilton, 265.

1 US Leadership in Political Time and Space

1. Fred I. Greenstein. 2009. Inventing the Job of President: Leadership Style from George Washington to Andrew Jackson. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 15.

2. Stephen Skowronek. 1997. The Politics Presidents Make: Leadership from John Adams to Bill Clinton. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 63.

3. See Barbara Kellerman. 2008. Followership: How Followers Are Creating Change and Changing Leaders. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing; and 2010. The End of Leadership. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing. Kellerman argues that cultural and techno-logical change has empowered what she describes as “followers” over their formal leaders, xx–xxi.

4. See Paul Brooker. 2010. Leadership in Democracy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 44–45, 57–92. Brooker develops a leadership-evolutionary model derived from the leadership dimension of Schumpeter’s theory of

204 l Notes

democracy; see Joseph A. Schumpeter. 2010 [1943]. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. New York: Routledge, 241–244.

5. Stephen Skowronek. 2008. Presidential Leadership in Political Time: Reprise and Reappraisal. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 18–19.

6. While the term political space has not yet taken root amongst political sci-entists, it is increasingly employed by human geographers, dissatisfied by territorial limitations. See, for instance, Kevin R. Cox, Murray Low, and Jennifer Robinson. (Eds.). 2008. The Sage Handbook of Political Geography. London: Sage, 66–69, 123–140, 155–168, 471–482.

7. Matthew Laing. “Towards a Pragmatic Presidency? Explaining the Waning of Political Time,” Polity, Vol. 44, No. 2, April 2012, 4–7.

8. Skowronek, The Politics Presidents Make, 63. In Skowronek’s framework four different periods of politics ensue: Politics of Reconstruction (opposed and vulnerable), Politics of Preemption (opposed and resilient), Politics of Disjunction (affiliated and vulnerable), and the Politics of Articulation (affiliated and resilient).

9. See Lesley Brown. (Ed.). 1993. The New Shorter Oxford Dictionary: On Historical Principles. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

10. Walter Isaacson. 2003. Benjamin Franklin: An American Life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 491.

11. See Daniel Bar-Tal and Ervin Staub. (Eds.). 1996. Patriotism in the Lives of Individuals and Nations. Chicago: Nelson-Hall; Robert T. Schatz, Ervin Staub, and Howard Lavine. “On the Varieties of National Attachment: Blind versus Constructive Patriotism,” Political Psychology, Vol. 20, No. 1, March 1999, 151–174; and Bernard R. Boxhill. “Frederick Douglas’s Patriotism,” The Journal of Ethics, Vol. 13, No. 4, 2009, 301–317. For an examination of the psychology of patriotism, see Leonard W. Doob. 1964. Patriotism and Nationalism: Their Psychological Foundations. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; Michael J. Bader. “The Psychology of Patriotism,” The Phi Delta Kappan, Vol. 87, No. 8, April 2006, 582–584.

12. Brown, The New Shorter Oxford Dictionary, 2124.13. Bar-Tal and Staub, Patriotism in the Lives of Individuals and Nations, 8.14. See George Kateb. 2006. Patriotism and Other Mistakes. New Haven, CT:

Yale University Press, 11.15. Erwin C. Hargrove. 1998. The President as Leader: Appealing to the Better

Angels of Our Nature. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 40.16. Niccolò Machiavelli. 1992 [1513]. The Prince. New York: Quality Books,

86.17. The freedom to choose is seen, particularly, in Jean-Paul Sartre’s Roads to

Freedom trilogy. See Leslie Stevenson and David Haberman. 1998. Ten Theories of Human Nature. New York: Oxford University Press, 172. See also a discussion of existential heroes in Peter Conradi. (Ed.). 1997. Iris Murdoch: Existentialists and Mystics: Writings on Philosophy and Literature. New York: Penguin, 108–115.

Notes l 205

18. Stephen Greenblatt. 2010. Shakespeare’s Freedom. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 5–17.

19. The best example of what is described here can be found in Harold Bloom’s exaltation of Falstaff in the two parts of Shakespeare’s Henry IV. See Harold Bloom. 1998. Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human. London: Fourth Estate, 279. As Bloom says, in defiance of the preponderance of scholarly criticism about Falstaff, the portly knight “is always transforming him-self, always thinking, speaking and overhearing himself in a quicksilver metamorphosis, always willing the change and suffering the change that is Shakespeare’s tribute to the reality of our lives” (281).

20. Norman Mailer. 1968. The Presidential Papers. New York: Penguin, 101–103.21. See Daniel J. Boorstin. 1998. The Seekers: The Story of Man’s Continuing

Quest to Understand His World. New York: Random House, 213. The notion of the existential curse was developed by Erik Erikson, when discussing Gandhi. See Erik H. Erikson. 1969. Truth: On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence. New York: Norton, 128; and James MacGregor Burns. 1978. Leadership. New York: Harper Collins, 91–92, in his examination of the social sources of leadership.

2 Thomas Paine: The Rise and Fall of an Existential Hero

1. See Craig Nelson. 2006. Thomas Paine: Enlightenment, Revolution, and the Birth of Modern Nations. New York: Penguin, 323–329.

2. Philip S. Foner. 1945. The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine: With a Biographical Essay, and Notes and Introductions Presenting the Historical Background of Paine’s Writings. New York: Citadel Press, 691–723.

3. See Richard B. Morris. 1973. Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries. New York: Harper & Row; and R. B. Bernstein. 2009. The Founding Fathers Reconsidered. New York: Oxford University Press, 3–7.

4. Thomas Paine. 2003. Common Sense, Rights of Man, And Other Essential Writings of Thomas Paine: With an Introduction by Sidney Hook and a New Foreword by Jack Fruchtman Jr. New York: Signet, 26.

5. Paine, Common Sense, 71.6. See William Shakespeare. 1998. The Arden Shakespeare: King Henry V.

Edited by T.W. Craik. London: Routledge, Act IV. iii. 60–67.7. The quote is most often attributed to John Adams, although its origins are

disputed.8. Ralph Waldo Emerson. 1900. “Concord Hymn,” in The Complete Works

of Ralph Waldo Emerson. New York: Houghton, Miff lin & Co, Vol. IX, Part III.

9. Paine, Common Sense, 3.10. Thomas Carlyle. 1840. On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History.

Chicago: Winston & Co., 14.

206 l Notes

11. See Harvey J. Kaye. 2005. Thomas Paine and the Promise of America. New York: Hill & Wang, 52. See also Walter Isaacson. 2003. Benjamin Franklin: An American Life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 309–310.

12. Ralph Waldo Emerson. 1900. “The American Scholar,” in The Complete Prose Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson. London: Ward, Lock & Co., 334.

13. Nelson, Thomas Paine, 15.14. W. E. Woodward. 1945. Tom Paine: America’s Godfather 1737–1809. New

York: Dutton & Co., 18–19. See also, for further support, Jerome D. Wilson and William F. Ricketson. 1978. Thomas Paine. Boston: Twayne, 16; and Nelson, Thomas Paine, 14.

15. See Kaye, Thomas Paine and the Promise of America, 21–22; Nelson, Thomas Paine, 14–17; Wilson and Ricketson, Thomas Paine, 16; David Powell. 1985. Tom Paine: The Greatest Exile. Kent: Croom Helm, 1–3; Eric Foner. 1976. Tom Paine and Revolutionary America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3; and Woodward, Tom Paine: America’s Godfather 1737–1809, 18–19. The Quakers denied Paine’s wish to be buried on Quaker ground, and so he was buried on his property in New Rochelle; see Philip S. Foner, The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine, 1500.

16. Cited in Nelson, Thomas Paine, 16.17. See Kaye, Thomas Paine and the Promise of America, 22.18. Cited in Woodward, Tom Paine: America’s Godfather 1737–1809, 23.

Poetry may then have stif led young master Paine’s imagination but it was surely fired by his reading Mr. Knowler’s copy of A Natural History of Virginia, which enthralled Paine because it reinforced the many conversa-tions he’d had with his father about the colonies; see Powell, Tom Paine: The Greatest Exile, 13–14.

19. Nelson, Thomas Paine, 20. Paine is thought by Nelson to have pocketed at least 30 pounds in commission (a polite term for his share of the looted bounty) equated to around $5,000 in today’s dollars.

20. Kaye, Thomas Paine and the Promise of America, 25.21. See Dean Simonton. 1994. Greatness: Who Makes History and Why. New

York: The Guildford Press, 146, 149, and 408.22. See Nelson, Thomas Paine, 14, described as “dazzling precocity, occasional

self-absorption, characteristic self-esteem, a well-developed sense of enti-tlement, and an active internal life.”

23. Nelson, Thomas Paine, 38.24. Eric Foner, Tom Paine and Revolutionary America, 3. See, also Kaye,

Thomas Paine and the Promise of America, 27.25. Foner, The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine, 3.26. Gordon S. Wood. 2003. The American Revolution: A History. London:

Weidenfield & Nicholson, 45.27. See Ian Barnes. 2000. The Historical Atlas of The American Revolution.

New York: Routledge, 60–61. An excellent source that f leshes out the varying forms of loyalist or neutrals in the lead up to the Revolutionary War is Robert M. Calhoon. 2000. “Loyalism and Neutrality,” in Jack P.

Notes l 207

Greene and J. R. Pole. (Eds.). A Companion to The American Revolution. Boston, MA: Blackwell, 235–247; also, Powell, Tom Paine: The Greatest Exile, 64–68.

28. Isaacson, Benjamin Franklin: An American Life, 307.29. The Québec Act (1774) extended the province to include territory east

of the Mississippi and north of the Ohio River. It cut across territorial claims of four of the colonies: Virginia, Connecticut, New York, and Massachusetts. The Act also established new Indian reservations intended to serve to prevent westward migration by white settlers. See Barnes, The Historical Atlas of The American Revolution, 62–63 for a graphic depiction of the extent of encroachment the Québec Act represented.

30. On his way to the Second Continental Congress George Washington shouted to another man, Jonathan Boucher, as he crossed the Potomac, “Independence, sir? If you ever hear of my joining in any such measures you have my leave to set me down for everything wicked?” This was on the cusp of Washington being appointed as commander-in-chief; See Powell, Tom Paine: The Greatest Exile, 64. Dr. Benjamin Rush is described in the summer of 1775 as still entertaining doubts although these were mostly focused on Rush’s trepidation about how they could hope to topple the empire; see Kaye, Thomas Paine and the Promise of America, 41. John Adams, another central founding father, also considered in 1775 that independence was a “Hobgoblin of so frightful Mien, that it would throw a delicate Person into fits to look it in the face”; see George Spater, in Ian Dyck (Ed.). 1988. Citizen of the World: Essays on Thomas Paine. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 27.

31. See Kaye, Thomas Paine and the Promise of America; and Wood, The American Revolution: A History, 42–51.

32. R. B. Bernstein. 2009. The Founding Fathers: Reconsidered. New York: Oxford University Press, 40–41.

33. Powell, Tom Paine: The Greatest Exile, 58.34. Ibid.35. Nelson, Thomas Paine, 49.36. Kaye, Thomas Paine and the Promise of America; and Wood, The American

Revolution: A History, 35.37. See Philip S. Foner, The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine, 15–19.38. George Spater, “American Revolutionary, 1774–89,” in Ian Dyck. (Ed.). 1988.

Citizen of the World: Essays on Thomas Paine. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 27.39. Woodward, Tom Paine: America’s Godfather 1737–1809, 60.40. Ron Chernow. 2010. George Washington: A Life. New York: Penguin, 213–214.41. David McCullough. 2001. John Adams. New York: Simon & Schuster, 91.42. Joseph J. Ellis. 1998. American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson.

New York: Vintage, 52. Jefferson would stay away from Philadelphia for much of early 1776. His mother passed away in March, and it wasn’t until May that he finally arrived in Philadelphia, after a further delay due to chronic migraines, a condition that beset Jefferson throughout his life and

208 l Notes

seemed related, at least in part, to whenever the “Sage of Monticello” felt undue stress.

43. In Isaacson’s biography of Benjamin Franklin, he claims that Franklin “offered his wholehearted support along with a few suggestions”; see Isaacson, Benjamin Franklin: An American Life, 308. However, in other accounts, Franklin takes on the more passive role as having talked to Paine about a publication. Paine himself says that part of his motivation for the timing of publishing Common Sense was to surprise his old mentor. Paine’s actions were consistent with this explanation, with him sending the first printed copy of the pamphlet to Dr Franklin; see Woodward, Tom Paine: America’s Godfather 1737–1809, 68; and, Nelson, Thomas Paine, 78–80.

44. Eric Foner, Tom Paine and Revolutionary America, 83.45. Nelson, Thomas Paine, 89. The deal with Bell soured after Bell claimed

that there were no profits from the initial print run of 1,000. Paine was furious but paid. The second print run therefore went to the Bradford Brothers, and Paine made it clear that he wanted his share to go to buying woolen mittens for soldiers in the Continental Army.

46. Paine, Common Sense, 27.47. Ibid., 30.48. Joseph J. Ellis. 2007. American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the

Founding of the Republic. New York: Random House, 42.49. Kaye, Thomas Paine and the Promise of America, 43.50. Woodward, Tom Paine: America’s Godfather 1737–1809, 79.51. Paine, Common Sense, 30–37.52. Ibid., 32.53. Kaye, Thomas Paine and the Promise of America, 43.54. Jack Fruchtman, Jr., “Common Sense,” in Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole,

A Companion to The American Revolution. Fruchtman gives several exam-ples, such as Paine saying the king has “sunk himself beneath the rank of animals, and contemptuously crawls through the world like a worm,” or “Even brutes do not devour their young,” or labeling the King a “monster” (256).

55. See Fruchtman, Jr., “Common Sense,” in Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole, A Companion to the American Revolution, 255.

56. Paine, Common Sense, 54.57. Wood, The American Revolution: A History, 54. The propaganda skills of

Paine are perhaps best likened to the equally powerful visual imagery of his revolutionary contemporary Jacques-Louis David. The French painter proved more ideologically f lexible than Paine but died, like Paine, an effective exile from the society he helped shape.

58. Kaye, Thomas Paine and the Promise of America, 41.59. Gordon. S. Wood. 2006. Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders

Different. New York: Penguin, 220.60. See Eric Foner, Tom Paine and Revolutionary America, 79.

Notes l 209

61. See Kaye, Thomas Paine and the Promise of America, 52–55; McCullough, John Adams, 96–97, 101–103; Nelson, Thomas Paine, 95–96; and Eric Foner, Tom Paine and Revolutionary America, 79.

62. See Woodward, Tom Paine: America’s Godfather 1737–1809. Washington said this on April 1, days after ending the siege of Boston, so he knew its patriotic effect from Knox’s observations, from John Adams, from his own experiences in Boston, and also from his friends in Norfolk.

63. Nelson, Thomas Paine, 49.64. Ibid., 93, 97–99.65. Paine, The Crisis: Number 1, in Common Sense, Rights of Man, And Other

Essential Writings of Thomas Paine, 71. In all Paine would write 16 pam-phlets in the American Crisis series.

66. Nelson, Thomas Paine, 112.67. Ibid., 60–63.68. Kaye, Thomas Paine and the Promise of America, 67. Sarah Bache was

ref lecting on Paine’s role in the Silas Deane affair, a corruption that Paine pursued so vigorously that he placed himself offside with Gouverneur Morris, which would be to Paine’s later detriment when incarcerated in Paris during the Reign of Terror. For fuller details of the Silas Deane affair, see Nelson, Thomas Paine, 126–145.

69. Eric Foner, Tom Paine and Revolutionary America, 217, 218–220.70. Michael Foot and Isaac Kramnick. (Eds.). 1987. Thomas Paine Reader.

New York: Penguin, 202.71. See Wood, Revolutionary Characters, 207.72. Kaye, Thomas Paine and the Promise of America, 85.73. Paine, “Letter to George Washington,” in Philip S. Foner, The Complete

Writings of Thomas Paine, 715, 717.74. See Joseph J. Ellis. 2000. Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation.

New York: Faber & Faber, 120–161; and Fred I. Greenstein. 2009. Inventing the Job of President: Leadership Style From George Washington To Andrew Jackson. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1–24.

75. Kaye, Thomas Paine and the Promise of America, 94.76. Paine, Common Sense, 16.77. See Kaye, Thomas Paine and the Promise of America, 6–7, 118–262. Kaye

chronicles a significant number of later social movements, drawn from different eras, and with different end goals, that found comfort in, or were guided by Paine’s radicalism. Kaye’s list includes but is by no means limited to Frances Wright (feminist and abolitionist), William Lloyd Garrison (abo-litionist and social reformer), Susan B. Anthony (civil rights and women’s suffrage), Walt Whitman (literature), Franklin D. Roosevelt (politics and society), and C. Wright Mills (sociologist) (6–7). While Teddy Roosevelt could dismiss Paine as a “dirty little atheist,” four subsequent modern pres-idents employed Paine’s words in important speeches. FDR quoted from Paine in his “Four Freedoms” speech (192–196); Gerald Ford in a State of the Union Address (254–255); Ronald Reagan talked of remaking the world

210 l Notes

again (3, 223–226), and President Obama also delivered a lengthy (unat-tributed) quote of Paine during his first Inaugural Address (see http://www .tompa ine sghos t .com /20 09/01/t homa s-pa ine -quoted-in-oba ma s .html, last accessed August 29, 2013.

78. Paine, “A Serious Address to the People of Pennsylvania on the Present State of Their Affairs,” in Philip S. Foner, The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine, 281.

79. Heinz Kohut. 1985. Self Psychology and the Humanities. New York: W.W. Norton, 285.

80. William Shakespeare. 1987 [1603–1623]. Hamlet. Edited by G.R. Hibbard. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Act I. Scene V. 290–296.

3 Henry Knox: Patriot Leader

1. The Knox trail faithfully follows General Knox and his men’s 300-mile long march from Fort Ticonderoga to Dorchester Heights in Boston.

2. Mark Puls. 2008. Henry Knox: Visionary General of the American Revolution. New York: Palgrave, i.

3. Thomas Paine. 2003. Common Sense, Rights of Man, and Other Essential Writings of Thomas Paine. With an Introduction by Sidney Hook. New York: Signet, 30.

4. Ron Chernow. 2010. George Washington: A Life. New York: Penguin, 323–329.

5. Puls, Henry Knox: Visionary General of the American Revolution, 2–3; Thomas Lonergan. 2003. Henry Knox: George Washington’s Confidante, General, of Artillery, and America’s First Secretary of War. Rockport, ME: Picton Press, 1–5; and Noah Brooks. 1900. Henry Knox: A Soldier of the Revolution, Major-General in the Continental Army and Washington’s Chief of Artillery. New York: Cosimo, 2–3.

6. Puls, Henry Knox: Visionary General of the American Revolution, 4–5.7. Ibid., 15. She was also a decidedly large woman, and while Henry was

thought to top 300 pounds in later life, their love and devotion to each other was even larger then perhaps their appetites, see Pamela Murrow. 2010. Unending Passions: The Knox Letters. Thomaston, ME: Andersen-Gordon.

8. Brooks, Henry Knox: A Soldier of the Revolution, Major-General in the Continental Army and Washington’s Chief of Artillery, 19–21.

9. Puls, Henry Knox: Visionary General of the American Revolution, 6–7.10. Lonergan, Henry Knox: George Washington’s Confidante, general, of artillery,

and America’s first Secretary of War, 10.11. Puls, Henry Knox: Visionary General of the American Revolution, 8.12. David McCullough. 2001. John Adams. New York: Simon and Schuster, 65–68.13. Brooks, Henry Knox: A Soldier of the Revolution, Major-General in the

Continental Army and Washington’s Chief of Artillery, 14. Knox was self-conscious about his accidentally self-inf licted deformity and would always

Notes l 211

wear a handkerchief or scarf around his left hand. In Gilbert Stuart’s por-trait of Knox his left hand is carefully resting on top of a cannon to hide his injury.

14. Puls, Henry Knox: Visionary General of the American Revolution, 14–19.15. Ibid., 23.16. The phrase formed part of a poem written by Emerson for an 1837 dedica-

tion on an obelisk that was created as a monument commemorating the Battle of Concord. The first stanza of the poem, originally entitle “Hymn: Sung at the Completion of the Concord Monument, April 19, 1836,” went:

By the rude bridge that arched the f lood,Their f lag to April’s breeze unfurled,Here once the embattled farmers stood,And fired the shot heard round the world . . .

17. Puls, Henry Knox: Visionary General of the American Revolution, 25; and Gordon S. Wood. 2003. The American Revolution: A History. London: Weidenfield & Nicholson, 52.

18. The Battle of Bunker Hill was a brutal and bloody engagement. The British lost 1,150 men to 441 American casualties, according to Puls, Henry Knox: Visionary General of the American Revolution, 28. The British, having finally broken through the American lines on their third attempt, when the American soldiers ran out of gun powder, routed the retreating Americans but ultimately gave up the chase as they were too exhausted from the day’s battle to continue; see Lonergan, Henry Knox: George Washington’s Confidante, General, of Artillery, and America’s First Secretary of War, 25–28; and, Ian Barnes. 2000. The Historical Atlas of The American Revolution. New York: Routledge, 76–77.

19. David McCullough. 2005. 1776. New York: Simon & Schuster, 70–72. There were complications beyond the weather. The British were now responsible for transporting the loyalists who chose to stay in Boston. They would not be safe if abandoned. Additionally, there weren’t enough ships available to transport Howe’s troops and the civilian population to New York by sea (72).

20. Lonergan, Henry Knox: George Washington’s Confidante, General, of Artillery, and America’s First Secretary of War, 31.

21. Ibid., 31.22. McCullough, 1776, 73. Graves went on to describes these snowstorms:

This sort of storm is so severe that it cannot even be looked against, and by the snow freezing as fast as it falls, baff les all resistance . . . Indeed, if the severity of the winters be such in this climate that the sentinel on shore is frequently found frozen to death upon his post(73).

Washington had sought and obtained congressional approval to arm sev-eral vessels to serve as privateers, and with strict rules of conduct. Six ships thereby designated as privateers were labeled “Washington’s Navy,” and in November, when the British brig Nancy was captured and a large cache of

212 l Notes

arms, including some two thousand small arms, was acquired, Washington was moved to describe the encounter as an “instance of diving favor.” See Ron Chernow. 2010. Washington: A Life, 208–209.

23. Puls, Henry Knox: Visionary General of the American Revolution, 30.24. David Hackett Fischer. 2004. Washington’s Crossing. New York: Oxford

University Press, 153.25. Puls, Henry Knox: Visionary General of the American Revolution, 35.26. Lonergan, Henry Knox: George Washington’s Confidante, General, of

Artillery, and America’s First Secretary of War, 35–36.27. See Ibid., 39; and, Brooks, Henry Knox: A Soldier of the Revolution, Major-

General in the Continental Army and Washington’s Chief of Artillery, 40. The inventory included eight brass mortars, six iron mortars, one howitzer, thirteen brass cannon, thirty iron cannon, a barrel of f lint and quantity of lead. The heaviest artillery pieces were a brass 18 and 24-pounder as well as an iron 12 and 18-pounder.

28. Lonergan, Henry Knox: George Washington’s Confidante, General, of Artillery, and America’s First Secretary of War, 39. There are crucial dif-ferences in the dates between Puls and Lonergan on some of the key dates. For instance, Lonergan has the ‘noble train’ arriving at Fort George on December 11 whereas Puls has Knox inquiring about the train on December 13 and writes that it all the boats finally arrived at Fort George on December 16. In Brooks, citing a December 17 letter from Knox to Washington, Henry refers to arriving back at that place (Fort George) on December 15.

29. Brooks, Henry Knox: A Soldier of the Revolution, Major-General in the Continental Army and Washington’s Chief of Artillery, 4.

30. Puls, Henry Knox: Visionary General of the American Revolution, 41.31. Lonergan, Henry Knox: George Washington’s Confidante, General, of

Artillery, and America’s First Secretary of War, 42.32. Puls, Henry Knox: Visionary General of the American Revolution, 41.33. McCullough, John Adams, 72–73. After moving on Adams would pass

through New York, and it was there that he picked up a copy of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense. For the first time these two events, one providing the rationale for the American Revolution, the other providing the means to advance its cause, were linked into a powerful purpose (75).

34. Ron Chernow, Washington: A Life, 214.35. Washington Irving. 1994. George Washington: A Biography. New York: Da

Capo, 225.36. See Lonergan, Henry Knox: George Washington’s Confidante, General, of

Artillery, and America’s First Secretary of War, 45–49; Puls, Henry Knox: Visionary General of the American Revolution, 42–46; Brooks, Henry Knox: A Soldier of the Revolution, Major-General in the Continental Army and Washington’s Chief of Artillery, 45–47, and; McCullough, 1776, 96–105.

37. Lonergan, Henry Knox: George Washington’s Confidante, General, of Artillery, and America’s First Secretary of War, 48.

Notes l 213

38. McCullough, 1776, 136. As McCullough explained, by signing the decla-ration and renouncing the British monarch the delegates at Philadelphia had commited treason.

39. See Lonergan, Henry Knox: George Washington’s Confidante, General, of Artillery, and America’s First Secretary of War, 62–63 Lonergan noted that as the looming threat of defeat by the British loomed a 6,000 strong Connecticut militia “shrank” to 2,000 men. Knox wrote Lucy that ‘We must have a standing army. The militia get sick, or think themselves so, and run home; and whenever they go, they spread a panic’ (63).

40. Estimates suggest that about two hundred of the patriot force were killed, with another 700–1,000 captured by the British. Total British casualties were around 400, with Howe reporting 59 killed, 267 wounded and 31 missing; see Ian Barnes, The Historical Atlas of The American Revolution, 82; and David McCullough, 1776, 179. It was indisputably the single largest action between the two sides during the entire Revolutionary War. One of the great acts of self-less heroism was the defensive action of a contingent of Maryland troops, who became immortalized as the Maryland 400 (even though there were actually less than 300 of them). They attacked the British position so that some 1,600 other troops could escape. Washington is reputed to have observed their action, exclaiming, “Good God, what brave fellows I must this day lose” (177).

41. Puls, Henry Knox: Visionary General of the American Revolution, 60.42. Lonergan, Henry Knox: George Washington’s Confidante, General, of

Artillery, and America’s First Secretary of War, 65.43. McCullough, 1776, 214, 225. Washington is said to have cried out, “Are

these the men with which I am to defend America.” This existential cry was heartfelt and it took two of the General’s aids to grab the bridle of his horse and get him away from certain capture or death (213).

44. McCullough, 1776, 262–264.45. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 216–220. Knox’s was an unbelievable

achievement. He not only had to work out how to ferry the men across the fast-f lowing Delaware but also frightened horses and 18 large pieces of artillery. Many of those who wrote accounts of the action believed that it would have failed but for Knox and his bellowing orders to keep men and equipment moving.

46. Puls, Henry Knox: Visionary General of the American Revolution, 73. Washington also read tracts of Paine’s American Crises to further provoke his men’s patriotism.

47. The are numerous excellent sources to trace the remainder of Henry Knox’s contribution during the Revolutionary War; particularly see, Lonergan, Henry Knox: George Washington’s Confidante, General, of Artillery, and America’s First Secretary of War, 81–164; Puls, Henry Knox: Visionary General of the American Revolution, 97–181; Brooks, Henry Knox: A Soldier of the Revolution, Major-General in the Continental Army and Washington’s Chief of Artillery, 96–179; as well as more general his-torical accounts of the war, such as John Buchanan. 2004. The Road to

214 l Notes

Valley Forge: How Washington Built the Army That Won the Revolution. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 181–285; Stanley Weintraub. 2005. Iron Tears: America’s Battle for Freedom, Britain’s Quagmire: 1775–1783. New York: Free Press, 109–311.

48. See Thomas Carlyle. 1840. On Heroes, Hero-Worship and The Heroic in History. London: Chapman & Hall.

49. Puls, Henry Knox: Visionary General of the American Revolution, 186.50. Ibid., 141.

4 Meriwether Lewis: Pathfinding Enigma—To See What’s Out There

1. Bernard De Voto. (Ed.). 1997. The Journals of Lewis and Clark, with a Foreword by Stephen Ambrose. Boston, MA: Houghton Miff lin, lx.

2. Stephen Ambrose. 1996. Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson and the Opening of the American West. New York: Simon & Schuster, 63.

3. For the author’s purposes regarding whether Lewis committed suicide, I do find suicide, alongside his closest acquaintances of his time (includ-ing Captain Clark and Thomas Jefferson), the simplest and most logical explanation for his death but nonetheless irrelevant to his outstanding leadership achievement. There is, however, a very active literature from the late nineteenth century right until this day that examines alternative theories surrounding his death. Lewis’s descendants have likewise sought to have his body exhumed, although this was refused by the National Park Service in 2008, after it initially granted the request. A small sample of this literature, encompassing both suicide and murder theories, includes but is by no means limited to: Vardis Fisher. 1962. Suicide or Murder? The Strange Death of Governor Meriwether Lewis. Chicago, IL: Swallow Press; Reimer T. Ravenholt. “Triumph Then Despair: The Tragic Death of Meriwether Lewis,” Epidemiology, Vol. 5, No. 3. May 1994, 366–379; Dawson A. Phelps. “The Tragic Death of Meriwether Lewis,” William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. XIII, No. 3, 1956; and more recently, Thomas C. Danisi. 2012. Uncovering the Truth About Meriwether Lewis. New York: Prometheus.

4. Ambrose, Undaunted Courage, 21.5. Ibid., 21.6. One of the very best accounts of young Meriwether Lewis is: Rochonne

Abrams, “The Colonial Childhood of Meriwether Lewis,” in Bulletin of the Missouri Historical Society, Vol. XXXIV, No. 4, pt. 1, July 1978. The anecdotes raised are sourced to Ambrose, Undaunted Courage, 24–27.

7. Ambrose, Undaunted Courage, 45.8. Danisi, Uncovering the Truth About Meriwether Lewis, 24–34, provides

a good account of the court martial after the author discovered its

Notes l 215

original records in the Anthony Wayne Papers at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. General Wayne was Lewis’s commanding officer of the US Army stationed in Greenville, Ohio.

9. Ambrose, Undaunted Courage, 47.10. James McPherson. (Ed.). 2000. To the Best of My Ability: The American

Presidents. New York: DK Press, 317.11. Daniel Boorstin. 1948. The Lost World of Thomas Jefferson. Chicago, IL:

University of Chicago Press. Boorstin had this to say about the thought world and imaginative creativity of Jefferson: “He (Jefferson) was unwill-ing to chart his direction by looking backward to see how far men had come for the past six thousand years. It was the ocean ahead that most concerned him. He was earnest and convinced that for him destiny should supplant tradition. He hoped simply by looking about him and by peer-ing into the future to discover as much as his Creator had intended him to know about how and where he should go. Expansiveness and bound-lessness seemed themselves a kind of destiny and destination. I like the dreams of the future, confessed Jefferson, better than the history of the past.” (233).

12. Not only was demography shaping history but the westward focus of Jefferson’s also reflected his preference for decentralized agrarian development as well as the reality of poor land utilization and cultivation that underpinned this think-ing, see Roger G. Kennedy. 2003. Mr. Jefferson’s Lost Cause: Land, Farmers, Slavery, and the Louisiana Purchase. New York: Oxford University Press.

13. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. The Federalist Papers (1787–88). Introduction by Gary Wills (Ed.). 1982. New York: Bantam, 48.

14. Joseph J. Ellis. 2007. American Creation. New York, Random House, 228.15. Donald Jackson. 1981. Thomas Jefferson and the Stony Mountains: Exploring

the West from Monticello. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, x-xi.16. Ambrose, Undaunted Courage, 68–71.17. Stephen Skowronek. 1993. The Politics Presidents Make: Leadership from

John Adams to Bill Clinton. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 62–85.

18. Skowronek, The Politics Presidents Make, 72–73.19. McPherson, To the Best of My Ability, 317.20. Donald Jackson. 1978. Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, with

Related Documents: 1783–1854. (2nd ed.), Vol. 1, 16–17.21. Ambrose, Undaunted Courage, 78.22. Thomas Jefferson. 1787 [1954]. Notes on the State of Virginia. Introduction

by William Peden. (Ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Co.23. Ambrose, Undaunted Courage, 81.24. See, Ambrose, Undaunted Courage, 171–175; Jeffrey Ostler. 2004. The

Plains Sioux and U.S. Colonialism from Lewis and Clark to Wounded Knee. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 13–21; Thomas P. Slaughter. 2003. Exploring Lewis and Clark: Reflections on Men and Wilderness. New York: Random House, 167–168.

216 l Notes

25. The reference to “passing through an invisible membrane in space and time” extends an exquisite phrase Thurston Clarke sourced to Theodore White in Clarke’s excellent analysis of John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address. See Thurston Clarke. 2004. Ask Not: The Inauguration of John F. Kennedy and the Speech That Changed America. New York: Henry Holt, 113.

26. Slaughter, Exploring Lewis and Clark, 206.27. See Anthony J. C. Wallace. 1999. Jefferson and the Indians: The Tragic Fate

of the First Americans. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Wallace explicitly links the Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark expedition to the Indian removal policy instigated by Jefferson (241–275).

28. Vine Deloria Jr. “Frenchmen, Bears and Sandbars,” in Alvin M. Josephy Jr. (Ed.). 2006. Lewis and Clark through Indian Eyes. New York: Vintage, 21. Another searching account is James P. Ronda, “Exploring the Explorers: Great Plains Peoples and the Lewis and Clark Expedition,” in Frederick E. Hoxie and Jay T. Nelson. 2007. Lewis & Clark and the Indian Country: The Native American Perspective. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 114–127.

29. Thomas Jefferson to John Holmes, April 22, 1820. Washington: Thomas Jefferson Exhibition, Library of Congress. Accessed August 24, 2012.

30. Jefferson went to the trouble of designing his own tombstone and he left very precise instructions about what was to be written on it:

Here was buriedThomas JeffersonAuthor of the Declaration of American IndependenceOf the Statute of Virginia for religious freedomFather of the University of Virginia

31. See Garry Wills. 2003. “Negro President”: Jefferson and the Slave Power. New York: Houghton Miff lin, 117–122; and Joseph J. Ellis. 2007. American Creation. New York: Random House, 207–240.

32. There is naturally debate about the “achievements” of the expedition and the items noted in this chapter represents neither an exhaustive nor widely agreed upon list, see Ambrose, Undaunted Courage, 13–14; John W. Jengo, “‘Mineral Productions of Every Kind’: Geological Observations in the Lewis and Clark Journals and the Role of Thomas Jefferson and the American Philosophical Society in the Geological Mentoring of Meriwether Lewis,” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 94, No. 5, 2004, 136–214; Susan Solomon and John S. Daniel, “Lewis and Clark: Pioneering Meteorological Observers in the American West,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 85, No. 9, Sept. 2004, 1273–1288; James P. Ronda, “To Acquire What Knolege You Can,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 150, No. 3, Sept. 2006, 409–413; and Andrew J. Lewis, “Nineteenth-Century Scientific Opinion of Lewis and Clark,” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 94, No. 5, 2004, 236–251.

Notes l 217

33. Lewis learned from Henry Dearborn, the Secretary of War, about a week before they set off, that Clark’s commission was as a lieutenant, not as the captain that was requested by Lewis. While it wouldn’t affect Clark’s pay, which was to be the same as Lewis would receive, it was a potential problem. The men of the “Corp of Discovery” were never told of the “offi-cial” army position and as Ambrose wrote in Undaunted Courage, “for the next seven years, only Dearborn, Jefferson, a clerk or two in the War Department, and Meriwether Lewis and William Clark knew.” (135).

34. Translation was a tortuous process for Lewis throughout the expedition. Once Charbonneau was signed on they had available to them the Indian language of one of the mountain tribes (the Shoshone). Sacagawea could also speak to her husband in Hidatsa. He would then, in turn, translate her words into French for George Drouillard, who would then translate the French translation of Hidatsa into English for Lewis and Clark. The captains had learned—such as in their fraught interactions with the Teton Sioux—that not being able to communicate seriously compounded their difficulties, so while the phrase “lost in translation” comes to mind when thinking about the convoluted process Lewis engaged in, it was all they had and better than nothing.

35. Ambrose, Undaunted Courage, 207. There is also a full itemized list of the specimens and artifacts that were sent back to Jefferson in the De Voto edition of the journals: see De Voto, The Journals of Lewis and Clark, 493–494.

36. Ambrose, Undaunted Courage, 203.37. Ibid., 207–209.38. De Voto, The Journals of Lewis and Clark, 33–44. Another crisis was pre-

cipitated when some Omaha prisoners of the Sioux warned the party that the Sioux were determined to stop them traveling further up the Missouri. This made the captains jittery for their remaining time with the Sioux, which nearly led to further misunderstandings; see Ambrose, Undaunted Courage, 172–175.

39. De Voto, The Journals of Lewis and Clark, 124–133.40. Ibid., 136.41. Ibid., 134. It’s ironic that the corps so cheerfully celebrated their confusion

about which fork to take as more traditional days of celebration at Fort Clatsop, on Christmas Day and New Year’s Day, were more muted due to the expedition’s lack of bounty while wintering on the Oregon coast.

42. Ambrose, Undaunted Courage, 482–483.43. Ibid., 310. Clark’s line is immortalized not least because Meriwether

Lewis never recorded his thoughts about finally reaching the coast and the Pacific Ocean. He did not make any journal entries between September 1805 and the New Year, so there is no record whatsoever of what Lewis may have felt.

44. Ambrose, Undaunted Courage, 43.

218 l Notes

5 Grant, Sherman, and Lee: Defending Political Space—Patriotism’s Price

1. The term “lost cause” was first employed by historian Edward A. Pollard in his 1866 account of the Civil War. Its themes included; the righteous-ness of their states’ rights defense over tariffs; a denial about the central role that slavery played in the war; the superiority of Union resources overwhelming the magnificent if doomed fighting abilities of Confederate generals (particularly Robert E. Lee); the ruthless and barbaric total war they faced from Grant and particularly Sherman; and, fused with a reli-gious overlay that they had been punished by God for their sins, leading to a religious revival in the South. See, for instance, James M. McPherson. 2007. This Mighty Scourge: Perspectives on the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, 43–108.

2. Richard B. Bernstein, with Jerome Angel. 1993. Amending America: If We Love the Constitution So Much Why Do We Keep Trying to Change It? New York: Random House, 288, 283, 279.

3. Joseph J. Ellis. 2000. Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation. New York: Faber and Faber, 119.

4. Garry Wills. 1992. Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America. New York: Simon & Schuster, 263.

5. All figures quoted are drawn from official US Census data. See http://www.census.gov. Last accessed 10/19/2013.

6. Jon Meacham. 2008. American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House. New York: Random House, 227, 221–247. For further reading on the nul-lification crisis see James Parton. 1860. The Life of Andrew Jackson, Vol. III. New York: Mason Brothers, 265–316; Garry Wills. A Necessary Evil: A History of American Distrust in Government. New York: Simon & Schuster, 163–170; and Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. 1946. The Age of Jackson. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 95–96.

7. James M. McPherson. 1991. Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 48.

8. Erwin C. Hargrove. 1998. The President as Leader: Appealing to the Better Angels of Our Nature. Lawrence: Kansas University Press, 32–34.

9. See Doris Kearns Goodwin. Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln. New York: Simon & Schuster, 237–256, for a comprehensive anal-ysis of the Republican National Convention and outcome. Other excellent background texts include Harold Holzer. 2004. Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That Made Abraham Lincoln President. New York: Simon & Schuster, for a quality analysis of the evolution of Lincoln’s thinking on the issue of slavery; Carl Sandburg. 1926. Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Vol. II., 339–428, and The War Years, Vol. I, 1–85.

10. Douglas Southall Freeman. 1934. R. E. Lee: A Biography. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, Vol. I, 1–14, 159–169. Lee’s great-great-great

Notes l 219

grandfather was living in Virginia in 1642, owning something approach-ing 16,000 acres of Virginia countryside (160).

11. See Freeman, R. E. Lee: A Biography, Vol. I, 75–76; and, Maj. Charles R. Bowery Jr. 2005. Lee & Grant: Profiles in Leadership from the Battlefields of Virginia. New York: Amacon, 16–17.

12. See Ulysses S. Grant. 1885. Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant. New York: C. L. Webster & Co., Vol. I, 132–133; and William S. McFeely. 1981. Grant: A Biography, 36–37.

13. Freeman, R. E. Lee: A Biography, Vol. I, 421, 425.14. Ibid., 437.15. While Abraham Lincoln was born in what is now La Rue County,

Kentucky, it was nevertheless west of the Cumberland Gap, and the main route west across the lower Appalachian mountains. Additionally, Lincoln moved to Indiana when aged seven and then in his early adulthood moved further west to Illinois where he made his name.

16. McFeely, Grant: A Biography, 1–9. Grant’s grandfather Noah was lionized in Grant family lore as a Revolutionary War hero, akin to the role played by “Light Horse Harry” in the Lee family, but there is little evidence to support this. Indeed, Noah ended up in prison after accruing debt, so offered little by way of example for Ulysses (4–6).

17. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant, Vol. I, 39.18. McFeely, Grant: A Biography, 15–20. During an unhappy moment when

President, Grant wrote a friend that that he would celebrate the day he left the White House as “the happiest of his life, except possibly the day I left West Point a place I felt I had been at always and that my stay had no end” (16).

19. McFeely, Grant: A Biography, 52–57. Grant would later admit that “the vice of intemperance had not a little to do with my decision to resign”; see Jean Edward Smith. 2001. Grant. New York: Simon & Schuster, 21–22.

20. James M. Merrill. 1971. William Tecumseh Sherman. New York: Rand McNally & Co., 19. See also Lloyd Lewis. 1932. Sherman: Fighting Prophet. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 32–33. Tecumseh was named after a great Shawnee warrior (1768–1813) who fought with the British during the War of 1812 before being killed by American forces the following year.

21. Lewis, Sherman: Fighting Prophet, 41–42.22. Ibid., 52.23. Charles Bracelen Flood. 2005. Grant and Sherman: The Friendship that

Won the Civil War. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 23.24. Flood, Grant and Sherman: The Friendship that Won the Civil War, 33.

Sherman (“Cump” was his nickname since childhood) was also aware of his family history of mental illness. His maternal grandmother and uncle had both spent time in asylums (22).

25. See, for instance, Michael Fellman. 1995. Citizen Sherman: A Life of William Tecumseh Sherman. New York: Random House, where manic-depression is the diagnosis made, and whose author also found depression implicated

220 l Notes

in Robert E. Lee; Joshua Wolf Shenk. 2005. Lincoln’s Melancholy: How Depression Challenged a President and Fueled His Greatness. New York: Houghton Miff lin, where “bouts of mania and depression” are attrib-uted to Sherman, 203; and, Nassir Ghaemi. 2011. A First-Rate Madness: Uncovering the Links Between Leadership and Mental Illness. New York: Penguin.

26. Flood, Grant and Sherman: The Friendship that Won the Civil War, 34.27. See Charles E. Vetter. ‘William T. Sherman: The Louisiana Experience,’ in

The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, Vol. 36, No. 2 (Spring 1995), 133–147.

28. See Eliot Cohen. 2002. Supreme Command: Soldiers, Statesmen, and Leaders in Wartime. New York: Simon & Schuster, 30–31.

29. J. F. C. Fuller. 1956. The Decisive Battles of the Western World: And Their Influence upon History. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 12.

30. For an excellent account on the impact of Antietam, as well as background on foreign recognition, see James M. McPherson. 2007. The Mighty Scourge: Perspectives on the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, 65–76. The casualties at Antietam were horrendous. Union casualties were estimated to be 2,010 killed, 9,416 wounded, and 1,043 missing out of 75,000 troops while on Lee’s side, which comprised 40,000 men, 2,700 were killed, 9,024 wounded, and approximately 2,000 missing; see E. B. Long. 1971. The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac 1861–1865. New York: Doubleday, 269. The reference to Saratoga is to the Franco-American alli-ance that emerged after the American victory in upstate New York in 1777, provided a key turning point in the Revolutionary War.

31. Roy Basler. (Ed.). 1946. Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings. New York: De Capo, 659.

32. John Formby. 1910. The American Civil War: A Concise History of Its Causes, Progress, and Results. London: John Murray, 64–65.

33. James M. McPherson. 1988. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 425.

34. Formby, The American Civil War, 65–66, and; McPherson, The Mighty Scourge, 51–63.

35. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 426.36. See Fuller, The Decisive Battles of the Western World, 12–47, for an excel-

lent account of the Peninsula Campaign, the Seven Days Battle, and the strategic consequences of McClellan’s failed bid to end the war in a single stroke; also, Formby, The American Civil War, 118–123; and McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 424–427, 461–462, 464–471, 499–500, all exam-ine the battles in depth as well as the strategic outcome, which was ulti-mately the prolonging of the War.

37. McPherson, The Mighty Scourge, 60.38. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 536.39. See Kearns, Team of Rivals, 459–472, for an excellent analysis of the lead-

up to the proclamation; Allen C. Cuelzo. 2004. Lincoln’s Emancipation

Notes l 221

Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America. [New York: Simon & Schuster]; and McPherson, The Mighty Scourge, 126–127, who quotes Lincoln explaining to his cabinet that “the slaves were undeniably an element of strength to those who had their service, and we must decide whether that element should be with us or against us . . . We wanted the army to strike more vigorous blows. The Administration must set an example and strike at the heart of the rebellion” (127).

40. The carnage was dreadful at Fredericksburg, not least because Burnside continually ordered frontal assaults on very well-defended ground, result-ing in approximately 12,500 Union casualties compared to only just over 5,000 Confederate ones: see Long, The Civil War Day by Day, 295–296.

41. Flood, Grant and Sherman: The Friendship that Won the Civil War, 43.42. See Lewis, Sherman: Fighting Prophet, 189. Sherman likely suffered a manic

attack that lasted some two weeks. He seemed more aware of his vulner-ability than those around him, as evidenced by his request to President Lincoln no less that he should not be given any prominent position.

43. Flood, Grant and Sherman: The Friendship that Won the Civil War, 74. The article made the matter-of-fact report that while he was commanding in Kentucky Sherman was in fact “stark mad” (75).

44. Ibid., 107.45. Ibid., 114.46. Long, The Civil War Day by Day, 195–196.47. Flood, Grant and Sherman: The Friendship that Won the Civil War, 119.48. See Colonel J. F. C. Fuller. 1929. The Generalship of Ulysses S. Grant.

London: John Murray, 98–116; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 405–415; and Flood, Grant and Sherman: The Friendship that Won the Civil War, 90–129.

49. The quote is from General James H. Wilson and recounts his advice to Grant’s chief of staff. Unbeknownst to Wilson, Grant had already con-ceived of this plan; see Fuller, The Decisive Battles of the Western World, 53–54.

50. Ibid., 56.51. Ibid., 83.52. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 654–655.53. Long, The Civil War Day by Day, 377.54. Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 616.55. See Mark Grimsley. 1995. The Hard Hand of War: Union Military Policy

Towards Southern Civilians 1861–1865. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sherman’s Meridian Campaign was viewed as a forerunner to his march to the sea. In eleven days Sherman’s troops traveled 150 miles between Vicksburg and Meridian. Over a five-day period they destroyed 115 miles of railroad, 61 bridges, and 20 locomotives (162–165).

56. The Overland or Wilderness Campaign involved battles at ‘The Wilderness’ (May 5–7); Spotsylvania Court House (May 8–21); Yellow Tavern (May 11); Meadow Bridge (May 12); North Anna (May 23–26); Wilson’s Wharf

222 l Notes

(May 24); Haw’s Shop (May 28); Totopotomoy Creek (May 28–30); Old Church (May 30); Cold Harbor (May 31–June12); Trevilian Station (June 11–12), which allowed Grant’s forces to cross the James River to maintain the pressure and advance on Lee; Saint Mary’s Church (June 24); and, finally, the Siege of Petersburg, which began on June 9 and continued until March 25, 1864.

57. Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 620.58. See McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 718–743; and Kearns Goodwin,

Team of Rivals, 616.59. Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 654.60. McPherson, The Mighty Scourge, 117. McPherson drew extensively from

arguably the preeminent analysis of Sherman’s military strategy, which is Basil H. Liddell Hart. 1929. Sherman: Soldier, Realist, American. New York: Dodd, Meade & Co.

61. Flood, Grant and Sherman: The Friendship that Won the Civil War, 276.62. Ibid., 268.63. Ibid., 286.64. See Long, The Civil War Day by Day, 639–640.65. McPherson, Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution, 11–42.66. See McPherson, The Mighty Scourge, 113.67. Ibid., 60–62.68. Flood, Grant and Sherman: The Friendship that Won the Civil War,

395–396.69. Brooks D. Simpson. 2000. Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph over Adversity,

1822–1865. Boston: Houghton Miff lin Harcourt, 466.70. Ghaemi, A First-Rate Madness, 24–28.71. Flood, Grant and Sherman: The Friendship that Won the Civil War, 14.72. See Grant, Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant, Vol. I, 248–250.73. Flood, Grant and Sherman: The Friendship that Won the Civil War, vii.74. Wills, Lincoln at Gettysburg, 38.

6 Jackie Robinson and Rosa Parks: Creating Political Space—Pathfinding Actions

1. See David Maraniss. 1996. First in His Class: The Biography of Bill Clinton. New York: Simon & Schuster, 134–135.

2. Jim Crow laws were made between 1876 and 1965 and largely centered on segregating blacks from whites, particularly in the Southern states of the old Confederacy.

3. The population statistics are all drawn from US Census Data collated in Appendix A of Hollis R. Lynch. 1973. The Black Urban Condition: A Documentary History, 1866–1971. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 421–430. See also Thomas J. Davis. 2006. Race Relations in America: A Reference Guide with Primary Documents. Westport, CT.: Greenwood, 174.

Notes l 223

4. Lynch, The Black Urban Condition: A Documentary History, 1866–1971, 272–280.

5. Jackie Robinson. 1995. I Never Had It Made: Jackie Robinson—An Autobiography. New York: HarperCollins, xxiv.

6. Donald Spivey, “Satchel Paige’s Struggle for Selfhood in the Era of Jim Crow,” in David K. Wiggins. (Ed.). 2006. Out of the Shadows: A Biographical History of African American Athletes. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 101.

7. Renae Nadine Schacklford. “‘I just might be able to steal second’: Fence’s Baseball Metaphor as August Wilson’s Commentary on African American Life,” in Peter Carino. (Ed.). Baseball/Literature/Culture: Essays 2004–2005. Jefferson, NC: McFarlane, 53–60.

8. Arnold Rampersad. 1997. Jackie Robinson: A Biography. New York: Random House, 12.

9. See John R. M. Wilson. 2010. Jackie Robinson and the American Dilemma. New York: Longman, 6–7.

10. Rampersad, Jackie Robinson, 37.11. See Wilson, Jackie Robinson, 6–19.12. The term “noble experiment,” akin to Henry Knox’s “noble train,” links

the high ends being sought to the effort or means that manifest to achieve said ends.

13. Lee Lowenfish. 2007. Branch Rickey: Baseball’s Ferocious Gentlemen. Lincoln & London: University of Nebraska Press, 23.

14. Ibid., 24.15. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 359.16. See Jules Tygiel. 1983. Baseball’s Great Experiment: Jackie Robinson and His

Legacy. New York: University of Oxford Press, 55. Rickey consulted with Columbia University’s Frank Tannenbaum, who had studied compara-tively racial attitudes in Latin America and the US. He also read sociolo-gists and historians to better understand the broader themes of race, while talking through his plans with sociologist Dan Dodgson (54). Rickey was also exposed to the landmark study on racial segregation authored by Gunnar Myrdal. 1944. The American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. New York: Harper & Bros., which optimistically anticipated the breakthroughs ahead. (7–9). See also, Jonathan Eig. 2007. Opening Day: The Story of Jackie Robinson’s First Season. New York: Simon & Schuster, 45–46.

17. Robinson, I Never Had It Made, 24.18. For more about Jackie’s military career, see Robinson, I Never Had It

Made, 12–22; Wilson, Jackie Robinson and the American Dilemma, 25–39; and Rampersad, Jackie Robinson, 83–112.

19. Wilson, Jackie Robinson and the American Dilemma, 53.20. Tygiel, Baseball’s Great Experiment, 66.21. There were several black baseballers in the 1870s and 1880s but by the end

of that decade the color barrier had been established.

224 l Notes

22. Robinson, I Never Had It Made, 34.23. Rampersad, Jackie Robinson, 127. See, also, Lowenfish, Branch Rickey,

325. Meany had been struck by a travel writer’s depiction of Gandhi and its similarity with Rickey, namely: “an incredible combination of Jesus Christ, Tammany Hall, and your father.” (325).

24. Gerald Early, “American Integration, Black Heroism, and the meaning of Jackie Robinson,” in David K. Wiggins and Patrick B. Miller. 2003. The Unlevel Playing Field: A Documentary History of the African American Experience in Sport. Urbana, IL: University of Chicago Press, 217.

25. Ibid., 217.26. See Rampersad, Jackie Robinson, 136–140.27. Robinson, I Never Had It Made, 48–49.28. Ibid., 48.29. A statue depicting this scene was erected in Brooklyn (at a minor league

baseball stadium, Key Span Park) in 2005.30. This quote is drawn from Langston Hughes’s 1945 poem, “I, Too,” which

ends with the words, “besides, they’ll see how beautiful I am. I, too, am America.” See Langston Hughes. 1959. Selected Poems of Langston Hughes. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 275.

31. Jackie Robinson’s major league career was by most standards a short one, spanning only 10 seasons from 1947–1956. Thus Robinson’s total number of stolen bases looks small when contrasted against career leader Ricky Henderson or the legendary Ty Cobb (except in the category of stealing home, the rarest of baseball plays, where Robinson was second on the career list behind Cobb). However, all judicious analysts of baseball agree that Jackie Robinson was a unique talent as a base stealer, not least because of his rare ability to distract the pitcher to advantage his team.

32. Eig, Opening Day, 242–243.33. A career fielding percentage of .983 means that for every 1,000 plays

Robinson was mistake-free 983 times; in other words, his accuracy as a fielder was 98.3 percent, which is a stunningly high degree of professional accuracy in any domain, except perhaps for NASA.

34. David J. Garrow. 1978. Protest At Selma: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 7.

35. See Lynch, The Black Urban Condition: A Documentary History, 1866–1971, 300.

36. Douglas Brinkley. 2005. Rosa Park: A Life. New York: Penguin, 7.37. Davis, Race Relations in America, 156. Citing US Census data, 791 con-

firmed lynchings took place between 1900 and 1910.38. See Robert A. Caro. 2002. The Years of Lyndon Johnson: Master of the

Senate. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, ix–xi. See also David R. Oldfield. 1990. Black, White, and Southern: Race Relations and Southern Culture. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 72–75.

39. Davis, Race Relations in America, 158.40. Brinkley, Rosa Parks: A Life, 25.

Notes l 225

41. Jeanne Theoharis. 2013. The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks. Boston: Beacon Press, 6–7.

42. Ibid., 7.43. Ibid., 9.44. Joyce A. Hanson. 2011. Rosa Parks: A Biography. Santa Barbara, CA:

Greenwood, 11.45. Ibid., 15–18.46. Ibid., 20; and Theoharis, The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks, 12–16 for

excellent background on Raymond Parks.47. See Brinkley, Rosa Parks: A Life, 39–41; Hanson, Rosa Parks: A Biography,

23–25. The US Supreme Court overturned the convictions in 1932, but the nine were found guilty in a second trial. Eventually plea-bargains saw four of the men go free in 1937. The rest received long sentences and the last of these innocent men was finally paroled in 1950.

48. Hanson, Rosa Parks: A Biography, 25.49. Oldfield. Black, White, and Southern: Race Relations and Southern Culture, 24.50. Black victims of the criminal justice system in Montgomery would invari-

ably find Rosa Parks showing up with her notebook to take down all the necessary details of their injustice. One prominent case she bravely supported, putting herself at considerable risk, was that of Recy Taylor, a black woman who was gang-raped by six white men. Typically, Taylor received no redress for the violence committed against her; see Theoharis, The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks, 23–24.

51. Garrow, Protest At Selma: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, 7–11.

52. Oldfield, Black, White, and Southern: Race Relations and Southern Culture, 61–62.

53. Mythology developed around the notion that Parks was too tired on that early evening to move from her seat but as she made clear, although she was physically tired on December 1, and not feeling particularly well, she’d felt that way plenty of times before without complaint or protest. As she said in her own words, “No, the only tired I was, was tired of giving in.” See Rosa Parks, with Jim Haskins. 1992. My Story. New York: Penguin, 116. An excellent discussion on Parks’s motivations for her actions that day is provided in Theoharis, The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks, 66–71.

54. See Brinkley, Rosa Parks: A Life, 107.55. Taylor Branch. 1988. Parting the Waters: Martin Luther King and the Civil

Rights Movement 1954–63. New York: Simon & Schuster, 131.56. Branch, Parting the Waters, 130.57. Brinkley, Rosa Parks: A Life, 114.58. David J. Garrow. 1986. Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr., And The

Southern Leadership Conference. New York: Random House, 16–17.59. Brinkley, Rosa Parks: A Life, 128.60. Martin Luther King, Jr. (Ed. Clayborne Carson). 2000. The Autobiography

of Martin Luther King, Jr. London: Abacus, 54–55.

226 l Notes

61. Theoharis, The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks, 87, 269fn.62. Ibid., 88.63. Branch, Parting the Waters, 137.64. Clayborne Carson & Kris Shepard. (Eds.). 2001. A Call to Conscience: The

Landmark Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr. London: Little, Brown & Co., 4–5.

65. Brinkley, Rosa Parks: A Life, 142.66. Carson & Shepard, A Call to Conscience: The Landmark Speeches of Martin

Luther King, Jr., 8–9.67. Ibid., 12.68. Brinkley, Rosa Parks: A Life, 141.69. The resolution agreed to that evening was a boycott until: one, courte-

ous treatment by the bus operators was guaranteed; two, seating would be on a first-come, first-served basis, with blacks seating from the back and white seating from the front until the bus was full; and three, black driv-ers would be employed on predominantly black routes, see King, Jr., The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr., 61.

70. Oldfield, Black, White, and Southern: Race Relations and Southern Culture, 99.71. See Brinkley, Rosa Parks: A Life, 141.72. Theoharis, The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks, 139. In this account,

derived from an earlier draft of her autobiography, she felt mistreated as, having lost her job, she should have been employed by the MIA. By the time she was finally offered a job in a voter registration drive Parks had already accepted a job in Hampton.

73. Theoharis, The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks, 116–164.74. Rosa Parks, with Jim Haskins. 1992. Rosa Parks: My Story. New York:

Penguin, 122.75. Parks, with Jim Haskins, Rosa Parks: My Story, 128.76. Theoharis, The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks, 161, 160–163.77. Rampersad, Jackie Robinson, 379.

7 Morse, Ellsberg, Lee, and Margolies: Unexplored Roads—Defying Political Time and Space

1. H.J. Res. 1145, August 10, 1964. Public Law 88–408, 384.2. An estimated total of 58,220 Americans were either killed in action or

held in captivity. Additionally, some 153,303 troops were wounded in action and another 1,643 missing in action; see http://www.archives.gov /research/military/Vietnam-war/casualty-statistics.html. Last accessed 1/04/2014.

3. Neil Sheehan, Hedrick Smith, E. W. Kenworthy, and Fox Butterfield. 1971. The Pentagon Papers: The Secret History of the Vietnam War. New York: Bantam.

4. S.J. Res. 23, September 18, 2001. Public Law 107–40, 224.

Notes l 227

5. “President Signs Authorization for Use of Military Force bill,” September 18, 2001: http://www.georgewbuswhitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases /2001/09/20010918–10.html. Last accessed 1/04/2014.

6. See http://www.gallup.com/poll/116677/presidential-approval-ratings -gallup.html. Last accessed 1/07/2014.

7. Robert Dallek. 1998. Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times 1961–1973. New York: Oxford University Press, 143.

8. Robert A. Caro. 2012. The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Passage of Power. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 534–535. See also, Michael R. Beschloss. 1997. Taking Charge: The Johnson White House Tapes 1963–1964. New York: Simon & Schuster, 256–265, 363–374.

9. Sheehan et al., The Pentagon Papers, 238–241.10. Robert J. Hanyok, “Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds and the Flying Fish:

The Gulf of Tonkin Mystery, 2–4, August 1964,” Cryptologic Quarterly, Vol. 19., No. 4./Vol. 20., No. 1, Winter 2000/Spring 2001, 3. In 2005, Hanyok’s study was published, see http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/31 /politics/31war.html; last accessed on 01/05/14.

11. Stanley Karnow. 1983. Vietnam: A History. New York: The Viking Press, 374. This line, oft repeated, was made to Undersecretary of State for Economic and Agricultural Affairs, George Ball; see George Ball. 1982. The Past Has Another Pattern: Memoirs. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 379.

12. Robert McNamara, with Brian Van DeMark. 1995. In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam. New York: Random House, 127.

13. Karnow, Vietnam: A History, 373.14. Dallek, Flawed Giant, 153.15. J. William Fulbright, with Seth P. Tillman. 1989. The Price of Empire.

London: Fourth Estate, 106.16. Mason Drukman. 1997. Wayne Morse: A Political Biography. Portland: The

Oregon Historical Society Press, 88–115.17. Drukman, Wayne Morse: A Political Biography, 184–85.18. Lewis D. Eigen and Jonathan Siegel. (Eds.). 1993. The Macmillan

Dictionary of Political Quotations. New York: Macmillan, 479.19. Drukman, Wayne Morse: A Political Biography, 4. See also Lillian C.

Wilkins. 1982. Wayne Morse: An Exploratory Biography. PhD Dissertation, Ann Arbor: University of Oregon, for an in-depth psychoanalytical study of Morse.

20. Drukman, Wayne Morse: A Political Biography, 240–300.21. Karnow, Vietnam: A History, 374–375.22. Drukman, Wayne Morse: A Political Biography, 6–7.23. Ibid., 407; and McNamara, In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of

Vietnam, 118–119, where McNamara described his embrace of Morse’s label, in 1964, as “an impulsive and ill-considered public statement that has dogged me ever since” (118).

228 l Notes

24. McNamara, In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam, 137.25. Lee Wilkins, “Leadership as Political Mentorship: The Example of Wayne

Morse,” Political Psychology, Vol. 7, No. 1. March 1986, 61.26. Congressional Record. August 7, 1964, 18471.27. Drukman, Wayne Morse: A Political Biography, 418. Drukman added

the CIA, as well as Army and Navy intelligence, to the FBI as organs of the state that investigated Morse. The FBI link was revealed publicly in, variously, the Eugene Register-Guard, the Sunday Oregonian, and The Washington Post, on July 17, 1988.

28. Fulbright, with Seth P. Tillman, The Price of Empire, 106.29. Henry Kissinger. 2003. Ending the Vietnam War: A History of America’s

Involvement in and Extrication from the Vietnam War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 38.

30. Erwin C. Hargrove, “George Ball and Robert McNamara: Protagonists over Vietnam,” in Larry Berman. (Ed.). 2006. The Art of Political Leadership: Essays in Honor of Fred I. Greenstein. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 162–183.

31. Hamilton, Alexander, Madison, James, and Jay, John. The Federalist Papers (1787–88). Introduction by Gary Wills (Ed.). 1982. New York: Bantam, 320.

32. Dallek, Flawed Giant, 277.33. William Safire. 1997. Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History. (2nd ed.).

New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 411–418.34. Hargrove, “George Ball and Robert McNamara: Protagonists over

Vietnam,” 162–163, 179–182. See also Daniel Ellsberg. 2001. Risk, Ambiguity and Decision. New York: Garland.

35. Tom Wells. 2001. Wild Man: The Life and Times of Daniel Ellsberg. New York: Palgrave For St. Martin’s Press, 224–228.

36. See Karnow, Vietnam: A History, 556–557. See also Daniel Ellsberg. 2002. Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers. New York: Penguin, 200–204, where Ellsberg hints that he may have indirectly been a source for the leak, and Wells, Wild Man: The Life and Times of Daniel Ellsberg, who sides with Karnow (288).

37. Ellsberg, Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers, 204.38. Ibid., 206, 213. See also Wells, Wild Man: The Life and Times of Daniel

Ellsberg, 308.39. Ellsberg, Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers, 255.40. Ibid., 272.41. Wells, Wild Man: The Life and Times of Daniel Ellsberg, 70–78.42. Henry Kissinger. 1979. The White House Years. London: Weidenfeld &

Nicholson, 730. See also Wells, Wild Man: The Life and Times of Daniel Ellsberg, 321–340.

43. Wells, Wild Man: The Life and Times of Daniel Ellsberg, 330.44. Fred Emery. 1994. Watergate: The Corruption and Fall of Richard Nixon.

London: Jonathan Cape, 38.

Notes l 229

45. Kissinger, The White House Years, 730.46. R.H. Haldeman, with Joseph DiMona. 1978. The Ends of Power. New

York: Times Book Co., 110.47. Wells, Wild Man: The Life and Times of Daniel Ellsberg, 229–270, has a

thorough analysis of Daniel Ellsberg’s gung-ho behavior while in Vietnam with Lansdale’s counterinsurgency team.

48. See Emery, Watergate: The Corruption and Fall of Richard Nixon, xv-xviii.49. John Ehrlichman. 1982. Witness to Power: The Nixon Years. New York:

Simon & Schuster, 399.50. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 1989. The Imperial Presidency. New York:

Houghton Miff lin, 433–434.51. Wells, Wild Man: The Life and Times of Daniel Ellsberg, 602.52. Henry Kissinger. 1994. Diplomacy. New York: Simon & Schuster, 659.53. See Kissinger, Diplomacy, 658–659; and Kissinger, Ending the Vietnam

War: A History of America’s Involvement in and Extrication from the Vietnam War, 38–39.

54. “Vietnam Study, Casting Doubts, Remains Secret,” New York Times, October 31, 2005; see http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/31/politics/31war .html. Last accessed 1/05/2014.

55. Bob Woodward. 2002. Bush at War. New York: Simon & Schuster, begin-ning Woodward’s body of work that includes, at two-year intervals: 2004. Plan of Attack. New York: Simon & Schuster; 2006. State of Denial: Bush at War, Part III. New York: Simon & Schuster; 2008. The War Within: A Secret White House History. New York: Simon & Schuster; and 2010. Obama’s Wars. New York: Simon & Schuster. See also John Keegan. 2004. The Iraq War. Canada: Vintage Canada; Thomas E. Ricks. 2006. Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq. London: Allen Lane; and Peter Galbraith. 2006. The End of Iraq: How American Incompetence Created a War Without End. New York: Simon & Schuster.

56. See Woodward, Bush at War, 1–38; and George W. Bush. 2010. Decision Points. New York: Crown, 126–139.

57. Barbara Lee. 2008. Renegade for Peace & Justice: Congresswoman Barbara Lee Speaks for Me. Lanham, Md: Rowan & Littlefield, 168.

58. Lee, Renegade for Peace & Justice, 169. See also, S.J. Res. 23, September 18, 2001. Public Law 107–40, 224.

59. See Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. The Federalist Papers (1787–88). Introduction by Gary Wills (Ed.). 1982. New York: Bantam, 34. Hamilton described an old leadership article of faith: “It is of the nature of war to increase the executive at the expense of the legisla-tive authority” (34). See also Lee, Renegade for Peace & Justice, 171; and Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. 2004. War and the American Presidency. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 45–67.

60. Lee, Renegade for Peace & Justice, 175; and “Text of Barbara Lee’s Dissent on House Floor,” http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file+news/archive/2001/09/15.

230 l Notes

61. Jerrold M. Post, “The Political Psychology of the Ross Perot Phenomenon,” in Stanley A. Renshon. (Ed.). 1995. The Clinton Presidency: Campaigning, Governing, & the Psychology of Leadership. Boulder, CO: Westview, 37–38. See also E. C. Ladd. “The 1992 Vote for President Clinton: Another Brittle Mandate?,” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 108, [No. 1, Spring 1993, 17.

62. Joes Klein, “Eight Years: Bill Clinton and the Politics of Persistence,” The New Yorker. New York: Advance Magazine Publishers, October 16 & 23, 2000, 192.

63. Bob Woodward. 1994. The Agenda: Inside the Clinton White House. New York: Simon & Schuster, 69–70. See also Alan Greenspan. 2007. The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World. New York: Penguin, 147–148.

64. See Woodward, The Agenda, 84.65. See http://gallup.com/poll/trends/ptjobapp.asp. Last accessed 09/18/2000.

He had a net disapproval rating of negative 12 points at the beginning of June.

66. See Woodward, The Agenda: Inside the Clinton White House, 297; and David Gergen. 2000. Eyewitness to Power: The Essence of Leadership—Nixon to Clinton. New York: Simon & Schuster, 278.

67. Bill Clinton. 2004. My Life. London: Hutchison, 534–535.68. Marjorie Margolies-Mezvinsky. 1994. A Woman’s Place . . . The Freshmen

Women Who Changed the Face of Congress. New York: Crown, 192.69. Clinton, My Life, 530–538; Woodward, The Agenda, 282–310; George

Stephanopoulos. 1999. All Too Human: A Political Education. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 175 188, and Margolies-Mezvinsky, A Woman’s Place, 194–204.

70. Margolies-Mezvinsky, A Woman’s Place, 194–195.71. Clinton, My Life, 536.72. Margolies-Mezvinsky, A Woman’s Place, 203.73. Clinton, My Life, 537–538.74. In a report to Congress, the military costs of Vietnam were put at $686

billion; for post-9/11, $859 billion, http://www.fpc.state.gov/documents /organization/108054.pdf.

75. See Robert Frost. 1995. “The Road Not Taken,” in Robert Frost: Collected Poems, Prose, & Plays. New York: The Library of America, 103.

8 US Leadership in Political Time and Space Revisited

1. Summaries of the three leadership types are included as appendices at the end of this chapter.

2. Howard Gardner, with Emma Laskin. Leading Minds: An Anatomy of Leadership. New York: Basic Books, 287.

3. See Fred I. Greenstein. 1975. Personality & Politics: Problems of Evidence, Inference, and Conceptualization. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 42–45. Greenstein described situations where modest interventions nevertheless

Notes l 231

produced disproportionately large outcomes. He labeled these situations as unstable equilibriums, akin to massive rock formations on a mountain-side that can be dislodged by a mere keystone, or in a tinder-dry forest that needs only a spark to turn into an inferno. Greenstein’s idea of an unstable equilibrium has been taken up by social psychologists in develop-ing the concept of tension systems. Here, systems on the cusp of change, or in unstable equilibrium, can be susceptible to widespread change from “seemingly small and inconsequential forces”; see Lee Ross and Richard E. Nisbett. The Person and the Situation: Perspectives of Social Psychology. Boston: McGraw Hill, 14–15. However, the existence of restraining fac-tors can thwart any large-scale change response so that a system doesn’t respond at all, or it may even inadvertently further strengthen restraining variables. That is, in essence, a tension system; situations that stand poised between malleability and inertia. Malcolm Gladwell’s The Tipping Point is a more recent, popularized account of tension systems in operation; see Malcolm Gladwell. 2002. The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. New York: Back Bay Books, 1–14, 133–168.

4. The ratio is drawn from the latest US Census data, which was taken on April 1, 2010; see http://www.census.gov. Retrieved March 13, 2014.

5. The list presented here is the authors own but does draw upon the far more ambitious constitutional set of reforms argued for in Larry J. Sabato. 2007. A More Perfect Constitution: 23 Proposals to Revitalize Our Constitution and Make America a Fairer Country. New York: Walker.

6. Ibid., 16–17.7. The Twenty-seventh Amendment, which fixes when compensation changes

for Congress can take effect, was proposed by founder James Madison in 1789. It was ratified 202 years later, on May 7, 1992, see Richard B. Bernstein. 1993. Amending America: If We Love the Constitution So Much Why Do We Keep Trying to Change it? New York: Random House, 243–248.

8. See Stephen Skowronek. 2011. Presidential Leadership in Political Time: Reprise and Reappraisal.Lawrence: University of Kansas Press. A waning of political time would see Skowronek’s other categories lose force so that a permanent politics of preemption would operate. Presidents would con-tinually probe for reconstructive opportunities but invariably old regime supports would prevent any real change from ever occurring.

9. Carl G. Jung. 1986. Matter of the Heart: The Extraordinary Journey of Carl G. Jung into the Soul of Man. Directed by Michael Whitney. Austria/UK Productions.

10. Mark Halperin and John Heileman. 2013. Double Down: Game Change 2012. New York: Penguin, 462.

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35–6, 40–1, 42–3, 52, 61–2, 80, 83, 88

Adams, Samuel, 27, 50, 51, 52, 54Alabama, 110, 124, 149, 150, 152,

153, 154Alabama State College, 155, 159Albany, New York, 59, 60, 63Albemarle County, Virginia, 73, 77Alexandria, Virginia, ix, 106Ambrose, Stephen, 85, 91American Philosophical Society,

8, 83Annapolis, Maryland, 136Anniston, Alabama, 153anti-Federalists, 78, 80, 88Arikara Indians, 87Arnold, Benedict, 57Astoria, Oregon, 76, 95atheism, 21, 40Atlanta, Georgia, 119, 126Authorization for Use of Military Force

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Axelrod, David, 6Azbell, Joe, 158

Bache, Sarah, 38Baird, Zoe, 180Ball, George, 164, 172Baltimore, Maryland, 121Barber, Walter Lanier “Red,” 141Barton, Benjamin, 85Bates, Edward, 106Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 112Battles, Civil War

Antietam, 112, 115–16, 125, 129, 201Appomattox, 127Atlanta campaign, 125Battle of Nashville, 126Chancellorville, 121Chattanooga, 119, 121Ezra Church, 125First Battle of Bull Run, 112, 117Fort Sumter, 107, 108, 112, 126, 128Fredericksburg, 116, 124Gettysburg, 119, 121–3, 125, 128, 129Grand Gulf, 120Jackson, 120March to the Sea, 127, 132Nashville, 126Peachtree Creek, 125Peninsula campaign, 114Port Gibson, 120Raymond, 120Second Battle of Bull Run, 115Seven Days Battle, 112, 114–15Shiloh, 118–19, 125, 131Snyder’s Bluff, 120Vicksburg campaign, 116, 119–21, 124

Index

244 l Index

Battles, Civil War—ContinuedWilderness campaign, 124–5, 127,

129, 131Yorktown, 114–15

Battles, Revolutionary WarBunker Hill, 55–6Crossing the Delaware, 18, 38, 45,

48, 67, 70at Germantown, 68Lexington and Concord, 18, 29,

34, 54–5New York, 64–6retreat from New York, 66–7Siege of Boston, 55–64, 200Trenton and Princeton, 67at Valley Forge, 68winter at Morristown, 68Yorktown, 68

Baxter, Reverend Nathan, 179Beauregard, General P. G. T., 118Bell, Robert, 31Bell, Senator John C., 106Bentsen, Senator Lloyd, 181, 182Bering Sea, 82Bernstein, R. B., 28, 41Berra, Yogi, 140Bevis, Dr., 24Birmingham, Alabama, 153Bismarck, North Dakota, 73Bitterroot Ranges, 92, 96Blackfeet Indians, 87, 97Blair, Francis, P., 107Blake, James F., 154Bonaparte, Napoleon, 40Boone, Daniel, 80Boston, Massachusetts, x, 30, 50, 51,

55, 59, 60, 62, 68, 193, 201Boston Latin Grammar School, 50Boston Massacre, 46, 49Boston Red Sox, 143Boston Tea Party, 26, 46, 54Bragg, General Braxton, 130Breckinridge, John C., 106Brinkley, Douglas, 150British Empire, 46, 77

British parliament, 19, 27, 31, 34Coercive Acts, 27Slavery Abolition Act 1834, 103

Brooker, Paul, 203n4Brooklyn, New York, 146Browder, Aurelia, 154Brown, John, 105. See abolitionistsBrown, Senator Scott, xiBundy, William, 167Burke, Edmund, 20, 39Burns, James MacGregor, 205n21Burnside, Major General Ambrose, 116Bush, President George W., 6, 12, 165,

177, 184as president of articulation, 202

Byrne, Matthew, 175

Caesar, Julius, 69Cairo, Georgia, 139Calhoun, John C., 106California, 104, 109, 110, 111, 142,

143, 178, 194Cambodia, 173, 176Carlyle, Thomas, 19Caro, Robert A., 166Cayton, Horace, R., 135Chapman, Ben, 147Charbonneau, Toussaint, 91

Sacagawea (wife), 73, 91, 92, 95see Shoshone Indians

Chase, Samuel P., 106Chesapeake Bay, 114Chicago, Illinois, 135, 150, 159China, 174Chinook Indians, 95, 97Cincinnati, Ohio, 117Civil Rights, 133

Civil Rights Act 1964, 134, 138, 162Klu Klux Klan, 150March on Washington, 161–2Montgomery Bus Boycott, 134, 155–9“Red Summer,” 150Scottsboro Boys, 152Voting Rights 1965, 134, 138, 162see Slavery

Index l 245

Civil War, 87, 102, 107, 108, 111–13, 115, 124, 127–8, 130, 132, 134, 135, 141

origins of, 102–6secession, 106, 111see battles of Civil War

Clark, Captain William, 5, 73, 82, 85–6, 91–6

Clark, General George Rogers, 82Clatsop Indians, 87, 95Clearwater River, 90Clinton, Bill, 12, 85, 133, 162, 166,

180, 189deficit reduction, 180–1economic plan of 1993, 180–4New Democrat, 180–1president of preemption, 202

Cobb, Ty, 147Cobbett, William, 17Colorado, 196Columbia River, 74, 90, 95, 96Colvin, Claudette, 154Confederacy, 112, 113, 114, 116, 121,

124, 129Confederate army, 112, 117, 118,

122, 126Confederate Army of North

Virginia, 101, 121–3Congress, xi, 80, 84, 85, 91, 104, 164,

165, 167, 169, 172, 176, 178, 179, 181, 194

Connecticut, 26, 57Constitution, 110, 153, 194, 195

Article I, Section 2, 102Article I, Section 9, clauses 1 and 4, 102Article V, 194Constitutional Amendment

Amendment iv, 179Amendment xiii, 135Amendment xiv, 135, 153Amendment xv, 135, 153Amendment xxvii, 195

Continental Army, 10, 36, 37, 38, 42, 43, 45, 46–7, 48, 57, 61, 63, 66, 67, 68, 70, 106

Continental Congress, 27, 47, 81Declaration of Causes and Olive

Branch Petition, 30–1Second Continental Congress, 27–8,

29–30, 57, 77Cook, Captain James, 73, 75Cornwallis, Lord, 42Cuba, 146

Cuban exiles, 175

Davis, Confederate President Jefferson, 112, 115, 118–19, 121, 129

Daytona Beach, Florida, 145de Sade, the Marquis, 12Declaration of Independence, 6, 37, 41,

42, 43, 65, 87, 88, 128, 134, 153, 162, 195

Delaware, 113Deloria, Jr., Vine, 87Democrat Party, 106, 159, 168, 178,

182, 183Detroit, Michigan, 80, 135, 150Dewey, Governor Thomas, 141DiMaggio, Joe, 140Dorchester Heights, 45, 56, 63, 64Douglas, Senator Stephen, 105, 106Drucker, Mason, 169Dunmore, Lord, 30Durocher, Leo, 147Durr, Clifford, 155Durr, Virginia, 155

Early, Gerald, 144Edwards, Sylvester, 150Ehrlichman, John, 175Eisenhower, Dwight, 168

as president of preemption, 200Elections, 1800, 80; 1860 and 2000,

106Electoral College, 104, 106, 194Ellicott, Andrew, 85Elliot, Lieutenant Joseph, 79Ellis, Joseph P., 33, 102Ellison, Ralph Waldo, 144

246 l Index

Ellsberg, Daniel, xii, 12, 164, 184, 185, 190, 193

changes view on War, 172–3charged under Espionage Act 1917,

175essence as existential hero, 171, 202ex-wife Carol, 174and leaks Pentagon Papers, 174–6,

184in Vietnam; Watergate, 165, 175–6Working with Kissinger, 173see Vietnam War

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 19, 55Enlightenment, 24, 39, 85existential hero, definition of, 11

essence of, 12, 41–4, 171, 176, 180, 184, 192–3

see Daniel Ellsberg; Barbara Lee; Marjorie Margolies-Mezvinsky; Wayne Morse, Thomas Paine

Ewell, General Richard, 122

Federalism, 81Federalist Papers, No’s 10 and 14., 81Federalists, 40, 78, 83, 91Ferguson, James, 24Fielding, Dr. Lewis, 174. See WatergateFlorida, 26, 146Floyd, Sergeant Charles, 89, 95Flucker, Thomas, 54Foner, Eric, 39Formby, John, 113Fort Clatsop, Oregon, 76Fort Donelson, Tennessee, 117, 118, 124Fort George, New York, 60Fort Henry, Tennessee, 117Fort Hood, Texas, 143Fort Knox, Tennessee, 71Fort Mandan, North Dakota, 73, 91, 92Fort Moultrie, South Carolina, 110Fort Ticonderoga, New York, 10, 30,

45, 58, 61, 63, 69France, 21, 74, 82, 83Franklin, Benjamin, 8, 18, 25, 27, 29,

31–2, 34, 36–7, 43, 50, 129

Fraser River, Canada, 84Frost, Robert, 230n75Fruchtman, Jack, Jr., 34Fulbright, J. William, 167–8, 169, 170Fuller, J. F. C., 121

Gage, General Thomas, 26Galloway, Joseph, 28Gandhi, Mahatma, 144, 150

existential curse, 174Satyagraha, 173

Gardner, Howard, 230n2Garvey, Marcus, 150Gass, Private Patrick, 95Georgia, 26, 78, 110, 123, 126, 132,

139, 143Gergen, David, 182Ghaemi, Nassir, 131Gibson, Josh, 142Gidley, Colonel Richard, 58Gingrich, Newt, 166Gladwell, Malcom, 231n3Goldsboro, North Carolina, 126Gore, Al, 181, 183Grant, Matthew, 108Grant, Ulysses S., xii, 10–11, 101, 107,

113, 124, 125, 126, 128, 141, 149, 201

assumes command of all Union armies, 123

Belmont, 117command of Army of West

Tennessee, 116, 118–19command of Twenty-first Illinois

Volunteer Infantry Regiment, 117

early years, 108–9Frederick Dent (brother-in-law), 109Jesse (father), 109, 110Julia Dent (wife), 109Mexican-American War, 107–9Patriotism, essence of, 130–2, 201relationship with Sherman, 131–2Shiloh, 118–19, 131takes Fort Henry and Donelson, 117

Index l 247

Vicksburg Campaign, 119–21, 132West Point, 108–9Wildnersess Campaign, 124, 129, 131

Gray, Fred, 157Greene, Nathanael, 37, 46, 52, 57, 58,

67, 69Greenspan, Federal Reserve Chairman

Alan, 180financial markets strategy, 180–1

Greenstein, Fred I., 230n3Greensville, South Carolina, 136Greenwich Village, New York, 17Grimsley, Mark, 124Gruening, Senator Ernest, 170

Haldeman, Bob, 175Halleck, General-in-Chief Henry, 19,

126Hamilton, Alexander, 49Hampton, Virginia, 159Hancock, John, 54, 62, 77Hanyok, Robert, 177Hargrove, Erwin C., 204n15Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, 105Harvard College, 50, 172, 173Henry, Patrick, 20, 27Hessians, 67Hidatsas Indians, 92, 93Hitchcock, Henry, 126Hitler, Adolf, ix, 136Holmes, John, 88Honolulu, Hawaii, 142Hood, General John Hood, 125Hooker, Major General Joseph, 116, 121Hopper, Clay, 146Howe, General William, 38, 56, 64,

65, 66Hughes, Langston, 224n30Hume, David, 9Hunt, E. Howard, 175Hussein, Saddam, 175. See War on Terror

Idaho, 90, 96Indiana, 81individuation, definition of, 11

Iowa, 197Isaacson, Walter, 9, 27Ives-Quinn Law, 141

Jackson, Donald, 82Jackson, Mississippi, 120Jackson, President Andrew, 104Jackson, Stonewall, 115, 121James River, Virginia, 114, 115, 124Jay, John, 18Jefferson, Thomas, 3–4, 9, 18, 20,

24, 27, 30, 32, 37, 42, 43, 49, 73, 78, 129, 134, 136, 153, 163, 195

elected president, 80“Empire of Liberty,” 74, 76, 82, 184,

196Louisiana Purchase, 74, 76, 84, 85,

88, 102–3Monticello, 30, 73, 97Notes on the State of Virginia, 85as president of reconstruction, 83,

200and slavery, 87–8, 102–3, 105and western lands, 80–4

Johnson, Andrew, 183Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 12, 166, 170,

171, 184Civil Rights leadership, 137Great Society, xi–xiiGulf of Tonkin Incident, 164“Johnston’s treatment,” 182as president of articulation, 202and Texas Hill Country, 171Vietnam War, 166–72

Johnston, General Albert, 118Johnston, General Joseph, 115, 125Jung, Carl G., 196

Kansas, 105, 111Kant, Immanuel, 39Karnow, Stanley, 167, 172Kaye, Harvey, 33, 34Kearsley, John, 28Kehler, Randy, 173

248 l Index

Kellerman, Barbara, 203n3Kennedy, Jacqueline, 12Kennedy, John F., xii, 137, 166,

170, 195Kennedy, Senator Edward, xiKennedy, Senator Robert F., 172Kentucky, 80, 105, 106, 113Kerrey, Senator Bob, 183Kierkegard, Søren, 12.

See existential heroKing Charles I, 77King George III, 18, 20, 26, 31, 32, 33,

34, 41, 44, 88King, Jr., Dr. Martin Luther, 9, 134,

137, 144, 154, 155, 156, 200Coretta (wife), 156“I Have a Dream” speech, 161–2Montgomery Bus Boycott, 134,

157–9Montgomery Improvement

Association, 157–8Southern Christian Leadership

Conference, 159Kissinger, Henry; and Daniel Ellsberg,

173on Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 170,

176, 177and the Pentagon Papers, 174–6Vietnam War Policy, 176–7

Knox, Henry, x, 10, 30, 42, 101, 132, 149, 163, 193, 201

bookseller in Boston, 49, 52, 71Chief of Artillery, 49, 64crossing the Delaware, 67, 70death of, 45defense of New York, 64–6early life, 49–51essence of patriotic leadership,

68–71, 201Knox–Washington relationship, 49,

68–9, 70Lucy Flucker (wife), 50, 53–4, 55,

58, 65, 66, 70, 71Montpelier, 45Noble Train, 11, 30, 54–60, 70

Secretary of War, 49, 68Siege of Boston, 46, 54–64Valley Forge, 68Yorktown, 68

Knox, William, 50

Lake George, New York, 59Lansdale, General Edward, 172, 175Laos, 173Leadership, definition, 7Ledyard, John, 82Lee, Barbara, 12, 176, 185

Authorization for the Use of Military Force Against Terrorists (2001), 165

essence as an existential hero, 190, 202and Gulf of Tonkin Resolution,

178–9September 11, 178and Wayne Morse, 179

Lee, Henry, I, 106Lee, Henry (Light-Horse Harry), 106Lee, Robert E., 10, 101, 105, 116, 131,

193at Antietam, 112, 115–16, 125, 129,

201Chancellorsville, 121command of the Army of Northern

Virginia, 115, 124decision to join confederacy, 107–8early life, 106Fredericksburg, 116Gettysburg, 121–3, 201, 127, 131Mary Custis (wife), 106Seven Days Battle, 114–15surrenders at Appomattox, 127US-Mexican War, 107West Point, 106–7Wilderness campaign, 124–5

Lemhi Pass, 92Lewis, Meriwether, xi, 9, 111, 136,

193, 200army career, 78–80co-leadership, 76, 91, 96, 200depressions of, 75–6, 78, 96–7, 132

Index l 249

early life, 77–8education and training for

expedition, 74, 83, 84–5, 90essence of pathfinding leadership,

90–6, 97expedition discoveries, 89–90frontier skills, 74, 78, 80, 93Governor of Louisiana Territory, 97Lewis-Clark relationship, 76, 79,

86, 200Lucy (mother), 77, 78, 79relationship with Thomas Jefferson,

75–6, 189Seamus (dog), 97William Lewis (father), 77–8see Lewis and Clark expedition

Lewis and Clark Expedition, 86–90, 131, 196

“Corps of Discovery, 9, 75, 76, 89, 91, 95, 200

decision at Missouri–Marias River fork, 93–4

Fort Mandan, 91–2intelligence gathering, 91–2over the Continental Divide, 92, 95–6planning, 90previous continental traverse

schemes, 82–3, 90recruiting expedition members, 91–2relations with Indian tribes, 86–7, 93winter at Fort Clatsop, 76see Meriwether Lewis; William Clark

Liddell Hart, Basil, 125Liddy, G. Gordon, 175Lincoln, Abraham, 10–11, 101, 105,

115, 118, 121, 124, 125, 126, 128, 129, 132, 141, 190, 196

assassinated, 127election of, 106Emancipation Proclamation, 116leadership collaboration with Grant,

130–2meets Grant, 123as a president of reconstruction, 200war strategy, 112–13, 123–4, 127

Locke, John, 24London, England, 23–4, 28, 84Lonergan, Thomas, 61Longstreet, General James, 122Los Angeles, California, 135, 139Louis, Joe, 142

Machiavelli, Niccolò, 11, 33Fortuna, 193

MacDonald, Susie, 154Mackenzie, Alexander, 84Madison, James, 18, 81, 196Mailer, Norman, 12Maine, 26, 45, 71, 196Mandan Indians, 87, 92Manifest Destiny, 196Maori, kia kaha, 178Margolies-Mezvinsky, Marjorie, 12,

180, 185and Bill Clinton, 180–4deciding vote, 183deficit reduction taskforce, 182Economic Plan 1993, 166, 182–4essence as an existential hero, 184,

202Marias River, Montana, 93, 97Marion, Alabama, 153Marks, Captain John, 78Marshall, Chief Justice John, 103Martin, Benjamin, 24Maryland, 112, 113, 115Mason, David, 58Massachusetts, 26McCain, John, xMcChrystal, General Stanley, xMcClellan, General George, 112–13,

114, 115, 116, 117, 129McCullough, David, xMcNamara, Robert, 169, 172, 173

Gulf of Tonkin Incident, 167post-hoc rationalizations of Vietnam

Policy, 167McPherson, James, 115Meade, Major General Gordon, 121–2Meany, Tom, 144

250 l Index

Mexican-American War, 104, 107, 109, 110

Mexico City, 107, 109Monterrey, 109Vera Cruz, 107

Mexico, 107Michaux, André, 83, 85Mississippi, 116, 120, 123, 149, 153

Mississippi River, 9, 73, 74, 75, 82, 89

Mississippi Valley, 119Missouri, 106, 113

Great Falls, 93–4, 95Missouri River, 74, 85, 86, 88, 89,

93, 95Monroe, James, 21, 39Montana, 93, 183Montgomery, Alabama, 114, 134, 137,

151, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160. See Civil Rights

Montgomery, Richard, 57Morris, Gouverneur, 21Morris, Senator Thomas, 108Morse, Senator Wayne, 12, 180, 184,

202Dean of Oregon Law School, 168early political career, 168essence as an existential hero, 190,

202and Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 164,

168, 169, 180, 202reputation in Senate, 169

Mount Rushmore, South Dakota, 193Mount Vernon, Virginia, ix, 69Muchnik, Isadore, 143Musial, Stan, 140

Nashville, Tennessee, 76Natchez Trace, Tennessee, 76, 97National Security Agency (NSA), 173,

177, 179Nelson, Craig, 33Nelson, Senator Gaylord, 168Neuberger, Senator Dick, 169New England, 10, 48, 108

New Hampshire, 57New Jersey, 26, 66, 68New Mexico, 104New Orleans, Louisiana, 74, 84, 145New Rochelle, New York, 17, 39New York, New York, 26, 45, 48, 56,

67, 110–11, 135, 190New York Times, 165, 172, 173, 174New York Yankees, 134Newton, Sir Isaac, 24, 32Nez Percè Indians, 87, 96Nixon, Ed, 153, 155, 156, 157Nixon, Richard, 168, 172

as president of preemption, 202Vietnam War policy, 176–7, 202Watergate, 165, 173, 175

North Carolina, 26, 127, 132, 143North Dakota, Badlands, 193North Vietnam, 164, 167, 168, 169, 171,

172, 175. See also Vietnam WarNorthwest Ordinance, 81, 82, 108Northwest Passage, 82, 89, 92

Obama, President Barack, ix, 3, 162, 179, 197

election of, x–xihealth care, ix–xi

Ohio, 81, 118Ohio River, 80, 89Ohio Valley, 108

Oldfield, David, 159Omaha Indians, 87Oregon, 90, 164

Oregon Territory, 74, 117Osage Indians, 92Oxford University, Britain, 133, 189

Pacific Ocean, 73, 74, 76, 86, 89, 90, 95, 96

Paige, Leroy “Satchel,” 138, 142Paine, Thomas, xii, 12, 77, 163, 168,

193, 197, 202abolitionist sentiments, 39The Age of Reason, 21, 39–40The American Crisis, 18, 19, 38, 67

Index l 251

attack on President George Washington, 21, 39–40

burial of remains, 17character of, 24, 43–4Common Sense, xii, 12, 18, 21, 41, 61,

62, 65, 76, 156early life, 22–6essence of existential hero, 41–4exile from Britain, 39Frances (mother), 22imprisonment in France; Joseph

(father), 22–3in London, 23, 39marriages, Mary Lambert (first

wife), 24, Elizabeth Olliver (second wife), 5

publication of Common Sense, 31–7Quakerism, 22return to America, 38–40Rights of Man, 30, 37, 39, 40role in French Revolution, 38–9Thoughts on a Defensive War, 29

Panama, 146Parks, Rosa, xii, 9, 133, 134, 149, 193

early life, 150–2essence of pathfinding leadership,

160–2, 190, 200the event, 154–5King–Parks relationship, 137, 159Leona (mother), 151, 154, 160March on Washington, 161–2Montgomery Bus Boycott, 134, 155–9NAACP, 150, 152, 153, 159Pasadena, California, 139Raymond Parks (husband), 152–4,

160religiosity, 151as a symbol, 159, 160, 162

pathfinding leadership, definition of, 8essence of, 96–7, 160–2, 190, 191see Meriwether Lewis, Rosa Parks,

Jackie RobinsonPatriot Act, Section 215, 179patriotism, blind vs. constructive, 8

essence of, 68–71, 127, 130–2, 191–2

patriotism; definition of, 9see Henry Knox, Ulysses S. Grant,

William T. Sherman, Robert E. Lee

Peace River, Canada, 84Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, 164Pemberton, General John C., 120, 121Pennsylvania, 26, 39, 43, 121, 129,

130, 166, 178, 182Pensacola, Florida, 145Pentagon, 178Pentagon Papers, the, 12, 174–6

OSD Vietnam Task Force Study, 173see Daniel Ellsberg, Vietnam War

Policy, WatergatePerkins, Frances, 168Pernier, John, 96Perot, Ross, 180Petersburg, Virginia, 124, 127Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 28, 30, 37,

38, 85, 95, 113, 121, 135, 151Philidelphia Phillies, 147Pickett, General George, 122Pine Level, Alabama, 151political space, 5–8, 194–5, 200–2

definition, 5, 6–7political time, 3–8, 189–91, 200–2

definition, 4and Stephen Skowronek, 4–5, 203n2,

204n5Polk, James, 107Pope, General John, 115Potomac River, ix, 113Preston, Thomas, 52Princeton, New Jersey, 67Proxmire, Senator William, 169Puls, Mark, 54, 60

Quakers, 22, 29Quebec Province, 26, 30, 37

Rampersad, Arnold, 144RAND Corporation, 173, 174Reed, Joseph, 36, 62Reese, Harold “Pee Wee,” 147

252 l Index

Reno, Janet, 180Republican Party, 106, 116, 166, 168,

181, 182, 183, 185Revere, Paul, 52, 54Rhode Island, 52Richmond, Virginia, 114, 119, 123,

124, 127Rickey, Branch, 137, 140, 141, 142, 143,

144, 145, 146, 149, 161, 190Rickman, Thomas Clio, 25Rivera, Mariano, 134Robespierre, Maximilien François,

20, 39Robinson, Jackie, xii, 6, 9, 133, 134,

138, 151, 189, 200achievements, 148–9, 190Brooklyn Dodgers, 134, 140, 144,

146early life, 139–40essence of pathfinding leadership,

160–2Hall of Fame election, Rachel Isum

(wife), 142, 144, 145, 147, 149, 149

Jackie, Jr. (son), 147Jerry Robinson (father), 139Kansas City Monarchs, 142, 143Mallie (mother), 139, 140March on Washington, 161–2Montreal, 144–6Negro leagues, 139, 142pressures on 147–8Rickey–Robinson relationship, 137,

140–4, 146rookie season, 144–8sporting prowess, 134World Series 1947, 146, 148

Robinson, Jo Ann, 155Rocky Mountains, 74, 92Roosevelt, Franklin D., 168Roosevelt, Teddy, 180Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 24, 39Rowan, Carl, 150Rush, Dr. Benjamin, 27, 31, 36, 85

Russia, 82, 90Siberia, 82

Russo, Anthony, 174–5Ruth, George Herman “Babe,” 140

Sabato, Larry, J., 195Safire, William, 172San Diego, California, 177San Francisco, California, 111Saratoga, New York, 112Savannah, Georgia, 126, 127Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., 176Schofield, Major General John, 127Schuyler, Phillip, 57–8Scott, Judge John, 157Scott, Major General Winfield, 107,

123, 129Seaward, William, 106Sellers, Clyde, 156Selma, Alabama, 138, 153September 11 terrorist attacks, 164,

177–8, 179, 185, 190in Pennsylvania, 178on Pentagon, 177, 190Twin Towers, 178, 190

Shackleton, Ernest, 89Shakespeare, William, Hamlet, 30, 44Shea, Spec, 148Sheehan, Neil, 173Sherman, William Tecumseh, xii, 10–11,

101, 108, 113, 116, 123, 124, 128, 141, 193, 201

assumes command, Fifth Division of the Army of West Tennessee, 118

Charles (father), 110early life, 110Elisabeth Sherman, 110Ellen Ewing (wife), 111, 117, 119Louisiana State Seminary of

Learning and Military Academy, 111–12

March to the Sea, 127, 132, 201Mary (mother), 110Meridian Campaign, 123–4

Index l 253

patriotism, essence of, 130–2, 200relieved of command, 117–18Shiloh, 118–19, 132takes Atlanta, 125Thomas Ewing (father-in-law), 110,

111, 117Vicksburg Campaign, 119–21, 132West Point, 110

Shoshone Indians, 87, 91, 92, 96. See Sacagawea

Skowronek, Stephen, 4, 83Slaughter, Enos, 147Slaughter, Thomas, 87Slavery, 150

Civil War, 112–27constitutional support for, 102Emancipation Proclamation, 116Jim Crow laws, 134, 135, 136,

137, 139, 143, 145, 150, 151, 153, 154

Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854, 104Missouri Compromise 1820, 102,

104–5see Civil Rights

Smith, Adam, 39Smith, Mary Louise, 154Snake River, 90South Bend, Indiana, 141South Carolina, 26, 104, 106, 110, 111,

126, 127, 132South Vietnam, 50. See Vietnam WarSoviet Union, 175Spahn, Warren, 140Spain, 74, 82St. Louis, Missouri, 73, 75, 86, 91, 92,

97, 109, 111St. Louis Cardinals, 147Stanky, Ed, 147Stewart, Ollie, 135Straights of Georgia, 84Sukeforth, Clyde, 143Supreme Court, xi, 103, 153, 179,

194, 195Browder v. Gayle, 154, 159

Brown v. Board of Education, 153Dred Scott v. Sandford, 105Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 179Plessy v. Ferguson, 135, 153Times v United States, 175

Syracuse University, 167

Taft-Hartley Act 1947, 168Taney, Chief Justice Roger, 105Taylor, Branch, 154Taylor, Zachary, 111Tennessee, 106

Tennessee River, 118Teton Sioux Indians, 87, 93, 95

Black Buffalo, 93Texas, 104, 107, 143, 181Thetford, England, 22, 24Thomas, Charles, 141Thomas, General George, 126Trenton, New Jersey, 67Truman, Harry, 150, 168, 189

as president of articulation, 200Tschannerl, Janaki, 173Tuskegee, Alabama, 150

Union Army, 101, 115, 121, 122, 123, 126, 127

United States, 38, 41, 80, 103, 132, 141, 164, 196, 201, 202

University of California (UCLA), 140, 142

US Army, 101, 105US Congress. See CongressUS House of Representatives, 164,

183, 185US Senate, 168, 169, 183, 195US State Department, 177USS Maddox, 165, 169USS Ticonderoga, 167USS Turner Joy, 167Utah, 104

Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, 38, 48, 49, 68, 79

254 l Index

Vancouver, Canada, 84Vietnam War, 133, 166, 167, 169, 179,

171, 172, 173, 184, 190Americanization of, 164Geneva Accords (1954), 169Gulf of Tonkin incident, 12, 170,

190Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 170,

180, 191Rolling Thunder, 170, 171Tet Offensive, 164, 171, 172U34A Programs, 167, 169Vietnamization of, 173War Powers Resolution (1973), 176

Virginia, 26, 36, 78, 113, 115, 123, 129, 130, 131

Voltaire, 24, 39Voyager I, 196

War of Independence or Revolutionary War 10, 29, 47, 77, 79, 101, 114

War on Terror, 12, 165, 177, 178–9, 184, 185, 190

Afghanistan, x, 165, 180, 184Al Qaeda, 177Guantanamo Bay, 165, 179Iraq War, 177, 180, 184Patriot Act, 179

War Powers Resolution 1973, 191, 194Washington, 75, 90 104, 121, 123,

126, 128, 136, 172, 178DC, Capitol Buildings, 160, 178Pennsylvania Avenue, 178

Washington, George, ix, 3, 10, 18, 21, 27, 29–30, 36, 40, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 55–67, 68–71, 77, 78, 83, 101, 106, 123, 129, 163

Watergate, 165, 173–5. See Daniel Ellsberg; Richard Nixon

Wells, Tom, 176West Point, 49, 83, 106, 107, 109, 110West Virginia, 113, 124Westmoreland, General William, 172,

173Whigs, 110Whiskey Rebellion, 78, 129White, Hugh, 52Williams, Hank, 157Williams, Pat, 183Williams, Ted, 17, 140Wills, Garry, 132Wilson, Woodrow, 150Winthrop fleet, 108Wisconsin, 81, 168, 169Wistar, Dr. Caspar, 85Wood, Gordon, S., 35Wood, Kimba, 180Woodward, W. E., 22World War I, 114, 150World War II, 140, 150Wyoming, 194

Yankton Sioux Indians, 87Yellowstone River, 92York, William Clark, 95Yorktown, 42, 46, 49