App Chem -- Module 1 (Energy)

8/6/2019 App Chem -- Module 1 (Energy)

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Applied Chemistry & Engineering ±CH251

Dr. Mark B. Ward� Welcome

A copy of slides available at: \\student1\bin\classes\ward\PPT



Syllabus for Applied Chemistry & Engineering CH251 ± Fall Semester, 2007

Instructor: Dr. Mark Ward ± Office in Room 307

Phone: 318-357-3174 ext. 159

E-mail: [email protected]

Office Hours: MWF TR

10, 11 2 Additional office hours are available by appointment or when I¶m in my office.

Guided Study: Tuesday, Room 306

Attendance and Class Behavior : Attendance will be taken when the bell rings. Students late to their seats will be assigned aTardy. The 3rd Tardy will be equal to 1 unexcused absence. Students should raise their hands and ask permission to leave theclassroom for any reason. Sleeping students will be asked to leave the classroom and assigned an unexcused absence. Studentsare expected to bring their textbook, a notebook, and their calculator to each class. Notes should be detailed and organized. Pointsmay be deducted for failing to meet any of the class behavior standards.

Makeup: Missed assignments due to an excused absence may be made up within 2 class periods. Students should coordinate themakeup work with the instructor. Missed pop quizzes will not be made up. Missed assignments due to unexcused absences willreceive a grade of zero. Content of makeup exams, quizzes, and homework may be changed at the instructor¶s discretion.

Course Notes and Resources: The text, ³Applied Chemistry´, will be used for this course. Separate handouts will be provided.

Lecture notes will be placed on the server at a particular address to be given out during the course.



Course Grades: Student grades for the course will be determined from homework, quiz, and exam averages, and

their grade on the report/presentation.

Grading Scale: 90-100% A Composition of 20 % Homework

80-89% B overall grade: 25 % Quizzes

70-79% C 2 % Special Topic

69 or below D (presentation and

report)

3 % LSMSA

Science Fair

Participation

30% Exams

20% Final Exam

Special Topic and Science Fair Participation:

During the course, a research topic will be chosen the student. This topic will need to be researched in the library,

and a detailed scientific research paper must be written which adheres to a strict format from a specific journal. Ashort 15 minute ³seminar´ will be given in class. The written report and the presentation will be used to compute a

grade (worth 2% of course grade). The data and supporting information from the written report will be used to

prepare a poster for the science fair. An additional grade will be given to the science project worth 3% of total

grade. These issues will be discussed in one of the early class meetings.



� CH251 Topic Timeline: The following timeline shows the approximate dates that the listed topics will becovered.

� Date Topic� August Types of Fuels for Energy

� Origin of Coal and Crude Oil (Quiz 1)� Properties and Analysis of Crude Oil (Exam 1)� September Refining of Crude Oil� Manufacture of Petroleum Products (Quiz 2)� Material Balance Calculations and Considerations� Polymer Chemistry (Exam 2)� October Analysis and Properties of Aqueous Solutions� Evaluation of Water Quality (Quiz 3)

� Chemical Treatment of Water Problems� Theory of Corrosion (Exam 3)� November Types of Corrosion (Quiz 4)� Treatment of Internal Corrosion in Pipelines� Environmentally Friendly Chemicals (Exam 4)� December Patents, Powerpoint Presentations, Turn in final

project reports�

� Final Exam



18 Weeks of Fun!!

� Rules for 15 minuteseminars ± Get information from

Library journals

± Present in front of class onassigned day.

-- Follow written paper format

-- Others question presenter and compare notes

± Paper and seminar will begraded (2% of final grade)

± Make a poster of the topicfor science fair and presentin end of November (3%)



Report Rules

� 10 pages double spaced, 12-point Arialfont, 1´ margins (This should be easy!)

� Format: Pick a journal in the field of thetopic you¶ve chosen but generally :

± Abstract, Intro, Experimental, Results,Discussion, Conclusion, List of Tables and

Figures, References



Module 1

� Sources and Types of Energy



Energy Sources

� What are they?

� What is their origin?

� Are they renewable or not?� What is their history?





Energy Overview

� Renewable

± Wave, Tidal, Osmotic, Hydro, Solar, etc.

� Non-Renewable

± Coal, Wood, Oil, Gas, Fossil, Nuclear





Use of Fuels for Energy

� Combustion processes

± C,H,O,N,S + O2 CO2 + H2O + NOx + SO2 + SLAG (ASH)

� Byproducts of combustion processes are bad for

environment: ± Global Warming

± Ozone Depletion?

± Acid Rain

� Some fuels are ³dirtier´ than others but may be cheaper

� Fuel cost (marketplace) determines the type of energy thatis ultimately used by the consumer



� Elemental analysis ±C, H, O, N, S

� Determined by

burning

in air and measuringbyproduct

concentrations



Environmental Concerns

� Global Warming

� Ozone Depletion

� Acid Rain



Global Warming

� Increased fossil fuel use generates more CO2 (g) ± CO2 is a v ery good absorber of i nfrared rad i at i on

� Molecules havi ng a d ipole moment absorb IR rad i at i on

� Molecular vi brat i on is quant iz ed, l ik e electroni c energ i es

� H omonuclear molecules are not IR act iv e

� Polyatomi c molecules are IR act iv e

� CO2 is l i near but has vi brat i onal modes whi c h are IR act iv e

� Thermal energy (heat) is absorbed by CO2 (and

other gases) leading to increased temperature onearth

- This is called the ³greenhouse effect´

- Human CO2 production is called

³anthropogenic´



This diagram illustrates the water cycle (or hydrological cycle). Global warming acceleratesevaporation, placing more water vapor in the air. More water vapor generates a a stronger

greenhouse effect, since water vapor is a greenhouse gas. However, it may also lead to theformation of more clouds, which might help cool the planet by increasing Earth's albedo.

Credit: Image courtesy of the USGS (John M. Evans, USGS, Colorado District).



Vibrational Modes of Molecules

CO2

H2ODiatomic Molecule







NOAA scientists have been tracking CO2 levels around the world for more

than 25 years. The oldest record comes from the Mauna Loa Observatory,which is located atop a Hawaiian volcano. There, Charles Keeling began CO2measurements in 1958. Following NOAA's formation in 1970, measurementscontinued at Mauna Loa and began at other places around the world. Thereare now more than 60 monitoring sites worldwide.

Scientific measurements of levels of CO2 contained in cylinders of ice, calledice cores, indicate that the pre-industrial carbon dioxide level was 278 ppm.That level did not vary more than 7 ppm during the 800 years between 1000and 1800 A.D.

Atmospheric CO2 levels have increased from about 315 ppm in 1958 to 378

ppm at the end of 2004, which means human activities have increased theconcentration of atmospheric CO2 by 100 ppm or 36 percent.



Carbon Dioxide Sources



All Contributors to Emissions





The Greenhouse Effect



Ozone Depletion?

� Ozone in the stratosphere occurs at aconcentration of 8 ppm vs. 0.04 ppm on theearth¶s surface

� Ozone absorbs UV radiation that otherwisewould reach the earth¶s surface (our bodies)

� Ozone molecules dissociate, evolving heat, andthus help to maintain a heat balance in the

atmosphere� If this layer is depleted in the stratosphere, moredamaging UV can reach earth



Ozone Chemistry

Ozone ProductionO2 + UV radiation O + O H = 498.7 kJ/molO2 + O + M O3 + M (M is a ³third body´ like N2)Natural Ozone Depletion

O3 + UV radiation O2 + O H = 107.2 kJO3 + O 2 O2CFC¶s Depletion of OzoneCCl2F2 + UV radiation CClF2 + Cl

Cl + O3

ClO + O2ClO + O Cl + O2Net reaction: O3 + O 2O2

Also, NOx from exhaust gases reacts with ozone



Acid Rain

� Oxidation of sulfur species produces SO2 which can convert with O2 to SO3 (sulfuricacid with rain)

� S + O2 SO2� SO2 + O2 SO3� SO3 + H2O H2SO4

� pH = -Log [H+]

� The acid corrodes metals and kills plants



Acid Rain Effects

1908 1969



Classification of Energy Sources



Geothermal Energy



Geothermal

� Hot water may be available at the surface

± San Francisco has a 565 MW power plant runon geothermal steam

� Drilling to depths of 7.5 km is now possible

� Estimations are that the total geothermalenergy in the top 10 km is 1023 kJ or about

2000 times that of world coal resources

� Reduces emissions



Tidal Power

� Power is generated by allowing tides tomove in both directions across speciallydesigned turbines

� Reliable but not constant as tides vary

� Some energy storage system needed toharness energy



Solar Energy

� Sun produces 4 x 1023 kJ/sec of radiant energy of whichabout 5 x 1021 kJ/yr reaches the earth¶s outer atmosphere

� This amount of energy is about 15,000 times more than

man¶s present use of energy on the planet� Used in flat bed collectors for heating� Storage of heat is done using materials with a high heat

capacity� Types of solar

± Thermal ± Biomass ± Photogalvanic ± Photovoltaic



Solar Energy -- Thermal

� Passive solar storage materials include dense materialssuch as brick, concrete, and adobe; water stored inplastic or glass-lined containers

� High heat capacity materials ³store´ energy better ± the

higher the heat capacity the slower the material is toheat up or cool down (they store the heat better)

� Water has the highest thermal energy storage capability

� Problems: ± Compare the heat capacity of water with that of air or alcohol.

Which shows the best ability to store heat?

± Why would Indians living in the desert build their homes out of adobe?



PCMs

� Phase Change Materials or PCMs store heat latently

� PCMs absorb a lot of heat at their melting points? Why?

� The heats of fusion are much bigger quantities than heatcapacities (5-14 times higher)

� Glauber's salt (sodium sulfate decahydrate), calciumchloride hexahydrate, and paraffin wax are the most

commonly used PCMs in solar heating systems

� PCMs are currently too expensive due to packagingproblems, corrosion, and stability



Phase Change Materials



Other Forms of Solar Energy

� Biomass ± CO2 and H2O with sunlight converted intocellulose, food, fuel, or fiber ± Firewood, plants that secrete hydrocarbons for fuel (oils, latex)

� Photovoltaic Cells ± direct conversion of sunlight into

electrical energy (solar panels) ± Silicon, gallium arsenide, cadmium sulfide

± Very high cost

± Photons knock electrons in semiconductors to new energy state

� Photogalvanic Cells ± sunlight initiates a photochemicalreaction with redox ± Electrodes embedded in semiconductors

± Efficiency very low



Semiconductor PV Cells



Major Components to PV Technology

� Module

� Power Inverter

� Battery� Charge Controller



Solar Panel



Power is the flow rate of energy. It is not energy, but it contains an energy term. In the case of electricity, the ³power plant´ makes the power from, for example, hydro or coal.

Power is energy per unit time. Possible units of power are Watts, Joules/s, or Volt-amps.Energy is the ³stuff´ that flows into or out of matter. We are charged in our homes for kWhr (kilowatt

hours) of energy not power. Joules and kWhr are possible units of energy.

Equations for using Power and Energy:Power is the rate at which energy is being used. Therefore

1 Watt = 1 Joule/s = 1 volt-ampPow er = V olt s x Amperes = W att s

E nergy = Pow er x t ime 1 kWh = 1000 W x 1 hr

Q: How many Joules of energy equate to1kWh?Solution: Take each part of the ³kWh´ separately: 1 kWh = 1 kW x 1 hr.Therefore, since 1 W = 1J/s, 1 kW = 1000 W = 1000 J/s, and since 1 h = 3600 s wehave1000 J/s x 3600 s = 3.6 x 106 J. So we can see that kWh is a unit of energy (power xtime)

Q: What is the ³wattage´ of a 220 V machine at 3 amperes?Solution: Since 1 W = 1 V-amp: ? W = 220 x 3 = 660 W

Q: How many kWh would be used in running a 3 ampere machine requiring 220 V for 12 hours?Solution: 660W = 0.660 kW; 0.660 kW x 12 h = 7.92 kWh

Power and Energy



Guideline Electricity GenerationCosts (cents/kWh)

� Combined cycle gas turbine 3-5

� Wind 4-7� Biomass gasification 7-9

� Remote diesel generation 20-40

� Solar PV central station 20-30� Solar PV distributed 20-50



Breaking News

� Calif. Plan Aims to Add Solar Energy to Homes

�Sat Aug 21, 8:54 AM ET

� SAN FRANCISCO (Reuters) - California should try to add solar energy systems to 1 millionhomes by 2017 to save electricity and cut pollution from power plants, Gov. ArnoldSchwarzenegger (news - web sites) said on Friday.

�

� New legislation by state Sen. Kevin Murray to implement the energy plan would require homebuilders to offer solar panels as an option for new homes in the state by 2008.� Home buyers would get an estimate of costs and energy savings from installing a solar system,

and the state Energy Commission would offer rebates to add photovoltaic solar panels.� The program could save 2,700 megawatts of electricity during peak demand periods and offset

more than 50 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions a year, the governor's office said in arelease. One megawatt is power for about 1,000 homes.

� "This proposal is about smart, innovative and environmentally friendly technologies that will helpimprove the state's ability to meet peak electricity demand while cutting energy cots for homeowners for years to come," Schwarzenegger said.

� Funding for the plan would come from an initial $200 million already approved by the stateLegislature for renewable technologies.

� California's energy plans call for making renewable energy 20 percent of state electricityresources by 2017.

�



Wind Energy

� Follows this equation for Windmills:

Pmax = ½ V AV3 where V = density of air, A = cross sectional area of thewindmill disk, and V = Air Velocity

Problem: What is the max power (watts) a 100 ft windmill produce if the wind is blowing at a constant 10mph?

� Need a lot of windmills to get MW of

power



Wind Energy

� Wind energy installation in 1999 wasestimated to be 3,600MW globally (source: American Wind Energy Association)

yielding a total installed capacityworldwide of 13,400MW.

� Of the 3,600MW installed in 1999, thelargest markets are estimated as Germany(1200MW), USA (905MW) and Spain(650MW).



W ind Energy Projects

Throughout the United States of America



Wind Slide Show

� http://www.awea.org/pubs/documents/swslides/toc.htm



Hydro Power

� Relies on conversionof potential energyinto kinetic energy toturn turbines andelectrical generator (dams)

� Main disadvantage istransporting electricalenergy over longdistances since it isgenerated ³on the fly´



A Hydro Dam



How Hydro Power is Made

� The water behind the damflows through the intake andinto a pipe called a penstock.

� The water pushes againstblades in a turbine, causingthem to turn.

� The turbine spins a generator to produce electricity. Theelectricity can then travel over long distance electric lines toyour home, to your school, tofactories and businesses.

� Hydro power today can befound in the mountainousareas of states where there arelakes and reservoirs and alongrivers.



Ocean Thermal -- Solar Ponds

� Temperature gradient inoceans/ponds that can be used togenerate electrical energy

� Solar Ponds ± Ordinarily, as pond heats up water

³rises´ to surface due to different

density; heat dissipates back toatmosphere; pond heat up toambient temp

± In a solar pond, the rising effect isinhibited by using salt in thebottom layer, thereby creating adensity gradient

± Sunlight reaching the bottom of the pond stays there and can bewithdrawn in the form of hot brine







Renewable Energy in Proportion toTotal US Energy Supply in 2001



Electricity Net Generation by Source for 2000

(EIA Annual Energy Review (2000)



Problem Set #1:

1. What is the longest wavelength of light that can dissociate oxygen and ozone inthe atmosphere?

2. Compare the heat capacity of water with that of air or alcohol. Which shows thebest ability to store heat?

3. Why would Indians living in the desert build their homes out of adobe?4. Compare the heat of fusion of water with its heat capacity? How would water work

as a PCM?

5. What is the concentration of ³acid rain´ (as H2SO4) in a pond that exhibits a pH of 4.3?

6. What is the max power (in Watts) a 100 ft windmill could produce if the wind isblowing at a constant 10 mph?

7. Explain briefly how density differences can be used to capture heat.8. List 2 disadvantages of coal as an energy source.9. Osmotic pressure can also be used to harness energy. Explain how you think this

process might work.10. How many Quads are there in 106 Btu?11. Explain why burning wood and coal are not equivalent as far as the Greenhouse

effect is concerned.

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App Chem -- Module 1 (Energy)