Defra Final Project Report (IF0153) – April 2008 – APPENDIX

APPENDIX IF0153

Figure A1. Compostability certification scheme logos

Table A1: Reasonable and preferred conditions for composting

Condition Reasonable range Preferred range

Carbon (C) to nitrogen (N) ratio 20:1 – 40:1 25:1 – 30:1

Moisture content, % w/w 40 – 60 50 – 60

O2 concentration, % v/v > 5 > 10

Particle diameter, mm 3 – 50 3 – 13

pH 5.5 – 9.0 6.5 – 8.0

Temperature, °C 43 – 66 54 – 60

Table A2: Environments in large-scale and home composting systems Parameter Large-Scale Home Composting

Maximum temperature > 55°C < 40°C

Duration Usually < 6 months 6 – 12 months

Minimum O2 concentration < 10% v/v > 15% v/v

Seasonal temperature effect slight to moderate severe

Feedstock degradation uniform mixed

Mixing regular irregular or none

Earthworm activity unimportant important

Page 1 of 13

DIN CERTCO

OK Compost OK Compost Home

BPI-USCC

Defra Final Project Report (IF0153) – April 2008 – APPENDIX

Table A3: Biodegradable polymer products produced commercially

Product Manufacturer Raw material Polymer Application StandardBio-Flex FKuR Kunststoff GmbH (Ger) PLA-blends PackagingBiograde FKuR Kunststoff GmbH (Ger) Cellulose Packaging EN 13432,

DIN CERTCOBiograde B-F Biograde Limited (Austral) Starch Packaging EN 13432, ASTM 6400,

AS 4736 GreenPlaBiomer Biomer Biodegradable Polymers (Ger) PHB Packaging BIOPar BIOP Biopolymer Technologies AG

(Ger)Potato Starch DIN EN 13432

DIN CERTCOBioplast Biotec (Germany)

Stanelco RF Technologies Ltd (UK)Potato Starch Films and bags DIN EN ISO 9001

and 14001, DIN V 54900Biopol Metabolix (USA) Corn PHA ASTM and DIN

biodegrade. reqs.Bioska Plastiroll (Finland) Bags ISO 9001 and 14001Biostarch Biostarch Technology Pte. Limited

(Singapore)Corn Starch Packaging EN 13432, ASTM 6400

AS 4736BioTAK Berkshire Labels (UK) Corn, wood pulp PLA, cellulose Labels EN 13432

ISO 14001BioWare Huhtamaki UK Ltd (UK) Corn PLA, starch Food packaging EN 13432Cereplast Cereplast, Inc (USA) Corn, wheat

tapioca, potatoStarch Packaging ASTM 6400 D99

ASTM 6868, EN 13432Clarifoil Clarifoil (UK) Wood pulp, cotton Cellulose Packaging EN 13432Cohpol VTT Technical Research Centre (Fin) StarchDri-FreshEat-Fresh

Sirane Limited (UK) Cellulose Absorbent pads EN 13432

Ecoflex BASF (Germany) Polyesters Films and packaging EN 13432Ecoloju Mitsubishi Plastics, Inc (Japan) Corn Starch, PLA PackagingEcoplast Ecoplast Limited (India) Starch PackagingEverCorn Ever Corn, Inc. (Japan) Corn Starch Packaging and film

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Defra Final Project Report (IF0153) – April 2008 – APPENDIX

Table A3: (continued): Biodegradable polymer products produced commercially

Product Manufacturer Raw material Polymer Application StandardGreenFill Green Light Products (UK) Wheat Starch Loosefill packagingHycail Hycail bv (Netherlands) PLA Packaging EN 13432LTBio Potato Starch Packaging film EN 13432Mater-Bi Novamont (Italy) Maize Starch copolymer

with PCLFood packaging EN 13432

NatureFlex Innovia Films (Global) Wood pulp Cellulose Packaging films EN 13432,ASTM D6400OK Comp Home

NatureWorks

Cargill Dow Polymers (USA) Maize Starch, PLA Packaging films

Plantic R1 Plantic Technologies Limited (Austral) corn starch PackagingPlasticsPlus BASF (Germany)Polyflex Sidaplax (Belgium) Corn PLA PackagingPotatopak Potatopak (New Zealand) Potato Starch Food packagingSolanyl Rodenburg Biopolymers (Neths) Starch PackagingStarchTech StarchTech, Inc. (USA) Corn, potato Starch PackagingTerra tek MGP Ingredients, Inc. (USA) Starch Food applicationsTru Green Valueform Ltd (UK) Corn, banana PackagingVegemat Vegeplast Plastique Biodégradable (Fr) Corn Starch Packaging

Marchant Manufacturing Co. (UK) Corn Starch Films and bags EN 1432, 14995OK Compost

Tianan Biologic Mat. Co., Ltd (China) Corn PHBV PackagingBiopac (UK) Ltd Food packagingAmcor Ltd (Austral) Corn PLA, starch Food packagingAvanti Blue Ltd (UK) Food packaging DIN CERTCO

OK Compost

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Defra Final Project Report (IF0153) – April 2008 – APPENDIX

Table A4: Conditions, methodology and results for testing the biodegradability of plastics/polymers in other media in laboratory-scale systems

Plastic/Polymer(% w/w)

Medium Test standard

Sizecm2

Temp. oC

Timeweeks

pH Method Biodegrad-ability, %

Reference/Standard

3-hydroxybutyrate & 3-hydroxyvalerate

activated sludge

aniline 4 BOD 88 Yakabe et al. 1992

Poly (α-pinene) –polypropylene blends

minimal salts medium with microbes

polypropylene 28 14-27 7-8 microbialgrowth

Cimmino et al. 2002

LDPE-starch blends soil α-cellulose, sorghum

37 26-51 6.7-7 weight loss 50-60% Arvanitoyannis et al. 1998

PHBV(0.375-0.5)

soil, moisture10, 15% w/w

LDPEstarch

0.32 27 6.3 4.5, 7.5

CO2 evolved 5-c.100 Barak et al. 1991

LDPE-starch blends (0.375-0.5)

soil, moisture10, 15% w/w

LDPEstarch

0.32 27 6.3-21 4.5, 7.5

CO2 evolved 4 Barak et al. 1991

LDPE-TDPA(2.2, 4.3)

forest soil,perlite

filter paper ambi-ent

86 CO2 evolved 47-59 Chiellini & Corti 2003

PHB/PHV α-cellulosesorghum

37 26 6.8-7 weight loss 90-100 Krupp & Jewell 1992

Soy protein isolate soil 10 weight loss c.100 Nanda et al. 2006LDPE/starch(0.5)

soil, moisture40%

24 27 6.5 CO2 evolved Orhan & Büyükgüngör 2000

PCL mineral salt solution

powder 30 5.6-13 CO2 evolved 68 Starnecker & Menner 1996

Starch-based film, PLA

liquid medium

4 35-58 6.4 weight loss andCO2 evolved

c.30>90

Gattin et al. 2001

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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ASTM = American Society for Testing and MaterialsBHC = benzene hexachlorideBOD = biochemical oxygen demandBPI = Biodegradable Products InstituteBSI = British Standards InstitutionCD = cyclodexdrinCMR = cumulative measurement respirometric system2,4-D = 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid4,4’-DDE = 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) etheneDDT = dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethaneDIN = Deutsches Institut für Normung eVEN = European normEPI = Environmental Products Inc.EPN = ethyl p-nitrophenyl thionobenzenephosphonateERRMA = European Renewable Resource Materials AssociationEWC = European Waste Catalogue FDA = Fluorescein diacetateGMR = gravimetric measurement respirometric systemIBAW = International Biodegradable Polymers Association & Working GroupsIENICA = Interactive European Network for Industrial Crops ApplicationIMHP = 2-isopropyl-6-methyl 4-hydroxy pyrimidineISO = International Organisation for StandardisationLDPE = low density polyethyleneMCPA = 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acidNNFCC = National Non-Food Crops CentreOC = organochlorineOP = organophosphatePAH = polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonPAS = Publicly Available StandardPCB = polychlorinated biphenylPCDD/F = polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/-furansPCL = polycaprolactonePCNB = pentachloronitrobenzenePET = polyethylene terephthalatePHA = polyhydroxyalkanoatePHB = polyhydroxybutyratePHBV = polyhydroxybutyrate valeratePLA = polylactic acidPLFA = phospholipid fatty acidSPI = soy protein isolateTCA = The Composting AssociationTCA = sodium trichloroacetateTDPA = totally degradable plastics additiveTSC = thiosemicarbazideUSCC = US Composting CouncilWRAP = Waste and Resources Action Programme

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