APL11 Four Linearbankkeramik Settlements and their Environment

7/22/2019 APL11 Four Linearbankkeramik Settlements and their Environment

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]gkdstnad Yrdss H adw jdadrhtgn a n` Yuobg segaj

Wnu hrd rdhkgaj h ùbb vdrsgna n` tegs onnl, `nr `rdd!

[egs onnl gs phrt n` ted ]gkdstnad d-bgorhry wedrd fnst n` nur

puobgmhtgnas hrd ùbby hmmdssgobd `nr `rdd. @nr hmmdss tn fnrd

`rdd onnls vgsgt3 www.sgkdstnad.mnf/bgorhry

Knwabnhk @ubb YK@

Pgsgt ted ]gkdstnad d-bgorhry tn knwabnhk fnst n` nur d-onnls `nr

naby ₢ ;,49. @nr tegs fgagfhb `dd ynu wgbb rdmdgvd h ùbby ùamtgnahb

YK@ hak oy kngaj sn, ynu edbp tn lddp nur bgorhry ruaagaj.

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[ed stuky puobgsedk edrd ehs odda sdt up hs h mhsd stuky ga eufha phbdndmnbnjy. [egs tdrf eufha

phbdnmmnbnjy gs h mnatrhmtgna n` tvvn omttdr -lanwa tdrfs, ahfdby phbdndmnbnjy hak eu fha dmnbnjy. [e d

`grst rdbhtds tn ted smgdamd wegme kdhbs wgte ted dmnbnjy n` pdrgnks teht odbnaj tn ted phst. Oy ted sdmnak

tdrf gs uakdrstnnk teht phrt n` dmnbnjy wegme `nmusds na fha. Eufha phbdnmmnbnjy tedrd`nrm rdbhtds tn

pdnpbd `rnf phst pdrgnks. Gt stukgds prdegstnrgd nr dvda egstnrgd eufha pnpubhtgnas ga rdbhtgna tn tedgr

davgrnafdat.

H mehrhmtdrgstgm n` h vhagsedk pnpubhtgna gs teht gt mhaant od stukgdk kgrdmtby. [egs mha naby od knad

ternuje weht gt ehs bd t omegak. Omsgkm rdfh gas n` fh a egfsdb`, t ed rdmnrks mnasgst n` trhmds n` egs hmtgvgtgds,

hfnaj wegme hrd fnogbd hak gffnoggd jnnks hak, ga spdmghb mhsds, dvda wrgttda snurmds. [egs gs ted rdhsna

wey ga rdhbgty ted gavdstgjhtnr knds ant kdhb wgte h pnpubhtgna ga ted ognbnjgmhb sdasm, teht gs wgte h

mnTdmtgvm jrnup n` gakgvgkuhb nrjhagsfs, out wgte nad n` ted egjedr uagts n` ted hrmehdnbnjgmhb thxnanfy.

Na d fhy mnasgkmr uagts na ted Gmvdb n` hssdfobhjd, mub turd, mub turd jrnup nr tdmeanmnfpbdx `rnf ted

thxnanfgd systdf oy Mbhrld (Mbhrld 8705). Enwdvdr gamnfpbdtd, tedy rdprdsdat `nr us ted bgvgaj

pnpubhtgna `rnf ted phst.

Bgld ted pnpubhtgna, ted davgrnafdat m haant od kdsmrgodk kgrdmtby dgtedr. Zeh t wd mhbb "dav grn afda t"

mehajds ga ted mnursm n` tgfd. ]nfd `hmtnrs mehajd sbnwby, ntedrs fnrd qugmlby out ted prdsdat mha advdr

od ha dxhmt fnkdb `nr ted phst. [edrm`nrd ted davgrnafda t wgbb hbwhys ehvd tn od rdmnas trumtdk. Dhme

hrmehdnbnjgmhb datgty wgbb ehvd tn od rdbhtdk tn h rdmnastrumtdk davgrnafdat wegme gs vhbgk `nr ted pdrgnk

ga wegme ted datgty nmmurrdk.Gt wgbb od novgnus teht h stuky n` mubturhb rdfhgas mha advdr hpprnhme h kgrdmt stuky n` h bgvgaj

pnpubhtgna. Anr mha h rdmnastrumtdk davgrnafdat dvdr od kdsmrgodk wgte ted shfd hmmurhmy teht fhy

mehrhmtdrg zd ted kdsmrgptgna n` h rdmdat davgrnafdat. [ ed rdbhtgna odtwdda ha hrmehdnbnjgmhb datgty hak

gts rdmnastrumtdk davgrnafdat gs `nr teht rdhsna naby phrtby hmmdssgobd tn gavdstgjhtgna. H phbdndmnbnjgmhb

stuky mha advdr hrrgvd ht sume kdthgbmk hahbysds hs gs pnssgobd ga h anrfhb dmnbnjgmhb stuky.

Zd ehvd uakmrthlda ted prdsdat stuky tn gavdstgjhtd weht mha od knad ga ted `gdbk n` rdmnastrumtgnas ga h

mnamrdtd mhsd. Zd ehvd trgdk tn sdm enw `hr wd mnubk mnfd wgte h kdsmrgptgna n` ted rdbhtgna odtwdda h

jgvda hrmehdnbnjgmhb datgty hak gts davgrnafdat. Gt gs hbsn nur purpnsd tn gakgmhtd ted bgfgts n` ted rdsubts

wegme mha od nothgadk ga ted sthtd n` prdsdat rdsdhrme. Hs suocdmt wd mensd `nur sdttbdfdats wegme odbnaj

tn ted shfd mubturd3 ted Bgadhrohakldrhfgl mubturd. [egs mengmd wgbb od dxpbhgadk ga ted `nbbnwgaj

mehptdr.



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[ed mengmd n` ted suocdmt `nr nur gavdstgjhtgnas whs, ga hkvhamd, kdtdrfgadk oy twn mnakgtgnas. [ed `grst

whs teht ted gavdstgjhtgna whs mnakumtdk odst wgte ha datgty, ted mnatdats n` wegme hrd ant suocdmt tn

kg``drdamds n` npgagna wgtega ted hrmehdnbnjgmhb wnrbk. [ed sdmnak whs teht ha gavdstgjhtgna bgld ted

prdsdat nad prnmddks fnrd sfnnteby weda ted fhtdrghb na wegme gt gs ohsdk gs dhsgby hmmdssgobd tn ted

gavdstgjhtnr. [edsd mrgtdrgh tnjdtedr bdk tn ted mengmd n` `nur sdttbdfdats, odbnajgaj tn ted

Bgadhrohakldrhfgl mubturd.

[e d Bgadhr ohak ldrhfgl mubt urd, BOL ga hoor dvgh tgna, gs h jdadrhbby hmmdptdk thxnanfgd datgty. Gt gs

hbsn lanwa oy ted ahfds "Khauogha P' hak "Bgadhr Ynttdry Mubturd". [ed datgty odbnajs tn ted

Adnbgtegm hak gs khtmk oy mnavdatgnahb M8; khtds tn ted sdmnak ehb` n` ted `g`te fgbbdaaguf O.M., teus`nrfgaj, ga hs hr hs lanwa, ted nbkdst Adnbgtegm mub turd ga Mda trhb Durn pd. bts odst lanwa mehrhmtd rgstgm gs

ted pnttdry wgte gts kgstgamtgvd kdmn rhtgn a< gt gs tegs kdmnr htgna teht ehs jgvda ted mubt urd gts ahfd ( grst usd

oy Lbnp`bdgsme 855;). @ur ted r httrg outd s hrd jrn uak stnad hkzds, h wdbb-kd`gadk enusd-pbha hak h

phr tgmubhr sdttbdfdat `nrf. @u rte drf nrd, ted mbnsd rdbhtgna tn bndss sngbs gs hbsn n`tda fdat gnad k. @nr kdthg bs

hak dxhfpbds, wd rd`dr tn h ehakonnl bgld teht oy Fòbbdr-Lhrpd (8705).

[ed Bgadhrohakldrhfgl mubturd ehs ehk h wgkd kgstrgoutgna wgtega Durnpd. "[ed aufodr n`

sdttbdfdats n` ted BOL mubturd wegme ehvd odmnfd lanwa ternuje `gaks hfnuats tn tenushaks. [edy hrd

mnamdatrhtdk hrnuak ted _edga,* ted Admlhr, ted Fhga hak ted Fhhs< ùrtedr mnamdatrhtgnas dxgst ga ted

hrdh omtwdda ted Tppdr Bdgad hak ted ]hxna Dbod, ga ted Knahu Ybhga n` Dhst Ohydra, ga Anrte Oýedfgh

hak ga ]gbdsgh. [edy mha hbsn od `nuak na ted Bnwdr Nkdr, hbnaj ted Pgstubh, ga Zdstdra Euajhry hak na

ted Tppdr Kacdstr" (Fòbb dr-L hrpd 8705 p. 884, nur trhasbhtgna) . @rnf ted honvd qunthtgna f hy od

kdkumdk teht ted BOL - nmmuphtdk hrdh mha od kgvgkdk gatn h aufodr n` rdjgnas, sgamd ted sdttbdfdats hrd

ant kgstrgout dk dvdaby nvdr ted hrdh omtwdda ted Fhhs hak ted Kacdstr, out senw h kgstgamt mbustdrgaj . [egs

hspdmt gs mbdhrby senwa oy ted wdbb-lanwa kgstrgoutgna fhps (d.j. Mbhrl 874? `gj. ;4).

Kur gaj ted `gvd mdaturgds n` gts dxgstdamd, ted mubtu rd knds ant rdfhga mnfpbdt dby gkdat gmhb ga `nrf. G t gs

lanwa teht ted pnttdry rdpdr tnry, ted sehpd n` ted stnad hkzds hak ted pbha n` ted enusds mehajdk tn snfd

dxtdat ga ted mnursd n` tgfd. Gt gs usuhb tn kgvgkd ted BOL gatn h aufodr n` pehsds na ted ohsgs n` mehajds ga

ted pnttdry. Gt gs hpphrdat teht ted sehpd hak ted kdmnrhtgna `nbbnw tedgr nwa dvnbutgna ga dhme rdjgna,

rdsubtgaj ga ted kg `drdamd odtwdda ted rdjgnas odmnfga j jrdhtdr hak jrdhtdr . Ga gts dhrby pehsds ted BOL gs

mnaspgmunusby uag`nrf< rdjgnahb vhrghats hrd `nuak ga ted bhtdr pehsds. [ed aufodr n` pehsds kgs-

tgajugsedk kg``drs pdr rdjgna hak ted trhasgtgnas `rnf nad pehsd tn ted adxt hrd vgrtuhbby anwedrd

syamernanus. Out ga spgtd n` ted rdjgnahb kdvdb npfdats, ted BOL rdfhgas h wdbb-kd`gadk datgty. [edr d h rd

fhay fnrd sgfgbhrgtgds teha kg``drdamds.

* Jdnjrhpegmhb ahfds hrd jgvda hmmnrkgaj tn "[ed [gfds Htbhs n ted Znrbk 8744".



[ED BGADH_O.QAKLD_HFGL ]D[[BDFDA[] =

[ed sdmnak rmqugrdfdat3 hmmdssgogbgty n` ted fhtdrghb, mnubk od fdt odmhusd ted stuky n` ted BOL

mubturd gs hfnaj ted prncdmts n` ted Gastgtutd n` Yrdegstnry, Tagvdrsgty n` Bdgkda, ted gastgtutd tn wegme wd

hrd htthmedk. PPema wd odjha nur stuky, tegs gastgtutd whs wnrlgaj na ted puobgmhtgna n` twn BOL

sdttbdfdats ga ted Kutme prnvgamd n` Bgfourj, ahfdby ]tdga hak Dbsbnn.* Ht ted shfd tgfd dxmhvhtgnas

tnnl pbhmd ga ted BOL sdttbdfdat "Hf Zdgaodrj" ga Egdaedgf, Bhaklrdgs Ldbedgf, Ohydra, Zdst

Jdrfhay. ]n gt whs novgnus tn mennsd ted sdttbdfdats ]tdga, Dbsbnn hak Egdaedgf hs ted suocdmt n` tegs

stuky. Zd ehvd hkkdk ted sdttbdfdat ga ]gtthrk, prnvgamd n` Bgfourj, Adtedrbhaks, odmhusd ted fhtdrghb

gs hbsn hvhgbhobd ga Bdgkda, ahfdby ga ted _gclsfusduf vha Nukedkda. Ha hkkgtgnahb hkvhathjd gs teht

hbb `nur sdttbdfdats wdrd dxmhvhtdk oy ted shfd hrmednbnjgst, prn` kr. Y.C._. Fnkkdrfha, hak ga ted

shfd why.

]n wd ehvd wnrldk wgte `nur sdttbdfdats `rnf twn rdjgnas. ]gtthrk, ]tdga hak Dbsbnn bgm ga teht phrt n`

ted Kutme prnvgamd n` Bgfourj, wegme gs mhbbdk ]nutedra Bgfourj. [edy odbnaj tn h mnamdatrhtgna n`

sdttbdfdats, vvegme gs onuakdk oy ted rgvdr Fhhs hak gts trgouthry ted Jdbdda. [ed nmmuphtgnahb egstnry n`

tegs rdjgna sddfs tn sthrt, hs `hr hs ted BOL gs mnamdradk, ga ted ydhrs od`nrd ;;99 O.M. hak sddfs tn dak

rht edr horu ptb y ga ted ydhrs odtwdda ;899 hak ;949 O.M.* [e d tnthb kurh tgn a gs mgrmh ;99 ¸ 49 ydhrs(Fnkkdrfha 87:9 p. ?98). H ynuajdr hak ha nbkdr BOL hrd kgstgajugsedk, dhme suokgvgkdk gatn `nur

pehsds oy Fnk kd rfha . [e d `grst pehsd n` ted nbkdr BOL, mhbbdk Gh , gs, enwdvdr, hosdat `rnf ]nutedr a

Bgfourj. Yehsd Go gs rhrd. Gt odbnajs tn ted honvd-fdatgnadk dhrby pehsds, ga wegme ted BOL senws h

uag`nrf mehrhmtdr ternujenut Durnpd. [ed phrhbdbbgshtgna n` Gd hak bk wgte pedanfdah ga ntedr rdjgnas

gs fnrd kg``gmubt, odmhusd rdjgnahbgzhtgna ehs sdt ga. [ed vnuajdr BOL. wgte pehsds Gbh-GGk. gs mbdhrbv h

rdjgnahb vhrghat. Hosnbutd khtds mhaant od jgvda `nr ted kg``drdat pehsds, odmhusd M8; khtds hrd ant

hmmu rht d danuje `nr tegs purpnsd ( Fnkk drfh a 87:9 p. ?99).

Egdaedgf, Bklr. Ldbedgf, bgds na ted bd`t ohal n` ted Knahu ga h rdjgna wegme odbnajs tn

Agdkdr ohymra . Gt gs ted hrdh teht Fòb bdr -Lhr pd ehs mhbbdk "ted Kn ahu Ybhga ga Dhst Ohyd ra" (sdd honvd) .

[ed trhmds n` nmmuphtgna ga Egdaedgf hrd khtdk oy M8; odtwdda ;=99 O.M. hak =799 O.M. [ed sdttbdfdatgs summddkdk wgtenut eght us oy h sdttbdfdat n` ted ]tgmeo hakldr hfgl (Fgkkbd-A dnbgtegm). Ga mnatrhst tn

]nutedra Bgfourj, ted nmmuphtgna knds ant dak horuptby. [ed kg``drdat pehsds ga ted nmmuphtgnahb egstnry

n` Egdaedgf hrd stgbb odgaj kd`gadk ht ted fnfdat, sn teht h kgvgsgna gatn pehsds mhaant ydt od jgvda.

Ga tegs puobgmhtgna wd sehbb ant jgvm fnrd Ga`nrfhtgna honut ted rdsubts n` ted dxmhvhtgnas ga ted

sdttbdfdats, out wd rd`dr tn ted hpprnprghtd puobgmhtgnas. @nr ]gtthrk, ]tdga hak Dbsbnn, tedsd hrd

ted puobgmhtgnas oy Fnkkdrfha `rnf 8745/8747 hak 87:9 (Fnkkdrfha 8745/8747 m. Fnkkdrfha

8745/8747 k. Fnk kdrfha 87:9). [w n prnvgsgnahb puobgmht gnas hrd hvhgbhobd ht ted fnfda t n` ted

dxmhvh tgna ga Egdaedgf (Fnkkdr fha 8704/8700, Fn kk dr fh a 8707). [e d `grst phr t n` ted `gahb rdpnrt gs

odgaj prgatdk (Fnkkdrfha ga prdss). [ed fhtdrghb `rnf ted dxmhvhtgnas ga ]gtthrk, ]tdga hak Dbsbnn gs

anw stnrdk ga ted _gclsfusduf vha Nukedkda ga Bdgkda. [ed `gaks `rnf Egdaedgf mha od stukgdk ga ted

Yrhegstnr gsmed ]thhts shffbuaj ga Fòam ed a. [e d nrgjgahb krhwg ajs n` sngb trhmds hak fh tdrg hb hrd ant

hvhgbhobd ga ted.sd fusdufs, out mha od `nuak ga ted hrmegvds n` ted ]thtd ]drvgmd `nr Hrmehdnbnjgmhb

Gavdstgjhtgnas ga Hfdrs`nnrt (]gtthrk, ]tdga hak Dbsbnn) hak ga ted Gastgtutd n` Yrdegstnry ga Bdgkda

(Egdaedgf).

* @rnf Dbsbnn h mdfdtdry gs hbsn lanwa.

* Hbb khtds ga tegs stuky hrd ohsdk na ana-mhbgorhtdk M8; khtds.

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http://the.se/

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; [ED BGADH_OHAKLD_HFGL ]D[[BDFDA[]

Gt rdsubts `rnf ted honvd, teht ted mengmd n` ted `nur BOL sdttbdfdats ]gtthrk, ]tdga, Dbsbnn hak

Egdaedgf whs kdtdrfgadk na ted nad ehak oy ted `hmt teht tedy odbnaj tn h mubturd honut wegme `dw

fgsuakdrsthakgajs hrd pnssgobd, hak na ted nted r ehak oy ted hmt teht ted fhtd rghb hak knm ufd ath tgn a

wdrm ga Bdgkda kurgaj ted gavdstgjhtgna. Zd rdhbgzd teht ted `nur smttbdfdats mensda addk ant rdprdsdat ted

BOL mubturd. Gt wnubk ant od mnrrdmt tn sdd tedf hs h rhaknf shfpbd. [eht whs ant nur gatmatgna mgtedr.

Out wd kn tegal teht ted sdttbdfdats fhy od mnfphrdk tn dhme ntedr. G` su``gmgìat sgfgbhrgty wnubk od

`nuak ga ted rdbhtgnas n` tedsd `nur sdttbdfdats tn tedgr davgrnafdat, tegs fgjet bdhk tn gkdhs honut ted

rdbhtgnas odtwdda BOL sdttbdfdats hak tedgr davgrnafdat ga jdadrhb. [ed vhbgkgty n` tedsd mnubk od

vdrg`gdk oy h stuky n` h rdhb rhaknf shfpbd.



GGG

[ED DAPG_NAFDA[

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[ed `grst qudstgna vvgte vvegme wd hrd `hmdk ga ted rdmnastrumtgna n` ha davgrnafdat, gs vveht dxhmtby gt gs

teht wd hrd tn rdmnastrumt. [e d davg rnafdat n` h eu fh a pnpubh tgna gs h antgna wegme gs kg``gmubt tn kd`gad.

Gt gs h mnfpbdx n` bgvgaj hak gaha gfhtd dbdfdats, `rnf wegme wd sehbb ehvd bn fhld h mengmd. Zd ehvd ted

hkvhathjd teht wd stuky pnpubhtgnas n` h spdmgds tn wegme wd odbnaj nursdbvds, ahfdby fhalgak. [egs

pdrfgt s hssufptgnas hs tn tensd `hmtnrs wegme hrd n` prg fhry gfpnr thamd tn ted dxgstdamd n` fha . Zd tegal

n` ted `nbbnwgaj dbdfdats3 mbgfhtd, rdbgd`, eykrnbnjy (wgte phrtgmubhr rd`drdamd tn krgalgaj whtdr),

vdjdthtgna (dspdmghbby ted egjedr pbhats) hak `huah (hagfhbs wegme hrd vgsgobd wgte ted ahldk dyd). [ed

prdsdamd n` ntedr , sgfgbhr, out hbsn n` kg``drdat pnpu bhtgn as (jrnups n` pdnpbd wgte ted shfd, rdspdmtgvdby h

kg``drdat, why n` bg`d) gs kddfdk gfpnrthat hs wdbb. [n tegs, hspdmts fust od hkkdk `rnf jdnbnjy (d.j. ted

prdsdamd n` fgadrhb rdsnurmds) hak snfdtgfds pdknbnjy. _dbgd`, eykrnbnjy, jdnbnjy hak pdknbnjy mha od

mnfogadk uakdr ted edhkgaj3 ted suostrhtd. [ed honvd `hmtnrs tnjmtedr mnastgtutd ted "davgrnafdat" n`

fhalgak wegme wd sehbb mnasgkdr. Gt gs tedsd hspdmts wegme wd sehbb try tn rdmnastrumt.

H sdmnak qudstgna gs enw bhrjd ted hrdh senubk om, n` vvegme wd ehvd tn rdmnastrumt ted dav grnafdat. 8 a nur

npgagna, ted sgzd n` ted hrdh tn od kdsmrgodk wgbb kdpdak strnajby na ted sgzd n` ted pnpubhtgna, nr ted

thxnanfgd datgty, wegme wd wgse tn dxhfgad. [ed rdmnastrumtgna n` ted davgrnafdat n` h mubturhb jrnup nr

n` h tdmeanmn fpbdx ga ted sdasd n` Mbhrld (Mbhrld 8705) rdqug rds ted kdsmrgptgna n` h qug td kg``drdat hrdh

teha ted rdmnastrumtgna n` ted davgrnafdat n` h sgtd hssdfobhjd. Hs nur stuky gs ga ted `grst gasthamdmnamdradk wgte ted bhttdr, wd sehbb rdstrgmt nursdbvds tn h mnasgkdrhtgna n` ha hrdh hrnuak h sdttbdfdat.

H sdttbdfdat gs, rmjhrkbdss n` gts sgzd nr gts spha n` bg d, ted mda trd n` ted khgby dxgstdamd n` ted p npu bht gna ga

qudstgna. ]thrtgaj `rnf ted sdttbdfdat, kg``drdat hmtgvgtgds hrd uakmrthlda, out ga prgamgpbd ted gaehogthats

rdtura tn ted sdttbdfdat dhme khy, tn sbddp tedrd. [e d hrdh wegme mha od vgsgtdk khgby gs tedrd`nrd bgfgtdk.

Zd rd`dr tn tegs hrdh oy ted tdrf "enfd rhajd", h tdrf nrgjgahtgaj `rnf hagfhb dmnbnjy. Odsgkds

"enfd rhajd" ted tdrf "tdrrgtnry" hbsn dxgsts. Ga jdadrhb, "enfd rhajd" gs usdk weda ted hrdh

n` hmtgvgty ehs rhtedr vhjud onuakhrgds nr gs nvdrbhppdk oy ted hrdh n` hantedr gakgvgkuhb nr jrnup<

tdrrgtnrgds hrd mbdhrby kd`gadk. Onte tdrfs mha od usdk tn kdsmrgod eufha odehvgnur. @nr ted hrdh hrnuak h

sdttbdfdat, wegme gs vgsgtdk fnrd nr bdss khgby, wd prd`dr tn usd "enf d rhaj d" . Gt gs ted dav grna fdat wgtega

ted enfd rhajd, wegme gs n` prgfhry gfpnrthamd tn ted gaehogthats n` ted sdttbdfdat hak wegme fust od

rdmnast rumtdk h ayenw . [ed davg rnafdat nut sgkd ted enfd rhajd gs n` bdss dvgkdat gfp nrt hamd.

Enw bhrjd gs h enfd rhajd> [ednrdtgmhbby, ted fhx gfu f sgzd mnfprgsds h mgrmbd wgte h rhkgus n` 0 enurs

whblgaj kgsthamd, na ted hssufptgna teht n``-sgtd hmtgvgtgds hrd naby mhrrgdk nut ga khy-bgjet hak teht ted

bdajte n` ted khy gs 8? enurs. [ed qudstgna gs wed ted r h bgfgt n` 0 enurs' whblgaj kgsthamd , mhbmub htdk ga tegs

why, ehs hay rdhb fdhagaj. Zeht rdhbby mnuats ga kdtdrfgagaj ted sgzd n` h enfd rhajd gs ted tgfd fha gs

wgbbgaj tn kdvntd tn trhvdbbgaj tn hak `rnf ted pbhmd wedrd ed whats tn mhrry nut ha hmtgvgty. G` ted

trhvdbbgaj tgfd ehk h mdrthga bgfgt, wegme gs hamenrdk ga eufha odehvgnur, wd senubk rhtedr usd tegs bgfgt



0 [ED DAPG _NAF DA[

hs h kdtd rfgahat òr ted sgzd n` h enfd rh ajd . Gt hppdh rs t eht sume h bgfgt gakddk dxgsts nr trhvd bbgaj tgfds,

ht bdhst hs hr hs dmnanfgd hmtgvgtgds hrd mnamdradk. Mnamdra gaj ted rhkgus n` hmtgna n` mubtgvhtnrs Megsenbf

shys (Megsenbf 8705 p. 8=8)3 "H pngat wegme dfdrjds `rnf ted prdmdkgaj kgsmussgna ... gs ted `rdqudamy

wgte wegme ted shfd nrkdrs n` fhjag tuk d lddp na rdmu rrgaj hfn aj pdnpbds n` wgkdby kg``drdat tdmeagmhb

hmegdvdfdats hak gaehogtgaj hrdhs wgte fhrldkby kg``drdat peysgmhb mehrhmtdrgstgms." @nr ted hrdh ga

wegme ted dmnanfgd hmtgvgtgds n` h sdttbdfdat hrd mhrrgdk nut, Pgth @gazg hak Egjjs ehvd gatrnkumdk ted

tdrf "sgtd tdrr gtnr y"3 "]gt d tdrrgtnry - ted tdrrgtn ry surrn uakgaj h sgtd wegme gs dxpbngtmk eho gtuhbby oy ted

gaehogthats n` ted sgtd" (Pgth @gazg & Egjjs 87:9 p. :). Na ted ohsgs n` Megsenbf's wnrl, tedy kd`gad ted

sgtd tdrrgtnry n` `hrfdrs hs3 "ted hrdh wegme bgds wgtega nad enur's whblgaj kgsthamd `rnf ted sgtd". [ed sgtd

tdrrgtnrgds mnubk od kg``drdat pdr fhga typd n` dmnanfy. Egjjs kd`gads ted sgtd tdrrgtnrv n` euatdrs hak

jhtedrdrs hs3 "ted hrdh wegme bgds wgtega twn enurs' whblgaj kgsthamd `rnf ted sgtd" (Egjjs 87:4 p. GU).

[egs kd`gagtgna gs ohsdk na ted wnrl n` Bdd (Bdd 8707). Enwdvdr, Megsenbf ehs usdk bgttbd fhtdrghb honut

swgkkda systdfs* ga egs stuky, wedrdhs Bdd's wnrl kdhbs dxmbusgvdby wgte !Luaj Ousefda, sn teht wd hrd

ant wgbbgaj tn hknpt t ed kd`gagtgna jgvda oy Egjjs hak Pgth @gazg wgtenu t hay rdsdhrme n` nur nwa. @nr tegs

rdhsna, wd ehvd trgdk tn mnbbdmt fnrd khth na euatdrs/jhtedrdrs hak swgkkda mubtgvhtnrs. [ed fhtdrghb

wegme wd ehvd mnbbdmtdk gs ornuje t tnjdtedr ga thob d 8. Hbfnst hbb datrgds rdbhtd tn not hga gaj `nnk hak teus

tn ted sgtd tdrrgtnry. Zd jhga ted gfprdssgna teht `nr ted sgtd tdrrgtnry n` ted euatdrs/jhtedrdrs fdatgnadk, h

mgrmbd wgte h rhkgus n` twn enurs' whblgaj kgsthamd gs h qugtd hmmdpthobd dstgfhtd. Hs `hr hs swgkkda

mubtgvhtnrs hrd mnamdradk, ted `gjurds fnstby rdbhtd tn ted kgsthamd tn ted `gdbks nr ted hrdh wedrd `gdbks mha

od fhkd. [ed kgsthamd `rnf ted `gdbks tn ted sdttbdfdat gakddk bgds wgtega h mgrmbd n` nad enur's whblgaj

kgsthamd ga fnst mhsds. Out hbb pnpubht gnas fdatg nadk ga thobd 8 hbsn noth ga fh tmrgh bs hak `nnk `rnf ted

wgbk. G` tedsd dmnanfgd hmtgvgtgds hrd tn od gambukdk ga ted mnasgkdrhtgna, ted rhkgus wgbb dxmddk ted honvd-

fdatgnadk nad enur's whblgaj kgsthamd. D.j. ted kgsthamd wegme ted Ehauaýn hrd wgbbgaj tn mnvdr tn tedgr

`gdbks gs nad enur's whblgaj kgsthamd, out twn enurs' whblgaj kgsthamd `nr jdttgaj rhttha (Mnalbga 874:P

[wn enurs' whblgaj kgsthamd, hs `nr euatdrs/jhtedrdrs, sddfs tn us h sh`dr dstgfhtd `nr ted sgzd n` ted sgtdtdrrgtnry.

@nr fnst n` ted jrnups dxhfgadk, ted enfd rhajd sddfs tn mngamgkd wgte ted sgtd tdrrgtnry. [ed enfd

rhajd, enwdvdr, mha od bhrjdr, d.j. weda ted onuakhrgds sdt tn ted suosgstdamd hmtgvgtgds hrd mrnssdk `nr

snmghb hmtgvgtgds ga ted wgkdst sdasd n` ted wnrk. ]nfdtegaj bgld tegs mha od nosdrvdk wgte ted Odfoh

(_gmehrks 87=7). Zd mhaant ydt dstgfhtd ted sgzd n` ted enfd rhajd ga sume mhsds, hs wd ehvd tnn bgttbd

Ga`nrfhtgna ht nur kgspnshb. Hayenw, ted Odfoh dhsgby whbl h kgsthamd n` ?4 lf `nr fhlgaj vgsgts. @nr bhml

n` odttd r Ga`nrfhtgna, wd sehbb usd, nr ted tgfd odgaj , ted tednrdtgmhb enfd rhajd wgte h rhkgus n` sgx enurs'

whblgaj kgsthamd.

[eus wd kgstgajugse terdd znads n` hmtgvgty hrnuak h sdttbdfdat3 h sgtd tdrrgtnry wgte h rhkgus n` twn

enur s' whblgaj kgsthamd, h enfd rhajd wgte h rhkgus n` sgx enurs' whblgaj kgsthamd, hak ted wnrbk odynak.Ga teht phrt n` ted enfd rhajd, wegme bgds nutsgkd ted sgtd tdrrgtnry, pdrehps ntedr hspdmts n` davgrnafdat

hrd n` gfpnrthamd tn ted pnpubhtgna teha ga ted hrdh na wegme gt kdpdaks dmnanfgmhbby. Zd hssufd teht ga

ted nutdr znad n` ted enfd rhajd fhgaby ted prdsdamd n` ntedr eufha jrnups hak ted why tn jdt tedrd hrd

n` gfpnrthamd. [egs fdhas teht ga ted rdmnastrumtgna n` tegs phrt n` ted davgrnafdat, httdatgna wgbb od phgk

tn ted prdsdamd n` ntedr sdttbdfdats hak tn ted phsshobdadss n` ted tdrrhga, wedrdhs sume hspdmts hs ted

* Ta km r swgk kda systdfs wd uak drs tha k systdfs wgte `nrdst-`hbbnw mubtgv htgn a hak ouse-`hbbnw mubtgvh tgna wegme fdha s teht te d

pbnts n` bhak hrd bd`t `hbbnw `nr h aufodr n` ydhrs su``gmgìat `nr ted `nrdst nr ouse bn rdjhga ted bhak.



JDAD_HB NO]D_PH[GNA] NA [ED _DMN A][_ TM[GNA :

spdmgbgm mnfpnsgtgna n` Enrh hak `huah wgbb od n` bdssdr gfpnrthamd. G`, enwdvdr, rhw fhtdrghbs, wegme hrd

ant prdsdat wgtega ted sgtd tdrrgtnry, nmmur wgtega ted enfd rhajd, tegs fust od antdk.

Na ted ohsgs n` ted honvd-fdatgnadk mnasgkdrhtgnas, wd hrrgvd ht h termm `nbk kgvgsgna n` ted

davgrnafdat hrnuak h sdttbdfdat38) ha hrdh wgte h rhkgus n` twn enurs' whblgaj kgsthamd, ted davg rnafdat n` wegme fust od rdmnast rumtdk

ga kdthgb.

?) h znad wgte h rhkgus n` sgx enurs' whblgaj kgsthamd, n` wegme ted tnpnjrhp ey, ted bnmhtgna n` ntedr

sdttbdfdats hak ted prdsdamd n` dssdatghb rhw fhtdrghbs fust od rdmnastrumtdk.

=) ted hrdh odynak , ted dav grn afdat n` wegme addk ant od rdmnastrumt dk ga ted `grst gasthamd.

Gt kdpdaks na ted hvhgbhobd fdhas n` trhaspnrt hak na ted spddk wegme mha od fhgathgadk, weht twn

enurs' whblgaj kgsthamd hak sgx enurs' whblgaj kgsthamd wgbb fdha ga rdhb kgsthamds.

Ta`nrtua htdby, anteg aj mnamrdtd gs lanwa honut te d fdhas n` trhaspnr t wegme ted Bgadh roha kldr hfgl

mubturd ehk ht gts kgspnshb. N` mnursd wd fhy hssufd teht pdnpbd mnubk trhvdb na `nnt. [ed kgsthamd wegme

mha od mnvdrdkna `nnt vhrgds wgte ted rdbgd` hak ted ourkda tnodmhrrgdk. PPdmnuat wgteh whblgaj spddk n`

4 lf/e wgte h bgjet ourkda na fnrd nr bdss dvda jrnuak, hak vvgte = lf/e wgte h edhvy ourkda ga

fnuathganus tdrrhga. Hs ted hrdhs dxhfgadk oy us hrd ant phrtgmubhrby fnuathganus, ga ted prdsdat stuky

wd rdmlna wgte 4 lf/e< teht fdhas teht twn enurs' whblgaj kgsthamd dquhbs 89 lf hak sgx enurs' whblgaj

kgsthamd dquhbs =9 lf. [edsd hrd prnohoby fhxgfuf vhbuds.

Gt gs gfp rno hobd te ht ted BOL ladw n` mhrts, ou t ted usd n` h fdhas n` trha spnr t sume hs ted trhvngs nr ted

sbdkjd fhy ant od dxmbukdk. Yrnoh oby, ted pnssgobd usd n` tedsd fdhas n` trha spnr t ehrkby ga`budamdk ted

rhkgus n` hmtgna . H trhvngs gs hmmn fphagdk na `nnt. [ed sbdkjd fhy mhrry pdrsnas. [egs trhaspnrt mha od `hst

weda nad pnssdssds `hst krhujet-hagfhbs hak h jnnk jbgkgaj jrnuak ga npda tdrrhga. [ed BOL hak ted

bhaksmhpd ht teht tgfd kgk ant fddt tedsd mnakgtgnas. [ed knfdstgmhtdk enrsd whs ant lanwa hak `dw knjs

wdrd `nuak. Ga wgatdrtgfd, sanw fgjet ehvd prnvgkdk h jbgkgaj jrnuak out npda tdrrhgas, wegme hrdadmdsshry `nr fhgathgagaj spddk, wdrd ant ydt prdsdat (sdd p. =5). [rhvngs hak/nr sbdkjd fhy ehvd pbhydk

h phr t ga ted trhasp nrt n` jnnks, out prnohoby tegs whs ant `hstdr te ha h cnura dy na `nnt.

Gt gs ant gfpnssgobd teht ted BOL pnssdssdk onhts hak mnubk teus trhvdb oy whtdr. Gt gs trud teht onhts nr

nhrs ehvd advdr odda `nuak ga h BOL mnatdxt, out teht tdbbs antegaj, odmhusd ga fnst sdttbdfdats ted `gak

mgrmufsthamds hrd ant sugthobd `nr prdsdrvgaj nrjhagm fhtdrghb. Pdssdbs hrd lanwa, enwdvdr, `rnf ted

Fdsnbgtegm hak ted Fgkkbd-Adnbgtegm. [ed typd n` onht, n` wegme wd tegal, hrd kuj-nut mhands hak

pnssgoby onhts n` wnnk mnvdrdk wgte egkds. [edsd onhts wdrd prnohob y phkkbdk. Gt gs kg`@gmubt tn `gak nut

enw `hst tedsd vdssdbs wdrd. Tatgb ted tegrtgds n` tegs mdatury, kuj-nut mhands wdrd usdk ga ted

P'nrhbpdajdogdt. [edsd hrd ant kgstgajugsehobd `rnf prdegstnrgd onhts (Yhrdt 87=9). Hbtenuje hfpbd

kdsmrgptgnas n` tedsd suordmdat vdssdbs dxgst, ant h sgajbd puobgmhtgna mnathgas khth honut tedgr spddk(Oruaadr 879=, Fgtzlh 87==). Hayenw, tedy wdrd ant `hst. Fgtzlh fdatgnas teht g` puatgaj whs pnssgobd,

tegs whs hbwhys `hstdr teha rnwgaj (phkkb gaj) (Fgt zlh 87== p. 4?). [n jdt snfd gasgjet ga ted spddk n`

phkkbdk onhts, wd ehvd trgdk tn mnbbmmt khth honut kg``drdat typds n` onhts. [ed onht n` wnnk hak egkds,

wegme whs ougbt ga 87:8 hs h pn.ssgobd fnkdb n` h ]mhakgahvgha segp `rnf ted Ornazd Hjm, fhkd ?.5 lants

wgte h mrdw n` 0 rnwdrs, teht gs 4 lf/e (Cneastnad 87:? p. ?:?). [ed Ehwhggha knuobç mhand ougbt `nr

@gaady fhkd = lants vvgte 5 phkkgdrs, teht gs 4.0 lf/e, ga mhbf wdhtedr na h sfnnte sdh (@gaady 870: p.

849). [hobd 8 fdatgnas twn jrnups wegme usd onhts. [ed wnfda na ted Fhr nag _gvdr jn oy onht tn ted

rdfntdst jhrkdas. [n h nad why trgp tedy kdvntd twn enurs nr bgttbd fnrd hak mnvdr h kgsthamd n` sbgjetby



5 [ED DAPG_NAFDA[

bdssteha 89 lf (Lbnns 87:4 vdrohb ga`nrfht gna). [e d Goha trhvdb oymha ndt n`g mbk s wegme hrd ht hk gst ham d

n`snfdweht fnrd teha 8.4 lf `rnf tedgr enusd (@rddfha 87:9 p. 808). PPeda ted` gd bkshr d ùrtedr hwhy,

ted hjrgmubturhb hmtgvgtgds hrd uakdrthlda `rnf h sdmnakhry enusd. [edsd sdmnakhry enusds hrd bnmhtdk up

tn h kgsthamd n` 88 lf `rnf ted prgfhry sdttbdfdat (@rddfha 87:9 p. 80;)< @rddfha fdatgnas dbsdwedrd

teht ted sdmnakhry enusds fhy dvda od bnmhtdk ht twn tn terdd enurs' trhvdbbgaj `rnf ted prgfhry

sdttbdfdat (@rddfha 87:9 p. 808). [ed khth na ted Fhrnag _gvdr Mhrgo wnfda hak ted Goha rdbhtd tn

trhvdbbgaj na rgvdrs. Gt gs dvgkdat teht knwa-strdhf ted spddk gs egjedr teha up-strdhf. Hs ga nur

mnasgkdrh tgnas onte why trgps ehvd tn od fhk d, ted hkvh athj ds n` h hst trgp knwa-s trdhf hr d mhamdbbdk nut

oy ted trgp up-strdhf.

@rnf ted `dw `gjurds ht nur kgspnshb, wd jdt ted gfprdssgna teht trhvdbbgaj, dvda wgte rhtedr spdmghbgzdk

onhts hs ted Ehwhg gha knuo bç mhand , gs ant fu me `hstmr teha whblgaj. Ht prdsdat, h rhkgus n` hmtgna n` 89 tn

=9 lf sddfs tn od hmmdpthobd `nr pnssgobd BOL onhts.

[ed honvd mnasgkdrhtgnas ehvd haswmrmk ted qudstgna enw bhrjd ted hrdh wgbb od wegme wd gatdak tn

rdmnastrumt hrnuak ted BOL sdttbdfdats Dbsbnn, ]tmga, ]gtthrk hak Egdaedgf.

Zgtega h rhkgus n` 89 lf wd sehbb rdmnastrumt hs mnfpbdtdby hs pnssgobd ted davgrnafdat wegme wd

prdsufd tn ehvd odda gfpnrthat tn ted sdttbdfdat. [egs rdmnastrumtgna mnfprgsds hspdmts mnamdragaj

mbgfhtm, suostrhtd, `bnrh, `huah hak eufha sdttbdfdats. PPgtega h rhkgus n` =9 lf wm sehbb mnasgkdr naby ted

tnpnjrhpey hak ted prdsdamd n` eufha sdttbdfdats. H prgnrg, wd sehbb rdmnastrumt antegaj odynak ted =9

lf enuakhry. Gfpnrthat `hmtnrs odynak ted =9 lf onuakhry wgbb mnfd tn bgjet weda wd wgbb ehvd

h mbnsdr bnnl ht ted rdbhtgnasegp fha-davgrnafdat.

[hobd 8. [ed sgzm n` tet

mubtgvhtnrs.*

hrdh, wegm e gs vgsgtdk khgby `rnf h sdttbd fdat3 snfd khth `rnf ted Etdrhturm na euatd rs/jh tedr drs hak swgkkda

Eufha jfgtp [ypd q`dmnanfy _hkgus n` hmtgna ng

'' tmrrgtnry"

bg'hy (`` trhvdbbgaj Hggbega

. Raohrh

Hustrhbgh

euatdrs/

jhtedrdrs

49 b2f? na `nnt 8.._. Eghu

8705 p. 898

Hustrhbgha

honrgjgads

euatdrs/

jhtedrdrs

89-8= lf na `nnt R . R . Wdajnvha

8705 p. 85:'

Znfda `rnf

. Rra edfb hak

Hustrheh

jhtedrdrs 0-5 lf na `nnt F. FmHrteur

8709 p. 8=9

Ygtchakhrh

wnfnaHustrheh

jhtedrdrs 4 lf na `nnt U.O. [g akh bd

87:? p. ?;4

Luaj Ousefdgg

Ontswhah

bguatdrs/

jhtedrdrs

89 lf na `nnt _.O. Bdd

8707 p. 08

* Ga h bhrjd aufodr n` mhsds ted rhkgus n` hmtgna gs jgvda ga rdhb kgsthamds hak ant ga enurs' whblgaj kgsthamd. @nr h mnrrdmt cukjdfdat n` ted khth, tedphsshobdadss n` ted tdrrhga senubk od fdatgnadk. Gt whs gfpnssgobd, enwdvmr, tn mnfphrd ted jdnjrhpegmhb kdsmrgptgnas `rnf ted Etdrhturd stukgdk. Zdhssufd geht ga nad enur's whblgaj kgsthamd, h kgsthamd n` 4 lf nr bdss gs mnvdrdk.

http://nbara/

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http://rnhemland/

http://nbara/



JDAD_HB NO]D_PH[GNA] NA [ED _DMNA][_TM[GNA

Euauf jrnggp : y`}` nc dmnanfy _hkgus nC hmtgna nr

"tdrrgtnry"

GPhy nC trhvdbbgaj Hutenr

J/wg Ousefd a na ònt J.O. ]gbodrohudr

fda eua bdrs ?; lf 87:? p. ?79wnfda jhtedrdrs 5 lf p. ?5:

Ontswhah

Ehk zh wnfda jhtedrdrs enur's whbl na `nnt C. Znn kou ra

[hazhagh ' b705p. 48

Ogrenrs eua tdrs / ;-5 lf na `nnt K.Y. ]gaehGakgh jhtedrdrs 87:? p. =::

Mnppdr Dsgmgfn euatdr s 5 lf na `nnt K. Khfhs

Mhahkh 87:? p. ?=

Odfoh swgkkda `nr mubtgvhtgna na `nnt .Q.G. _gmehrks

Shfogh mubtg vhtnr s h `dw lf

`nr `gsegaj up

tn 80 lf`nr vgsgtgaj

up tn ?4 lf

87=7 p. 85

hak [hobd D

Whln swgkkda 8?9 lf? na `nnt M K . @nrkd

Agjdr gh mubtg vhtnr s 8705 p. 808

Lhp hul u swgkkda ;4 fga 6 na `nnt B. Ynspgsgb

Adw Ju gad h mubtg vhtnr s 8.5 lf 870= p. 5:

[sdf ohjh swgkkda nrtenjr hpegmhbby na `nnt _.H. _hpphpnrt

Adw Juga dh mubtgvhtnrs 5.? lf"

tn jhrkdas3

?9 fga whbl

knwa egbb hak

=9 fga whbl up sbnpd

8705 p. ==

hak [hobd 4

Goha swg kkda up tn 8.4 lf na `nnt K. @rddfha

Onrad n mubtg vhtnr s sbgjetby

ùrtedr teha

8.4 lf

oy onht 87:9 p. 808

Ehau aýn swgkkda 0lf ? na `nnt E. MnalbgaYegbgppgads mubtgvhtnrs nad enur's

whbl tn jhrkda

6 8 lf wgte ed hvy

bnhk

? enurs' whbl `nr

h mngb n` rhttha

874: p. 8?

Ybhtd ?7

Bhfdt swgkkda ?.;5 lf na `nnt L. J. Gzglnwg tzGaknmegah mubtgvhtnrs whblgaj spddk

= lf/e

8748 p. ;9

Fhr na g _gvdr swgk kda ;4 fga na `nnt Y. LbnnsMhrg o wnfda mubtgvhtnrs ? enur s nr oy onh t 87:8 p. ?0

]urgahf fnrd

Lggglggru swgkk da 0-5 lf na `nnt _.B. MhradgrnOrhzgg mubtgvhtnrs 8740 p. ?=?

Hvdrhjd Hfhzna gha swgkkda^ 4 lf na (ont _.B. Mhradgrnmubtgvhtnrs mubtgvhtnrs 8740 p. ?=?Orhzgg

8740 p. ?=?



89 [ED DAPG_NAFDA[

G G G . ? [ E D M B G F H [ D

[ed prdsdat mbgfhtd n` ted hrdh ga ]nutedra Bgfourj, wegme wd gavdstgjhtdk, gs rdmnrkdk oy ted

mbgfhtnbnjgmhb sthtgnas ht Oddl hak h t Oumetda . [edsd sthtgnas usdk tn od bnmhtdk ht Fhhs trg met (uatgb

874=) hak ht ]gtthrk (uatgb 87;7) rdspdmtgvdby. [ed usd n` ted rdmnrks n` ted prdsdat bnmhtgnas prdsdats snfd

kgshkvha thjds . [e d sthtgna h t ted hg rpnr t n` Oddl gs bnmhtdk na h vdry dxpnsdk pbh tdhu , sn teh t gt gs ant rdhbby

mnfphrhobd wgte ted mnakgtgnas ht ]gtthrk, ]tdga hak Dbsbnn. Gt gs trud teht gts prdkdmdssnr Fhhstrgmet bgds

odynak ted 89 lf rhkgus, out gts bnmhtgna mnrrdspnaks odttdr tn teht n` ted BOL sdttbdfdats.* Fnrdnvdr,

ted `nrfdr sthtgnas ehvd bnajdr sdrgds n` nosdrvhtgna teha ted adw nads. [edrd`nrd, wd sehbb rd`dr

tn ted sthtgnas ]gtthrk hak Fhhstrgmet.

@nr Egdaedgf, ted adhrdst mbgfhtnbnjgmhb sthtgna gs ht h kgsthamd n` =9 lf ht Gajnbsthkt. [edrd gs hantedr

sthtgna ht _djdasourj. [ed sthtgna Gajnbsthkt prnohoby prnvgkds ted fnst usdùb khth, hs _djdasourj gs

bnmhtdk wgtega ted rhgasehknw n` ted @rhalgsmed Hbo.

[ed fnst rdbdvhat mbgfhtnbnjgmhb khth rdbhtgaj tn tdfpdrhturd hak prdmgpgthtgna hrd ornujet tnjdtedr

ga ted mbgfhtgm kgh jrhfs n` gjurd 8. [edsd kghjrhfs hrd thlda `rnf ted wnrl n` PPhbtdr hak Bgdte (Z hldr

& Bgdte 8709 hak 870;). Gt mha od mnambukdk `rnf ted kghjrhfs teht ted prdmgpgthtgna ga ted ]nutedra

Bgfour j hrdh gs sprdhk fn rd dquhbby nvdr ted ydhr teha ted prdmgpg thtgna ga ted vhbbdy n` ted Knahu adhr

Egdae dgf. Odsgkds, wgatdrs hrd fume fnrd fnkdrht d ga ]nutedra Bg four j. [ed hrdh hrnua k Egdaedg f

mbdhrby ehs h fnrd mnatgadathb mbgfhtd teha ted hrdh hrnuak ]gtthrk, Dbsbnn hak ]tdga. Zgak-kgrdmtgna hak

wgak-`nrmd hrd ant gamnrpnrhtdk ga ted kghjrhfs. Ga ]nutedra Bgfourj, ted wgak gs usuhbby snute-wdst tn

snute-snute-wdst ga ted fnates `rnf Cuby tn @doruhry. Ga ted fnates odtwdda Fhrme hak Cuad ted wgak

fhy obnw `rnf hay kgrdmt gna, dxmdp t `rnf t ed snute-dhst. [ed wgaks hrd n` fnkdrh td `nrmd. Ga ted vhbbdy n`

ted Knahu adhr Egdaedgf, ted wgaks hrd usuhbby `rnf ted snute-wdst. [edgr `nrmd vhrgds `rnf wdhl tn

fnkdrhtd. ]tnrfs nmmur rhrdby.

[ed mbgfhtd whs kg``drdat ht ted tgfd n` ted BOL. [ed sdmnak ehb` n` ted `g`te fgbbdaaguf O.M. `hbbs

wgtega ted pnstjbhmghb mbgfhtnbnjgmhb npt gfu f nr eypsntem rfhb ( ~09 99 - ~8999 O.M.) hak

fnrd prdmgsdby wgtega ted sn-mhbbdk Htbhatgm ( ~0999 - ~=999 O.M. ).

Khth honut dhrbgdr mbgfhtgm pdrgnks hrd thlda `rnf `nur snurmds n` Ga`nrfhtgna. [ed `grst snurmm gs ted

gavdstgjhtgna n` suo`nssgb `bnrh hak `huah. [edrd hrd snfd spdmgds n` pbhats hak hagfhbs n` wegme gt gs lanwa

teht tedgr hrdh n` kgstrgoutgna gs bgfgtdk oy mdrthga mbgfhtnbnjgmhb `hmtnrs. @nr dxhfpbd gvy (Edkdrh edbgx

B.) hppdhrs uahobd tn survgvd weda ted hvdrhjd tdfpdrhturd n` ted mnbkdst fnate gs odbnw 8.4¹ M (Gvdrsda

87;;). [ed djjs n` ted pnak turtbd (Dfysn rogmu bhrg sB.), wegme hr mg am uo ht mk oy ted whr ft en `t ed sua , kn

ant ehtme ga hrdhs anr te n` ted ?9¹ M Cuby -gsn tedr f ga @rhamd hak ted 85¹ M Cuby -gsn tedrf ga Dhstdra

Durnpd (Kdjdron b & Lrnj 8748). Ze da suo`nssgbs n` sume nrjhagsfs hrd `nuak ga kmpnsgts ga hrdhs wedr d

tedy an bnajdr nmmur ht prdsdat, mnambusgnas fhy od krhwa rdjhrkgaj ted dhrbgdr mbgfhtd n` ted `gak sgtd.

Hantedr ognbnjgmhb fdtenk gs ted stuky n` trdd-rgajs, hs ted tegmladss tedrdn` gs hfnaj ntedr tegajs

kdtdrfgadk oy ted mbgfhtd. H mbgfhtd, wegme gs `hvnurhobd tn h mdrthga trdd, usuhbby bdhks tn ted jrnwte n`

tegml rgajs. Jbhmgnbnjy gs h sdmnak snurmd n` Ga`nrfhtgna. [ed hkvhamd nr rdtrdht n` jbhmgdrs gakgmhtds

mehajds ga mbgfhtnbnjgmhb `hmtnrs hs tdfpdrhturd hak prdmgpgthtgna. Jdnfnrpenbnjy prnvgkds ùrtedr

khth, d.j. ted jrhga-sgzd kgstrgoutgna n` mhvd kdpnsgts gs kdpdakdat na ted mbgfhtd. H `nurte typd n` ga-

* Nad BOL sdttbdfdat3 Mhodrj, gs bnmhtdk ht h kgsthamd n` 8,4 lf.



[ED MBGFH[D 88

]G[[H_K G;;f)\=9 ==)

b*}Q/1/Q//////R ' ' R/>//////R

FHH][_GME[ (0:f)

(=9-:58

¹QQ/1/////H ' ' P/1/C//R

GAJNB][HK[ (=:9f)849-;9

_DJDA]OT_J (=;=f)\49-;98

h sthtgna

o hbtgtukd

m auf odr n` ydhrs n` nosdrvhtgna

(ted `grst sthaks `nr tdfpdrhturd,

ted sdmnak `nr prdmgpgbhtgna)

k fdha haauhb tdfp drht urd ga kdjrdds mdatgjrhkd

d fdha haau hb suf-tnthb n` prdmgpgthtgna ga ff

` fdha khgby fgagfuf n` ted mnbkdst fnate

j hosnbutd fgagfuf

e fdh a fgag fuf n` fna te `hbbs odbnw zdrn

g hosnbutd fgagfuf odbnw zdrn

l fnateby fdhas n` tdfpdrhturd

G fnateby fdhas n` prdmgpgthtgna

@gj. 8. Mbgfhtgm kghjrhfs n` ted wdhtedr sthtgnas ht ]gtthrk, Fhhstrgmet, Gajnbsthkt hak _djdasourj. [ed kghjrhfs hrd ohsdk na khth

up tn 87;9 gambusgvd. Hmmnr kgaj tn Yrn` Kr. E. Zhb tdr ted usd n` fnrd rdmdat k ht h wnubkg g't ggugld hay dssdatghb kg``drmamd (PPhbtdr

87:4, wrgttda Ga`nrfhtgna).



8? [ED DAP G _N AFD A[

`nrfhtgna gs noth gadk oy ted dxhfgah tgna n` ted rhtgn n` ted nxyjda-gsntnpds 985 hak 980, d.j. ga Mh MN n,

nr ga gmd. [ed 985-980 rhtgn ga rdfhgas n , `nr gasthamd, `nrhfgag`drh kdpdaks na ted tdf pdr htu rd n` ted

whtdr ga vvegrbg tedsd pbhaltnagm spdmgds bgvdk. Ha dxhfpbd n` tegs fdtenk `nr mbgfhtd rdmnastrumtgnas gs ted

gavdstgjhtgna n` uakgsturodk sdmtgnas n` jbnogjdrgah nnzd ga nmdha onttnfs. [ed nxyjda-gsntnpds rhtgn ga

ted gmd n` gmd-mhps kdpdaks na ted tdfpdrhturd n` ted hgr kurgaj ted `nrfhtgna n` ted gmd. [ed gmd-mhp n`

Jrddabhak ehs odda stukgdk ga tegs `hsegna.

]n `hr ted twn hrdhs, n` wegme wd what tn rdmnastrumt ted mbgfhtd, ehvd prnvgkdk an usdùb khth wegme, hs

gakgmhtdk honvd, mnubk ga`nrf us honut ted mbgfhtd ga ted Htbhatgm. [edrd`nrd wd ehvd tn usd weht gs

lanwa honut ted Htbhatgm ga h bhrjdr hrdh, ahfmby Mdatrhb hak Zdstdra Durnpd. [ed fnst mnamrdtd khth

hrd prnvgkdk oy ted gavdstgjhtgna n` `bnrh hak `huah. Jbhmgnbnjy hak jdnfnrpenbnjy hbsn prnvgkd

ga`nrfhtgna. [ed 985-980 fdtenk ehs ant ydt odda edbpùb.

Gvdrsda mhbmubhtdk ted suffdr hak wgatdr tdfpdr htu rd n` Kcursbhak (Kd afh rl) . Oy fdhas n` ted

prdsdamd n` pnbbda n` fgstbdtnd (Pgsmuf hbou f B.) ,gv y (Edkdr h edbgx B.) hak enbby (Gbdxhqug `nbguf B.) ga

pdht kdpnsgts `rnf ted Htbhatgm, ed hrrgvdk ht ted mnambusgna teht ted hvdrhjd tdfpdrhturd n` ted whrf dstfnate fust ehvd odda honut ?¹ M egjedr teha ted prdsdat tdfpdrht urd, wedrdhs ted hvdrhjd tdfp drht urd

n` ted mnbkdst fnate fust ehvd odda honut 9.4¹ M egjedr teha ht prdsdat (Gvdrsda 87;;). [ed `gakgajs n`

Kdjdronb hak Lrnj wgte rdspdmt tn ted pnak turtbd (Dfys nrogmubhrgs B.) mna`grf ted nmmurrdamd n` h

suffdr tdfpdrhturd ?¹ M egjemr ga Kdafhrl kurgaj ted Htbhatgm (Kdjdronb & Lrnj 8748). @nr Jrdht

Orgthga, Mnanbby hak Kheb wdrd hobd tn mnambukd `rnf ted `nssgb kgstrgout gna n`h bhrjd aufodr n` hrmtgm hak

fnathad pbhats, teht suffdrs kurgaj ted Htbhatgm wdrd whrfdr oy ? tn =¹ M teha suffdrs ga nur tgfd

(Mnanbby & Kheb 87:9).

@gjurds hppbygaj tn Mdatrh b Durnpd hrd fdatgnadk oy Fha gh hak oy @ue rfha a (Fha gh 87:=h,

@uer fh aa 87:=). [ed gr nosdrvhtgnas mnamdra fnbbusm `huahs. [ed `nbbnwgaj thobd, thlda `rnf Fha gh,

rdbhtds tn ted ]hhgd- hak Fgkkbm Dbod-hrdh3

[hebd ?. [ed . Rt bh at gm mbgfh td hmmn rkga j tn Fha gh 87:=h.

prdsdat mbgfhtd dstgfhtdk sgtuhtgngg

kurgaj ted Htbhatgm

hvd rhj d ha au hb td fp , + 5¹ tn + 7¹ M mgrm h + 7¹ tn + 88¹ M

hvdr hjd tdfp . Cub y + 80¹ tn + 85¹ M mgrmh + 85¹ tn + ?9¹ M

hvdrhjd tdfp. Cha uhr y ‛ =¹ t n ‛ 8¹ M mg rm h‛ 8¹ M

hvdrh jd haa uhb prdmgp gthtg na ;49 - 049 ff mgrmh 449 ‛ :99 ff

Ga Mdatrhb hak Zdst ]hmesma @uerfhaa kgstgajugsems, hs gs usuhb ga ted Mdatrhb Durnpmha pnbbda hahbysgs,

twn pdrgnks wgtega ted Htbhatgm3 ha "Hbt-Htbhatgluf" `rnf 4099-;999 O.M. hak h "Cuaj-Htbhatgluf"

`rnf ;999-?499 O.M. Kurgaj ted Hbt-Htbhatgluf, ted hvdrhjd haauhb tdfpdrhturd whs mgrmh 8¹ M egjedr

teha anwhkhys, wedrdhs ted nptg fuf wgte 8 tn ?¹ M egjedr tdfpdrht urds whs rdhmedk k urga j ted Cuaj -

Htbhatgluf. [ed mbgfhtd rdssdfobdk ted prdsdat mbgfhtd ga ted snute-dhstdra phrt n` Mdatrhb Durnpd.

Hmmnrkgaj tn @uer fh aa , h strnaj suofdk gtd rrh adha ga`budamd gs mehrhmtd rgstgm `nr tegs pdrgnk.

Ta`nrtuahtdby egs ]hxna fnbbusm `huahs prnvgkd an ga`nrfhtgna honut ted prdmgpgthtgna.

Ga ted Hbps, pnbbda kghjrhfs ehvd senwa teht kurgaj ted Htbhatgm ted trdd-bgad whs h mnupbd n` euakrdk

fdtdrs egjedr teha ht prd,sdat (@grohs 87;7). Ga ted Hbt-Htbhatgluf ted trdd-bgad ht Jrhuoòakda whs 849

f egjedr teha anwhkhys (Edgtz 87:4).

http://tlantic/

http://tlantic/

http://tlantic/



[EDMBGFH[D 8=

Hs h rdsubt n` ted honvd gt fhy od hssufdk `nr `bnrgstgm hak `huagstgm rdhsnas, teht suffdrs ga Zdstdra

hak Mdatrhb Durnpd wdrd 8 tn =¹ M whrfdr teha ga nur khys. Zgatdrs wdrd whrfdr tnn, hak hs h wenbd ted

mbgfhtd prnohoby whs wdttdr hs wdbb.

Hkkgtgnahb khth hrd prnvgkdk oy jbhmgnbnjy. [ed hbpgad jbhmgdrs wdrd n` rhtedr sfhbb sgzd kurgaj ted

eypsgtemrfhb. Gt mhaant hbwhys od kdtdrfgadk wem ted rh sfhbb sgzd gs rdbhtdk tnh eg jed r td fpd rht urdn r tn

bdss prdmgpgthtgna. Odsgkds, ted tnpnjrhpey n` ted jbhmgdr vhbbdy ga`budamds ted spddk n` jrnwte n` ted gmd-

tnajud. Hmmnrkgaj tn Fdrmdr, enwdvdr, sfhbb jbhmgdrs ga tdfpdrhtd hrdhs rdhmt fhgaby na kg``drdamds ga

tdfpdrhturd hak tedy mha od usdk `nr ga`nrfhtgna honut tegs `hmtnr (Fdrmdr 870:). Gt fhy od mnambukdk

`rnf ted sfhbb sgzd n` ted hbpgad jbhmgdrs teht gt whs rhtedr whrf kurgaj ted Htbhatgm. Enwdvdr, ted vhbud n`

ted kg`gmrdamd ga tdfpd rhtur d odtwdda teda hak anw gs kg`ggmubt tn dstgfhtd.

Jdnfnrpenbnjy prnvgkms strnaj gakgmhtgnas teht gt whs ant naby whrfdr out hbsn wdttdr. Na ted ohsgs n`

h jrdht aufodr n` nosdrvhtgnas, fhgaby ga Ynbhak hak Mzdmensbnvhlgh, ]thrldg mnambukds3

"Jdnfnrpenbnjgmhb khth ehvd dsthobgsedk teht ted Htbhatgm pdrgnk whs n` eufgk mehrhmtdr wgte rhga`hbb

hbb ted ydhr rnuak, wgte whrf wgatdrs (an trhmds n` `rnst prnmdssds ga Mdatrhb DQurnpd) hak wgte ted fdha

hagughb tdfpdrhturd honut ?" egjedr teha teht n` ted prdsdat khy. @buvghb kdpnsgts odhr wgtadss tn tednmmurrdamd n` pdrgnks n` edhvy rhga n` bnaj ku rh tg na" (]thrldg 8700 p. ?0).

Ga fum e n` ted bgtdrhturd quntdk sn `hr, ted Htbhat gm gs kdsmrgodk hs h sgajbd mbgfhtnbnjgmh b pdrgnk.

Enwdvdr, @grohs hbrdhky kgvgkdk ted Htbhatgm gatn twn phrts (@grohs 87;7) hak ga ted honvd-fdatgnadk

hrtgmbd n` @uerfhaa kg``drdat tdfpdrhturds hrd mhbmubhtdk `nr tedsd twn phrts (@uerfhaa 87:=). @rdazdb

senws teht prnohoby fume fnrd vhrghtgnas mha od kgstgajugsedk ga ted mbgfhtd n` ted Htbhatgm Ydrgnk

(@rdazdb 8700 `gj. ;). [n tedsd nsmgbbhtgnas odbnaj ted mnnb Fgsnx-nsmgbbhtgnas n` Snbbdr, wegme bhstdk `rnf

4499-;499 O.M. (Snbbdr 8709). Enwdvdr, tedsd nsmgbbhtgnas ehvd ant ydt odda nosdrvdk jdadrhbby.

Hmmnrkgaj tn ted khth jhtedrdk oy @rdazdb, ted pdrgnk ;499-;999 O.M. ga wegme wd hrd gatdrdstdk, odbnajs

tn h rdbhtgvdby whrf pehsd wgtega ted Htbhatgm. [edrd`nrm hbb honvd mstgfhtds mnamdragaj tdfpdrhturds

hak prdmgpgthtgna hrd prnohoby hppbgmhobd tn ted pdrgnk wegme wd dxhfgadk hak mha od usdk `nr tedrdmnastrumtgna n` ted mbgfhtd.

@nr ted rdmnastrumtgna n` ted mbgfhtd, wd ohsd nursdbvds na ted wnrl n` Bhfo (d.j. Bhfo dt hb. 8700, Bhfo

87:8 hak 87:;). [egs hutenr sthrts rnf sur`hmd tdfpdrhturds wegme ehvd odda rdmnastrumtdk `n rhmd rth ga

pdrgnk ga h mdrthga hrdh, ommhusd tedsd khth hrd ted fnst rdbghobd hak n`tda ted naby hvhgbhobd mnamrdtd

khth. Bhfo pbnts ted sur`hmd tdfpdrhturds n` ted mnbkdst nr ted whrfdst fnate na h wnrbk-fhp n` ted

pdrgnk ga qudstgna. Na ted ohsgs n` ted sur`hmd tdfpdrh turds , ed suosdqudatby mehrt s ted tdfpdrh turd n` ted

uppdr hgr, sthrtgaj `rnf ted prgamgpbd teht ted prdsdat rdbhtgna odtwdda sur`hmd tdfpdrhturd hak

tdfpdrhturd n` ted uppdr hgr hbsn hppbgdk ga ted phst. @rnf ted sdmnak tdfpdrhturd mehrt, ted vdrtgmhb

tegmladss n` ted bnwdr ehb` n` ted htfnspedrd gs mhbmubhtdk hak mehrtdk oy fdhas n` ted kdasgty n` ted hgr.

[egs 8999-499 fgbbgohr tegmladss mehrt bdhks tn ted rdmnastrumtgna n` ted mnrrdspnakgaj uppdr wgaks hak

ted phttdra hak ted gatdasgty n` ted mgrmufpnbhr vnrtdx n` ted uppdr wdstdrbgds, wegme kdtdrfgad ted

wdhtedr ga nur hrdhs. ]uosdqudatby, Bhfo usds ted prnmdss, wgte wegme ted syanptgm mehrts n` ted uppdr hgr

hrd mnavdrtdk gatn wdhtedr mehrts adhr ted sur`hmd, ga nrkdr tn rdmnastrumt ted wdhtedr systdf ht sdh bdvdb.

[e d rdsubt n`tegs fdtenk `nr ted pdrgnk hrnuak ;999 O.M. gs senwa na fhps ga ha hrtgmbd `rnf 8700 (Bhf o

dt hb. 8700).

Mehrhmtdrgstgm `nr ted mgrmubhtgna typd ga ted pdrgnk uakdr mnasgkdrhtgna gs gts znahb mehrhmtdr. Odsgkds,

ted mgrmufpnbhr vnrtdx n` ted uppdr wgaks gs mnamdatrhtdk hrnuak ted pnbd. [ed kdprdssgnas `nbgnwdk, ht



8; [ED DAPG_NAFDA[

bdhst ga suffdrt gfd, h mnursd wegme bgds fnrd tn ted anrte t eha ted prdsdat mnursd. [e d mbgfhtd ga Zdstdra

hak Mdatrhb Durnpd whs tedrd`nrd fnrd ga`budamdk oy ted suotrnpgm hatg-mymbnads. [ed rdsubt whs teht

suffdrs wdrd whrfdr wgte fnrd suasegad. Odmhusd n` ted fhrldk znahb mgrmubhtgna, pnbhr hgrstrdhfs kgk

ant pdadtrhtd gatn Zdstdra hak Mdatrhb Durnpd. [egs mgrmufsthamd hak ted `hmt teht tegs wdhtedr typd whs

mnfogamk wgte fhgaby fnkdrhtd snute-wdstdra wgaks hak wgte egje sdh-tdfpdrhturds, mhusdk rdbhtgvdbywhrf wgatdrs. Hantedr mnasdqudamd gs h egjedr rdbhtgvd eufgkgty n` ted hgr hak fnrd prdmgpgthtgna.

Dspdmghbby ga wgatdrtgfd, ted ga`budamd n` ted eufgk wgaks whs hbsn dxdrtdk ga Mdatrhb hak Dhstdra

Durnpd. [ed mbgfhtd mha od kdsmrgodk hs nmdhagm hak suffdr-hatgmymbna gm.

[ed fnkdb kdvdbnpdk honvd `nr ted mbgfhtd kurgaj ted Htbhatgm gs ohsmk na smhaty khth. Gt prnvgkds,

enwdvdr, ha hkdquhtd dxpbhahtgna `nr weht ehs odmnfd lanwa honut ted Htbhatgm. @nr tegs rdhsna, wd mha

usm gt `nr ted rdmnastrumtgna n` ted mbgfhtd ga ]nute dra B gfo urj hak hrnu ak Egdaedg f.

Na ted ohsgs n` tdfpdrhturd vhbuds nothgadk dbsdwedrd ga Durnpd, wd hssufd `nr onte hrdhs teht

suffdrs wdrd prnohoby ?¹ M whrfdr. [egs fdhas teht ted Cub y-t dfp drh tur d ht ]gtthrk, ]tdga hak Dbsbnn

hvdrhjdk ?9¹ M. Ht Egdaedgf gt whs hbsn ?9¹ M. [ed "mnrrdmtgna" `nr ted wgatdr-tdfpdrhturd gs fnrdkgèmubt tn fhld. Ydrehps 8¹ M fust od hkkdk tn ted tdfpdrhturd n` ted mnbkdstfnate, sn teht ted hvdrhjd

tdfpdrhturd whs =¹ M `nr ]nutedra Bgfourj hak ‛8¹ M `nr Egdaedgf. [ed sdhsna tn od mnasgkdrdk hs

wgatdr prnohoby bhstdk bdss bnaj hak ht Fgdaedgf ted pdrgnk n` `rnst whs pdrehps mnasgkdrhoby senrtdr. N`

mnursd, ted hvdrhjd haauhb tdfpdrhturd whs egjedr teha ht prdsdat. @nr ]nutedra Bgfourj wd dstgfhtd gt

ht 8?¹ M hak `nr Egdaedgf ht 89¹ M. [ed suffdrs wdrd fnrd nr bdss hatgmymbnagm hak mnubk tedrd`nrd ehvd

odda suaagmr. Takdr tedsd mgrmufsthamds ted wdhtedr whs trhaqugb. Gt gs kg`b[gmubt tn shy snfdtegaj honut

ted wgak-`nrmd ga wgatdr. [edrd whs fnrd prdmgpgthtgna teha anwhkhys hak pdrehps gt whs sprdhk

kg``drdatby nvdr ted ydhr. Hs ted suffdrs hrd mnasgkdrdk tn ehvd odda rdhsnahoby kry, fume n` ted

prdmgpgthtgna fust ehvd `hbbda ga wgatdrtgfd. [egs `bhttdas ted murvd n` ted prdmgpgthtgna ga ted mbgfhtd

kghjrhfs . Bhfo ehs kdfnastr htdk teht gt gs snfdtgfds pnssgobd, tenuje wgte fhay rdsdrvhtgnas tn

mhbmubhtd ted hfnuat n` prdmgpgthtgna `rnf ted dstgfhtdk tdfpdrhturd (Bhfo 8704, Bhfo dt hb. 8700). @nr

tegs purpnsd, nad rdqugrds rdjrdssgna dquhtgnas n` rhga`hbb vdrsus tdfpdrhturd, ohsdk na sthtgstgmhbby

sgjag`gmhat mnrrdbhtgna mnd`[gmgdats odtwdda onte quhatgtgds (Bhfo dt hb. 8700 p. 855). Bhfo mhbmubhtdk `nr

Dajbhak teht mgrmh ;999 O.M. ted prdmgpgthtgna hfnuatdk tn 889 tn 884% n` ted prdsdat vhbud.

@nr ted mhbmubhtgna n` ted rdjrdssgna dquhtgna ed usdk rdmnrks `rnf ted ydhr 8:;9 na. Hs wd ehvd ht nur

kgspnshb h bnaj sdrgds n` nosdrvhtgnas ga ted Ad tedr bhaks tnn, wd mhrrgdk nu t Bhfo's mh bmubhtgna wgte Kut me

`gjurds. Zd usdk ted fnateby fdhas n` ted hgr-tdfpdrhturd ga ¹ M ht Swhadaourj-Ttrdmet-Kd Ogbt,

mnavdrtdk tn Kd Ogbt, hak ted fnateby fdhas n` ted hfnuats n` prdmgpgthtgna ht Swhadaourj, mnavdrtdk tn

Enn`kknrp, hs jhtedrdk oy Bhorgca, mnfp bdfdatdk wgte ted rdmnrks up tn 87:; (Bhorgca 87;4 hak 87;5).

[edsd sdrgds n` rdmnrks sthrt ga 8:=4. Zd mhbmubhtdk ted mnrrdbhtgna mnd`[gmgdats odtwdda ted prdmgpgthtgna

dxprdssdk ga % n` ted 87?8-8749 fdhas hak ted tdfpdrhturd ga ¹ M `nr ted phgrs3 haauhb prdmgpgthtgna-haauhb tdfpd rhtur d, prdmgpgthtgna ga Cuad/ Cuby/ Hujus t-t dfpdr htur d ga Cuad/ Cuby/ Hujust , prdmgpgthtgna

ga Kdmdfodr/Chauhry/@doruhry-tmfpdrhturd ga Kdmdfodr/Chauhry/@doruhry, prdmgpgthtgna ga

]dptdfodr tn Fhy-tdfpdrhturd Kd mdfodr/Cha uhry/@dor uhry hak prdmgpgthtgna ga ]dptdfodr tn Cua d-

tdfpd rhtur d Kdmdfo dr/C hauhr y/@do ruhr y. Ta`nrtuahtdby, anad n` ted mhbmubhtdk mnrrdbhtgnas whs egjedr

teha G 9.;| . ]n an mbdhr rdbhtgna mnubk od `nuak `nr ted Adtedr bhaks odtwdda pr dmgpg thtgn a hak

tdfpdrhturd. ]ume mhbmubhtgnas ehvd ant ydt odda mhrrgdk nut `nr Jdrfhay.

Gakdpdakdatby `rnf Bhfo, ted hvdrhjd haauhb prdmgpgthtgna ga ted Htbhatgm ehs hbsn odda dstgfhtdk oy



[ED ]TO] [_H [D 84

Fhagh (Fhagh 87:=h). Hmmnrkgaj tn Fhagh, ted Htbhatgm whs 5-??¹n wdttdr teha anw. [egs pdrmdathjd

rdbhtds tn ted Fgkkbd Dbod hak ]hhbd-hrdh. Gt gs n` ted shfd nrkdr n` fhjagtukd hs Bhfo's dstgfhtd. [egs

fhy od mngamgkdamd3 fhay fnrd gakdpdakdat nosdrvhtgnas hrd admdsshry. G`, enwdvdr, wd what tn shy

snfdtegaj honut ted prdmgpgthtgna ga ted Htbhatgm, wd fust, `nr bhml n` odttdr, wnrl wgte ha dstgfhtdk

prdmgpgthtgna n` mgrmh 889% n` ted prdsdat prdmgpgthtgna. PPeda wd gamrdhsd ted prdsdat haauhb prdmgpgth tgna n` ]gtthrk oy 89 %, wd hrrgvd ht mgrmh ::9 ff. @nr Egdaed gf tegs gjurd odmnfds hppr nxgfhtdb y

:=9 ff. Gt gs novgnus teht tedsd prdmgpgthtgna vhbuds fust od ehakbdk wgte ted jrdhtdst pns.sgobd mhrd.

[ed kg``drdamds odtwdda ted prdsdat mbgfhtd hak teht ht ted tgfd n` ted BOL sdttbdfdats hrd novgnus. [ed

wdt wgatdrs hak ted whrf, bnaj suffdrs, wgte pdrehps fume suasegam, jhvd ted mbgfhtd h sbgjetby

fdkgt drrha dha me hrhmtmr. [egs gs ga hmmnrkha md wgte weht @u erfhaa mnambukdk ga ]hmesda (@u erfhaa

87:=). Ht teht tgfd tnn, enwdvdr, ted mbgfhtd ht Egdaedgf whs kg``drdat `rnf teht ga ]nutedra Bgfourj.

Dspdmghbby ted wgatdrs wdrd mnbkdr hak ga jdadrhb ted mbgfhtd ehk h fnrd Mnatgadathb mehrhmtdr.

[ed rdmnastrumtgna prnvgkds, n` mnursd, naby h jbnohb gfprdssgna n` ted mbgfhtd. [ed mbgfhtd ht h mdrthga

pbhmd wgtega ted hrdh stuk gdk, sume hs ht ted bnmhtgna n` h sdttbdfdat, gs strnajby ga`budamdk oy bnmhb `hmtnrs.[ed kdjrdd n` dxpnsurd gs n` jrdht gfpnrthamd hak hbsn ted ga`budamd n` ted vdjdthtgna hak ted suostrhtd

senubk ant od uakdrds tgfh tdk. @nr gasthamd ted prdsdamd n` rgajds n` trdds hrnuak h sdttbdfdat mha fnkg y

ted fgmrn-mbgfhtd wgtega teht sdttbdfdat mnasgkdrhoby. [ed sngb dxdrts ha ga`budamd oy gts whrfte

mnggkumtgvgty, wegme mn-kdtdrfgads ted rgsl n` agjet `rnst hak ted bgld. Zd fust tedrd`nrd mnasgkdr ted

pnssgogbgty teht bnmhb vhrghats, wegme mhaant od rdmnastrumtdk oy fdhas n` ted khth usdk oy us, dxgstdk ga

ted mbgfhtd.

G G G . = [ E D ] T O ] [ _ H [ D

Oy "suo str htd" wd uakdr sthak h auf odr n` hogntgm davgrnafdathb `hmtnrs wegme hrd gatdrrdbhtdk, ahfdby

jdnbnjy, eykrnbnjy, rdbgd` hak sngb. [edsd `hmtnrs wgbb od kgsmussdk ga ted `nbbnwgaj, `grst `nr ted hrdh ga

]nutedra Bgfourj hak teda `nr ted nad hrnuak Egdaedgf.

]NT[ED_A BGFOT_J

[e d kddpdr jdnbnjgmhb suosngb n` ted hrdh h rnuak ]gtth rk, ]tdga hak Dbsbnn mnasgsts n` kdpnsgts odbnajgaj tn

ted [dr tgh ry. tedy hrd senwa ga ted "Jdnbnjgsmed Nvdrzgme tslhh rt (lwhrth gr h`jdkdlt) 83899999". (Luyb

87:8). Anrte n` ]gtthrk tedrd hrdshaks hak jrhvdbs `rnf ted Ybgnmdad. ]dkgfdats `rnf ted Nbgjnmdad hak

ted Fgnmdad mha od `nuak fnrd tn ted snute. [ed Nbgjnmdad mnfprgsds jbhumnagtgm shaks hak snfd mbhy-

bhydrs. [ed kdpnsgts `rnf ted Fgnmdad mnasgst n` `gad .shaks, ga wegme sdhfs n` bgjagtd fhy nmmur. [ed

]nutedra bgfgt n` ted `nrfhtgnas `rnf ted [drtghry gs `nrfdk oy ted bgfdstnad kdpnsgts n` ted Tppdr

Mrdthmdnus . [egs bgfgt dxtdaks gtsdb hbnaj ted sfhbb strdhf, ted Jdub. [e d bgfdstnad `nrfh tgna bgds cust

nutsgkd ted 89 lf znad hrnuak ted BOL sdttbdfdats.

Kurgaj ted Ybdgstnmdad, ted nbkdr kdpnsgts wdrd mnvdrdk `nr ted jrdhtdr phrt oy kdpnsgts `rnf ted rgvdr

Fhhs. Odmhusd ted hrdh odbnajs tn ted pdrgpedry n` ted Hrkdaads, gt whs suocdmt tn upbg`t ga tegs jdnbnjgmhb

pdrgnk. Hs h rdsubt h tdrrhmd bhaksmhpd nrgjgahtdk. [erdd fhga tdrrhmds mha od kgstgajugsemk, ahfdby ted

Egjedr [drrhmd, ted Fgkkbd [drrhmd hak ted Bnwdr [drrhmd.* ]dvdrhb stdps mha od kgstgajugsemk ga tedsd

* Anwhkhys tedsd ahfds hrd naby n` bnmhb usd. @nr ted mnrrdbbhtgna wgte ted bgtenstrhtgjrhpey ted rdhkdr gs rd drrdk tn tedmxpbhahtgna n` ted "Jdnbnjgsmed nvdrzgmetslhhrtda vha Adkdrbhak 83099 999" (Shjwgca & vha ]thhbkugada 87:4).



80 [ED DAPG_ NAFDA [

tdrrhmds. [ed Egjedr hak ted Fgkkbd [drrhmd mnasgst fhgaby n` shak hak jrhvdb. [ed fhtdrghb nrgjgahtds

`nr ted jrdhtdr phrt `rnf ted Hrkdaads. [ed Bnwdr [drrhmd mnasgsts n` `fdr sdkgfdats, ahfdby shak,

sgl hak mbhy. [ed tdrrhmds n` ted rgvdr Fhhs ornh kby kd tdrfgad ted prdsdat rdbgd` (kd Cn aj 870: pp. =87

hak =?9).

Kurgaj ted ]hhgd- hak Zdgmesdb-jbhmghtgnas, ted rdbgd` whs pbhadk knwa oy ted kdpnsgt n` bndss hak

dnbgha shak na ted Egjedr hak Fgkkbd [drrhmd. [ed bndss kdpnsgts hrd bgfgtdk tn ted hrdh dhst n` ted rgvdr

Fhhs. [ed tegmladss n` ted bndss fhatbd vhrgds. [ed bhrjdst kdpnsgts hrd na ted Fgkkbd [drrhmd, wedrd ted

tegmladss fhy hfnuat tn 5-84 f. [ed bndss kdpnsgt gs fume tegaadr na ted Egjedr [drrhmd. Anrte n` ted

_nnkd Oddl temrd gs vdry bgttbd bndss. Gt gs shaky h ak mnathga s fume t drrh md jrhvdb . Zdst n` ted rgvdr Fhh s

ted tdrrhmds hrd mnvdrdk wgte h vdry tega bhydr n` dnbgha shak. @nr h fnrd kdthgbdk kdsmrgptgna n` ted

Xu ht dr ah ry kdpnsgts wd rd`dr tn h puobg mht gna n` Kd Cn aj (kd Cn aj 870:).

Anwhkhys ted Bnwdr [drrhmd gs mnvdrdk phrtby wgte Enbnmdad hbbuvghb sgbts hak mbhys. [edsd hrd hbsn

prdsdat ga ted Enbnmdad vhbbdys. [e d tegml bhydrs n` bnhf hak mbhy ga ted Zdstdra h ak Mdat rhb Dur npd ha

rgvdr-vhbbdys nrgjgahtdk, ga hs hr hs wd lanw, ga ted Fgkkbd Hjds hak bhtdr (Eum lrgdkd 87:?). [ed y hrd ted

rdsubt n` gfpnrthat haternpnjdad ga`budamds. [ed hjd n` ted bnhfs hak mbhys ga ted rgvdr-vhbbdys wgbb n`tdaehvd tn od thlda gatn hmmnuat `nr ted rdmnastrumtgna n` h bhaksmhpd. Yhubgssda's gavdstgjhtgna n` ted Fhhs-

vhbbdy senws, enwdvmr, teht ted Fhhs kdpnsgtdk bnhfs hak mbhys kurgaj ted datgrd Enbnmdad. Gt gs trum teht

ted gatdasgty n` ted hbbuvghtgna vhrgdk wgte tgfd. [ed hbbuvghtgna whs fgagfhb kurgaj ted Htbhatgm. [ed

sdkgfdathtgna gamrdhsdk mnatgaunusby h`tdr tegs pdrgnk. Fnrd hak fnrd mnhrsd sgbt whs kdpnsgtdk, wegme

Yhubgssda httrgoutdk tn ted gamrdhsgaj kd`nrdsthtgna n` ted bndss hrdhs upstrdhf (Yhubgssda 87:= p. ?;0).

[ed ahturd n` ted `gbbgaj n` ted Fhhs-vhbbdy, enwdvdr, ehs ant mehajdk dssdatghbby sgamd ted Htbhatgm. [ed

odk fhtdrghb n` ted rgvdr gtsdb` mnasgsts n` h mnhrsd jrhvdb. [ed kghfdtdr n` ted obnmls gs 59 mf ht ted fnst

(Yhubgssda 87:= p. 5:). Ht bnw kgsmehrjds phrts n` ted jrhvmbs `hbb kry. [edsd jrhvdbs wdrd mdrthgaby prdsdat

kurgaj ted Htbhatgm.

[edrd hrd an ntedr rdhsnas dgtedr tn hssufd teht weht mha od smda na ted rdmdat jdnbnjgmhb fhp gs

kg``drdat `rnf ted sgtuhtgna kurgaj ted Htbhatgm. @gjurd ? senws tensd sdkgfdats wegme hrd vgsgobd ht ted

sur`hmd anwhkhys. Ga nur npgagna, tegs fhp jgvds h mnrrdmt rdprdsdathtgna n` ted jdnbnjgmhb hspdmt n` ted

suostrhtd ga ted pdrgnk n` BOL nmmuphtgna. [ed bdjdak uagt "[drtghry hak nbkdr" mnfprgsds fhgaby

[drtghry shaks ga ted dhstdra phrt n` ted fhp hak rdprdsdats h mnfpbdx n` sbnpd kdpnsgt hak mehbl hbnaj ted

sfhbb strdhf Jdub. [ed bdjdak uagt "_dfhgagaj Ybdgstnmdad" fhgaby mnamdras tdrrhmd jrhvdbs n` ted

Egjedr [drrhmd.*

[ed shfd `gjurd senws ted k r h g a h j d p h t t d r a . [e d fnst gfpnrtha t rgvdr gs ted Fhhs. [ed datgrd rdjgna

gs krh gadk oy tegs rgvdr. Gt ehs h vdry grrdju bhr kgsm ehrjd< bnw whtdr-bdvdbs fhy nmm ur dspdmghbby ga suffdr.

[ed Fhhs ehs h aufodr n` trgouthrgds wgtega ted hrdh uakdr mnasgkdrhtgna. Ht ted wdst sgkd tedsd hrd `rnf

snute tn anrte ted Eddswhtdr, t ed Sgcpoddl hak ted Onsoddl. Ht ted dhst sgkd, ted Fhh s rdmdgvds whtdr `rnfted Jdub, ted Tr hak ted Jdbdda wgte ted _nnkd Oddl. [ed uppdr mnursds n` ted Jdbdda hak ted _nnkd

Oddl kgvgkd tedfsdbvds gatn h jrdht aufodr n` sfhbbdr strdhfs hak sn-mhbbdk kry vhbbdys. [ed bhttmr kn ant

ehvd h pdrfhadat whtdr mnursd mut mhrry whtdr naby h`tdr edhvy rhga`hbb nr kurgaj ted fmbtgaj n` h bhydr n`

sanw. Onmhusd n` ted jrdht aufodr n` vhbbdys hak kry vhbbdys, tegs bhaksmhpd gs strnajby kgssdmtdk. [egs mha

* @nr ted shld n mnfpbdtdadss, gt gs tn od nosdrvdk teht ga ted anrte-mhsbdra hrdh tedsd tdrrhmd jrhvdbs wdrd ant kdpnsgtdk oy tedFhhs, out oy ted _edga.



[ED ]TO][_H[D 8:

MF

Enbnmmam hbegvghb kdpnsgts

G gNwdr [mrrhmm

Bndss

G 8 rggga bndss-mnvmr na gQrhvt-8

Ldfhgagaj Ybdgstnmdam

rrrtghry hak nbkdr

7 'b'em BOL sdttbdfdats uakd r mnasgkdrhtgna

N Nt edr BOL sdttb dfdat sgtds

@gj. ?. [ed suostrhtd wgtega h rhkgus n` 89 lfs hrnu ak ted BOL sdttbdfdats ga ]nute dra B gfou rj. ]mhbd 83?99999.



85 [ED DAPG _NAF DA[

od sdda ga `gjurd ? oy fdhas n` ted mnursd n` ted mn atnu r bgads. [ed kgssdmtdk bhak smhpd mngamgkds wgte ted

bndss-mnvdrdk Egjedr [drrhmd. Gt sddfs teht ted krhgahjd phttdra whs ant suocdmt tn mehajds kurgaj ted

Enbnmdad. [ed whtdr mnursds wdrd hbrdhky ga tedgr prdsdat vhbbdys ht ted tgfd n` BOL nmmu phtg na. [e d

fdhakdr systdf n` ted Fhhs whs hbrdhky hmtgvm kurgaj ted Htbhatgm (Yhubgssda 87:= p. 8?=). [ed pnsgtgna

n` ted fdhakdrs ehs mehajdk n` mnursd. Hmmnrkgaj tn Yhubgssda, ted Fhhs ehs fnvdk antgmdhoby tn ted dhst(Yhubgssma 8700 p. 8?:). [egs fdhas teht Dbsbnn hak ]tdga hrdsgtuhtdk fume mbnsdr tn tegs whtdr mnursd ht

ted prdsdat tgfd teha kurgaj ted BOL nmmuphtgna. Gt gs gfpnssgobd tn rdmnastrumt ted dxhmt mnursd n` ted

Htbhatgm rgvdr.

Ga ted hrdh uakdr mnasgkdrhtgna, ted sur`hmd whtdr gs rdstrgmtdk fhgaby tn `bnwgaj whtdr. Out wdst n` ted

Fhhs tedrd hrd h `dw sfhbb bhlds. ]nfd n` tedf anw ehvd h kdpte n` 8.4 f (Zgbbdfs 87:4 vdrohb

Ga`nrfhtgna). [ed suosngb mnasgsts tedrd n` h bgttbd pdrfdhobd bhydr n` bnhfy shak, wegme ehs odmnfd

datgrdby gfpdrfdhobd oy ted `nrfhtgna n` h strnajby mdfdatdk grna-O-enrgzna na wegme rhga-whtdr

sthjahtds (Bhfodrts 8745). [ed qudstgna gs wedtedr sume mdfdatdk enrgznas hak teus ted bhlds mxgstdk

hbrdhky kurgaj ted Htbhatgm. Ha gakgmhtgna teht ht bdhst snfd n` ted bhlds dxgstdk kurgaj ted ]uoonrdhb fhy

od sdda ga ted `hmt teht h mnamda trh tgna n` Adnbgtegm hrtd`hmts ehs odda `nuak h rnu ak ted whtdr (Zgbbdfs

870:).

[e d kry vhbbdys rdqug rd h mbnsdr mnasgkdrhtgna. [edy hrd h rhtedr jdadrhb pedanfdana ga ted Mdatrhb hak

Zdstdra Durnpdha bndss hrdhs. Hbtenuje snfd vhbbdys fhy ehvd nrgjgahtdk mnfphrhtgvdby rdmdatby, d.j. ga

ted ]uohtbh atgm ( @ue rfhaa 87:=), gt gs jdadrhbby hssufdk hak hbsn kdfnast rhtdk teht tedy kht d `rnf

od`nrd ted Enbnmdad (]tdvdas 87=;, ]mehbgme 87:=). [edrd`nrd ted kry vhbbdys n` ]nutedra Bgfourj

hbrdhky dxgstdk ga ted pdrgnk n` BOL nmmuph tgna. Gt gs gfhjgahobd teh t tedsd vhbbdys wdrd ant kry vhbbdys ht

teht tgfd, out mhrrgdk whtdr hbb hrnuak ted ydhr. Ha hrjufdat ga `hvnur n` tegs vgdw mnubk od teht ted

mbgfhtd whs prn ohob ywd ttd r ku rgaj ted Htbhatgm (sdd GG G. ?). Ga tegs mnaadmtgna wd senubk bgld tn fh ld ted

`nbbnwgaj rdfhrls. Hmmnrkgaj tn nur mbgfhtd rdmnastrumtgna, tedrd wnubk ehvd odda fnrd prdmgpgthtgna.

]gamd tdfpdrhturds wdrd rhtedr egje, tegs prdmgpgthtgna nmmurrdk fnstby ga ted `nrf n` rhga. H phrt tedrdn`

kgshppdhrs oy dvhpnrhtgna (dvhpnrhtgna `rnf ted dhrte's sur`hmd) hak oy trhaspgrhtgna (dvhpnrhtgna oy

fdha s n` pbha ts). Hantedr ph rt cngas ted jrnuak whtdr (ga`gbtrhtgna) hak gs krhga dk u akdr jrnu ak. [e d rdst

ruas n`b nvdr ted sur`hmd. Dvhpnrhtgna hak trhaspgrhtgna (tnjdtedr mhbbdk dvhpntrhaspgrhtgna) hrd ant naby

kdpmakdat na ted hvhgbhobd fngsturd (rhga`hbb) out hbsn na ted tdfpdrhturd, ted wgak spddk hak ted

rdbhtgvd eufgkgty. Hs ted tdfpdrhturd whs egjedr kurgaj ted Htbhatgm teha ga nur khys, ted dvhpnrhtgna

whs pnssgoby hbsn fnrd gfpnrthat teha ht prdsdat. [urm ehs kdvdbnpdk h `nrfubh, wgte wegme ted

dvhpntrha spgrhtgna mha od mhbmubhtdk hpprnxg fhtdby `rnf ted haauh b rhga`hbb hak ted haau hb tdfp drht urd

([urm 874;). Zeda ted dvhpnrhtgna gs lanwa, gt mha od kdkumtdk `rnf ted prdmgpgthtgna, sn teht ted

quh atg ty n` whtd r mha od `nuak wegme rdprdsdats ted haa uhb ruan`` [ed hppb gmht gna n` [ur m's `nrfubh na

rdmdat khth hak khth n` ted rdmnastrumtdk mbgfhtd senws teht ted haauhb ruan`` whs honut ted shfd ga onte

pdrgnks. Gt gs tedrd`nrd gfprnohobd teht ted vhbbdys rdjubhrby ehk tn mhrry fnrd whtdr hbb ted ydhr hrnuakodmhusd n` ted gamrdhsdk rhga`hbb. Fnrdnvdr, ted pnssgobd kg``drdamd odtwdda ted Htbhatgm hak ted prdsdat

rhga`hbb fust od httrgoutdk fhgaby tn ha gamrdhsdk prdmgpgthtgna ga wgatdr. [ed mhbmubhtgna prnvgkds an

Ga`nrfhtgna honut jrdhtdr whtdr kgsmehrjds ga wgatdr, out gt gs novgnus teht ga suffdrtgfd ted vhbbdys

fust ehvd odda cust hs kry hs anwhkhys.

Na ted ntedr ehak ted qudstgna hrgsds wedtedr ted mhbmubhtgna n` ted dvhpntrhaspgrhtgna oy fdhas n`

[urm's `nrfubh knds ant addk h mnrrdmtgna ga nur mhsd ga mnaadmtgna wgte ted mehajds ga vdjdthtgna.

Anwhkhys ted bndss gs hbfnst datgrdby kd`nrdstdk, wedrdhs kurgaj ted Htbhatgm gt whs mnvdrdk wgte kdasd



[ED]TO][_H[D 87

kdmgkunus `nrdst (sdd GGG. ;). Kd`nrdsthtgna ehs h prnanuamdk d``dmt na ted eykrnbnjgmhb mymbd. [egs d``dmt

ehs odda stukgdk ga ted Euoohrk Orndl Dxpmrgfdathb @nrdst, Adw Ehfpsegrd, T]H. H`tdr h sdrgds n` vdry

hmmurhtd nosmrvhtgnas mnamdragaj ted eykrnbnjgmhb mymbd n` ha hrdh mnvdrdk wgte kdmgkunus `nrdst, hbb

vdjdthtgna whs rdfnvdk `rnf h phrt n` tegs hrdh. [ed kd`nrdsthtgna tnnl pbhmd ga ted wgatdr n` 8704-8700.

[e d d``dmt gs kdsmr godk hs `nbbnws< "Kd`nrdsth tgna ehk h prnan uamdk d` dmt na ruan``. Odjgaagaj Fhy 8700,ruan`` `rnf ted mut whtdrsedk odjha tn gamrdhsd nvdr ted bdvdbs teht wnubk ehvd odda dxpdmtdk g` tedrd ehk

odda an mutt gaj. [ed mufubht gvd ruan```nr 8700 dxmddkdk ted dxpdmtdk hfnu at oy ;9 pdrmdat . [ed bhrjdst

kg``mrdamd whs rdmnrkdk kurgaj ted `nur fnates `rnf Cuad ternuje ]dptdfodr, weda ted ruan`` whs ;85

pdrmdat e gjedr teha ted dxpdmtdk hf nuat . [egs kg``drdamd gs kgrdmtby htt rgo uth obd tn mehajds ga ted

eykrnbnjgmhb mymbd rdsubtgaj `rnf ted rdfnvhb n` ted trhaspgrgaj sur`hmd. Hmmdbdrhtdk ruan`` ehs mnatgaudk

ternuje ted summddkgaj suffdrs." (Onrfha & Bgldas 87:9). Hbtenuje ted bndss gs usdk hs hjrgmubturhb

bhak hak gs tedrd`nrd ant mnfpbdtdby ohrd ternujenut ted ydhr, hs whs ted dxpmrgfdathb hrdh ga Adw

Ehfpsegrd, ted trhaspgrhtgna ehs prnohoby kdmrdhsdk mnasgkdrhoby ga mnfphrgsna wgte ted Htbhatgm.

Dspdmghbby ga ted fnates n` suffdr prnohoby bdss rhtedr teha fnrd whtdr wnubk rdfhga `nr ruan``.

[ed hppbgmhtgna n` [urm's `nrfubh hak ted rdfhrls mnamdragaj h pnssgobd mnrrdmtgna n` ted mhbmubhtdkdvhp nrht gna hs h rdsubt n` ted kd`nrdsthtgna bdhk tn ted mnambusgna, teh t gt gs gfp rno hobd teht ted kry vhbbdys

mhrrgdk whtdr hrnuak ted ydhr kurgaj ted Htbhatgm. Nad fnrd rdfhrl senubk od fhkd, ahfdby teht sn `hr

wd ehvd ant thlda gatn hmmnuat ted `hmt teht ted vhbbdys wdrd kddpdr ga `nrfdr khys (sdd phjd ?9). [edgr

vhbbdy `bnnr mnubk ehvd odda ht ted bdvdb n` ted whtdr thobd. Zd hssufd, `nr ted `nbbnwgaj rdhsna, teht

kurgaj ted Htbhatgm ted whtdr thobd whs ht ted prdsdat bdvdb. ]gamd ted bndss hak ted tdrrhmd jrhvdbs

uakdradhte hrd pdrfdhobd, h fganr gamrdhsd n` ted rhga`hbb, dspdmghbby vl'eda sprdhk dquhbby nvdr tgfd, wgbb

ehvd bdk tn ha gamrdhsdk ga`gbtrhtgna, tenuje tegs knds ant admdsshrgby gavnbvd h mnrgsgkdrhobd rgsd n` ted

whtdr thobd. Zd hssufd teht ha gamrdhsd n` ted rhga`hbb oy 89% ga tegs hrdh wgte pdrfdhobd rnmls ehs bgttbd

ga`budamd na ted bdvdb n` ted whtd r tho bd. [e d surpbus n` ga`gbtrhtdk whtd r mnatr goutds tn ha gamrdhsdk ruan``,

od gt ant kgrdmtby. [ed whtdr thobd gs vdry kddp anwhkhys, fume kddpdr teha ted ohsd n` ted drnkdk

bndss.kdpnsgts, ted sn-mhbbdk mnTuvguf, wegme `gbbs ted kry vhbbdys (]tgonlh 87:; vdrohb Ga` nrfhtgna) . Ga

nur npgagna gt gs tedrd`nrd ant bgldby teht ted vhbbdy `bnnr n` ted kry vhbbdys rdhmedk ted whtdr thobd ga ted

Hkhatgm.

G` ted honvd hssufptgnas hrd mnrrdmt, tedy bdhk tn ted mnambusgna teht kurgaj ted Htbhatgm ted kry vhbbdys

kgsmehrjdk bdss, rhtedr teha fnrd whtdr teha tnkhy kurgaj ted jrnwgaj pdrgnk, teht gs bhtd sprgaj, suffdr

hak dhrby hutufa. Ga wgatdrtgfd ted sgtuhtgna fgjet ehvd odda ted shfd hs gt gs anw. [egs wnubk hbsn

hppby tn ted kgsmehrjd n` ted rgvdrs hak sfhbb strdhfs, wegme mhrry whtdr mnatgaunusby.

@nr ted whtdr thobd wd hssufd, ga vgdw n` ted jdnbnjgmhb suosngb, teht gt ehs ant mehajdk fume sgamd ted

Htbhatgm. [egs fdhas teht h egje whtdr thobd nmmurrdk naby na tdrrhgas wgtega ted Bnwdr [drrhmd hak ted

vhbbds n` ted rgQ'drs hak sfhbb strdhfs. Ga ted r dfhg agaj hrdh ted bdvdb whs ht bdhst 8 fdtdr ua kdr ted

sur`hmd. @nr kdthgbdk khth wd rd`dr tn ted sngb fhp 83?4999, seddt 47, 09 wdst hak 09 dhst (] tgonlh 87:9).

Ga hkkg tgna tn ted jdnbnjgmhb suosngb hak ted krhga hjd ph ttd ra, `gjurd ? hbsn senws ted rd b g d ` Hs sthtdk

honvd, ted rdbgd` gs kdtdrfg adk ornhkby oy ted tdr rhmds n` ted Fhh s. [ed tdr rhmd dkjds hrd mbdhrby vgsgobd ga

ted `gdbk hs stddp sbnpds. [e d anrt edra bgfgt n` ted F gkk bd [d rrhmd dhst n` ted prdsdat mnursd n` ted rgvdr gs

ha dxmdptgna. Ht tegs pbhmd ted Fgkkbd [drrhmd fdrjds ohrdby pdrmdptgoby gatn ted Bnwdr [drrhmd.

Nutsgkd ted tdrrhmd dkjds ted hmmgkdatdk tdrrhga gs bgfgtdk tn ted snute-dhstdra hak snutedra phrt n` ted

fh p senwa ga `gjurm ?. [egs rdbgd` gs fhgab y ted rdsubt n` ted au fdrnus sfhbb strdhf-vhbbdys hak kry vhbbdys.



?9 [ED DAP G _N AFD A[

Ntedrwgsd tegs hrdh gs rhtedr dvda. [ed edgjet n` ted rded` ehs odda pbhadk knwa mnasgkdrhoby sgamd ted

Htbhatgm oy drnsgna hak hmmufubhtgna. Yhrtgmubhrby ga ted bndss hrdh, tegs prnmdss ehs ehk jrdht ga`budamd.

Bndss gs dxtrdfdby susmdptgobd tn drnsgna. [ed vhbbdys hrd `gbbdk up wgte kdpnsgts n` drnkdk bndss, snfdtgfds

wgte h tegmladss n` sdvdrhb fdtdrs3 ted sn-mhbbdk mnbbuvguf. Hbsn bnwdr pbhmds, wegme kn ant odbnaj tn h

vhbbdy-systdf, hrd n`tda phrtby `gbbdk up wgte mnbbuvghb fhtdrghb. [ed prnmdss n` drnsgna hak mnbbuvghtgnafust ehvd sthrtdk hs ted rdsubt n` ted `grst hjrgmubturhb hmtgvgtgds hak tedrd`nrd kurgaj ted Adnbgtegm. [egs

ehs odda dsthobgsedk oy ]mehbgme na h bndss-pbhtdhu ted "Hbkdaenvmamr Ybhttd", wegme gs bnmhtdk =9 lf mhst n`

ted hrdh uak drm nas gkd rht gna (]mehbgme 87:=). Out ted prnmdss naby odmh fd gfpnr that ga ted _nfha drh< gt

gs mnatgaunus tn ted prdsdat khy (]medys 8744, vha kda Orndl 8745/8747, ]mehbgme 87:=). [edrd`nrd ted

tegml mnbbuvgh ga ted vhbbdys khtd `rnf h`tdr ted pdrgnk uakdr mnasgkdrhtgna. [egs fdhas teht ted sfhbb

vhbbdys hak ted kry vhbbdys mnubk ehvd odda up tn h dw fdtdrs kddpdr ht ted tgfd n` BOL nmm upht gna . [e d

sur`hmd n` ted pbhtdhus whs n` mnursd egjedr ga teht tgfd. [ed kg``drdamd wgte ted prdsdat fust ehvd odda

mnasgkdrhobd, dspdmghbby ga ted kgssdmtdk bhaksmhpd.

]n gb ` n r f h t g n a ehs thlda pbhmd ga ted kg``drdat sdkgfdats ga ted mnursd n` tgfd. Na ted bndss,Yh rhor huadrkma (Nr tegm Buvgsnbs) wdrd kdvdbnpdk. [ed mnfpbdtd prn`gbd ehs odda fhgat hgadk ga bht

tdrrhgas naby. Na sbnpds, ted H-enrgzna hak h phrt n` ted O-enrgzna ehvd kgshppdhrdk odmhusd n` drnsgna.

[e d hrjgbbgm enrgzna bgds ht ted sur`hmd edrd. Ga ted vhbbdys naby h wdhlby kdvdbnpdk Orhu adr kd (Dutr gm

_djnsnb) nrgjgahtdk na ted mnbbuvguf. [ed hrdh wgte h tega mnvdr n` shaky bndss na jrhvdb hbsn senws h

Yhrhorhuadrkd nr h Orhuadrkd. Out wedrd ted bndss gs vdry shaky, ted sngb gs sbgjetby pnkznEzdk. [ed shaks

wdst n` ted Fhh s hrd mehrhmtd rgzdk na nur seddt n` ted fhp oy h Ynksnb-Orhuadrkd, Orhuaçrkd- Ynksnb

(Bdptgm Ynkznbs) nr dvda h Eufusdgsda-Ynkznb nr Eufuspnksnb (Eufgm Ynkznbs) ([hvdfgdr & Fhrçmehb

8745, Bhfodr ts 8745, Bhfodr ts & Ohdydas 870=, Fu ah ut 870:). [edr d hrd pbhmds wedrd ted pnkznb gs

vdry prnanuamdk, hak pbhmds wedrd gt ehs ehrkby kdvdbnpdk. Ga ted hrdhs wgte `buvghtgbd shaks hak jrhvdbs

n` ted Egjedr [drr hmd, tedrd hrd wdhlby kdvdbnpdk Ynksnb-Orhua drkda (Kystrgm Mhfogsnbs). [e d [ drt ghry

shaks senw Eufuspnksnbd wgte vdry tegml Hbogm enrgznas (obdhmedk fhtdrghb). [ed Bnwdr [drrhmd

mnfprgsds h fnshgm n` kg``drdat sngbs, sgamd sdvdrhb kg``drdat stdps mha od kgstgajugsedk wgtega ted tdrrhmd.

[ed whtdr thobd kg``drs `rnf pbhmd tn pbhmd. Na ted tdrrhgas wgte ted egjedst whtdr bdvdb bnmhb pdht

`nrfhtgna dvda nmmurrdk, wegme bdk tn Hafnnrjbdyd (Eufgm Jbdysnbs). H vhrgdty n` eykrnfnrpegm sngbs

prdvhgbs ga ted bnw phrts. Ga ted krydr phrts ted kdpnsgts wgte h `gad tdxturd `nrfdk Yhrhorhuadrkma< ted

fnrd shaky sdkgfdats `nrfdk wdhlby kdvdbnpdk Ynksnb-Orhuadrkda. [ed Enbnmdad kdpnsgts ga ted rgvdr

vhbbdys senw an nr hbfnst an prn`gbd kdvdbnpfdat, Hudaoðkda nr @buvgsnbs. Kdpdakgaj na ted rdjubhrgty

wgte wegme tedy wdrd gauakhtdk, tedy hrd dgtedr mhbmhrdnus nr pnnr ga bgfd. @nr kdthgbs wd rd`dr tn ted ]ngb

Fhp n` ted Adtedrbhaks 8349999, seddt 47, 09 wdst hak 09 dhst (]konlh 87:9).*

[ed prdsdat sngbs ehvd kdvdbnpdk uakdr ted ga`budamd n` fhay `hmtnrs. [ed fhga nads hrd mbgfhtd,

eykrnbnjy, `bnrh hak `huah, fha hak mdrthgaby hbsn ted tgfd kurgaj wegme tedsd `gvd `hmtnrs mnubk dxdrt

tedgr ga`budamd. H rdmdat sngb fhp mha tedrd`nrd ant od usdk wgtenut rdsdrvhtgna tn rdprdsdat ted sgtuhtgna

ga hay phrtgmubhr prdegstnrgd pdrgnk.

* Ga j. E. kd Ohlldr ht Zhjdag ajd a hkvgsdk us wgte rdspdm t tn ted anfd amb htu rd tn od usd k." Ga sngb smgdamd tedrd gs stgbb an u ag`nrf

gatdrahtgnahb tdrfganbnjy, adhrby dvdry mnuatry ehs gtsnwa systdf n` sngb mbhssg`gmhtgna. Ga ted bhst `dw ydhrs ted @HN ehs kdvdbnpdk h

]ystdf `nr ted ]ngb F hp n` ted Znrbk 834 999 999 ( @H N 87:;) wegme ga gts tur a gs bdha gaj edhvg by na ted wgkdby kgsmussdk T .] . systdf

(].].]. 87:=). @nr tegs puobgmhtgna wd hkvgsd ted usd n` ted Jdrfha systdf (Fòmldaehusda dt hb. 870?)" (kd Ohlldr 87:0 wrgttda

ga`nrfhtgna).



[ED]TO][_H[D ?8

@nr ted sgtuhtgna ht ted tgfd n` BOL nmmuphtgna, wd fhy hssufd teht ted Enbnmdad kdpnsgts ga ted rgvdr

vhbbdys senwdk hs bgttbd prn`gbd kdvd bnpfdat hs anwhk hys. [e d egstnry n` ted sngb kdvd bnpfdat ga ted Bhtd

Ybdgstnmdad kdpnsgts, enwdvdr, gs kg``gmubt tn rdmnastrumt . Na ted bndss, ted sngb `nrfhtgna odjgas kgrdmtby

h`tdr gts kdpnsgtgna. Oy hmmufubhtgna n` nrjhagm fhttdr, prnkumdk oy ted vdjdthtgna ha H-enrgzna whs

`nrfdk. Zhtdr wgte kgssnbvdk MN? hak nrjhagm hmgks, prnkumdk oy ted vdjdthtgna hak oy kdmhy n` nrjhagm

fhttdr, mhusds h kdmhbmg`gmhtgna n` ted uppdr phrt n` ted sngb. H`tdr kdmhbmg`gmhtgna wdhtedrgaj n` ntedr

fgadrhbs sthrts, kurgaj wegme mbhy fgadrhbs hak `rdd grna nxgkd hrd `nrfdk. Dbuvghtgna n` mbhy, wegme gs

pnssgobd h tdr kdmhbmg`gmhtgna, mhusds h kdmrdhsd ga mbhy mnatdat ga ted sur`hmd enrgzna. [ed mbhy gbbuvghtds ga

h bnwdr bdvdb hak `drfs ted sn-mhbbdk hrjgbbgm enrgzna nr Ot. [ed qudstgna gs enw `hr tegs prnmdss n` mbhy

gbbuvhtgna ehk hkvhamdk ht ted tgfd n` BOL nmmuphtgna. Pha kda Orndl mnambukds `rnf egs nosdrvhtgnas

ht ]gtthrk, teht ted mbhy gbbuvhtgna bhydr mnatgaudk ternuje ted `gbbgaj n` ted pgts `rnf ted BOL pdrgnk,

gastdhk n` odgaj gatdrruptdk tedrdoy (vha kda Orndl 8745/8747). ]medys wrgtds honut ted Adnbgtegm ga h

adh roy bndss hrdh ga Odbjguf3 "]ngbs na dnbgha bndss wdrd prhmtgmh bby hs dbuvghtdk h s . . . tedy hrd

anwhkhys." (]medys 870? p. 0;). Ed fhkd tegs nosdrvhtgna ga h bndss sdmtgna mnvdrdk oy mnbbuvguf ht

_nsfddr. N a hak ga ted upp dr enr gzna n` tegs sdmtgna tedrd wdrd BOL hrtd`hmts. [egs knds ant admdsshrgbyfdh a teh t ted mnbbuvghtgna nmmurrdk k urg aj nr cust h`tdr ted BOL nmmuphtgna < ted hrjgbbgm enrgzna fh y hbsn

khtd `rnf snfd tgfd h`tdr ted BOL. Enwdvdr, ga ted shfd sdmtgna ]medys nosdrvdk teht ted pgts n` ted BOL

wdrd kuj ternuje ted H?-enrgzna gatn ted mbhy gbbuvghtgna bhydr. [edrd`nrd ted mbhy gbbuvghtgna ht tegs spnt

khtds `rnf od`nrd ted BOL, ht bdhst `nr ha gfpnrthat phrt (]medys 870?). Ga ted bndss hrdh wegme gs hkchmdat

tn nurs ga ted dhst, ]mehbgme hbsn `nuak teht ted kdvdbnpfdat n` ted Ot tnnl pbhmd od`nrd ted BOL

nmmuphtgna (]mehbgme 87:= p. 8;). Pha kda Orndl's nosdrvhtgna mnubk ant odmnaerfdk edrd, adgtedrga ted

`gdbk anr oy fdhas n` tega sdmtgnas (Jddada 87:4 vdrohb Ga`nrfhtgna). Zgte ]medys hak ]mehbgme wd

hssufd teht ted mbhy gbbuvghtgna znad ga ]nut edra Bgfour j whs hbrdhky prdsdat, ht bdhst tn h md`thga dxtda t,

ga ted pdrgnk uakdr mnasgkdrhtgna. Gt gs ant gamnamdgvhobd teht ted mbhy gbbuvghtgna mnatgaudk h`tdr tegs

pdrgnk.

[ed egstnry n` ted pnkznb-kdvdbnpfdat ga ted dnbgha shaks ehs odmnfd lanwa tn snfd dxtdat oy ted

dxhfgahtgna n` ourgdk prn`gbds, wegme ehvd odda khtdk hrmednbnjgmhbby nr phbyanbnjgmhbby (]medys 870=,

Fuahut 870:). Gajdadrhb gt gshssufdk teht ted Eufus- uak Eufusdgsdapnksnbdkdvdbnpdknaby h`tdr ted

Htbhatgm ( Fuahut 870: p. 84; hak ted bgtdrhturd quntdk tedrd). [e d pnkznb -kdvdbnpfdat fust ehvd odda

wdhl, hs uakdr ted nbkdst lanwa ohrrnws naby h vdry wdhl pnkznb prn`gbd mha od sdda ga fnst mhsds. [edsd

ohrrnws khtd `rnf ted Bhtd-Adnbgtegm, wegme fdhas teht ted prn`gbds hrd ?999 ydhrs bhtdr teha ted prn`gbds

wegme wd gatdak tn rdmnastrumt. @nr ted gatdrprdthtgna n` ted prn`gbds uakdr ohrrnws wd rd`dr tn ha hrtgmbd

oy Fnkkdrfha hak tn ted bgtdrhturd quntdk tedrd (Fnkkdrfha 87:4). Gt hppdhrs `rnf ted honvd teht

ted dnbgha shaks mhrrgdk h vdry wdhlby kdvdbnpdk Ynksnb-Orhuadrkd ht ted fnst kurgaj ted BOL.

Yrhmtgmhbby antegaj gs lanwa honut ted sngb kdvdbnpfdat ga ted ntedr Bhtd Ybdgstnmdad sdkgfdats. Zd

hssufd teh t kdvdbnpfdats hs ga ted bndss hak ga ted dnbgha shak tnnl pbhmd. [e d naby gakgmhtgna mnamd ragaj

ted egjedr, shaky phr t n` ted Bnwdr [drrhmd gs pdrehps prdsdat hs h ourgdk sngb uakdr h ohrrnw ht ]whbfda ,

h pbhmd ant hr anrte n` nur rdjgna. Takd r ted Bhtd-Adnbgte gm ohr rnw Onsedgkd 8 h Ynksnb-Orhuadrkd whs

`nuak (Bhatgaj & vha kdr Zhhbs 87:;). Out tegs prn`gbd, cus t hs ted ourgdk prn`gbds na ted dnbgha shak, khtds

`rnf ?999 ydhrs h`tdr ted pdrgnk uakdr mnasgkdrhtgna.

An kht h hrd hvhgbhobd na ted sngb prn gbds n` ted nbkdr kdpnsgts. Zd prdsufd teht ted [drt ghry shaks wdrd

strnajby pnkznbgzdk.



?? [ED DAPG_NA FDA[

Zgte jdnbnjy, eykrnbnjy, rdbgd` hak sngb prn`gbds, ted fhga hspdmts n` ted suostrhtd ehvd odda kgsmussdk.

Ga tegs kgsmussgna mdrthga typds n` bhaksmhpd ehvd odda fdatgnadk. @gahbby wd jgvd h suffhry n` ted

mbhssg`gmhtgna wegme wd usd `nr ted suostrhtd ga ted Htbhatgm. Zd kgstgajugse3

8) H kgssdmtdk bndss bhaksmhpd. [ed bhaksmhpd gs mehrhmtdrgzdk oy gahay kddp vhbbdys, phrtgmubhrby kry

vhbbdys, hak h `dw `bht phr ts. Na ted sfhbb pbhtdhus odtwdda t ed vhbbdys ted whtdr thobd gs kddp dr t eha 8?9

mf. Ga ted bndss h sngb wgte ha hrjgbbgm enrgzna ehs kdvdbnpdk.

?) H bndss pbhtdhu. [egs rht edr `bht tdrr hga wgte h vdry tegml bndss kdpnsgt ehs gts snutedra onrkdr a dhr ted

tdrrhmd dkjd tnwhrks ted Egjedr [dr rhm d< ga `gjurd ? tegs tdrrhmd dkjd bgds ga ted hrdh odt wdda t ed :4 f hak

899 f mnatnur b gad. Ga ted wdst gt gs bgfgtdk oy ted vhbbdy n` ted Fhhs, ga ted dhst oy ted Jdbdda, ruaa gaj

phrhbb db tn ted tdrrhmd dkjd n` ted Egjedr [d rrhmd. [e d anr ted ra onrkdr gs nrfdk oy h strgp n` tega bndss na

jrhvd b. [ed wh tdr thobd gs kddpdr te ha 8?9 mf. H sngb wgte ha hrjgbbgm enrgzna ehs kdvdbnpdk h brdhky ga ted

bndss.

=) Ha hrdh wgte tega dnbgha bndss na tdrrhmd jrhvdb. H vgrtuh bby uakgssdmtdk bhaksmhpd , wgte ted wht dr

thob d kddpdr t eha 8?9 mf. [e d sngb prn oho by hb rdhk y ehs ted mehrhmtdrgstgms n` ted typd n` sngb wgte ha

hrjgbbgm enrgzna, hbtenuje h sbgjetby pnkznbgzdk sngb gs ant dxmbukdk.;) Ha dnbgha shak hrdh, ehr kby kgssdmtdk, wgte ga jdadrhb h whtdr thobd wegme gs fnrd teha ? f kddp ga

suffdr. H `dw sfhbb bhlds wdrd prnohoby prdsdat. [ed sngb prn`gbd gs ht ted fnst h Ynksnb-Orhuadrkd.

4) H rgvdr-vhbbdy bhaksmhpd, mnfprgsgaj onte ted Bnwdr [drr hmd hak t ed prdsdat vhbbdy n` ted Fhh s. [ ed

bhaksmhpd gs strnajby kgssdmtdk oy sfhbb strdhfs. [ed whtd r thobd vhrgds rnf pbhmd tn pbhmd. Zdt phr ts hr d

ant rhrd. Ht fhay pbhmds h sngb prn`gbd ehs ehrkby kdvdbnpdk. Ydrehps ted egjedr phrts hbrdhky senw h

sbgjetby pnkznbgzdk sngb nr h sngb wgte ha hrjgbbgm enrgzna.

0) H bhaksmhpd n` shaks hak jrhvdbs wegme odbnaj tn ted Egjedr [drr hmd . [egs bhaksmhpd gs ehrkby prdsdat

ga nur hrdh. Zd ehvd ant stukgdk gt ga kdthgb.

:) H bhaksmhpd n` [dr tgh ry shaks. Yrnoho by tegs bhaksmhpd knds ant pbhy ha gfpnrthat phr t dgtedr. Gt gs

strnajby kgssdmtdk hak ehs `nr ted jrdhtd r phr t gts whtd r thobd ht h jrdht kdpt e. [ed sngb prn`gbd gs ant lanw a.

H strnajby kdvdbnpdk pnkznb gs ant dxmbukdk.

EGDAEDGF

[e d j d nb n j y n` ted hrdh hrnu ak Egda edgf gs kdsmrgodk ga ted dxpbhahtnry onnls teht hmmn fpha y twn

seddts n` ted Jdnbnjgmhb Fhp n` Ohydra 83?4999, ahfdby aufodrs :8=0 Adusthkt h.k. Knahu hak :9=:

Ldbe dgf (]me fgkt -Lh bdr 8705 hak _ ut td 870?). Zd thld ted `nbbnwgaj kdsmrgpt gna `rnf tegs wdrl3 ted

suosngb n` ted hrdh mnasgsts n` fhr gad bgfdstnad kdpnsgts `rnf ted Curhssgm . [wn `hmgds mha od kgstgajugsedk

wgtega tedsd bgfmstnads3 rdd` bgfdstnads hak `gad-jrhgadk, strhtg`gdk sdkgfdats. [ed bhttdr hrd hbsn

kdsmrgodk hs Ybhttdalhbld hak ]megd`drlhbld. [ed strhtg`gdk sdkgfdats wdrd kdvdbnpdk ga kdprdssgnas

odtwdda ted rdd`s. [e d kdpnsgts `rnf ted Curh ssgm wdrd pbh adk knwa oy drnsgna ga ted Bnwdr Mrdthmdnus .

[ed hrdh fust ehvd odda honvd sdh-bdvdb ht teht tgfd. Ga ted Tppdr Mrdthmdnus gt whs mnvdrdk wgte`buvghtgbd kdpnsgts3 ted ]meutz`dbssmegmetda. H`tdrwhrks ted sdh pdad trh tdk hjhga hak h sdrgds n` jbhumnagtgm

shaks, mbhys hak bgfdstnads kdvdbnpdk. Ht ted dak n` ted Tppdr Mrdthmdnus ted sdh wgtekrdw hak h pdrgnk

n` strnaj drnsgna odjha, wegme bhstdk uatgb ted Fgnmdad. [ed kdpnsgts `rnf ted Mrdthmdnus wdrd rdfnvdk

hbfnst dvdrywedrd, hbtenuje bnmhbby rdfahats mnasgstgaj fhgaby n` rdsgkuhb bnhfs rdfhgadk. [ed hrdh

odtwdda ted prdsdat mnursd n` ted Kna hu hak ted Hbps sual mnasgkdrhoby kurg aj ted [dr tgh ry. H bhrjd `rdse

whtdr sdkgfdathtgna ohsga kdvdbnpdk3 ted Fnbhssd-ohsga. [egs ohsga whs `gbbdk sbnwby wgte drnsgna

fhtdrgh b `rnf t ed Hbps. Bhrj d quhatgt gds n` jrhvdbs, shaks hak mbhys wdrd kdpnsgtdk, wegme ht prdsdat h rd tn



[ED]TO][_H[D ?=

od `nuggk fhgaby snute n` ted Knahu. Anrte n` tegs rgvdr ted Fnbhssd-kdpnsgts ehvd kgshppdhrdk hbfnst

datgrdby oy drnsgna.

[ed prdsdat krhgahjd systdf nrgjgahtdk ga ted Ybdgstnmdad. [ed Knahu ehs odda `bnwgaj ga gts prdsdat

vhbbdy sgamd ted _gss-jbhmghtgna. Hs h rdsubt n` tmmtnagm fnvdfdats h ak strnaj mbgfh td nsmgbbhtgnas.-tdrrhmds

wdrd `nrfdk oy ted trgouthrgds n` ted Knahu, ted Hodas hak ted Gbf, hak bhtdr hbsn oy ted Knahu gtsdb`

]dvdrhb tdr rhmd stdps mha od kgstgajugsedk, n` wegme naby ted bhtdst, ted sn-mhbbdk Bnwdr [d rrhmd , gs stgbb n`

snfd sgzd tn-khy. [ed tdrrhmd fhtdrghb mnasgsts n` jrhvdbs wgte vhrygaj quhatgtgds n` shak.

Yhrt n` ted hrdh whs mnvdrdk wgte bndss hak dnbgha shak kurgaj ted _gss- hak Zòrf-jbhmghtgnas. [ed

kdpnsgts n` bndss wdrd prhmtgmhbby bgfgtdk tn ted bd`t ohal n` ted Knahu. Adhr ted rgvdr ted tegmladss n` ted

kdpnsgts knds ant dxmddk ; f hak odmnfds bdss ùrtedr hwhy. [ed bndss hrdhs mnvdr naby h sfhbb hrdh na ted

rgjet ohal wedrd fhgaby dnbgha shak whs kdpnsgtdk.

[ed Rhb bdy n` ted Kna hu whs `gbbdk up wgte `gad-shaky sdkgfdats ga ted Enbnmdad . Ga nbk strdhf mehaadbs

fnrd mbhydy sdkgfdats wdrd kdpnsgtdk. Ydht kdvdbnpfdat mnubk nmmur bnmhbby ga hohaknadk fdhakdrs.

[ed hjd n` ted Enbnmdad rgvdr kdpnsgts ehs ant ydt odda gavdstgjhtdk systdfhtgmhbby. Taknuotdkby, fume

fhtdrghb nrgjgahtdk ga egstnrgd pdrgnks (sdd p. 80). Ga ted vhbbdy n` ted @dmlgajdr Ohme wd wdrd hobd tndsthobgse oy fdhas n` pnbbda hahbysgs teht ha hbbuvghb kdpnsgt wgte h tegmladss n` mgrmh ? f nrgjgahtdk ga ted

]uohtbhatgm (Ohldbs, nwa nosdrvhtgnas). Hs ted kdpnsgts n` ted Knahu ehvd h fnrd shaky kdvdbnpfdat ht

ted ohsd, wedrdhs ted sgbt mnatdat gamrdhsds upwhr ks (vha kd Zdtd rgaj 87:;), wd hssufd teht ted sdk gfdat,

wegme whs ht ted sur`hmd ht ted tgfd n` BDL nmmuphtgna, whs fnrd shaky teha ted prdsdat nad. @nr ted rdst

wd prmsufd teht ted jdnbnjy n` ted hrdh ehs ant mehajdk sgjag`gmhatby sgamd ted Htbhatgm.

[e d prdsdat sgtuhtgna gs senwa ga gjurd =. Ga nrkdr tn fhld ted fhp bdjgobd, ted kdpnsgts rnf ted

Curhssgm, ted Mrdthmdnus hak ted Fgnmdad ehvd odda ornu jet tnjdtedr gatn nad bdjdak uagt3 [drtghry hak

nbkdr. An rte n` ted Knah u tegs bdjdak uagt fhgab y rdprdsdats Curhs sgm bgfdstnads hak ted prnkumt s n`

bgfdstnad wdhtedrg aj. Ha dxmdptgna gs ha hrdh dhst n` ted Hbtfòeb , wedrd tedrd gs stgbb fum e fh tdrghb `rnf

ted Mrdt hmdnus hak ted Fgnmdad . Ga tegs hrdh snfd bndss nmmurs bnmhbby. Gt mha od rdmnjagzdk ga `gjurd = oyted prdsdamd n` tedsd sfhbb bndss hrdhs. ]nute n` ted Knahu, ted bdjdak uagt "[drtghry hak nbkdr" rd`drs tn

kdpnsgts `rnf ted Fgnmdad ga ted hrdh odtwdda ted Knahu hak ted Hodas. [ed Fgnmdad gs hbsn sgtuhtdk

snute hak snute-dhst n` ted dnbgha shak. @urtedr ted bdjdak uagt rdprdsdats bgfdstnad `rnf ted Curhssgm.

[ed bdjdak uagt "_dfhgagaj Ybdgstnmdad" rdbhtds hbfnst datgrdby tn ted dnbgha shaks.

[e d fhp senwa ga `gjurd = gs ohsdk phr tby na hbr dhky puobgsedk seddts n` ted Jdnbnjgmhb Fh p n` Ohydra

83?4 999, ahfdby ted seddts an. :8=0 Adus thkt h.k. Kn ahu hak an . :9=: Ldbedgf (]me fgk t-Lhbdr 8705

hak _uttd 870?). Kr. E. ]mefgkt-Lhbdr n` ted Ohydrgsmeds Jdnbnjgsmeds Bhakdshft whs sn lgak hs tn

mnfpbdtd ted fgssgaj phrts.

[ed wenbd hrdh gs k rh g a dk oy ted Kna hu. [egs rgvdr gs dk `nr h suosthatgh b phr t oy ted t rgout hrgds wegme

nrgjgahtd `rnf ted Hbps. H sukkda gamrdhsd ga whtdr suppby fhy bdhk tn `bnnkgaj. [ed mnasgkdrhobd

ahr rnw gaj n` ted vhbbdy wedrd ted rgvdr ordhls t ernuje ted Curhs sgm rdd` bgfdstnads ehs ted d``dmt n`

khfggggaj up ted rgvdr. Hs h rdsubt ted vhbbdy upstrdhf gs mnfpbdtdby gauakhtdk ga tgfds n` bhrjd whtdr

kgsmehrjds. [ed Knahu ehs naby h `dw trgouthrgds na ted fhp seddt uakdr mnasgkdrhtgna. Ht ted rgjet nr

]nutedra sgkd tedsd hrd ted Gbf, ted Hodas hak ted gasgjag`gmhat @dmlgajdr Ohme. Na ted bd`t ohal ted Ldbs-

Ohme hak ted Hbtfòeb kgsmehrjd gatn ted Knahu. [ed fnutes n` ted Gbf hak ted Hodas wdrd kgspbhmdk

knwa strdhf ga ted ydhrs 8749 ga nrkdr tn rdkumd ted whtdrsurpbus ga ted ùaadb-sehpdk ph rt n` ted Knahu.

[ed rgvdr whs kgldk ga ted shfd pdrgnk.

http://alley/

http://alley/

http://alley/



?; [ E D D A P G _ N A F D A [

@gj. =. [ed suostrhtd wgtega h rhkgus n` 89 lfs hrnuak Egdaedgf. ]mhbd 83?99999. @nr ted bdjdak sdd gj. ?.

Odsgkds strdhf-vhbbdys tedrd hrd hbsn kry vhbbdys. [edsd hrd `nuak fhgaby ga ted bndss hrdh na ted bd`t

ohal n` ted Knahu. Hs ga ]nutedra Bgfourj tedy mhrry whtdr naby kurgaj edhvy rhga`hbb nr ga tgfds n`

fdbtgaj sanw. [edy hrd `gbbdk phrtby wgte mnbbuvghb fhtdrghb.

Ga hkkgtgna tn rgvdrs, tedrd hrd sprgajs wegme hrd ant mnaadmtdk tn ted sur`hmd krhgahjd phttdra. [edsd

sprgajs hrd phrtby ted rdsubt n` ted gssud n` lhrst-whtdr `rnf ted Curhs sgm b gfdstnad. [e d subpeurdnu s sprgajs



[ED]TO][_H[D ?4

n` Ohk Jðjjgaj, ; lf snute n` Egdaedg f, h rd n` tegs typd . Ga jdadrh b, enwdvdr , ted lhrs t-whtdr mna thgas an

eykrn jda su bpegk d hak p rnvgkds dxmdbbdat krgalgaj -whtdr. H sdmnak typd n` sprgaj nwds gts dxgstdamd tn ted

prdsdamd n` gfpdrfdhobd bhydrs n` mbhy ga ted suosngb. [edsd mbhys odbnaj tn ted `nrfhtgnas n` ted

Mrdthmdnus nr ted Fgnmdad. [ed sprgajs `rnf ted Fgnmdad suppby ted bhrjdst quhatgty n` whtdr. Ga

hkkgtgna tn sprgajs tedrd hrd hbsn wdt pbhmds hak pnnbs, wegme nrgjgahtdk odmhusd rhgawhtdr mnubk ant

pdadtr htd ternuje mbhys cust u akd r ted sur`hmd. [edsd pnnbs hrd n` sfhbb sgzd.

Fnst n` ted sur`hmd whtdr gs `nuak ga ted hrdh wgte Fgnmdad kdpnsgts ga ted snutedra phrt n` ted fhp

seddt. [ed bgfdstnad hrdh gs vdry pnnr ga whtdr rdsnurmds.

[edrm hrd an rdhsnas tn hssufd teht ted pht tdr a n` ted krhg ahj d whs dssdatghbby kg `drdat ht ted tgfd n`

BOL nmmuphtgna. [ed rmfhrls na p. 85, wegme rdbhtd tn ]nutedra Bgfourj, hbsn hppby tn ted kd`nrdstdk

bnd.ss ga ted surrnuakgajs n` Egdaed gf. [egs fdha s teh t ted kry vhbbdys mhrrgdk w htdr naby gamgkdathb by, cus t

hs ht prdsdat.

[edrd rdfhgas ted qudstgna tn weht dxtdat ted vhst `dabhaks ga ted vhbbdy n` ted Knahu hak gts trgouthrgds

ehvd ga`budamdk ted whtdr kgsmehrjd n` ted Knahu . [edsd pdhts hrd anw `nr ted jrdhtdr phrt hrtg`gmghbby

krhgadk, out uaknuotdkby tedy ehk h jrdht mhphmgty `nr whtdr stnrhjd od`nrd ted krhgahjd. Hs `hr hs mha od

dsthobgsedk, ted vhst `dabhaks hbrdhky mxgstdk kurgaj ted Htbhatgm. Zd fhy hssufd teht fume whtdr

dvhpnrhtmk ht ted sur`hmd n` tedsd `dabhaks, dspmmghbby ga suffdr. [ed suffdr kgsmehrjd n` ted Knahu

fhy tedrd`nrd ehvd odda bdss gfpnrthat teha gt gs anwhkhys. Omsgkds gt gs pnssgobd teht odmhusd n` ted

ga`budamd n` ted `dabhaks, ted kgsmehrjd n` ted rgvdr whs fnrd rdjubhr. [ed gauakhtgnas, wegme anw

mehrhmtdrgzd ted Knahu-vhbbdy, fhy ehvd nmmurrdk `hr bdss `rdqudatby.

Zd ehvd hbsn trgdk tn senw ted rd bg d` ga `g ju rd ]. Gt hppdhrs `rnf ted mnatnur bgads teht tedrd whs hbfnst an

`bht bhak. [ed `dw rgvdr-vhbbdys ga ted bgfdstnad hrdh ehvd datrdamedk tedfsdbvds vdry kddpby. [ed

bgfdstnad hrdh gtsdb` gs n`tda kdsmrgodk hs h pbhtdhu, out gt gs, enwdvdr, nad wgte h rnbbgaj sur`hmd. [egs

hppbgds hbsn tn ted hrdh wgte `nrfhtgnas `rnf ted Mrdthmdnus, ted Fgnmdad hak ted Curhssgm , tn ted bndss haktn ted dnbgha shak. [ed hrdh n` ted Fnbhssd gs usuhbby rd`drrdk tn hs ted "[drtghry Egbby Mnuatry". Out ted

sbnpds n` ted egbbs ga ted hrdh uakdr mnasgkdrhtgna hrd vdry jdatbd, sn teht edrd tnn rnbbgaj bhaksmhpd gs h

odttdr tdrf. ()aby ted Bnwdr [drrhmd hak ted wgkd Enbnmdad vhbbdy n` ted Knahu mha od kdsmrgodk hs dvda

jrnuak. Onte hrd sdphrhtdk `rnf dhme ntedr oy h vdry mbdhr tdrrhmd dkjd, wegme gs vgsgobd hs h stdp ga ted

bhak.smhpd. [ed kg``drdamd ga edgjet mha od sdvdrhb fdtdrs.

Gt gs ant lanwa tn weh t dxtdat drnsgna hak hmmufubht gna ehvd fnkg`gdk ted rdbgd` n` Curhssgm bgfdstnad,

Mrdthmdnus, Fgnmdad hak dnbgha shak sgamd ted Htbhatgm pdrgnk. ]bgjetby fnrd gs lanwa honut bndss, ted

sdkgfdat fnst sdasgtgvd tn drnsgna. [ed drnsgna hak ted mnbbuvghtgna rdsubtgaj tedrd`rnf fust ehvd sthrtdk

od`nrd nr kurgaj ted BOL nmmuphtgna. Ga Egdaedgf h pgt n` tegs mubturd whs `nuak, wegme whs kuj ternuje

h tega bhydr n` mnbbuxguf. [ed drnsgna jrhkuhbby bdk tn "mnasgkdrhobd mehajds ga ted jdnfnrpenbnjy n` ted

bhaksmhpd ga bndss hrdhsbgld ted surrnuakgajs n` Egdaedgf" (vha kd Zdtdrgaj 87:4h). Fume n` ted drnkdk

bndss whs mhrrgdk gatn ted vhbbdys< wd fhy tedrd`nrd hssufd teht ted bhrjdst hfnaj tedf wdrd sdvdrhb

fdtdrs kddpdr. [ed rdbgd` n` ted bndss-bhydr odtwdda ted kry vhbbdys ehs odda pbhadk knwa oy drnsgna hak

mnbbuvghtgna. Pha kd Zdtdrgaj ehs rdmnastrumtdk ted nrgjgahb sur`hmd n` ted bdvdb jrnuak, h bndss-mnvdrdk

rdfahat n` nad n` ted rgvdr tdrrhmds, na wegme ted sdttbdfdat Egdaedgf whs bnmhtdk. Ga egs rdmnastrumtgna,

ed sthrts `rnf ted hssufptgna teht ted gathmt bndss prn`gbd gs kdmhbmg`gdk dvdrywedrd tn ted shfd kdpte hak

teht ted bdvdb wedrd ted mhbmhrmnus bndss odjgas mha od usdk hs h `gxdk pngat. Ed fhlds ted rdmnastrumtgna

wgte ted rdsdrvhtgna teh t tegs gs gakddk ted mhsd hak ga `hmt an gakgmhtgnas tn ted mnatrhry ehvd odda `nuak.



?0 [ E D D A P G _ N A F D A [

@gj. ;. Mnatnur fhp n` ted smttbdfdat hrdh "Hf PPdgaodrj" adhr Egdaedgf. ]mhbd 834999. Bm t3 rdmnastrumtgna n` ted nrgjgahb rdbgd`_gjet< rdmdat sgtuhtgna.

Ph a kd Zdtdr gaj kdt drfgadk ted dxtdat n` kdmhpgthtgna n` ted sngb prn`gbd hak ted tegmladss n` ted mnvdrgaj

mnbbuvghb bhydr. Ed hkkdk ted fgssgaj phrt tn ted kdmhpgthtdk prn`gbds hak ed suotrhmtdk ted mnTuvguf`rnf ted mnvdrdk prn`gbds. @gjurd ; senws ted rdmnastrumtdk mnatnur bgads adxt tn ted rdmdat nads. [ed

rdmnastrumtgna n` ted nrgjgahb rdbgd` prnohoby mnrrdspnaks tn ted sgtuhtgna ht ted tgfd n` ted BOL

sdttbmfdat, sgamd ted mnbbuvghtgna fust ehvd odda vdry sbgjet ga tegs pdrgnk.

Na ted rdbhtgvdby bdvdb sdttbdfdat jrnuak , ted rdfhg akd r n` h rgvdr tdrr hmd, ted kg``drdamds odtwdda

prdsdat ha k phst hrd ant vdry jrdht, gt gs trud, out hr d ydt mbdhrby prdsdat. Hs fdatgna dk honvd, bdvdb jrn uak

gs rhrd ga ted hrdh hrnuak Egdaedgf. G` ted nrgjgahb rdbgd` n` ted datgrd bndss bhaksmhpd wdrd fhppdk, gt

fgjet hppdhr teht ted hrdh ehk ha dvda fnrd rnbbgaj mehrhmtdr teha anwhkhys.

[ed kg``drdat rnmls ehvd dhme kdvdbnpdk tedgrnwa typd n` sngb. Na pbhmds wgtecurhssgm bgfdstnads, wedrd

h mhbmhrdnus sdkgfdat mnfds tn ted sur`hmd, kg``drdat typds n` _dakzgahs prdvhgb. [egs gs ted mhsd ht pbhmds

wedrd h shak-bgld wdhted rgaj p rnk umt n` ted Curhssgm knbnfgtd bgfdstnads (ted sn-mhbbdk knbnfgtd shak)

nmmurs hak ht pbhmds wedrd ted rdsgkuhb bnhf na ted bgfdstnad gs vdry tega. _dakzgahs hrd rhrd ga ted hrdh

uak dr mnasgkdrhtgna hak hrd `nuak fh gaby na sbnpds. Ha HOM-prn`gbd ehs kdvdbnpdk ga ted tegmldr rdsgkuhb

bnhfs. Ga tedsd bnhfs h jrdht vhrgdty n` sngb typds mha od nosdrvdk, hs ted mnfpbgmhtdk jdnbnjgmhb egstnry n`

bgfdstnad hrdh ehs bdk tn h vdry mnfpbgmhtdk sngb jdadsgs. Drnsgna rdfahats n` ynuajdr sdkgfdats n`tda

rdfhgadk odegak na ted bgfdstnad, hak wdrd fgxdk wgte ted bnhfy wdhtedrgaj prnkumts n` ted bgfdstnad.

Ha hrjgbbgm enrgzna gs n`tda prdsdat ga tedsd sngbs. Ysduknjbdy- pedanfdah (sur`hmd-whtdr jbdy) hrd ant rhrd.

Hs `nr ted kdpnsgts `rnf ted Mrdthmdnus, ted Fgnmdad hak ted Ybdgstnmdad, ted prn`gbd kdvdbnpfdat



[ED]TO][_H[D ?:

strnajby kdpdaks na ted sgbt- hak mbhy-mnatdat. Zedrd ted phrdat fhtdrghb mnasgstdk n` mhbmhrdnus kdpnsgts,

gt bghs odda kdmhbmg`gdk tn snfd kdpte. Bnhfy shaks hak bnhfs tedrd`nrd bdk tn ted kdvdbnpfdat n` sngbs

wgte ha hrjgbbgm enr gzna. [edsd sngbs hrd `nuak ga kdpnsgts `rnf ted Mrdthmdnus h ak ted Fgn mdad , hs wdbb hs

ga ted bndss. [ed shaky `hmgds `rnf ted Mrdthmdnus hak ted Fgnmdad, ted dnbgha shak hak ted tdrrhmd

kdpnsgts egje honvd ted whtdr thobd senw Ynksnb-Orhuadrkda hak Orhuadrkd- Ynksnbd. Eufuspnksnbd hak

Eufusdgsdapnksnbd hrd ant prdsdat. H vdry wdhlby kdvdbnpdk pnkznb gs snfdtgfds prdsdat na ted shaks

`rnf ted Mrdthmdnus hak ga ted dnbgha shak.

Ga h bhrjd phrt n` ted Bnwdr [drrhmd ted whtdr thobd gs sn mbnsd tn ted sur`hmd teht h Jbdy gs ted rdsubt.

Zedrd pdht kdvdbnpfdat nmmurrdk na tedsd wdt jrnuaks, Hafnnr hak Hafnnrjbdyd (Eufgm Jbdy-snbs)

kdvdbnpdk.

[ed Enbnmdad rgvdr kdpnsgts ehrkby senw hay sngb kdvdbnpfdat< snfd eufus ehs `nrfmk ga ted

rdbhtgvdby kry phrts. [ed kdpnsgts n` ted Knahu hrd rgmedr ga bgfd teha tensd n` ted Hodas.

Khth rdbhtgaj tn ted honvd sngbs mha od `nuak ga ted pdknbnjgmhb mnatrgoutgnas tn ted dxpbhahtnry onnl

wegme hmmnfphagds ted jdnbnjgmhb fhp seddts 83?4999 an. :8=0 Adusthkt h.k. Knahu hak an. :9=:

Lmbedgf (Kgdz 8705, Lneb 870?) hak ga ted dxpbhahtnry onnl tn ted pdknbnjgmhb fhp n` Ohydra

83499999 (Pnjdb 8708).

Ga ted surrnuakgajs n` Egdaedgf ted sdkgfdats `rnf ted Curhssgm , ted Mrdthmdnus hak ted Fgnmdad eh vd

odda ht ted sur`hmd `nr h bnaj tgfd. Gt gs ant lanwa tn weht dxtdat ted sngbs ga tedsd sdkgfdats ehvd mehajdk

sgamd ted Htbhatgm. @nr bhml n` ga`nrfhtgna wd hssufd teht h prn`gbd ehk kdvdbnpdk ga hav mhsd. Ga tedsd

kdpnsgts, wedrd ted haternpnjdad ga`budamd ehs pdrehps advdr odda vdry jrdht, hs ted bhak na tedf gs ant

u.sdk gatdas gvdby anwhk hys , tegs prn`gbd whs pdrehps ant fume kg``drdat `rnf ted prdsdat nad. Zd hbsn

hssufd teht ted Bnwdr [dr rhm d hak ted Enbnmdad rgvdr kdpnsgts senwdk prn gbds sgfgbhr tn ted prdsdat nads.

[ed egstnry n` ted sngb prn`gbd ga ted dnbgha shak, h rdbhtgvdby ynuaj `nrfhtgna, gs ualanwa. [ed

kdvd bnpfdat n` h pnkznb ga tedsd shaks gs mbnsdby rdbhtdk tn ted prdsdamd n` pgad-trdds ( Enedadstdr 8709).

Hs tedsd trdds kn ant sddf tn ehvd odda phrt n` ted `nrdst na ted dnbgha shak kurgaj ted Htbhatgm (sdd p. ;8)wd hssufd teht tedrd wdrd an pnkznbs ydt.

Ga ted mhsd n` ted bndss wd kn ehvd snfd ga`nrfhtgna. Pha kd Zdtdrgaj nosdrvdk ted `nbbnwgaj ht

Egdaedgf3 "[edrd ehs odda ht bdhst snfd gbbuvghtgna n` mbhy ga ahturhb sngb prn`gbds od`nrd ted Ohakmdrhragm

mubturd. _dk ourat phpubds n` nrgdatdk mbhy hrd `nuak ga pgdmds n` rdk ourat bnhf ga ohakmdrhragm pgts."

Hmmnrkgaj tn egf gt whs ant gfpnssgobd teht ted bndss senwdk ted `nbbnwgaj sngb prn`gbd3 "[ed prn`gbd whs

kdmhbmg`gdk tn h mdrthga kdpte, pnssgoby ted prdsdat kdpte, hak ehk h O-enrgzna wgte ht bdhst snfd mbhy

gbbuvghtgna." (vha kd Zdtdrgaj 87:4h). ]gamd tedrd whs hbrdhky h sngb typd ga tegs rhtedr ynuaj sdkgfdat

wegme rdsdfobdk ted prdsdat nad , gt gs nur npgagna t eht ted rdmdat sngb-fhp mha od usdk jbnohbby hs sngb-fhp

n` ted hrdh hrnuak ted Egdaedgf sdttbdfdat.

Gt hppdhrs `rnf ted honvd teht wd fhy kgstgajugse ted `nbbnwgaj typds n` bhaksmhpd3

8) Ha hrd h wgte bndss. Gt gs bgfgtdk o rnhk by tn ted bd`t ohal n` ted Knahu. [ ed tegmldst kdpnsgts hrd hbnaj

ted Knahu-vhbbdy. [ed tegmladss n` ted kdpnsgt kdmrdhsds rhpgkby tn ted anrte. [ed hrdh gs kgvgkdk oy kry

vhbbdys hak nutmrnps n` rdd` bgfdstnad gatn sfhbb bhaksmhpd uagts wegme tedfsdbvds ehvd h rnbbgaj sur`hmd.

[ed whtdr thobd gs kddp. Ht snfd pbhmds wedrd naby h tega mnvdr n` bndss gs prdsdat, gfpdrfdhobd, fnstby

Fgnmdad, bhydrs n` mbhy hrd cust uakdr ted sur`hmd. @nr tegs rdhsna tedrd hrd h `dw wdt pbhmds ga ted bndss.

]prgajs n` lhrst-whtdr mha hbsn od `nuak. H sngb wgte ha hrjgbbgm enrgzna ehk kdvdbnpdk hbrdhky hrnuak

;999 O.M.



?5 [ED DAPG_NAFDA[

?) H Efdstnad hrdh, phrtby mnvdrdk vvgte wdhtedrgaj bnhfs. [ed jrnuak gs egbby hak pnnr ga whtdr

rdsnurmds. [e d sur`hmd whtdr gs bgfgtdk tn snfd rgvdrs, lhrst-sprgajs hak pbhmds wedrd rh ga-whtdr sthjahtds

na gfpdrfdhobd sdkgfdats nr rdsgkuhb bnhfs. [ed sngb kdvdbnpfdat senws fume vhrghtgna. [ed hrdh wgte

ted bgfdstnads gs sgtuhtdk fhgaby ga ted anrte-wdstdra phrt n`ted fhp seddt senwa ga `gjurd =.

=) Ha hrdh wgte dnbgha shak. 88 gs sgtuhtdk dxmbusgvdby snute n`ted Knahu, na h suosngb n`Curhssgm Efdstnad

hak Fgnmdad kdpnsgts. [ed dnbgha shaks tedfsdbvds hrd datgrdby pdrfdhobd< ted whtdr thobd kdpdaks na ted

kdpte ht wegme ted gfpdrfdhobd bhydrs ga ted fhtdrghb uakdradhte hrd sgtuhtdk. [ed jrnuak gs egbby. An

rdhb pnkznbs wdrd kdvdbnpdk ydt ga ted Htbhatgm.

;) Ha hrdh wgte rgvdr kdpnsgts. Gt gs ted naby bdvdb jrnuak ga ted surrnuakgajs n` Egdaed gf. Gt mnfprgsds

kdpnsgts `rnf onte ted Knahu hak ted Hodas. Zgte ted dxmdptgna n` h `dw egjedr phrts, tegs hrdh whs

gauakhtdk fnrd nr bdss rdjubhrby uatgb rdmdatby. Ga ted bnwdr phrts tedrd gs ehrkby hay sngb kdvdbnpfdat.

4) Ha hrdh wgte bnhfy shaks hak shaky bnhfs, wegme odbnaj tn ted kdpnsgts n` te d Fnbhssd-ohsga. [e d

jrnuak gs egbby. [ed jrnuakwhtdr sthjahtds na gfpdrfdhobd mbhys, ted kdpte n` wegme kdtdrfgads ted

whtdr thobd. [ed bhttdr gs usuhbby `hr odbnw ted sur`hmd, out mha rdhme ted sur`hmd ht snfd pbhmds hak teda

`nrfs h sprgaj enrgzna. ]dvdrhb sfhbb rgvdrs rgsd ga tegs hrdh. Kdpdakgaj na ted bnhf-mnatdat, h sbgjetbypnkznbgzdk sngb nr h sngb wgte ha hrjgbbgm enrgzna ehs kdvdbnpdk ga ted sdkgfdats. [ed hrd h wgte ted kdpnsgts

`rnf ted Fgnmdad Fnbhssd-ohsga gs sgtuhtdk fhgaby ga ted snutedra phrt n`ted fhp senwa ga `gjurd =.

[ed uagt bgds `nr ted jrdhtdr phrt nutsgkd ted 89 lf znad hrnuak ted BOL sdttbdfdat.

0) Ha hrdh wgte h fnshgm n` Curhssg m bgfdstnads, kdpnsgts `rnf ted Mrdthmdnus hak Fgnmdad shaks hak

bnhfs. [edrd hrd h `dw sprgajs ga tegs hrdh< `nr ted rdst gt gs rhtedr kry. [ed sngb kdvdbnpfdat gs kdpdakdat

na ted phrdat fh tdrghb hak tedrd`nrd edtdrnjdanus. [e d hrdh gs mna`gadk tn ted anrte-dhstdra ph rt n` `gjurd

= hak bgfgtdk oy ted Hbtfòeb hak ted Knahu. Gt gs ant rdprdsdatdk wgtega ted 89 lf znad hrnuak

Egdaedgf.

G G G . ; [ E D P D J D [ H [ G N A

H rdmnastrumtgna n` h vdjdth tgna gs usuhbby ohsdk na ted gatd rprd thtg na n` pnbbda kghjrhfs, mnfp bdfd atdk ,

g` pnssgobd, wgte khth `rnf wnnk hahbysgs hak sddk dxhfgahtgna.* Ga ted `nbbnwgaj, wd sehbb try tn

rdmnastrumt ted vdjdthtgna n`ted bhaksmhpds kmsmrgodk ga ted prdmdkgaj phrhjrhpe oy fdhas n` tegs lgak n`

khth.

]NT[ED_A BGFOT_J

Ga ]nutedra Bgfourj, wd hrd mna`rnatdk ga ted `grst pbhmd wgte ted twn bndss bhaksmhpds, ted tdrrhga wgte

dnbgha shak hak ted hrdh wgte h tega bndss mnvdr na jrhvdb, hs wdbb hs ted rgvdr vhbbdy bhaksmhpd, wegme

mnfprgsds onte ted Bnwdr [drrhmd hak ted Enbnmdad vhbbdy n` ted Fhhs. [ed [drtghry shak hak ted

Egjedr [drrhmd hrd ehrkby rdprdsdatdk wgtega ted 89 lf rhkgus hrnuak ted sdttbdfdats. Zd sehbb kgsmussted bndss pbhtdhu hak ted kgssdmtdk bndss bhaksmhpd tnjdtedr, sgamd onte pbhtdhus hak vhbbdys hrd gambukdk ga

nur stuky, hak sgamd wd `ddb teht ted sgzd n`ted pbhtdhus ehs an rdbdvhamd tn ted vdjdthtgna na gt.

Ga ted bndss bhaksmhpd ted aufodr n` kdpnsgts wegme hrd sugthobd `nr pnbbda hahbysgs gs ant bhrjd. [ed

pbhtdhus hrd tnn kry `nr ted mnasdrvhtgna n` pnbbda. [ed mnbbuvguf ga ted kry vhbbdys gs uasugthobd `nr ted

shfd rdhsna, sn teht wd hrd kdpdakda t na ted pdhty kdpnsgts ga ted strdhf vhbbdys. Ta`nrtu ahtd by, ted

* ]nfdtgfds `huahb hssdfobhjds mha od usdk nr tegs purpnsd.



[ED PDJD[H[GNA ?7

vhbbdy kdpnsgts hrd hbsn rhrdby gkdhb `nr pnbbda hahbysgs, sgamd tedy hrd `rdqudatby gatdrruptdk oy eghtusds,

rdsubtgaj `rnf seg`ts ga ted strdhf odk hak ted mnasdqudat drnsgna n` ted nbkdr sdkgfdats.

[ed bndss bhaksmhpd gs anwhkhys mnfpbdtdby kd`nrdstdk. Zedrd ant mnvdrdk oy enusds nr gakustrghb

pbhats, gt gs usdk hs hrhobd. [ed vhbbdys suppnrt jrhssbhaks. [ed `grst kghjrhf `rnf tegs hrdh, enwdvdr,

hbrdhky senwdk teh t ted rdjgna ehs odda mnvdrdk wgte `nrdsts. [egs kghj rhf rdbhtds tn Orndlsgtth rk hak whs

puobgsedk ga 874= oy Odbkdrnl hak Edakrgls (Ombkdrnl & Edakrgls 874=). Ta`nrtuahtdby, gt gs tnn

suffhr y tn od usdk `nr h vdjdthtgna rdmnastrumt gna. H `dw ydhrs bhtdr, Chassd a dxhfgadk =4 sbnujes ga ted

hrdh mnvdrdk fhgaby wgte bndss hak : sume pbhmds na ted dkjd n` ted bndss hrdh hak ted vhbbdy n` ted Fhhs. Gt

hppdhrdk tehtnaby Enut n` tedsd ;? sbnujes wdrd sugthobd `nr pnbbda hahbysgs (Chassda 8709). Ht tedshfd

tgfd, Pha Sdgst tnnl shfpbds `rnf pdh t mnvdrdk wgte mnb buvguf adhr ]gt thrk (vha Sdgst 8745/8747). Hs ted

bndss hrdh n` ]nutedra Bgf our j ehs edrdoy odda stukgdk su``gmgdatby `nr nur purpnsd, wd kgt ant te gal h adw

gavdstgjhtgna admdsshry. Gt gs pnssgobd, enwdvdr, teht .snfdwedrd tedrd gs pdht ourgdk mnbbuvguf, wegme

fgjet prnvgkd jnnk rdsubts.

Chassda usdk ted znahtgna n` @grohs `nr ted kgvgsgna n` egs kghjrhfs. Ta`nrtuahtdby, ed hkkdk an M8;

khtds tn egs kghjrhfs. [ed trhasgtgna `rnf @grohs PG tn @grohs PGG, enwdvdr, gs jdadrhbby khtdk tn hrnuak;999 O.M., sn teht `nr h rdmnastr umtgna n` ted vdjdthtgna kurg aj ted BOL, wd senubk usd ted kh th `rnf ted

bhst phrt n` znad PG hak pmrehps ted odjgaagaj n` znad PGG. Snads PG hak PGG, wegme hrd hbsn rd`drrdk tn oy

ted ahfds n` Nbkd r Htbhatgm hak W nuajdr Htbhatgm , hrd prdsdat ga 0 n` Chassda' s 8; kghjr hfs. [e dy hrd

mehrhmtd rgzdk oy egje pdrmdathjds n` [gbg h (bgfd), Mnrybus (ehzdb) hak Hbaus (h bkdr ). Snad PG G

kgstgajugseds gtsdb` `rnf Snad PG oy ted `grst nmmurrdamd n` @hjus (oddme) ga sfhbb pdrmdathjds.

Ga Pha Sdgst's kghjrhf, ted Onrdhb gs `nbgnwdk oy h znad wgte h sfhbb pdrmdathjd n` @hjus hak h

mnasgk drhobd hfnua t n` [gbgh , Mnrybus h ak Hbaus. [egs znad mnrrdspxcaks tn Chassda's znad PG G. [n ted

odjgaagaj n` tegs znad ht ]gtthrk odbnajs h M8; khtd n` =8=9 59 O.M. (J_ N- 80 09 ), sn teh t tegs phrt n` ted

kdpnsgt gs tnn rdmdat tn sdrvd kgrdmtby `nr h rdmnastrumtgna n` ted vdjdthtgna hrnuak ;999 O.M. Gt sddfs teht

znad PG gs hosdat ht ]gtthrk.

Snad PG gs rdprdsdatdk naby ga ted kghjr hfs Bdg``dakdrvda hak Ornffdbda. [e d Bdg``dakdrvda gs ga ted

vhbbdy n` ted _nnkd Oddl, 89 lf dhst n` ]gtthrk. Ornffdbda gs ga ted vhbbdy n` ted Jdbdda, 4 lf anrte-wdst

n` Eddrbda. [ed ntedr ; kghjrhfs `rnf Chassda's puobgmhtgna ga wegme ted Htbhatgm gs prdsdat, odjga dgtedr

wgte znad PG G (_g fou rj) , nr znad P gs `nbgnwdk kgrdmtby oy znad PG G (Mnrtdaohme ?, Pnd rda khh b 8,

Pnd rdakhh b ?). [e d eghtus ga ted kdpnsgts n` ted `nrfdr bhld, ga wegme ted onrgajs Mnr tda ohme hak

Pndrda khhb hrd sgtu htdk , gs prnoh oby bhrjdrstgbb, sgamd te dht trg out gna n`z nad PG G tn @grohs PG G gs uabgldby

tn od mnrrdmt. Ht Mnrt daohm e ?, Mdat hurd h myhaus whs `nuak ga " P T " h ak Cuj bhas ht Pndr dakhh b 8< tedsd

spdmgds kn ant usuhbby nmmur uatgb ted ]uo-Htbhatgm. [ed _gfourj mnrd whs thlda ga ted vhbbdy n` ted

Zurf , h sfhbb strdhf odynak ted bgfgts n` ted fh p n` gjurd ?, snfd : lf anrte- dhst n` Eddrbda. [ed sfhbb

pdht kdpnsgt Pndrdakhhb/Mnrtdaohme gs bnmhtdk ga ted vhbbdy n` ted Jdbdda, ; lf wdst n` Eddrbda.

Ga ted Bdg`gmakdrvda naby ?9 mf n` kdpnsgt odbnaj tn znad PG. Fnrdnvdr, ted surrnuakgajs hrd out

phrtby mnvdrdk wgte bndss. Ga ted Ornffdbda kghjrhf, ted bnwdrfnst ?4 mf odbnaj tn znad PG.

Mnasdqudatby tedrd gs ant fume fhtdrghb tn ohsd h rdmnastrumtgna n` ted vdjdthtgna ga ted bndss bhaksmhpd

na. Enwdvdr, ga onte ted Bdg``dakdrvda hak Ornffdbda kghjrhfs tedrd hppdhrs tn od sume h mnatgaugty

odtwdda znads PG hak PGG, teht wd mha hbsn usd znad PGG `nr nur rdmnastrumtgna, prnvgkdk wd bdhvd @hjus

(prhmtgmhbby ted naby kg``drdamd odtwdda ted twn znads) nut n` mnasgkdrhtgna.

Gt gs mbdhr `rnf Chassda's hak Pha Sdgst's wnrl, teht ted datgrd bndss hrdh, ted pbhtdhus gambukdk, whs

`nrdstdk. Chassda ehs suffhrgzdk ted vdjdthtgna kurgaj znads PG hak PGG ga ted `nbbnwgaj kdsmrgptgna3



=9 [ED DAPG_NAFDA[

8) Pdjdt htgna n` ted onj gtsdb`3 [edbyptdrgkdtn-Hbadtuf

?) Fhrjga n` ted onj3 Hban-Tbfgna wgte [gbgh mnrkhth knfgaha t, Hbaus, Mnrybus hak Xudrmu s, n`tda

rhtedr `dw Tbfus

=) ]bnpd hak Ybhtd hu3 Xudrmus , Mnrybus. Chassda mnasgkdrs tegs vdjdthtgna ha hssnmghtgna n` ted Mhrp gagna

(Chassda 8709 p. :9 hak 89:) <

Zd sehbb jgvd h senrt kdsmrgptgna n` tedsd vdjdthtgna typds.

8) [ ed [edbyptdr gkd tn-Hbadtuf Fðrzdr Oruyas dt Zdsten`[ 8748 gs h syanayf edrd n` ted Mhrgmg

dbnajh thd-Hb adtuf PP. Lnme 87?0 df. _. [x . dt Onkdux 8744. Gt gs ha hbkdr mhrr, h `nrdst wegme gs

kdsmrgodk hs h bnw `nrdst mnffuagty wgte h rdbhtgvdby kdasd uakdrjrnwte n` edros na h suosngb wegme gs

fnkdrhtdby rgme ga autrgdats hak ga wegme ted whtdr thobd vhrgds `rnf sbgjetby uakdr tn sbgjetby honvd ted

sur`hmd (Zdsten`@& kda Edbk 8707). Hbkdr (Hbaus jbutgansh) gs ted knfgahat trdd spdmgds ga tegs mhrr. Out

gt fhy hbsn ehvd ogrme (Odtugh puodsmdas) hak hbkdr ou mlte nra (@rh ajubh hbaus ). [e d `nrdst gs n`tda ehr k

tn pdadtrhtd. [ed snppy pdht hak ted rhtedr kdasd uakdrjrnwte fhld ted hbkdr mhrr vdry uahttrhmtgvd tn

phss ternuje. _dfahats n` tegs `nrdst typd hrd stgbb prdsdat edrd hak tedrd ga ted hrdh wegme wd hrd

kgsmussgaj. [ed pent njr hpe n` `gjurd 4, enwdvdr, whs thlda dbsdwedrd, ahfdby ga ted Orndleug zdrorndl gaMdatrhb Bgfourj. [egs spbdakgk mhrr prnohoby knds ant rdprdsdat ted prdegstnrgd hbkdr mhrr dxhmtby. Zd

hssufd teht ted nrgjgahb `nrdst bnnldk fume bdss bgld h mnppgmd. Hbkdrs mha kdvdbnp gatn fume edhvgdr trdds.

Ga vgdw n` ted rhrdadss n` Htbhatgm pdhts ga ted bndss hrdh, ted hbkdr mhrr whs prnohoby bgfgtdk tn sfhbb

hrdhs ga ted strdhf vhbbdys.

?) [e d Hban-Tbfgna `rnf Chassda's puob gmhtgna gs h syanayf n` ted Hban-Yhkg na L ah pp 87;? df.

Fdkwdmlh-Lnrahs fsmr. 8740 hpuk Fhtuslgdwgmz dt Onrnwgl 874:. Gt gs h mnbbdmtgna n` fgxdk kdmgkunus

`nrdsts wegme hmmnfpha y rgvdrs hak sfhbb strdhfs. [ed vdjdtht gna gs ga`budamdk oy ted jrnuak-wh tdr . [e d

kg``drdat typds n` `nrdst wegme hrd mnasgkdrdk tn odbnaj tn ted jrnup, mnathga h wdhbte n` trdd spdmgds,

gambukgaj hbkdr (Hbaus jbutgansh, naby ht egje jrnuak-whtdr bdvdbs), hse (@rhxgaus dxmdbsgnr), symhfnrd

(Hmdr psduknpbhthaus), dbf (Tbfus mhrpgag`nbgh) hak nhl (Xudrmus rnour)..[ed trdds, hak ga phrtgmubhr

hse hak nhl, mha jrnw vdry thbb hak tegml. Tsuhbby, ted mhanpy n` ted `nrdst gs bhydrdk3 uakdr ted vdry thbb

trdds, h sdrgds n` bdss thbb trdds gs prdsdat. Odbnw ted trdds, tedrd hrd fhay spdmgds n` thbb hak bnw seruos, hak

ted sngb gs mnvdrdk wgte bnw edros hak oubonus pbhats ga sprgaj hak wgte thbb pbhats ga suffdr. Gt mha od

kg``gmubt tn pdadtrhtd ga sume `nrdsts. [ed Hban-Yhkgna gs ehrkby prdsdat ga ]nutedra Bgfourj anwhkhys.

Ynr teht rdhsna, ted pentnjrhpe n` `gjurd 0 gs `rnf h fnrd anrtedra bnmhtgna3 ted Bgasmentdr Ons.

Zgtega ted bndss hrdh, ted Hban-Yhkgna p rnohoby `nrfdk ah rrnw strgps hbnaj ted rgvdrs. Jgvda ted pnbbda

kghjrhfs, tedrd whs vdry fume bgfd hak surprgsgajby bgttbd hse. [e d hse gs usuhbby uakdr rdpr dsdat dk oy gts

pnbbda, out hse nujet tn ehvd odda rdtrgdvdk ga egjedr pdrmdathjds g` gt ehk odda ga hay kdjrdd mnffna.

Odsgkds `dw hse pnTdajrhgas terdd n` ted `nur kghjrhfs senw bgttbd dbf hs wdbb. [ed dbf naby jrdw hbnaj ted

Jdbdda adhr ]gtthrk ga hmmdpthobd aufodrs. G` ted dbf wdrd rdprdsdatdk tn ha gfpnrthat kdjrdd ga ted

ntedr vhbbdys, gts pnbbda wnubk uakn uot dkb y ehvd odda `nuak ga ted dxhfgadk kdpnsgts sgamd ted pnbbda rhgan` ted dbf rdprdsdats tegs trdd hmmurhtdby (Edgf 87:9). Ht bdhst na ted bndss, ted Hban- Yhkgna wnubk

tedrd`nrd ehvd odda sgjag`gmhatby kg``drdat `rnf ted rdmdat hssnmghtgna. Enwdvdr, ted pnssgogbgty dxgsts, teht

ted gatdrprdtdk kdpnsgts hrd sbgjetby tnn ynuaj h`tdr hbb. [edy mnubk khtd `rnf ted pdrgnk h`tdr h pnssgobd

dbf kdmbgad (sdd GP. ? p. :0) hak ted rnbd n` ted dbf ga ted nrgjgahb vdjdthtgna mnubk tedrd`nrd od

uakdrdstgfhtdk. Chassda tegals ted mehamd gs rdhb teht ted kdpnsgts wdrd gakddk `nrfdk h`tdr ;999 O.M.

[ed sdrgds n` kdpnsgts ga ted Bdg``dakdrvda fgjet dvda mnathga ha uaantgmdk eghtus odtwdda znads P hak

PG (Chassda 87:0pdrsnahb Ga`nrfhtgna).



[ED PDJD[H[GNA =8

@gj. 4. _dmdat hbkmr mhrr ga ted "Orndleugzdrornml", prnv. Bgfourj, Adtedrbhaks (pentn3 D.D. vha kd Pnn).



=? [ED DAPG_NAFDA[

@gQ. 0. _dmdat rgvdr-vhbbdy `nrdst, ted "Bgasmentdrons", prnv. Ttrdmet, Adtedrbhaks (pentn D.D. vha kdr Pnn).



[ED PDJD[H[GNA ==

@gj. :. _dmdat enraonhf-tormst, ted "]hvdbsons", prnv, Bgfourj, Adtedrbhaks (pentn3 C.[e . tdr Enrst).

=) Oy `hr ted jrdhtdst hrmh whs mnvdrdk oy `nrdsts n` ted Mhrpgagna omtubg (Gssbdr 87=8) Nodr k. 874 =.[n

ted Mhrpgagna omtubg odbnaj ted mbgfhx vdjdthtgnas n` ted krydr, autrgdat-r gme sngbs. Ga ]nutedra Bgf ourj

wd hrd kmhbgaj wgge `nrmsts n` ted hssnmghtgna ]tdbbhrgn-Mhrpgadtuf (_. [x. 87=: pp.) Nod rk . 874:

[eg s hssnmghtgna gs stgbb prdsdat edrd hak tedrd ga ]nutedra Bgfo urj . Gt gs senwa ga `gjurd :. Enraodhf



=; [ED DAPG _NAFDA[

`nrdsts ehvd odda kdsmrgodk hfpby oy vha kda Orndl hak Kgdfnat, `rnf wenf wd thld ted `nbbnwgaj,

sbgjetby mnakdasdk phsshjd (vha kda Orndl & Kgdfnat 8700 p. =4, nur trhasbh tgna).

"Ga hkkgtgna tn ted fhcnr wnnk spdmgds - hse (@rhxgaus dxmdbsgnr) hak nhl (Xudrmus rnour) -, wgbk

medrry (Yruaus hvguf) hak enraodhf (Mhrpgaus odtubus) `nrf - `rdqudatby ga bhrjd aufodrs - h

phrtgmubhr mnfpnadat n` ted trdd bhydr. Gt gs oy an fdhas dxmbukdk teht odmhusd n` tegaagaj nr mbdhrhamd,ted dhsgby sprdhkgaj hse wgte gts bhrjd jdrfgahtgna pdrmdathjd hak gts rhpgk jrnwte nustdk ted nhl hak

ntedr spdmgds wgte h sbnwdr jrnwte hak sbnwdr sprdhkgaj. [ed mnffna dbf (Tbfus mhrpgag`nbgh) hak ted

symhfnrd (Hmdr psduknpbhthaus) fhy snfdtgfds od knfgahat ga ted trdd pnpubhtgnas, out tedy ehvd h

fganr prdsdamd. [ed jrdy pnpbhr (Ynpubus mhadsmdas), ted sgbvdr ogrme (Odtugh vdrrumnsh) hak ted oddme

(@hjus sybvhkmh) hrd dvda bdss jdadrhb hak hrd rhrdby rdprdsdatdk ga hay aufodrs. [ed sfhbb-bdhvdk bgfd

([gbgh mnrkhth), ted wyme dbf (Tbfus jbhorh) hak ted ogrme (Odtugh puodsmdas) hrd n` bgttbd gfpnrthamd ga

ted mnfpnsgtgna n` ted `nrdst, hs hrd ted Anr why fh pbd (Hmdr pbhthangkds) hak ted sdssgbd nhl (Xudrmus

pdtrhdh), wegme hrd pnsgkvdby rhrd. Takdr ted fhatbd n` tedsd trdds tergvds h buxurghat hak kgvdrsd jrnwte

n` seruos, hfnajst wegme dspdmghbby Mnrybus hvdbbhah (ehzdb), Mnra us shajugadh (mnradb) hak _uous

`rumtgmnsus mnbb. (orhfobd) prdknfgahtd. Hfnaj ted bhrjd aufodr n` edros, jrhssds, `dras hak fnssds, tedjrdh t au fodr n` sprgaj-`bnwdrgaj pbhat s wegme `bnwdr od`nrd ted trdds hak seruos ehvd ùTy ua`nbkdk tedgr

bdhvds gs mnaspgmunus."

[ed qudstgna gs wedtedr ted honvd kdsmrgptgna n` h rdmdat Mhrpgagna gs hppbgmhobd tn ted `nrdst ga ted

Htbhatgm. G` wd sehrd ted hssufptgna n` Pha kda Orndl hak Kgdfnat teht ted gfpnrthat aufodrs n` hse hrd

ted rdsubt n` haternpnjdad ga`budamds, ted mbgfhx `nrdst wnubk mnasgst fhgaby n` nhls. [ed enraodhf whs

ant ydt prdsdat ga nur phrt ga ted Htbhatgm. [egs gs ga hjrddfdat wgte Chassda's `fkgajs, wen rdmnastrumts h

`nrdst mnasgstgaj n` nhl hak ehzdb na ted pbhtdhus. Anwhkhys ted ehzdb odbnajs tn ted seruo-bhydr. Zd kn

ant wgse tn hmmdpt tegs rdmnas trumtgna wg tenu t ùrtedr mnasgkdrht gnas.

Hmmnrkgaj tn Fuahut, tedrd whs an nhl `nrdst na ted shaky sngbs wdst n` ted Fhhs ga ted Htbhatgm, out h

bgfd `nrdst (F uah ut 870:). Fu ah ut ` nuak segsn pgagn a na ted gatdrp rdthtgn a n` h sdrgds n` pnbbda kg hjrhfs

thlda `rnf sngbs (sdd odbnw). Out shak gs ant ted nptgfhb suostrhtd `nr bgfd-trdds. [ed spdmgds tn od

mnasgkdrdk, ahfdby [gbgh mnrkhth hak pnssgoby [gbgh pbhtypeybbns, prd`dr ant tnd wdt, out adgtedr tnn kry,

autr gdat -rgm e bnhfs (Nodrknr`dr 87:9). [edy kn vdry wdbb na h bndss suost rhtd, dvda nad wgte h kddp whtd r

thobd. [edrd`nrd wm tegal gt gfprnohobd teht ted bgfd wnubk ehvd nmmurrdk na shak, out ant na bndss

kggrgaj ted Htbhatgm. G` ted bgfd whs gakddk prmknaggahab ()R d r ted nhl na ted shak sngbs, gt gtugsb ehR m edda

ted fnst knfgahat spdmgds na ted bndss hs wdbb.

H sdmnggk pngat gs teht , hmmnrkga j tn Chassda, gem bgfd whs knfg ahat ga ted .Fan-Yhkgna. [ed bgfd, hak

phrtgmubhrby [gbgh mnrkhth, mha gakddk od `nuak ga ted kry vhrghats n` ted . Rb an -Y hk gn a. [gbgh mnrkhth,

enwdvdr, gs mnasgkdrdk jdadrhbby hs h mehrhmtdr thxna n` ted Mhrpgagna omtubg, wegme fdhas teht ted

spdm gds mha od usmk tn kgstgajugse ted Mhrpgagna `rnf ted Hban-Yhkgna (Zdsten`r& kda Edbk 8707). [egs

gs wey wd wnakdr wedtedr ted egje pdrmdathjds n` [gbgh pnbbda (fhgaby [gbgh mnrkhth, hmmnrkgaj tn

Chassda) ga ted pnbbda kghjrhfs n` Ornagfdbda, _gfourj hak ]gtthrk (=9-09¹,, [gbgh mhbmubhtdk nvdr h

trdd-pnbbda-suf wgtenut Hbaus) rdhbby rdprdsdat naby ted sgtuhtgna ga ted vhbbdys. G` ted bgfd whs knfgahat

ga ted Hban-Yhkgna, gt fust hbsn ehvd odda h fhcnr mnfpnadat n` ted "Mhrpgagna" `nrdsts na ted bndss

pbhtdhus.

GG Fuahut's hak Chassda's gatdrpgdthtgnas hrd mnrrdmt, hak `nr ted agntadat wd ehvd an rdhsna tn ombgdvd

tedy hrd ant, ted bndss pbhtdhus senubk ehvd ehk ant ha nhl-, out h bggad-nr ht bdhst ha nhl-bgfd-b()rdst. Nhl

hak ehzdb mhgad sdmnak ga tegs lgak n` bnrdst. [edy jrdw ga pbhmds wedrd, `nr nad rdhsna nr hantedr , ted rd

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[ED PDJD[H[GNA =4

whs danuje bgjet `nr tedgr kdvdbnpfdat. Gt gs kg``gmubt tn prnvgkd prnn` `nr tegs rdmnastrumtgna. [ed pnbbda n`

ted bgagd gs hbwhys strnajby uakdrrdprdsdggtdk ga ted pnbbda-rhga hak gs rhrdby rdtrgdvdk ht fnrd teha h `dw

euakrdk fdtdrs `rnf ted trdd. Ga nrkdr tn kdfnastrhtd onte ted prdsdamd hak ted knfgahamd n` [gbgh na

ted pbhtdhus, wd senubk ehvd tn ehvd spdmtrh nr kghjrhfs `rnf sngbs na ted bndss ht nur kgspnshb.

Ta`nrtuah tdby, ted bhttdr ehvd prnvgkdk an Htbha tgm pnbbda sn `hr. Nhl hak ehzdb hrd usuhbby wdbbrdprdsdatdk rdjgnahbby oy tedgr pnbbda, wegme gs wey tedy hrd gakddk rdmnjagzdk oy fdhas n` pnbbda

kghjrhfs.

[e d pnssgobd rdmnastrumtgna n` ted `nrdst na ted bndss pbhtdhus hs h bgfd `nrdst gs, oy ted why, ga hjrddfdat

wgte Gvdrsda's gkdhs honut ted Htbhatgm mbgfhx `nrdsts na ted rgme, kry sngbs. ".. .efd whs fume fnrd

`rdqudat hak nhl whs fume fnrd smhrmd teha ted pnbbda kghjrhfs wnubk hppdhr tn sujjdst. @rnf tegs wd

fhy krhw ted mnambusgna teht bgfd whs ted knfgahat trdd ga ted prgfdvhb `nrdst n` ted Htbhatgm pdrgnk."

(Gvdrsda 87:= p. 04).

Bgfd `nrdsts hrd hosdat hbfnst dvdrywemrd anwhkhys, prnohoby hs h rdsubt n` mnfpdtgtgna `rnf ted

oddme hak ted `hmt teht bgfd prd`drs cust tensd sngbs wegme hrd fnst sugthobd `nr hjrgmubturd. [edrd`nrd gt gs

vdry kg``gmubt tn jgvd h kdsmr gptgna n` ted Htbhat gm bgfd `nrdsts. [egs gs, fnrdnvdr, hbsn trud `nr ted Htbhatgm

`nrdsts ga jdadrhb. Gvdrsda fhlds ha httdfpt 3 " . . . weda h`tdr snfd kg` gmubty wd ehvd pdadtr htdk ted tegml

uakdrjrnwte n` ted `nrdst dkjd (h `nrdst dkjd bgld tegs nmmurs fhgaby hbnaj whtdr-mnursds nr hbnaj mbdhrgajs

mhusdk oy eufha ga`budamd, M.O.), ted gatdrgnr strglds us hs h mnatrhst3 h wnrbk n` ahldk truals, tegmldr

teha tensd wd hrd hmmustnfdk tn sdd tnkhy. [edr d gs an uakdrj rnwt e. Wnuaj trdds sthak edrd hak tedrd ga

tgjet mbustdrs, snfd n` tedf kdhk nr kygaj, ntedrs na ted why up tnwhrks ted npdagaj ga ted trdd mhanpy.

Takdr sume mbustdrs n` ynuaj trdds gt gs dvda khrldr teha usuhb. ]nfd supprdssdk sehkd-trdds hbsn nmmur

sphrsdby3 tedgr tnps hrd `bht hak ted edgjet fhrls ted fnfdat ht wegme h sfhbb enbd ga ted mhanpy whs

mbnsdk oy adgjeonurgaj trdds. Anw tedy vdjdthtd ternuje ted kdmhkds, knjjdkby hwhgtgaj h adw

nppnrtuagty. Hs wd whbl ga ted jbnnf n` ted prgfdvhb `nrdst wd `ddb hs tenuje wd hrd mut n`` `rnf bg`d. Gt gs

odmhusd n` ted kdhk hak kygaj ynuaj trdds hak ted `hbbda, rnttgaj nbk truals hfnaj wegme wd whbl, wegbst

egje up ga ted trdd mhanpy bg`d ua`nbks ga gts gahmmdssgogbgty. [ed uag`nrfgty gs tgrgaj. [ed vdjdthtgna na ted

`nrdst `bnnr gs strglgajby sphrsd ." (Gvdrsda 87:= p. :8). [e d trdds ga sume `nrdsts ehvd an sgkd orhameds uat gb h

jrdht edgjet. [ed trual gs mnbufa-sehpdk hak dvdrywedrd n` dquhb tegmladss. [egs vdjdthtgna gs dhsy tn

phss ternuje, out weda ted trdds hrd ga `nbghjd, gt gs vdry khrl. Hbb edros prdsdat hrd tedrd`nrd

sprgggj-`bnwmrguj. 88' gbgm gmmnasuumòna gs (n ad mt , ted . Rb bh gg tg t ""Mhrpggggna"" whs h kgK[mrdab, ganrd

fnantnanus `nrdst teha ted nad kmsmrgomk oy Pha kda Orndl hak Kgdfnat.

Ga bgu' honvd, wm hbrmhky gadatgnadk ted vdjdthtgna n` ted smmnak bhaksmhpd3 ted s hak h r d h wdst n` ted

Fhhs. Ga tegs hrdh Fu ah ut ehs shfpbdk h sdrgds n` sgx sngb prn gbds na ted Fdmedbsd Fmgkd ht Fdmedbda hha

kd Fhhs. [ed suostrhtuf mnasgsts `nr ted jrdhtdr phrt n` tdahmn fhtmrghb (shak wgte a fgxturd n` jrhvdb).

[ed kdpnsgt n`mnbgha shak gs vdry bbgga ht tegs bnmhtgna. [ed hrdh gs mnvdgdk tnkh) wgtbg h edhtedr vrj3d`hbgna.8'ed shfpbds wmgd thlda `rnf h Eufggsdgsra-pnksnb. Nggby ga nad n` ted sgx prn`gbds gs phrt n` ted . Rt bhat gm

pnbbda prdsdrvdk. Ga tggd ngbur `gvd. ted kghjrhf odjgas ga ted ]uo-Onrmhb. Hrmnrkgaj tn Fuahtgt. ted

Htbhatgm wegme gs stgbb prdsdat, fust od pbhmmk ht ted dak n` tegs vdjdthtgna pdrgnk. Ga ted pnbbda. [g'gh gs

knfgahat wgte ha hvdrhjd n` 5: % (mhbmubhbdk nvdr ha upbhak pnTda-suf). [gbgh, oy ted why, gs hbsn knfg

ahat ga ted ]uo-Onrdhb. Fuahut nnamegkds `rnf ted kghjrhfs teht ted pbhtdhu n` ted Fdmedbsd Edgkd whs,

ht ted dak n` ted Htbhatgm, makrmbymnvdrdk oy h kdasd bgfd `nrdst (Fu ahut 870: p :4 hak :0). [egs kdsmrgp

tgna uaknuotdkL hppbgds tn ted datgrd Ht bhatgm. [ed prn`gbd n` ted Fdmedbsd Edgkd gs ant ted naby nad tn senw

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=0 [ED DAPG_NAF DA[

ted [gbgh-knfgahamd. Hbb Fuahut's kghjrhfs `rnf shaky sngbs ga Anrtedra Odbjguf senw egje pdr

mdathjds n` [gbgh. Zd sehbb ant kgsmuss tedsd ga kdthgb, odmhusd tedy hrd nutsgkd nur hrdh, out ted hahbysds

mha od `nuak ga Fua hu t 870:. [e d kghjrhfs, hmmnr kgaj tn Fuah ut , hbbnw an ntedr mnambusgnas teha teht

ted shak sngbs wdst n` ted Fhhs wdrd mnvdrdk wgte kdasd bgfd `nrdsts. Gt gs gfpnssgobd tn spdmg`y ted bgfd

spdmgds. Gt wnubk hbsn hppdhr `rnf ted kghjrhfs teht nhl advdr pbhydk ha gfpnrthat rnbd ga ted hrdh<hmmnrkgaj tn Fuahut ted trdd jrdw fhgaby na ted trhasgtgnahb strgp odtwdda ted bgfd `nrdst hak ted hbkdr

`nrdst, wegme edrd tnn whs prdsdat ga ted vhbbdys, ga h vdjdthtgna tedrd`nrd, teht fust od mnasgkdrdk tn

odbnaj tn ted Hban-Yhkgna. Ehzdb whs rdprdsdatdk tn h fnkdst kdjrdd.

Zgte rdspdmt tn ted fganr prdsdamd n` nhl-trdds wd fust pngat nut teht, hmmnrkgaj tn Ehvgajh, ted nhl-

pnbbma ga ted kghjrhfs wegme wd quntdk, ehs ant odda gatdrprdtdk mnrrdmtby. [ed nhl-pnbbda wnubk ehvd

kgshppdhrdk phrtby odmhusd n` sdbdmtgvd mnrrnsgna, sn teht rdbhtgvdby tnn `dw nhls wnubk ehvd odda

gamnrpnrhtdk ga ted vdjdthtgna rdmnastrumtgna (Ehvgajh 87:;, hak ntedr hutenrs). Fua hu t, enwdvdr, knds

ant hjrdd wgte Eh vga jh' s npgagnas. Zd nursdbvds ehvd advdr nosdrvdk sdbdmtgvd mnrrnsgna tn sume ha dxtdat

teht gt wnubk `hvnur [gbgh wgtenut tegs odgaj antgmdk, out ted pnssgogbgty rdfhgas teht tedrd wdrd fnrd nhls

teha gs hssufdk na ohsgs n` ted pnbbda kghjrhfs.

Ga ted hr dh n`b nds s n a jr hv db hak hbsn ga tedhrdhs wgte td rr hm d jr hv db nr [ d r t g h r y s hak s, wegme

hrd n` bdssdr gfpnr tha md tn us, wd ehvd an pnbbda kgh jrh fs ht nur kgspnshb. Na hahbnjy wgte ted hrdh wdst n`

ted Fh hs, wd `ddb teht wd fhy hssufd h bgfd nrdst na ted tega bndss mnvdrs. Gt gs egjeby gf prn oho bd teh t ted

bgfd nmmurrdk na ted autrgdat-pnnr [drtghry shaks. Zd fhy gfhjgad teht tedsd sngbs suppnrtdk ha nhl-

ogrme `nrdst. [e d trdds n` tegs nrdst wdrd pdrehps ant kdvdbnpdk nptgfhbby. [n n bgttbd gs lanwa n` ted tdrrhmd

kdpnsgts ga ted anrte-dhstdra phrt n` ted hrdh uakdr stuky tn custg`y spdmubhtgna. [edy wdrd uaknuotdkby

mnvdrdk wgte `nrdsts.

[ed `gahb bhaksmhpd tn odkgsmussdk gs teht n` ted Bn wd r [ d r r h m d h ak E n b n m d a d h bb uv gh b kd pn sg ts .

Hbtenuje wd spdhl n` h sgajbd bhaksmhpd, tegs gs ant qugtd trud ga tegs mhsd. [ed bhaksmhpd mnasgsts n`

aufdrnus sfhbb uagts. _dbhtgvdby sfhbb phrts n` egje hak bnw jrnuaks, mnasgstgaj n` shaks nr mbhys, `nrf h

lgak n` fnshgm. [edrd`nrd ted ]ngb ]urvdy Gastgtutd kgvgkds ted bnwdr tdrrhmd hrdh gatn `nur suo-hrdhs3 8)

ted nbkdr rgvdr-shak bhaksmhp d (egjedr ph rt) wegme gs wdbb krh gadk hak gs ga usd hs hrh obd < ?) ted nbkdr rgvdr-

shak bhaksmhpd (bnwdr phrt) wegme gs usdk fhgaby hs jrhssbhak< =) ted rgvdr-mbhy bhaksmhpd wegme,

kdpdakdat na ted whtdr thobd gs usdk phrtby hs jrhssbhak, phrtby hs hrhobd< ;) ted ynuajdr rgvdr-mbhy

bhaksmhpd, h phrt n` wegme gs `bnnkdk rdjubhrby. (]tgonlh Onkdflhhrt vha Adkdrbhak, obhk 47, 09, 87:9).

[ed rdmdat usd n` ted sngb senws hbrdhky teht ant nabv ted suostrhtd, out ted bdvdb n` ted jrnuak-whtdr gs n`

jrdht gfpnrthamd tn ted vdjdthtgna ga tegs hrdh.

Zd lanw n` twn kghjrhfs `rnf ted ynuaj rgvdr-mbhy hrdh, wegme mnathga h znad teht fust od mnasgkdrdk

hs Htbhatgm. [ed fnst mnfpbdtdby puobg sedk k ghj rhf gs teh t n` Fddswgcl (Yhubgssda 8700, kgh jrh f oy

Mnrdfh as, gatdrprd thtgna oy Fubbdakd rs). [e d kghjr hf rdbhtds tn h `gbbgaj n` ha hoha kna dk mehaadb n` ted

Fhh s. Ga vgdw n` h M8; kht d n` =?09 O.M. ( Bv-?5;) `nr ted mdatrd n` ted kdpnsgt, ted pdht kdvdbnpdk kur gaj

ted bhst phrt n` ted Htbhatgm. [ed surrnuakgaj bhaksmhpd whs mnvdrdk datgrdby wgte `nrdst, ga wegme ted

hbkdr whs knfgah at. [ ed sdmnak kghj rhf gs rnf ha hoh akn adk fdha kdr n` ted Fhhs adhr Fhhsdgl. [e d

pdht kdpnsgt whs hahbyzdk oy Fuahut, out ed kgk ant prdphrd ted rdsubts `nr puobgmhtgna. ]nfd kdthgbs hrd

fdatgnadk oy Yhubgssda (Yhubgssda 87:= p. 8?? hak 8?=). Hmmnrkgaj tn Fuahut, ted kdpnsgt khtds `rnf ted

odjgaagaj n` ted Htbhatgm. Hbkdr, hse, nhl, bgfd hak dbf hrd wdbb rdprdsdatdk ga ted pnbbda. H pdrmdathjd n`



[ED PDJD[H[GNA =:

88.4 gs jgvma `nr ted dbf. Ta`nrtuahtdby gt prnvdk tn od gfpnssgobd tn trhmç ted nrgjgah b khth, sn teh t ùrtedr

kdthgbs mhaant od jgvda edrd (Fuahut 87:0 wrgttda mnffuagmhtgna).

Hbtenuje pdht-kdvdbnpfdat nmmurrdk edrd hak tedrd ga ted ntedr suo-bhaksmhpds, wd lanw an ntedr

kghjrhf teht n``drs Ga`nrfhtgna honut ted Htbhatgm. Kdpnsgts `rnf tegs pdrgnk hrd prnohoby prdsdat

snfdwedrd ga ted hrdh. [ed tnpfnst mdatgfdtrds n` h kghjrhf oy @bnrsmeòtz n` ted Jubgmlsen` mnubk od n`

ha Htbhatgm hjd (@bnrsmeòtz 87;8). Out rdmdat hjrgmubturhb gatdrvdatgna ehs fhkd fhay kdpnsgts

uasugthobd `nr pnbbda hahbysgs. Zd tegal teht ted bhaksmhpd, hs wdbb hs ted ntedr bhaksmhpds uakdr stuky,

whs mnvdrdk ov `nrdst kurgaj ted Htbhatgm. [ed wdt strgps hbnaj ted Fhhs hak ted aufdrnus strdhfs

uaknuotmkby mhrrgdk ted Mhrgmg dbnajhthd-Hbadtuf (prnvda ht Fddswgcl>), wegme edrd mnvdrdk h rhtedr

bhrjd hrdh. PPedrd ted bhak whs `bnnkdk bdss n`tda, kg``drdat hssnmghtgnas n` ted Hban-Yhkgna kdvdbnpdk,

kdpdakdat na ted whtdr thobd. [ed Mhrpgagna odtubg rdpbhmdk ted `nrdsts n` ted Hban-Yhkgna na ted egjedr

jrnuaks. Zd hssufd teht [gbgh whs houakhat edrd hs wdbb.

[ed vdjdthtgna n` ted kg``drdat bhaksmhpds, hs rdmnastrumtdk honvd, rdprdsdats ted vdjdthtgna n` ted hrdhs

uatnumedk oy fha. G` h phrt n` ted vdjdthtgna gs rdfnvdk oy eufha hmtgvgty, mehajds nmmur. Nadmnasmqudamd n` ted rdganvhb n` trdds gs teht fnrd bgjet mha pdad trht d tn ted jrnuak . Ze da prgfdvhb `nrdst gs

mut, h sdrgds n` edros hrd ted `grst tn prn`gt tedrdoy. [eda seruos sthrt tn jrnw. ]uosdqumatby ted trdd

pnpubhtgna rdstnrds gtsdb` ga sdvdrhb pehsds< `grst ted bgjet-kdfhakgaj spdmgds, wegme hrd usuhbby `hst

jrnwgaj. [ed sehkd-jgvgaj trdds mnfd bhst. Dhme `nrdst typd hak dhme gatdrvdatgna ehvd tedgr nwa sdrgds n`

summdssgna. [ed rdmnvdry gs prdkgmthobd tn h mdrthga dxtdat (Enra 87:4, hfnaj ntedrs). [ed `grst sthjds n`

adw jrnwte mha od mnfpbdtdk qugmlby, out gt fhy thld h bnaj tgfd tn rdhme ted nrgjgahb vdjdthtgna. [ed

spddk ht wegme h `nrdst rdjdadrhtds gtsdb` h`tdr ha gatdrvdatgna, kdpdaks jrdhtby na ted typd n` gatdrvdatgna.

Enra ]thtds teht3 "Yhtmemuttgaj, ted ehrvdst n` bnmhb jrnups n` trdds wegbd bdhvgaj h bhrjd hrdh n` uamut

`nrdst hrn uak temf, senubk rdsubt ga h fnrd rhpgk r dtu ra tn ted sthtgnahry sthjd teh a ted mutt gaj knwa n` hbb

ted trdds nr dvda "egje-jrhkgaj"3 ted rdfnvhb n` hbb mnffdrmghbby vhbuhobd trdds."

[ed prdsufdk sdrhb sthjds n` ted rdmnastrumtdk `nrdsts wgbb ant od kgsmussdk ùrtedr edrd. [edsd ga hs `hr

hs tedy nmmur rdmdatby, mha od `nuak ga ted puobgmhtgna oy Zdsten`` hak kda Edbk (Zdsten`` & kda Edbk

8707).

Ht ted odjgaagaj n` tegs sdmtgna snurmds n` Ga`nrfhtgna ntedr teha pnbbda kghjrhfs wdrd fdatgnadk. [edsd

hrd ehrkby hvhgbhobd ga ted hrdh hak pdrgnk uakdr mnasgkdrhtgna. Enwdvdr nhl-wnnk ga ted `nrf n`

mehrmnhb whs `nuak ga ted sdttbdfdats (sdd p. 8?8). Fnrd rdsdhrme ehs odda knad `nr ted Hbkdaenvdadr

Ybhttd, h bndss pbhtdhu knzdas n` lf tn ted dhst. Mehrmnhb n` ted `nbbnwgaj trdds whs `nuak edrd ga h BOL

smttbdfdat3 Tbfus sp. (dbf), @rhxgaus dxmdbsgnr (hse), Xudrmus sp. (nhl), Mnrybus hvdbbhah (ehzdb), Yyrus

pyrhstdr (pdhr) nr Fhbus sgbvdstrgs (hppbd) nr Mrhthdjus sp. (ehwtenra), ]nrous sp.. Yruaus sp.. Yruaus

spgansh (obhmltenra), Hmdr sp. (fhpbd) hak Ygmdh (sprumd) (]mewdgajruodr 87:=). Hbb tedsd trdd spdmgdsodbnaj tn ted Htbhatgm Hban-Yhkgna nr tn nad n` ted sdrhb sthjds n` ted Mhrpgagna< naby ted nmmurrdamd n`

Ygmdh gs ant ga kgrdmt hjrddfdat wgte ted vdjdthtgna rdmnastrumtgna jgvda edrd. Gt gs hssufdk jdadrhbby teht

ted sprumd gs ant gakgjdanus. Nu r hrdh knds ant gambukd gts aht urh b rh ajd. [e d `gak, enwdvdr, gs tnn sfhbb tn

kdtdrfgad wedtedr ted mehrmnhb nrgjgahtds `rnf h bnmhb trdd nr `rnf ha gfpnrtdk pgdmd n` wnnk.*

* Gt gs pnssgobm teht ted sprumd mehrmnhb rdprdsdtgts h mnathfgahtgna.



=5 [ED DAPG_N AFDA[

G` ted honvd rdmnastrumtgna n` ted vdjdthtgna ga ted kg``drdat bhaksmhpds gs mnrrdmt, wd hrrgvd ht ted

mnambusgna teht ted hspdmt n` ted hrdh hr nua k ]g tthrk, ]tdga ha k Dbsbnn ht ted tgfd n` ted `nuakht gna n` tedsd

sdttbdfdats whs qugtd kg``drdat teha anwhkhys. [ed wenbd bhak whs `nrdstdk, dvda tensd phrts wegme hrd

mnvdrdk wgte edhtedr tnkhy. [ed bgfd whs h vdry mnffna trdd hak ted nhl ehk h `hr sfhbbdr sehrd ga ted

`nrdst teha gs usuhbby hssufdk. [ed nmmuphats n` ted sdttbdfdats uaknuotdkby fnkg`gdk ted vdjdthtgna oy

tedgr hmtgvgtgds (sddp. 8?=). Yhrt n`ted mbgfhx `nrdst whs pdrehpsrdpbhmdkoy kg``drdat sdrhb sthjds. Gaspgtd

n` tedsd hmtgvgtgds, ted bhak wgbb ehvd rdfhgadk `nrdstdk, ht bdhst kurgaj h jrdht phrt n` ted pdrgnk uakdr

mnasgkdrhtgna, sgamd ted pnbbda kghjrhfs jgvd an gakgmhtgnas n` bhrjd smhbd kd`nrdsthtgna. Zd sehbb mnfd

ohml tn tegs na p. 8?4. @urtedr, wd wgse tn nosdrvd teht nur rdmnastrumtgna n` ted vdjdthtgna hs h khrl

kdmgkunus `nrdst knds ant admdsshrgby fdha teht ted `grst BOL gaehogthats `nuak an mbdhrgajs ht hbb.

Dspdmghbby Orgtgse smgdatgsts ehvd rdmdatby pngatdk nut teht ted gakgjdanus Fdsnetegm pnpubhtgna fhy hbsn

ehvd fhkd mbdhrgajs ga ted `nrdst vdjdthtgna (]fgte 87:9, ]gffnas 87:4). Tamnatdsthobd prnn` tedrdn`

ehs ant ydt odda prnvgkmk, wd `ddb, out gt gs h pnssgogbgty wegme fust od thlda gatn mnasgkdrhtgna.

EGDAEDGF

@nur n` ted sgx bhaksmhpd uagts, wegme ehvd odda kgsmussdk ga sdmtgna = n` mehptdr GGG, hrd prdsdat wgtega h

rhkgus n` 89 lf hrnuak Egdaedgf, ahfdby3 ted bndss bhaksmhpd, ted bgfdstnad rdjgna, ted tdrrhga wgte

dnbgha shak, hak ted rgvdr vhbbdy. [ed Fgnmdad kdpnsgts hak ted rdjgna wgte hbtdrahtdby Curhssgm,

Mrdthmdnus hak Fgnmdad hrd odynak ted 89 lf rhkgus. Zd fgjet rdstrgmt nursdbvds ga ted rdmnastrumtgna n`

ted vdjdthtgna tn ted `grst-fdatgnadk `nur uagts. [edrd gs h spdmghb rdhsna, enwdvdr, wey ted Fgnmdad

kdpnsgts hrd hkkdk tn ted bgst. [egs gs teht wd ehvd ant summddkdk sn `hr ga nothgagaj ga`nrfhtgna honut ted

vdjdthtgna egstnry n` ted bndss bhaksmhpd. Ga ted fdhatgfd snfdtegaj ehs, enwdvdr, odmnfd lanwa honut

ted vdjdthtgna n` ted shaky bnhfs wegme odbnaj tn ted `rdse wh tdr sdkgfdats n` ted Fnbhssd Ohsga. @rnf ted

vgdwpngat n` peytnsnmgnbnjy, tedsd bnhfs hrd, tn h mdrthga dxtdat, mnfphrhobd wgte ted bndss. [ed mbgfhx

vdjdt htgna mnu bk od h Jhb gn- Mhr pga dtu f na ont e sngbs (sdd odbnw). Zd sehbb tedrd`nrd try tn rdmnastrum t ted

vdjdthtgna na ted bndss vgh ted vdjdthtgna na ted Fgnmdad bnhf.

Hs cus t fdatgnadk , gt ehs ant ydt odda pnssgobd tn stuky ted vdjdtht gna na ted bn ds s kgrdmtby . [ed sdhrme `nr

pnbbda-ogdhrgaj kdpnsgts ga ted bndss hrdh whs uatgb rdmdatby uasummdsùb. [dst shfpbgaj ga h sbnuje adhr

Hrrdstgaj, h vgbbhjd = lf anrte-wdst n` Egdaedgf, prnvgkdk an suo`nssgb pnbbda. Nad n` ted fhay

hohaknadk fdhakdrs ga ted Knahu vhbbdy pdrehps mnathgas h sugthobd kdpnsgt n` ted mnrrdmt hjd, out gt gs h

tehalbdss thsl tn bnnl `nr h phrtgmubhr fdhakdr wegme whs hohaknadk ga ted Htbhatgm. Enwdvdr, ga ted

strdhf vhbbdy n` ted @dmlgajdr Ohme, ga ted fgkkbd n` h bndss rdjgna, h sdrgds n` pdhty ha k eufus-r gme

kdpnsgts wegme mnubk bdhk tn h pnsgtgvd rdsubt wdrd `nuak. [ed gavdstgjhtgna n` tegs sdrgds ehs ant ydt odda

mnfpbdtdk. Hs hbb strdhf kdpnsgts, gt senws eghtusds hak gt gs ant gfpnssgobd teht prdmgsdby ted Htbhatgm gs

hosdat. Out h pnbbda kghjrhf rdprdsdatgaj ted vdjdthtgna n` ted Fgnmdad kdpnsgts gs hvhgbhobd, ahfdby ted

kghjrhf n` ted Jrnssd Knahufnns snute-wdst n` Gajnbsthkt, wegme gs kgsmussdk ga Hppdakgx G. [egs

kghjrhf rdbhtds tn ted vdjdthtgna n` h bhaksmhpd n` shaky bnhfs hak bnhfy shaks. [ed shfpbgaj ga qudstgna

tnnl pbhmd ht h kgsthamd n` 44 lf `rnf Egdaed gf.

Onte ted bndss hak ted shaky bnhfs hrd usdk anwhkhys hs hrhobd, ted jrdhtdr vhbud odgaj httrgoutdk tn

ted bndss. [e d bnhfy shaks hrd usdk `nr `nrdstry h ak hrd ga fnst mhsds mnvdrdk wg te mnag`drs. [ ed pntd atgh b

vdjdthtgna, teht gs ted vdjdthtgna wgte wegme ted sdkgfdats wnubk ehvd odda mnvdrdk g` fha ehk ant



[ED PDJD[H[GN A =7

gatdrvdadk, gs kdmgkunus `nrdst ga hbb terdd mhsds. [ed khth rdbhtgaj tn ted pntdatghb vdjdthtgna ehvd odda

thlda `rnf ]dgodrt's wnrl (]dgodrt 8705). [egs hutenr ehs mnfpnsdk h fhp n` ted pntdatghb vdjdthtgna n`

Ohydra na ted ohsgs n` ted sngb fhp hak ted mnatnur fh p. [e d lanwbdkjd n` ted gatdrrd bhtgna odtwdda

mdrthga sngb typds, hbtgtukd hak pbhat mnffuagtgds gs ted rdsubt n` dxpdrgdamd hmqugrdk ga ted dxhfgahtgna n`

ahturhb hak rdTmt vdjdthtgnas. [ed bndss hak ted shaky bnhfs wnubk ehvd odda mnvdrdk anwhkhys wgte ha

nhl-enraodhf `nrdst (rdspdmtgvdby wgte h Jhbgn-Mhrpgadtuf Nodrk. 874: typgmuf hak h Jhbgn-

Mhrpgadtuf Nodrk. 874: buzubdtnsuf).* [ed bnhfy shaks wnubk mhrry h oddme-`nrdst, ahfdby ted

Buzubn-@hjdtuf Fdus. 87=:.

[ed Jhbgn-Mhrpgadtuf gs ted fnrd Mnatgadathb dqugvhbdat n` ted ]tdbbhrgn-Mhrpgadtuf wegme gs

kgsmussdk na p. =;. Gt gs h kdmgkunus `nrdst wgte fhay spdmgds, ga wegme nhl (Xudrmus rnour hak/nr

Xudrmus pdtrhdh) hak enraodhf (Mhrpgaus odtubus) hrd prdknfgahat. Oddme (@hjus sybvhtgmh) hbsn

odbnajs tn tegs vdjdth tgna, hs wdbb hs ted sfhbb-bdhvdk bgfd ([gbgh mnrkhth ). Ygad (Ygaus sybvdstrgs) hak

sprumd (Ygmdh hogds) kn ant odbnaj tn tegs typd n` `nrdst wegme, enwdvdr, gambukds seruos hak edros. [ed

Jhbgn- Mhrpg adtuf buzubdtnsuf jrnws na bdss hblhbgad sngbs teha ted Jhbgn-Mh rpgad tuf typgmuf.

[ed Buzubn-@hjdtuf gs h `nrdst typd wegme gs prdsdat na wdhlby hmgk sngbs. Enraodhf hak bgfd kn antjrnw edrd. Oddme gs prdknfgahat ga ted `nrdst mnffuagty. Odsgkds, tedrd gs nhl, pgad, sprumd hak hbsn `gr

(Hogds hboh). Naby `dw seruos hrd prdsdat hak ted `gdbk bhydr gs rdbhtgvdby pnnr ga spdmgds.

N` mnursd ted pntdatghb vdjdthtgna n` ted hrdh wgte ted shaky bnhfs hak ted bnhfy shaks hbsn senws

trhasgtgnas odtwdda ted Jhbgn-Mhrpgadtuf buzubdtnsuf hak ted Buzubn-@hjdtuf.

[ed qudstgna gs wedtedr ted vdjdthtgnas fdatgnadk honvd hbrdhky dxgstdk kurgaj ted Htbhatgm. Zeda wd

stuky ted Htbhatgm (znads PG hak PGG) ga ted pnbbda kghjrhf n` ted Knahufnns, gt gs gffdkghtdby strglgaj

teht ted hrdh whs kdasdby `nrdstdk ga teht pdrgnk, sgamd vdry bgttbd pnbbda `rnf tdrrdstrghb edros whs `nuak.

Bnw pdrmdathjds n` edros pngat tn h mbnsdk `nrdst. Gt hppd hrs ùrtedr teh t n` ted trdds, oddme, sprumd h ak `gr

hrd hbfnst, hak enr aodhf gs datgrdby, hosdat. [edrd`nrd ted Htbha tgm `nrdsts wdrd mbdhrby kg `drdat `rnf ted

prdsdat nads. Gt gs gfpr nohob d teht ted Buzubn-@hj dtuf hb rdhky dxgstdk. [ed Jh bgn-M hrpga dtuf mdrthgaby

mnfprgsdk an enraodhf hak an nr hbfnst an oddme.

[ed trdd pnbbda nrgjgahtds `nr ted jrdhtdr phrt `rnf nhl hak pgad. Ga hkkgtgna tn tedsd twn, wd ehvd

nosdrvdk dbf (Tbfus), bgfd ([gbgh), hse (@rhxgaus) hak snfd fhpbd (Hmdr). Hfnaj ted seruos, ehzdb

(Mnrybus hvdbbhah) whs mdrthgaby gfpnrthat. @nr ted rdst ehrkby hay pnbbda n` h seruo vdjdthtgna whs

`nuak, tenuje tegs knds ant fdha teht tedrd whs anad. [ed pnbbda n` seruos hak edros hbfnst advdr bhaks

nutsgkd ted `nrdst hak prnohoby `nr teht rdhsna gt gs uakdrrdprdsdatdk ga ted kdpnsgts n` ted Knahufnns.

Fnrdnvdr, seruos hak edros kn ant hbwhys `bnwdr nptgfhbby ga ted sehknw n` trdds.

Gt gs gfpnssgobd tn jhga lanwbdkjd n` ted vdjdthtgna n` ted shaks hak ted bnhfs sdphrhtdby vgh h pnbbda

kghjrhf sume hs teht n` ted Knahufnns. [ed pnbbda rhga gs hbwhys h fgxturd n` ted pnbbda n` hbb vdjdthtgna

typds prdsdat. Zd gfhjgad, enwdvdr, teht ted pgads nmmurrdk fhgaby na ted shaky kdpnsgts hak wdrd phrt n`

ha nhl-pgad `nrdst. [ed ogrme fhy ehvd pbhydk h fganr phrt ga tedsd sthaks. Na ted bnhfs, ted nhls wdrd

ant fgxdk wgte pgads, out wgte kdmgkunus trdds, hfnaj wegme wdrd bgfds. [ed sehrd n` ted bgfd ga tegs

`nrdst typd whs pdrehps jrdhtdr teha ted kghjrhf sujjdsts ht `grst jbhamd, odmhusd bgfd pnbbda gs hbwhys

uakdrrdprdsdatdk ga h kdpnsgt bgld ted Knahufnns. Odsgkds nhl hak bgfd, ehzdb whs prdsdat ga rhtedr bhrjd

quhatgtgds. Fhpbd, hse hak dbf fhy ehvd odda prdsdat ga tegs `nrdst, out tedsd trdds wgbb ehvd ehk tedgr

fhga kgstrgoutgna ga h znad onrkdrgaj ted swhfp. [ed `nrdsts edrd vgsuhbgzdk na ted shaky bnhfs kurgaj

* [ed vdjdthtgna uagts hrd gakgmhtdk ga tegs suo-sdmtgna hmmnrkgaj tn ted anfdambhturd n` Nodrknr`dr (Nodrknr`dr dt hb. 870:).



;9 [ED DAPG_N AFDA[

ted Htbhatgm fhy mdrthgaby od mnasgkdrdk tn odbnaj tn ted jrnup n` kdmgkunus `nrdsts na ted kry, rgme

jrnuaks, ted Mhrpgagna odtubg Nodrk. 874=.

Hs shgk honvd, ted pnbbda kghjrhf n` ted Knahufnns gs usdk ga nrkdr tn rdmnastrumt ted Htbhatgm

vdjdthtgna na ted bndss vgh ted kdtnur nt ted vdjdthtgna na ted shaky bnhfs. Zd odbgdvd teht ted bndss whs

hbsn kdasdby mnvdrdk wgte ha nhl-`nrdst odbnajgaj tn ted Mhr pga gna . Gt gs qug td pnssgobd teh t bgfd pbhydk h

rhtedr gfpnrthat phrt ga tegs `nrdst. [ed bndss hrnuak Egdaedgf wnubk teda ehvd suppnrtdk h fnrd

Mnatgadathb vhrghat n` ted `nrdst wegme whs prdsdat ga ]nutedra Bgfourj ga ted shfd pdrgnk. [ed dxhmt

sehrd n` ted nhl gs ualanwa.

[e d rmmnastrumtgna n` ted vdjdtht gna na ted bndss hs h kdasd kdmgk unus `nrdst kg``drs strnajby `rnf ted

nrgjgahb npgagnas na tegs vdjdtht gna hs kdvdbnpdk fhgaby oy Jr hk fh aa (J rh kfhaa 8575, 8798).

Jrhkfhaa's eypntedsgs whs teht h sn-mhbbdk "]tdppdaemgkd" nr "Zhbkstdppdaedgkd" wnubk ehvd jrnwa

na ted bndss, g.d. h kry vdjdthtgna wgte `dw trdds hak fhay edros. [egs rmmnastrumtgna whs snna mrgtgmgzdk

strnajby hak eahbby rdcdmtdk ga `hvnur n` h kdasd `nrdst (@grohs 87;7 hak ted bgtdrhturd quntdk tedrd). [ed

rmmnastrumtgna edrd gs ga hjrddfdat wgte ted Chttdr.

[ed pntdatghb vdjdthtgna ga ted b g f d s t n a d h r d h mnasgsts, hmmnrkgaj tn ]dgodrt, nòddme`nrdsts, dxmdpt `nr

tensd pbhmds wedrd ted sbnpd gs vdry stddp. Dvda ht prdsdat, ted bgfdstnad gs mnvdrdk bhrjdby wgte ted

Bhte yrn- @hjdt uf Eh rt f. 874= typgmuf, h thbb `nrdst ga wegme oddme gs prd knfg aha t. Nt edr kdmgkunus

trdds hrd prdsdat ga ted `nrdst mnffuagty, out tedy hrd mbdhrby bdss aufdrnus. Nhl (Xudrmus rnour), hse

(@rhx gaus dxmdbsgnr), fhp bd spdmgds (Hmdr sp. hfn aj wegme Hmdr psmuknpb hthaus) hak medr ry (Yru aus

hvguf) hrd fdatgnadk, hfnaj ntedr trdds. [ed `nrdsts hrd khrl hak ehvd h bnw uakdrjrnwte n` sprgaj-

`bnwdrgaj edros hak n` snfd jrhss spdmgds.

Zedrd tegml bhydrs n` rdsgkuhb bnhfs ehvd odda `nrfdk na ted bgfdstnad, h sbgjetby fnrd hmgk vhrghat n`

ted Bhtey rn-@ hjdtu f, ahfdby ted Bhtey rn-@ hjdt uf Eh rt f. 874= fdbhfpyrdtn suf kdvdbnps. [e d

kg``drdamd wgte ted Bhteyrn-@hjdtuf typgmuf mha od antgmdk fhgaby ga ted `gdbk bhydr. Anwhkhys tedbnhfs hrd mnvdrdk naby phrtby wgte `nrdsts. [ed rdst gs usdk hs hrhogm nr phsturd.

[ed ]nutedra sbnpds hrd tnn whrf hak tnn kry ga suffmr `nr ha nptgfhb kdvdbnpfdat n` ted Bhteyrn-

@hjdtuf hak ted `nrdst mehajds gatn h tedrfnpegbd oddme `nrdst3 ted Mhrgmg-@hjdtuf Fnnr 874?. Ga

hkkg tgna tn oddme, ted trdd bhydr mnfprgsds, hfn aj ntedrs, ydw ([hxu s ohmmh th) . [ed kdmgkunus trdds

mhaant rdhme nptgfhb kdvdbnpfdat odmhusm n` ted kryadss, hak ted bnaj, strhgjet truals n` ted Bhteyrn-

@hjdtuf hrd mnfpbdtdby hosdat edrd. ]eruos hrd usuhbby wdbb rdprdsdatdk.

Na vdry stddp sbnpds, ted oddme gs anrfhbby hosdat. [edsd sbnpds hrd mehrhmtdrgzdk oy ted Mbdfhtgkn-

Xudrmdtuf Nodrk. 874:3 h `nrdst wgte nhl hak fhay ntedr kdmgkunus trdds. [ed trdds rdfhga sfhbb.

Mnatr hry tn ted oddme-`nrdst, tegs typd n` vdjdthtgna gs kg``gmubt tn trhvdrsd. G t mha stgbb od `nuak anwhkhy s

hrnuak Egdaedgf, hgtenuje fnst sbnpds ehvd odda kd`nrdstdk hak hrd usdk `nrseddp. Ga tegs mhsd h stdppd-

bgld edro vdjdthtgna gs prdsdat hak cuagpdr gs ted naby trdd hobd tn fhgathga gtsmE",

Gt gs novgnus teht ted honvd-kdsmrgodk oddme-`nrdsts wdrd ant prdsdat kurgaj ted Hkhatgm, sgamd ted

oddme whs ant ydt prdsdat na h bhrjd smhbd ga teht pdrgnk (sdd Hppdakgx G).

Ta`nrtuahtdby naby nad pnbbda kghjrhf whs hvhgbhobd `nr ted rmmnastrumtgna n` ted vdjdthtgna ga ted

rdjgna n` ted Curhs sgm bgfdstnads. [egs kghj rhf knds ant dvda mnfd `rnf ted bgfdstnad hrdhs n` ted

@rhalgsmed Hbo, out `rnf h mnfphrhobd bhaksmhpd ht ted `nnt n` ted ]mewhogsmed Hbo. Gt gs trum teht adhr

Egdaedgf, hak hjhga ga ted vhbbdy n` ted @dmlgajdr Ohme, h pdhty kdpnsgt gs hvhgbhobd, ga wegme pnbbda n`

ted rdqugrdk vdjdthtgna mnubk od prdsdat, out tegs kdpnsgt ehs ant ydt odda hahbyzdk. [edrd`nrd wd wgbb



[ED PDJD[H[GNA ;8

httdfpt tn utgbgzd ted kghjrhf n` ted Bhajdahudr Knahufnnr adhr Tbf, wegme whs puobgsedk oy Jðttbgme

(Jðttbgme 8744, kghjrhf K. G. ).

[ed Bhajdahudr Knahufnnr gs h vhst `da, sgtuhtdk ga ted vhbbdy n` ted Knahu odtwdda ted Curhssgm

bgfdstnad kdpnsgts n` ted ]mewhogsmem Hbo hak ted prdsdat rgvdr odk. [ed onrgaj K.G. tnnl pbhmd ht mgrmh

499 f `rnf ted fhrjga n` ted `da ga ted gffdkghtd vgmgagty n` ted bgfdstnad hrdh. Ht tegs pngat ted

bgfdstnad gs phrtby mnvdrdk wgte bnhfs wegme hrd tn od mnasgkdrdk hs rdsgkuhb bnhfs. [ed kghjrhf

mnfprgsds ted nbkdr phrt n` ted Htbhatgm3 @grohs znad PG . [ed gatdrprdtht gna n` ted fdhsurdk pnbbda rhga gs

ant sgfpbd. Kurgaj pdrgnk PG ted `da gtsdb` suppnrtdk h vdry wdt swhfp vdjdthtgna, ga wegme bgfd whs

prdmgp gth tdk . [edrd wdrd an trdds. Hbb ted trdd pnbbda mnfds `rnf ted fhrjga n` ted `da nr `rnf ùrtedr

hwhy. Nhl, pgad hak ehzdb hppdhr tn ehvd prnvgkdk fnst trdd pnbbda, wgte nhl mbdhrby ga ted `grst pnsgtgna.

Ogrmbg, dbf, bgagd, hse hak h surprgzgaj hfnuat n` fhpbd pbhy h phrt. ]prumd hak `gr hrd ehrkby prdsdat ydt<

oddme gs hosdat. Hbkdr gs rdprdsdatdk wgte naby 4"<, n` pnbbda (pdrmdathjd mhbmubhtdk na ohsgs n` h trdd

pnbbdasuf fgaus Mnrybus). Jðttbgme gatmrprdts hbb kdmgkunus trdd pnbbda hs nrgjgahtgaj `rnf `nrdsts ga ted

Knahu vhbbdy. Gt wnubk od h `nrdst typd n` h rhtedr kry bnmhtgna, rgme ga autrgdats, ga wegme hbkdr pbhydk h

vdry fganr phrt. Gt fhy od qudstgnadk, enwdvdr, wey Jðttbgme ehs ant gambukdk ted vdjdthtgna n` ted hrdhs

nutsgkd ted vhbbdy ga egs mnasgkdrhtgnas. Zeda ted sgtd n` ted shfpbgaj gs dxhfgadk, h mnasgkdrhobd phrt n`

ted pnbbda rhga mnubk ehvd mnfd `rnf ted egjedr bgfdstnad hak bnhf hrdhs. Gt gs kg``gmubt tn shy wegme

pnbbda nrgjgahtds `rnf ted rgvdr vhbbdy hak wegme `rnf ted egjedr tdrrhgas. Gt fhy od teht snfd n` ted nhl

hak ted ehzdb stnnk ga ted bgfdstnad hrdh, wedrd bgfd hak hse mha hbsn ehvd odda prdsdat. Fnrdnvdr, wd

tegal gt pnssgobd teht h mnasgkdrhobd phrt n` ted vdjdthtgna whs `nrfdk oy fhpbds. [ed egje pdrmdathjd n`

fhpbd pnbbda ga ted Bhajdahudr Knahufnnr gs ant prdsdat ga ted Edgbgjdasthktdr Fnns, wegme hbsn

rdprdsdats ted vdjdthtgna n` ted Knahu vhbbdy (sdd Hppdakgx G), out ted kg`gdrdamds mha od kud tn purdby

bnmhb `hmtnrs. Jðttbgme shys antegaj honut ted pgad. [ed pdrmdathjd wgte wegme ted pnbbda n` tegs trdd gs

prdsdat gs tnn egje tn od httr goutdk tn bnaj kgsthamd trhaspnrt. [ed bnmhtgna n` tegs trdd spdmgds gs kg``gmubt. Gt

fhy ehvd jrnwa ga ted vhbbdy, out hbsn ga snfd pbhmd nutsgkd gt.Gt gs novgnus teht ted kghjrhf n` ted Bhajdahudr Knahufnnr gs ant su``gmgìat `nr ted rdmnastrumtgna n`

ted vdjdthtgna ga ted fhrjga n` ted ]mewhogsmed nr ted @rhalgsmed Hbo. Gt fhy od hssufdk teht, ga hosdamd

n` ted oddme, ha nhl-`nrdst mnvdrdk ted bgfdstnad hak ted bnhfs. [egs `nrdst uaknuotdkby mnathgadk hbsn

ntedr spdmgds, sume hs fhpbd tenuje `nr bhml n` khth, tegs mhaant om prnvdk.

[ed tegrk hrdh tn od kgsmussdk gs teht wgte ted dn b g ha s h a k . [e d dnbgha shaks hrd mnvdrdk anwhkhys wgte

h sn-mhbbdk shak stdppd pgad `nrdst n` h sbgjetby Mnatgadathb mehrhmtdr. Gt gs ha npda `nrdst wgte h rhtedr rgme

`gdbk bhydr (trhasgtgna `rnf h Bdumnoryn-Ygadtuf Fhtusz. 870? tn h Mytgsn-Ygadtuf Or.-OG. 87=?)

(Enedads tdr 8709). [e d rdbhtgvd rgmeadss n` ted vdjdthtgna g smnaadmtdk wgte ted egje fgmh-mnatdat n` ted

bnmhb dnbgha shak. Enedadstdr hssufds teht ted pgad ehs hbwhys odda phrt n` ted vdjdthtgna na ted dnbgha

shak hak whs tedrd`nrd hbsn prdsdat kurgaj ted Htbhatgm. [ed pgads wnubk ehvd odda fgxdk wgte kdmgkunus

trdds3 ed fdatgnas nhls, hfnaj ntedrs (Enedadstdr 8709). Nur pnbbda kghjrhf n` ted Edgbgjdasthktdr

Fnns mhaant suppnrt tegs vgdwpngat. [ed Edgbgjdasthktdr Fnns gs sgtuhtdk ht 8 lf `rnf ted dnbgha shak

hrdh. Ant danuje Ygaus pnbbda whs `nuak ga tensd znads n` ted kghjrhf wegme fust od httrgoutdk tn ted

Htbhatgm tn hbbnw ted mnambusgna teht pgad whs prdsdat ga ted vgmgagty (sdd Hppdak gx 8). Ygaus pnbbda ehs h

jnnk kgstrgou tgna hak wnubk mdrth gaby od prdsdat ga bhrjdr aufodrs g` pgad ehk odda h bnmhb trdd spdmgds. Gt

gs tedrd`nrd gfprnohobd teht tedrd wdrd hbrdhky fhay pgads na ted dnbgha shak ga ted Htbhatgm. Yrnohoby,

fhgaby kdmgkunus trdds jrdw ga tedsd rdjgnas. @nr ted rdst wd mhaant rdmnastrumt ted vdjdthtgna na ted



;? [ED DAPG_NAFDA[

dnbgha shak, odmhusd ted pnbbda n` tegs hrdh mhaant od kgstgajugsedk `rnf teht n` ted rgvdr vhbbdy.

@gahbby, wd sehbb try tn rdmnastrumt ted vdjdthtgna n` ted K n a h u vh b b dy .

[e d bnw phrts n` ted rgvdr vhbbdy hrd usdk anwhkhys hs fdhknws. Od`nrd ted kglgaj hak rdjubh tgna n` ted

Knahu hak gts trgouthrgds, ted bhak whs n`tda gauakhtdk. Dvda anw, tegs pedanfdana nmmurs sdvdrhb tgfds

pdr ydhr. Out na naby sbgjetby egjedr phrts, ted whtdr thobd gs hbrdhky su``gmgdatby odbnw ted sur`hmd tn

dahobd hjrgmubturd tn od prhmtgsdk. Tatgb rdmdatby, tedsd sngbs tnn wdrd gauakhtdk ht vdry egje whtdr-bdvdbs.

[ed Bnwdr [drrhmds n` ted Knahu hak ted Hodas hrd `nr ted jrdhtdr phrt vdry wdt. [ed wdt phrts nwd

tedgr dxgstdamd tn ted prdsdamd n` gfpdrfdhobd Fgnmdad mbhys adhr ted sur`hmd, sn teht ted whtdr thobd gs

egje. [ed `dw kry phrts hrd usdk hs `gdbks wegme, enwdvdr, ehvd bgttbd vhbud, odmhusd ted tdrrhmd sdkgfdat

krgds nut qugmlby hak gs pnnr ga autrgdats. [ed wdt phrts hrd n`tda pdhty hak hrd usdk hs jrhssbhak.

Ga ted phst tnn, ted eykrnbnjy wgbb ehvd kdt drfgadk wegme vdjdthtgna whs tn od `nuak ga ted kg``drdat

phrts n` ted mnfpnsgtd bhaksmhpd uagt "rgvdr vhbbdy". [ed rdmdat pntdatghb vdjdthtgna wgtega ted hrdh gs

`nrdst. ]dgodrt's fhp senws terdd vdjdthtgna typds (]dgodrt 8705). [e d vhbbdy wnubk odhr ha hse-dbf `nrdst

(Xudrmn-Tbfdtuf fganrgs Gssb. 87?;), h `nrdst odbnajgaj tn ted Hban-Yhkgna kgsmussdk na p. =9. @nr ted

wdt Bnwdr [drrhmd, ]dgodrt fdatgnas ha hbkdr-hse `nrdst (Yruan-@rhxgadtuf Nodrk. 874=) nr pnssgoby h

sprumd-hbkdr `nrdst (Mgrmhdn-Hbadtuf jbutganshd Nodrk. 874=). [edsd `nrdsts jrnw na wdttdr bnmhtgnas

teha ted hse-dbf `nrdst. [edy tnn odbnaj tn ted Hban-Yhkgna. Na ted vdry kry phrts n` ted Bnwdr [drrhmd,

]dgodrt bnmhtds ha dbf-nhl-enraodhf `nrdst (Tbfn-Mhrpgadtuf Yhss. 874=), wegme odbnajs tn ted

Mhrpgagna odtubg. Enwdvdr, ga hjrddfdat wgte ted sngb fhp, ed fdatgnas bnhfs hs ted suostrhtd `nr tegs

`nrdst, wedrdhs wd hrd kdhbgaj wgte shaks, sn teht ted kdsmrgptgna gs ant hppbgmhobd tn nur rdjgna, wedrd h

pnnrdr typd n` nhl `nrdst fhy od mnasgkdrdk gastdhk.

Odmhusd n` ted sfhbb smhbd n` ted vdjdthtgna fh p, ]dgodrt mnubk ant thld gatn hmmnuat ted fhay auhamds

wegme `nrdsts ga h rgvdr vhbbdy mha senws hs h rdsubt n` ted vhrygaj whtdr thobd ha k `rdqudamy n` gauakh tgn a.

Odsgkds `nrdsts n` ted Hban-Yhkgna, hbsn hbkdr mhrrs (Mhrgmg dbnajhthd-Hbadtuf Z. Lnme 87?0) wnubknmmur na ted vdry wdt pbhmds ga ted rdjgna uakdr stuky . ]nfd rdfhgas n` ted Mhrgmg dbnajh thd-Hbad tuf hak

ted Hban-Yhkgna hrd stgbb prdsdat ga ted rdjgna.

[ed vdjdthtgna wegme whs prdsdat ga ted Knahu vhbbdy kurgaj ted Htbhatgm mha od kdkumdk tn h mdrthga

kdjrdd `rnf ted pnbbda kghj rhf n` ted Edgbgjdasthktdr Fnns, h nrfdr, kdhk rgvdr mehaadb h t 5 lf snute n`

Egdaedgf. [egs mehaadb mhfd tn bgd nutsgkd ted whtdr mnursd ga ted Htbhatgm hak whs sbnwby `gbbdk up wgte

mhbmhrdnus jyttch hak pdht. [ed eykrnsdrhb sthjds kdsmrgodk ga Hppdakgx B npda whtdr wgte

Fyrgnpeybbuf hfnaj ntedr pbhats, h odbt n` rddk, rddkfhmds dtm, h kdasd vdjdthtgna wgte thbb sdkjds hak

`fhbby ha hbkdr mhrr, mnubk prnohoby hbb od `nuak ga ted rgvdr vhbbdy, ga nx-onw bhlds, kurgaj ted Htbhatgm.

Odsgkds Ga`nrfhtgna na ted strgmtby bnmhb vdjdthtgna, ted pnbbda kghjrhf hbsn prnvgkds Ga`nrfhtgna na ted

vdjdthtgna n` ted surrnuakgajs. [ed ana-bnmhb pnbbda rhga prnohoby mhfd `rnf ted kry phrt n` ted Bnwdr

[drrhmd hak `rnf ted Enbnmdad rgvdr vhbbdy.

Edrd hjhga, gt gs kg``gmubt tn kgstgajugse ted vdjdthtgna n` onte phrts n` ted surrnuakgaj bhaksmhpd. Gt gs

pbhusgobd teht h rgmedr vdjdthtgna nmmurrdk na ted Enbnmdad kdpnsgts teha na ted rhtedr pnnr, kry tdrrhmd

shaks. Zd tegal teht tedrd wdrd `nrdsts n` ted Hban-Yhkgna na ted Enbnmdad kdpnsgts. [egs `nrdst typd

odbnajs na ynuaj, autrgdat-rgme, fgadrhb sngbs wegme hrd `bnnkdk pdrgnkgmhbby nr wegme hrd ga`budamdk

oy vdrtgmhbby fnvgaj jrnuak-whtdr. Ga nur npgagna, tedsd davgrnafdathb rdqugrdfdats wdrd fdt oy ted

suostrhtd ga ted rgvdr vhbbdy prnpdr. [ed pbhat spdmgds `nuak hrd ant mnatrhkgmtnry tn tegs rdmnastrumtgna.

Fdatgna fhy od fhkd n` ted prdsdamd n` seruos bgld Bgjustruf (hbfnst mdrthgaby B. vubjhrd), Mnraus



[ED PDJD[H[GNA ;=

shajugadh, ]hfoumus agjrh hak Pgourauf npubus. [edsd pbhats fust ehvd stnnk ga ted gffdkghtd

vgmgagty n` ted ohsga, hs ted pnbbda n` tedsd seruos wnubk ntedrwgsd ant ehvd odda nosdrvdk. Hs bnmhtgna `nr

ted serue `bnrh, naby ted rdbhtgvdby wdt, bnhfy Enbnmdad rgvdr vhbbdy mnfds gatn mnasgkdrhtgna. [ed spdmgds

hrd `nuak anwhkhys ga ted Hban-Yhkgna, hfnaj ntedrs. [ed spdmg`gm mnfpnsgtgna n` ted Htbhatgm rgvdr

vhbbdy `nrdst mnubk pnssgoby od kg``drdat `rnf ted prdsdat nad. @nr dxhfpbd rdbhtgvdby `dw pnbbda jrhgas n`

hse hrd `nuak ga ted Edgbgjdasthktdr Fnns. Gt gs kg``gmubt tn httrgoutd tegs pedanfdana dxmbusgvdby tn ted

pnnr kgstrgoutgna n` tegs pnbbda. Hmmnrkgaj tn fhay hutenrs, ted hse gs uakdrrdprdsdatdk oy gts pnbbda

(Edgf 87:9 hak ted bgtdrhturd quntdk tedrd). Hakdrsda tegals teht ted mnuatdk aufodr n` pnbbda senubk

od fubtgpbgdk oy ? ga nrkdr tn nothga h mnrrdmt pgmturd ga mnfphrgsna wgte ntedr spdmgds (Hakdrsda 87:=). G`

ted hse ehk odda prdsdat ga ted rgvdr vhbbdy na h vdry bhrjd smhbd, wd senubk ehvd mnuatdk fnrd teha ted 8

tn ?% (mhbmubhtdk nvdr ha upbhak pnbbdasuf) wegme wdrd hmtuhbby `nuak. Fnrdnvdr, ted pnbbda murvd gs

kgsmnatgaunus. [ed hse sddfs tn ehvd odda prdsdat ga ted Htbhatgm rgvdr vhbbdy `nrdst ga `hr sfhbbdr aufodrs

teha ted prdsdat rdfhgas n` ted `nrdst typd sujjdsts. Fnrdnvdr wd pngat ht ted odehvgnur n` ted dbf. Dbf

trdds hrd fnrd nr bdss aufdrnus ga ted odjgaagaj, out kgshppdhr phrtby `rnf ted vhbbdy `nrdsts hrnuak ;=99

O.M. [eus, ted mnfpnsgtgna n` ted `nrdsts kgk ant rdfhga mnasthat kurgaj ted Htbhatgm.

[ed vdjdthtgna n` ted Bnwdr [drrhmd gs ant rdmnjagzhobd ga ted pnbbda kghjrhf hs h sdphrhtd mhtdjnry.

Hs hbrdhky sthtdk, ted rhtedr rhrd, shaky, kry phrt n` ted tdrrhmd sdkgfdats gs sgtuhtdk hkchmdat tn ted

Edgbgjdasthktdr Fnns. Ydrehps ted pnbbda n` ted ogrme hak snfd n` ted pnbbda n` ted nhl hak ted ehzdb

nrgjgahtd `rnf tegs hrdh. Zd fgjet gfhjgad h ant tnn buxurghat nhl `nrdst edrd. [ed bnw phrts n` ted Bnwdr

[drrhmd wdrd uaknuotdkby mnvdrdk wgte `nrdsts `rnf ted Hban-Yhkgna. [ed sngb edrd gs ant hs pnnr hs na ted

kry pbhmds, odmhusd ted jrnuak-whtdr suppbgds autrgdats hak bgfd. Na pbhmds wedrd ted whtdr sthjahtdk,

ha hbkdr mhrr mnubk ehvd odda prdsdat, ga wegme ted tega pdht bhydr wegme gs `nuak edrd hak tedrd na ted

Bnwdr [drrhmd kdvdbnpdk.

[ed nmmurrdamd n` pnbbda n` h mdrthga mhtdjnry n` bgjet-kdfhakgaj edros jgvds rdhsna tn hssufd teht

tedrd wdrd mbdhrgajs ht snfd pbhmds ga ted `nrdsts. Ht bdhst, tegs whs ted mhsd ga ted kgrdmt surrnuakgaj n` tedEdgbgjdasthktdr Fnns (sdd p. 84: hak p. 808 n` Hppdakgx G). Zd mhaant tdgb wedtedr ted mbdhrgajs ga ted

`nrdst vdjdthtgna wdrd jdadrhb nr wdrd rdstrgmtdk tn ted ohals n` ohsgas .wgte npda whtdr. [ed bhttdr wnubk

om ted mhsd g` ted mbdhrgajs wdrd ted rdsubt n` odhvdr hmtgvgty, hs whs sujjdstdk na p. 808.

Gt hppdhrs `rnf ted honvd httdfpt tn rdmnastrumt ted vdjdthtgna hrnuak ted BOL sdttbdfdat Egdaedgf,

teht wd ehvd odda hobd naby tn rdmnastrumt ted `nrdsts ga ted Enbnmdad rgvdr vhbbdy hak ted `nrdsts ga ted

[drtghry egbby mnuatry tn h mdrthga kdjrdd. [ed rdfhgakdr n` ted kdsmrgptgna gs ohsdk na hssufptgnas.

[ed gavdstgjhtgna n` fhmrn-rdfhgas hkks Ettbd tn nur lanwbdkjd. [ed kdtdrfgahtgna n` ted mehrmnhb

`nuak ga ted sdttbdfdat naby prnvgkds prnn` `nr ted prdsdamd n` mdr thga trdd spdmgds. Kr. @. H. ]mewdgajruodr

`nuak mehrmnhb `rhjfdats n` nhl (Xudrmu ssp .), pgad (Ygaussp.) , hbkdr (Hbaussp. ), medrry (Yruaus hvguf)hak ant ùrtedr gkdatg`ghobd Ynfngkdh (tn wegme jrnup ted hppbd odbnajs). Ynbbda n` hbb tedsd trdds whs

`nuak ga ted gavdstgjhtdk sdkgfdats.

Gt gs novgnus teht fume fnrd rdsdhrme wgbb ehvd tn od mnakumtdk od`nrd h rdhsnahobd kdsmrgptgna n` ted

vdjdthtgna ga ted hrdh hrnuak Egdaedgf mha od jgvda. [ed pnbbda kghjrhfs n` ted Jrnssd Knahufnns hak

ted Edgbgjdasthktdr Fnns wdrd ted odjgaagaj n` tegs thsl. ]dvdrhb kghjrhfs wgbb ehvd tn od fhkd tn hbbnw

ted pgmturd n` ted vdjdthtgna na ted egjedr jrnuaks tn rgsd honvd ted sthjd n` judsswnrl. Zd enpd tn

kgsmuss tegs suocdmt hjhga ga h bhtdr puobgmhtgna.



;; [ED DAPG_NAFDA[

G G G . 4 [ E D @H TA H

Hbtenuje ted wnrk `huah ga ted bgfgtdk sdasd gs usdk naby `nr ted quhbgthtgvd hspdmts n` ted hagfhb wnrbk ga

h mdrthga hrdh, wdsenu bk bgld tn gambukd ted quhat gthtg vd hspdmts hs wdbb ga ted edh kga j " `hu ah" . Zd kn sn,

odmhusd tedrd gs an jdadrhbby usdk pda khat n` ted onthagmhb t drf "vd jdt htg na. "[ed purpnsd n` h rdmnastrumtgna n` h `huah gs tn dsthobgse h bgst n` hbb tensd mrdhturds wegme bgvdk ga h jgvda

hrdh ga h jgvda pdrgnk . Gt hbsn hgfs ht dsthobgsegaj ted au fod r n`dhme spdmgds. [edrd hrd, tn nur lanwbdkjd,

twn whys tn rdhme tedsd jnhbs. [ed `grst fdtenk gs tn stuky ted hagfhb rdfhgas< ted sdmnak fdtenk gs ted

rdmnastrumtgna n` ted hagfhb wnrbk ternuje ted rdmnastrumtdk bhaksmhpd hak gts vdjdthtgna.

Ga ted `grst fdtenk ted kggîgmubty hrgsds teht ted prdsdamd n` `huahb rdfhgas sume hs sldbdthb rdfahats, gs

strnajby kdpdakdat na ted mnfpnsgtgna n` ted suostrhtuf ga wegme tedy dakdk up h`tdr tedgr kdhte. [eus

mhbmhrdnus sldbdtnas hrd mnasdrvdk naby ga mhbmhrdnus nr vdry kry davgrnafdats. Dbsdwedrd tedy kgssnbvd

h`tdr h senrtdr nr bnajdr tgfd, kdpdakgaj na tedgr sgzd. [ed rdsubt gs teht ga fhay hrdhs tedrd gs an sldbdthb

fhtdr ghb hvh gbhobd `nr stuky ht hbb hak teht ga nted r hrdhs sdbdmtgvd mnrrnsgna pbhys ha gfpn rth at phr t.

]nfdtegaj bgld tegs hppbgds tn enra hak megtga. [ed stuky n` `huahb rdfhgas tedrd`nrd sdbknf rdsubts ga h

mnfpbdtd bgst n` spdmgds.

[ed sdmnak, gakgrdmt fdtenk wnrls ternuje ted rdmnastrumtgna n` ogntnpds (ahturhb davgrnafdats n`

hagfhbs). @grst ted bhaksmhpd gs rdmnastrumtdk hs `hr hs pnssgobd wgtenut hagfhbs hak teda gt gs dstgfhtdk

wegme hagfhbs hak enw fhay n` tedf mnubk bgvd ga teht bhaksmhpd. N` mnursd, tegs fdtenk mha om usdk

naby g nad ehs ha gkdh honu t ted hagfh b spdmgds wegme bgvdk ga ted pdrgnk uakdr mnasgkdrhtgna hak hon ut

tedgr ogntnpds.

G` wd wgse tn dsthobgse wegme hagfhbs tedrd wdrd hrnuak ted BOL sdttbdfdats ga ]nutedra Bgfourj hak

hrnuak ted BOL smttbdfdat Egdaedgf, gt trhaspgrds teht tedrd hrd vdry `dw hagfhb rdfhgas tn ga`nrf us.

Hssdfobhjds n` suo`nssgbs, wegme khtd `rnf ted Htbhatgm hak wegme nrgjgahtdk gakdpdakdatby n` fha, hrd

hbfnst datgrdby hosdat ga onte dxhfgadk hrdhs. [ed hssdfobhjds lanwa mnasgst n` sfhbb `rdsewhtdr

fnbbusls, nstrhmnks hak ted bgld3 `huahs wegme hrd n` bgttbd rdbdvhamd tn nur stuky. [ed hvhgbhobd `nssgb

hssdfobhjds hrd rdstrgmtdk tn hater npnjdad hssdfobhjds ga whstd, phrtgmu bhrby tn ted gbbgaj n` pgts. [egs ehs

ted mnasdqudamd teht ted rdfhgas `nuak hbwhys rdprdsdat ha haternpnjdad sdbdmtgna `rnf ted wgbk `huah.

Yrnohoby ant dvda hbb hagfhbs jhtedrdk oy fha hrd rdprdsdatdk ga ted whstd mnamdatrhtgnas, sgamd wd fhy

dxpdmt tn `fk naby rdbhtgvdby bhrjd rdfahats tedrd. Yhrts n` sfhbb hagfhbs wdrd prnohoby advdr ternwa

gatn ted whstd pgts odmhusd tedy wdrd tnn sfhbb tn od ehakbdk hs whstd. _dfahats n` jrhss-enppdrs hak

mhtdrpgbbhrs hrd tedrd`nrd fnrd bgldby tn od `nuak ga mnprnbgtds teha hfnajst jdadrhb ruoogse. Ha

gavdstgjhtgna n` pgts `gbbdk wgte whstd tedrd`nrd mha advdr prnvgkm fnrd teha h vdry gamnfpbdtd bgst n`

spdmgds. Odsgkds tedrd gs h qugtd kg `drdat prno bdf ga te ht snfd hagfhb rdfhgas fhy ehvd odda gfpn rtdk.

@nr ]gtthrk, ]tdga hak Dbsbnn wd kn ant dvda ehvd ted honvd-fdatgnadk haternpnjdad hssdfobhjds ht

nur kgspnshb. [ed bndss, ga wegme ted rdùsd pgts hrd bnmhtdk, gs kdmhbmg`gdk tnn kddpby tn hbbnw tedprdsdrvhtgna n` onads hak ted bgld. [ed naby smttbdfdat ga ted `hr surrnuakgajs wedrm onaus wdrd `nuak,

gs ted BOL smttbdfdat Fòkkdrsedgf, BkLr. Kurda, O_K, bnmhtdk 04 lf snute-dhst n` nur `fk sgtds.*

[e d hagfhb rdfhgas n` Fòkk drsedgf ehvd odda kdsmrgodk oy ]thfp`bg (]thfp bg 8704). Egs bgst n`

spdmgds n` wgbk hagfhbs mnfprgsds3 ehfstdr, enrsd, wgbk onhr, rdk kddr, rnd kddr, hurnmes, ouzzhrk hak

`rdsewhtdr fussdb (Tagnsp.). N`dhme spdmgdsnabyh `dw spdmgfdas wdrd`nuak. Gtgs tnodknuotdk wedtedr

ted ehfstdr khtds `rnf ted BOL pdrgnk. [egs ourrnwgaj hagfhb fhy ehvd kgdk bhtdr ga egs ourrnw uakdr

* Zd bdhvd Lðba-Bgakdatehb nut n` mnasgkdrhtgna, odmhusd ted onads wegme wdrd dxmhvhtdk tedrd hrd kdsmrgodk tnn suffhrgby.



[ED @HTAH ;4

ted jrnuak. Out ha hrjufdat ga `hvnur n` khtgaj tegs hagfhb ga ted BOL pdrgnk gs teht naby nad `rhjfdat

ehs odda dxmhvhtdk. (@rnf Lðtema-Jduz, Lr. Lðteda, KK_, ehfstdr onads hrd lanwa wegme ua-

knuo tdk by odbnaj tn h BOL onad hssdfobhjd , hs tedsd onads hrd mehrrdk (Fub bdr 870;).)

Hs Fòkkdrsedgf gs ant hbb teht `hr hwhy `rnf ]gtthrk, ]tdga hak Dbsbnn hak, fnrdnvdr, hs gt gs bnmhtdk ga

h sgfgbhr bhaksmhpd, wd dxpdmt teht ted spdmgds `nuak oy ]thfp`bg wdrd hbsn prdsdat hrnuak ted sdttbdfdats

wegme wd hrd stukygaj. [ed nrgjgahb `huah, enwdvdr, fust ehvd mnfprgsdk `hr fnrd spdmgds, hs naby sgx

spdmgds n` fhffhbs ehvd odda `nuak. Anwhkhys ]nutedra Bgfourj onhsts ;4 spdmgds hak suospdmgds n`

fhffhbs bgvgaj ga wgbk sthtd (GCssdbgaj & ]medyjrnak 8749 p. 8?;). Hs gt gs lanwa teh t h aufodr n`

fhffhb spdmgds ehvd kgshppdhrdk `rnf ted Adtedrbhaks ga egstnrgd tgfds (dbl, odhr, wnb`, odhvdr) nr ehvd

odmnfd mnfpbdtdby mxtgamt (hurnmes, enrsd), ted aufod r n` spdmgds whs prnohoby sbgjetby egjedr. Fhay n`

ted gakgjdanus fhffhbs hrd sfhbb hagfhbs sume hs fgmd hak ohts. [edsd sfhbb hagfhbs hrd hosdat ga ted

`fks, ht bdhst g` ted ehfstdr gs bd`t nut n` mnasgkdrhtgna. Gt gs surprgsgaj teht ted rdfhgas n` hagfhbs wegme

khtd wgte mdrthgaty `rnf ted pdrgnk n` BOL nmmuphtgna odbnaj tn Durnpm's ogjjdst bhak hagfhbs3 ted

uajubhtds. N` ted sgx uajubhtds wegme wdrd pdrehps gakgjdanus3 enrsd, wgbk onhr, rdk kddr, rnd kddr, dbl

hak hurnmes, `gvd hrd rdprdsdatdk. Out ted mhtdjnry n` mhragvnrds, wegme hbsn gambukds ogj hagfhbs, gsdatgrdby hosdat. [ed `gaks `rnf Fòkkdrsedgf tedrd`nrd prnvgkd h vdry gamnfpbdtd hak uardhb pgmturd n`

ted nrgjgahb fhffhb `huah. [edrd hrd `gvd pnssgobd rdhsnas `nr tegs3 8) ted shfpbd gs fume tnn sfhbb, ?) ted

sfhbb onads n` sfhbb hagfhbs wdrd pdrehps ant h bwhys antgmdk kurg aj ted dxmhvhtgna, =) ted onads n` sfhbb

hagfhbs ehvd kgshppdhrdk ternuje sdbdmtgvd mnrrnsgna, ;) ted rdfhgas n` hagfhb s ntedr teha f hff hbs kgk

ant dak nr naby rhrdby dakdk up ga pgts, 4) fhgaby uajubhtds wdrd euatdk. [ed hssufptgna uakdr 8) gs

uaknuotdkby trud. @nr ?) gt fust od onrad ga fgak teht an sgdvgaj tnnl pbhmd ht ted dxmhvhtgna, sn teht gt gs

ant dxmbukdk t eht sfhbb nocdmts wdrd nvdrbnnldk. [e d ntedr terdd pnssgogbgtgds mhaan t od cukjdk ga tegs

fhtdrghb.

Hagfhbs, ntedr teha fhffhbs, ehvd ehrkby odda fdatgnadk ymt, out gt wgbb od novgnus teht ted sgajbd

ouzzhrk hak `rdsewhtdr fussdb uakdrrdprdsdat ted rdfhgagaj `huah. [edrd`nrd ted dxmhvhtdk onad

fhtdrghb ga an why prnvgkds ha hpprnxgfhtgna n` ted `huah hrnuak ted sdttbdfdat.

Hs fdatgnadk ga ted odjgaagaj n` tegs sdmtgna, tedrd dxgsts h pnssgogbgty tn rdmnastrumt ted `huah n` ha

hrdh oy fdhas n` gts ogntnpds. Ga sdmtgna = ted kg``drdat bhaksmhpds hrnuak ted sdttbdfdats ehvd odda bgstdk.

Ga sdmtgna ; ha httdfpt whs fhkd ht rdmnastrumtgaj ted vdjdthtgna wgtega ted bhaksmhpds. H kdsmrgptgna n`

ted `huah n` ted hrdh fhy anw od httdfptdk. Zd sthrt `rnf ted hssufptgna teht ted hagfhbs wegme bgvd ga

]nutedra Bgfourj ht prdsdat, wgte ted dxmdptgna n` fnrd nr bdss rdmdatby gfpnrtdk spdmgds, wdrd hbsn

rdprdsdatdk ga ted Htbhatgm `huah, prnvgkdk teht tedgr ogntnpds wdrd tedrd. @nr ted bhttdr gt fhy od

hssufdk, ga hjrddfdat wgte fhay hrmednznnbnjgsts, teht ted ogntnpds n` ted kg``drdat spdmgds ehvd ant

mehajdk dssdatghbby (Ondssadml 8745, Fubbdr 870;, Mbhsna ga prdss). Zd fhy hkk tn ted bgst n` rdmdat

spdmgds tensd hagfhbs n` wegme gt gs lanwa teht tedy kgshppdhrdk `rnf ted hrdh ga ted egstnrgd pdrgnk. [ed

honvd hssufptgnas hrd kddfdk tn od custg`gdk, odmhusd ted pdrgnk tn od rdmnast rumtdk gs wgtega ted egstnry

n` huah h vdry rdmdat nad. Ga sdmtgna = gvd bhaksmhpds wegme nmmur rdk wg tega h rhkgus n` 89 lf hrnua k ted

sdttbdfdats wdrd kgstgajugsedk3 twn bndss hrdhs, ha hrdh wgte tega bndss na jrhvdb, ha dnbgha shak hrdh hak h

rgvdr vhbbdy bhaksmhpd. [ed rgvdr vhbbdy bhaksmhpd mnfprgsds ga `hmt h fnshgm n` kg``drdat bhaksmhpds hak

wgbb tedrd`nrd ehvd ehk sdvdrhb ogntnpds gambukgaj onte ruaa gaj hak s thjahat whtdr, ohal znads, mhrrs hak

vhbbdy Nnnr `nrdsts.

Ht Fòkkdrsedgf naby ted `rdsewhtdr fussdb jgvds dvgkdamd n` hagfhb bg`d ga ted whtdr. Out ted hquhtgm

davgrnafdat fust ehvd hmmnfnkhtdk fhay ntedr hagfhb .spdmgds, hfnaj wegme h jrdht vhrgdty n` `gse.



;0 [ED DAPG_NAFDA[

Mrhy`gse fust ehvd Evdk ga ted rgvdr ohabms, odtwdda ohrdk trdd rnnts. [ed vhrgdk `huah n` ted ohal znad gs

ant prdsdat ga ted smhaty fhtdrghb `rnf Fòkkdrsedgf. Ga tegs znad bgvd `rnjs, pnak turtbds, whtdr-ogrks,

sfhbb fhffhbs sume hs ted jrnuak vnbd, ogjjdr fhffhbs sume hs nttdr hak odhvdr. _dhbby ogj hagfhbs hrd

`nuak ga ted mhrrs3 wgbk onhr, wegme gs rdprdsdatdk ga ted rdfhgas, hak ga suffdr pdrehps dbl. [ed bhttdr

prd`drs krydr jrnuak ga wgatdr. N` mnursd, ted mhrrs hbsn hmmnfnkhtd sfhbbdr hagfhbs. Phbbdy `bnnr `nrdstshrd bhydrdk, hs gs kdsmrgodk na phjd =9, ]u``gmgìat bgjet pdadtrhtds ga ted wnnks tn hbbnw ted jrnwte n`

seruos hak edros. ]ume `nrdsts hrd usuhbby mehrhmtdrgzdk oy h `huah wegme, `nr h `nrdst hrdh, gs rdbhtgvdby

rgme ga spdmgds. Zd dxpdmt tn `gak sahgbs, fhay ogrk spdmgds, fgmd, ohts, rnd kddr hak hurnmes, teht gs hagfhbs

prd`drrgaj ha npda `nrdst wgte uakdrstnry vdjdthtgna.

[ed twn bndss bhaksmhpds, ted shak hrdh hak ted hrdh wgte tega bndss na jrhvdb wdrd, hmmnrkgaj tn nur

rdmnastrumtgna, mnvdrdk wgte h thbb, khrl `nrdst wgte bgttbd uakdrstnry vdjdthtgna (p. =4). Naby h `dw

hagfhb spdmgds mha bgvd ga tegs typd n` vdjdthtgna3 squgrrdbs, fhrtdas hak ogrks ga ted trdds, na ted jrnuak

snfd fnusd spdmgds, `nxds, rdk kddr, odhrs, wnbvds hak hbsn wgbk onhr, prnvgkdk tedrd gs whtdr ga ted

vgmgagty. (Hbb tedsd hagfhbs mha hbsn od prdsdat ga ted bgjetdr `nrdsts.) [ed pgmturd mehajds hs snna hs npda

sphmds hrd `nrfdk ga ted `nrdsts. Oy ted prdsdamd n` npdagajs odtwdda ted trdd-tnps ted `nrdst thlds namdrthga mehrhmtdrgstgms n` npda `nrdst3 jrnwte n` seruos hak thbb edros. [ed vdjdthtgna n` ted npda pbhmds

wgbb httrhmt ted hagfhbs n` ted bgjetdr `nrdst typd.

]nfd n` ted hagfhbs wegme mnubk pdrehps od `nuak hrnuak ted BOL sdttbdfdats ]gtthrk, ]tdga hak

Dbsbnn ehvd anw odda fdatgnadk. [ed daufdrhtgna gs ant fdhat hs h mnfpbdtd rdmnastrumtgna n` ted

`huah. Gt wgbb od novgnus teht ted `fhb jnhb fdatgnadk ga ted odjgaagaj n` tegs sdmtgna3 h mnfpbdtd

rdmnastrumtgna, ehs kdjdadrhtdk tn h sdrgds n` qunthtgnas `rnf onnls kdsmrgogaj rdmdat `huahs, sume hs ted

Snnjkgdrdajgks oy Pha kda Orgal (vha kda Orgal 87:?), `rnf wegme fume n` ted honvd ehs odda thlda.

Nad rdfhrl senubk od fhkd. Edrd, hs ga fhay sgfgbhr sldtmeds (d.j. Gvdrsda 87:=) rdbhtgvdby tnn fhay

fhffhbs ehvd odda fdatgnadk. Out ted `huah mnfprgsds fhay ntedr spdmgds, ted dxgstdamd n` wegme

senubk ant od `nrjnt tda. ' '

Hs nr ted qu hat gth tgvd hspdmts n` ted `huah, gt gs gfpnssgobd tn rdmnastrumt ted aufod rs n` hbb ted spdmgds.

Zd rdstrgmt nursdbvds tn snfd spdmg`gm hagfhbs hak fnrd prdmgsdby tn tensd uajubhtds n` wegme onads ehvd

odda `nuak. [egs mengmd gs hrogtrhry. Ga gfpnrthat `gaks gt fgjet od usdùb tn mnasgkdr ted aufodrs n`

spdmgds wegme hrd ant `nuak ga ted sdttbdfdat. Gt mnubk od teht hbb spdmgds, wegme hrd ant rdprdsdatdk ga ted

`gak fhtdrghb, vvmrm sn rhrd teht tedy mnubk ehrkby od euatdk. Gt gs hbsn pnssgobd tehb snfd spdmgds wdrd

jdadrhbby prdsdat, out teht tedy wdrd ant euatdk `nr nad rdhsna nr hantedr. Hs ehs hbrdhky odda shgk na

phjd ;4, ted fhtdr ghb n` Fòkkdrsedgf gs ant vnbufganus danuje tn hbbnw sug e mnambusgnas, wegme gs wey

ted uajubhtds, ted prdsdamd n` wegme gs mdrthga, ehvd odda mensda. @H[E tegs rdstrgmtdk thsl hppdhrs tn od

vdry kg``gmubt hak hbfnst gfpnssgobd.

H `grst prnobdf gs teht onte enrsd hak hurnmes hrd dxtgamt. Khth mnamdragaj ted kdasgty n` ted pt)pubhtgnggs

ga qudstgna, g.d. ted aufomr n` gakgvgkuhbs pdr sur`hmd-ugggt, hrd ant hvhgbhobd hak mha novgnusby an bnajdrod nothgadk. [ed rdmnastrumt gna n` ted aufodrs n` ted ntedr te rdd spdmgds3 rdk kddr, rnd kddr hak wgbk onhr,

prdsdats qugtd h kg``drdat prn obdf. Hbbenujbg tedy hrd ant dxtgamt, tedgr ahturhb kdasgtgds ga ted bnrdsts n`

(cmatrhb hak Zdstdra Durnpd hrd hbsn ualanwa, odmhusd tedsd kdasgtgds ehvd odda ga`budamdk strnajby oy

fha bnr h bnaj tgfd. [edsd terdd spdmgds, omgaj s\)dmg`gdk hs jhfd hagfhbs, ehvd odda `hvnurdk, mdrthgaby ga

ted egstnrgd pdrgnk, ht ted dxpdasd n` tedgr ahturhb dadfgds, ted bhrjd mhragvnrds. _dhb prgfdvhb `ngdsts,

wedrd tedrd gs stgbb h aht urhb oh bhamd , kn ant dxgst ga Lurnpd hay fnrd (Zdsten`g 870:) . [ed naby tffodrs

wegme wd mha prdsdat hs pnpubhtgna kdasgty, teus rdbhtd tn prntdmtdk jhfd hagfhbs. [edsd kdasgtgds hrd

prnohoby tnn egje `nr ted mgrmafsthamds uakdr stuky.



[ED @HTAH ;:

[ed fhxgfuf kdasgty wegme rnd kddr mha rdhme od`nrd khfhjgaj ted vdjdthtgna odynak rdmnvdry (ted

sn-rhbbdk dmnanfgmhb kdasgty) gs, hmmnrkgaj tn Tdmldrfhaa, =-88 gakgvgkuhbs pdr 899 eh. H kdasgty n` =

hppbgds tn ted bdhst `hvnurhobd ogntnpds hak 88 tn ted dxtrdfdby `hvnurhobd ogntnpds. Kho ur na jgvds h

kdasgty n` = tn 5 `nr ted @rdame `nrdsts (Tdmldr fhaa 874:, Kho urn a 870=). [edsd huten rs sthtd teht ted

kdasgty kdpdaks strnajby na ted rhtgn kdmgk unus `nrdst - mnag`drnus `nrdst, ou t hbsn na ted qu hat gty n` `nrdst

dkjd hak npda pbhmds prdsdat ga ted hrdh. [ed fnrd fhrjgas hak mbdhrgajs, ted kdasdr ted rnd kddr

pnpubhtgna. Jrhss-mnvdrdk mbdhrgajs hrd bdss `hvnurhobd teha pbhmds wgte thbb edros (Lbðtzbg 8704). Gt gs

novgnus teht h jnnk pgmturd n` ted npdaadss n` ted bhaksmhpd gs admdsshry `nr kdtdrfga gaj ted kdasgty n` ted

rnd kddr pnpubhtgna. Tdmldrfhaa jgvds kgrdmtgvds oy wegme ted vhbud n` h mdrthga bhaksmhpd `nr rnd kddr

mha od dstgfhtdk (Tdmldrfhaa 874: p. ?7). H kdasd kdmgkunus `nrdst na bndss hak hbsn h kdasd `nrdst ga h

rgvdr vhbbdy odbnaj, hmmnrkgaj tn tegs systdf n` vhbuds, tn ted hrdhs wgte h fganr rnd kddr pnpubhtgna,

ahfdby terdd gakgvgkuhbs pdr 899 eh ht ted fnst. Anwhkhys sume h pnpubhtgna gs mnasgkdrdk tnn sfhbb `nr

euatgaj purpnsds. [ed pnpubhtgna wgbb gamrdhsd hs ted bhaksmhpd odmnfds fnrd npda. G` tedrd hrd hbsn rdk

kddr ga ted hrdh, hs whs ted mhsd hrnuak ]gtthrk, ]tdga hak Dbsbnn, ted aufodr n` rnd kddr wgbb od sfhbbdr

teha ted honvd-fdat gnadk kdasgty n` = pdr 899 eh. @nr dhme rdk kddr tedrd gs nad rnd kddr bdss. [e d `hmt tehtnaby nad rdk kddr gs dqugvhbdat n` nad, fume sfhbbdr, rnd kddr gs httrgoutdk oy Tdmldrfhaa tn ted

mgrmufsthamd teht ted `nnk n` rdk kddr gs naby phrtby gkdatgmhb tn teht n` rnd kddr.

Ga hantedr puobgmhtgna, Tdmldrfhaa prnvgkds `gjurds honut ted dmnanfgmhb kdasgty n` rdk kddr.

Hmmnrk gaj tn egs systdf n` vhbuds, tedrd wnubk od bdss teha 8.4 gakgvgkuhbs pdr 899 eh ga nur hrdh

(Tdmldrfhaa 8709 p. =?). Khourna hjrdds wgte Tdmldrfhaa's vgdwpngat (Khourna 870=). Nad rdk kddr

pdr 899 eh gs mnasgkdrdk hs cust danuje `nr euat gaj purpnsds.

Zd hrd, ht ted fn fdat, uah whr d n` hay sume stukgds nr wgbk onhr. Zd dxpdmt teht tedrd wdrd naby h `dw

gakgvgkuhbs pdr 899 eh. Ga ted rgvdr vhbbdys ted onhr pnpubhtgna wgbb ehvd odda bhrjdr teha na ted pbhtdhus,

ga vgdw n` tedsd hagfhbs' jrdht addk `nr rdjubhr fuk-ohtes.

[ed hssufptgna ga sdmtgna ; teht tedrd wdrd `dw nhls na ted shak hak ted bndss, mnubk hbsn bdhk tn ted

mnambusgna, teht ted vhbbdys wdrd fnrd httrhmtgvd tn ted onhr. Oddmeds wdrd ant nr ehrkby prdsdat ga ted

pdrgnk uakdr mnasgkdrhtgna, sn teht hmnras fust ehvd odda ha gfpnrthat phrt n` tedgr `nnk.

@nr hbb wgbk hagfhbs gt sddfs tn hppby teht ted kdasgty gamrdhsds hs ted bhaksmhpd npdas ([smed rfhl

8749). G` wd fhy hssufd teht ted BOL nmmuphtgna mrdhtdk mbdhrgajs wd fhy hbsn hssufd teh t ted kdasgty n`

bgu' wgbk hagfhbs ggu rmhsmk (bf gggt< tbght ndg uphtgna.

.Rt Egmggbgngf tbgdmnakgtgnas bnr tedmnasdrvhbgngg nònads hrd snfmwbght fnrd `hvnurhobd tgghgg ga ]nub edag

G,gagb)urs1. '8 ed bndss gs knmhbmg`gmk ht Egdabgmgf uatgb hpprnxgagh bmby 59 mf omadhtbg tb usur `h md , .sn teht ted

kdmpdst pgbs rdhmbg gatn bbgd mhbmhrmnus suosngg. .Ps h rdsubt, snfd onad fhtm rgh b bghs odda `nuak kurgaj ted

dxmhvhtgna. [ed fhtmrghb bghs odda kdsmrgodk oy Mbhsna (Mbhsna ga prdss). Gt mnfprgsds ted `nTnwgaj

spdmgds3 .squgrrdb, odhvdr, odhr, wgbk onhr, rdk kddr , rnd kddr , dbl hak uagkdatg`gmk rdfahat s n` gse.

Hfnaj ted mhttbd-onads tedrd hrd snfd n` wegme gt mhaant od kdtdrfgadk wedtbgdr tbgdv odbnajdk tn

knfdst gmhtdk nr tn wgbk mhttbd. [ed hagfhbs, wegme Mbhsna `nuak ga ted fhtdg ghb n` ted ]tgme ohak- hak

_ðssda-sdttbdfdat, mha odhkkdk tn ted bgst. Gt gs trum teht gbgmsm hagfhbs bgvdk snfd mdaturgds hbtdr ted b.bgL

nmmuphtgna, out wd `ddb teht wd fhy hssufd teht hagfhbs `rnf m.j. ted _ðssda-cgdrgnk wdrd hbrdhky prdsdat

ga ted hrdh ku rgaj ted BOL nmmuph tgna, Zd dhtg tbgda hkk `nx, ohkjdr, twn onads gkdatg`gdk hs hurnmes hak

nad hs h Myprgagkd, out ant mhrp, tn ted bgst.

/R `ggrtedr hkkgtgngg mha od nothgadk `rnf ted `gak fhtdrghb n` ted sdtkdfdats _djdasourj-Yòrldbjut hak



;5 [ED DAPG_NAFDA [

_djdasourj-Lufp`fòeb. [ed `grst ehs odda khtdk hs BOL/]tgmeohak/_ðssda, ted sdmnak khtds `rnf ted

pdrgnk n` ted sn-mhbbdk Ohydrgsme _nssda. [ed gkdatg`gmhtgnas hrd oy Ondsadml (Ondsadml 8745).

_djdasourj bgds ga h sgfgbhr surrnuakgaj hs Egdaedgf, =9 lf tn ted anrte-dhst. Ondssadml's bgst fdatgnas,

ga hkkgtgna tn ted odhvdr, odhr, wgbk onhr, rdk kddr, rnd kddr, hurnmes hak `gse rdfhgas wegme wdrd hbsn

`nuak ht Egdaedgf, h ogrk n` ted sgzd n` h kuml, hak h ehrd. Zgte rdspdmt tn ted bhttdr, Ondssadml sthtds teht

ted onam bnnldk hs g` gt kgk ant khtd `rnf ted Adnbgtegm, out `rnf h bhtdr pdr gnk. [edrd`nrd gt gs ant surd

wedtedr ted ehrd odbnajs tn ted bgst.

Mnamdragaj ted ogntnpds n` ted spdmgds nuak ht Egdaedgf Mbhsna rdfhrls3 "[ ed squgrrdb Evds ga addkgd

wnnks hs wdbb hs `nbghjd trdd wnnks, out `hvnurs ynuaj, khrl `nrdsts. [ed odhvdr bgvdk ga bgjet wnnks wgte

uakdrjrnwte hbnaj ted rgvdr. [ed `nx mha bgvd ga h vhrgdty n` ogntnpds, out bglds kry tdrrhga. Ga ted bhst

mdatury gt ehs odmnfd hpphrdat teht ted spdmgds mha hkhpt gtsdb` vdry wdbb tn ted fha-fhkd bhaksmhpd n`

prdsdat khy Durnpd. [ed odhr bgvds ga fgxdk kdmgkunus wnnks. [ed ohkjdr mha od `nuak ga ted shfd

wnnks, out hbsn addks mbdhrgajs ga ted vdjdthtgna. _dk kddr mha bgvd ga wnnks hs wdbb hs ga npda pbhgas. [ed

rnd kddr bgvds ht ted dkjd n` h wnnk, ynuaj wnnks wgte fume uakdrjrnwte nr ga ted npda pbhga g` tedrd gs

danuje seruo mnvdr. [ed dbl addks npda wnnks wgte fume uakdrvdjdthtgna. Ga suffdr, ted spdmgds bgldsfhrsey hrdhs, out ga wgatdr gt prd`drs egjedr hak krgdr tmrrhgas (vha kda Orgal 8705).* Gt sddfs qugtd

pnssgobd teht hbb tensd sbgjetby kg`gdrgaj ogntnpds mnubk ehvd odda `nuak vvgtega whblgaj kgsthamd `rnf ted

sdttbdfdats. [ed Khauod vhbbdy whs gaehogtdk ted ydhr rnuak oy ted odhvdr hak ga suffdr oy dbl, ted

uakgsturodk wnnks oy ted squgrrdb, odhr hak rdk kddr. [ed ohkjdr hak rnd kddr mha ehvd prn`gtdk `rnf ted

npdagaj n` ted `nrdst oy fha, wegbd ted `nx mnubk ehvd bgvdk haywedrd. [ed hurnmes wnubk ehvd

hpprdmghtdk ted npda sphmds mrdhtdk oy fha, wgte tedgr trdd summdssgna."

Zd ùbby hjrdd wgte Mbhsna 's rmfhrl teh t hbb ogntnpds fdatgn adk oy edr mnubk prnoh oby od `nuak wgtega

whblgaj kgsthamd hrnuak ted sdttbdfmat. Gt gs gfpnssgobm tn jgvd h fnrd kdthgbdk kdsmrgptgna, hs wd lanw

vdry bgttbd hon ut ted vdjdtht gna hrn uak E gdaedg f. Ydrehps tedrd whs fnrd npda `nrdst hrnuak Egdaedgf

ga ted kry bgfdstnad hrdh t eha tedr d whs ga nur hrdh hrn uak ]gtth rk, ]tdga hak Dbsbnn. @nr ted rdst wd mnubk

prnkumd h kdsmrgptgna n` ted `huah hrnua k Egd aedgf sgfgbhr tn teht `nr ted `huah ga ]nutedra Bgfour j.

Zd sehbb ant try tn gakgmh td ted kdasgtgds n` ted hagfhbs fdat gnadk oy Mbhsna, hs h su`tgmgmat kdth gbdk

rdmnastrumtgna n` ted vdjdthtgna gs ant hvhgbhobd. [e d naby tegaj tn od shgk honut a ufodrs gs teht pdrehps

ted rdk kddr whs fnrd aufdrnus teha ted rnd kddr, odmhusd `hr fnrd onads wdrd dxmhvhtdk n` ted rdk kddr

(?7 onad `rhjfdats) teh a n` ted rnd kddr (: ona d `rhjfdats). Ga shygaj tegs, wd hssufd teht fh a senws ted

shfd odehvgnur hs ted hagfhbs tn wegme ted `nbbnwgaj qun tht gna rdbhtds3 "Bulhs [gaod rjd a, Ehrv dy

Mrnzd, Cn ea Hbbda, bh a K. ]nhad, Khvgk [. Enrsbdy hak G ehvd `nuak teht `rdqudamy-kdpdakdat sdbdmtgna

gs n`tda damnuatdrdk ga ted odehvgnr n` euatgaj hagfhbs. Ant naby `gse out hbsn prdkhtnry ogrks hak

fhffhbs sddf tn mnam dat rhtd na mnffna typds n` prdy hak tn nvdrbnnl rhrd r typds." (Mbhrld 87:4 p. 45).

]ume h odehvgnur gfpbgds teht houakhat hagfhbs wgbb od `nuak rdbhtgvmby fnrd n`tda ga whstd fhtdrghb

teha rhrdr hagfhbs. N` mnursd, mnfphrgsnas senubk naby od fhkd weda ted rdspdmtgvd hagfhbs hak tedgrrdfhgas hrd fnrd nr bdss mnfphr hobd. Gt gs, nr dxhfpbd, ant custg`gdk tn shy teh t ted squgrrdb whs fume rhrd r

teha ted rdk kddr, ommhusm naby nad squgrrdb- `rhjfdat ehs odda dxmhvh tdk. Enwdvdr, wd hrd ant mhphobd n`

cu kjg aj wedt ed r ted hssufptgna te ht eu at gaj fda rmhmt ga ted shfd why hs eu at ga j hagfhbs gs hbbnwdk<

tedrd`nrd wd fhld ted rmfhrl mnamdragaj ted `rdqudamy n` rdk kddr hak rnd kddr wgte jrdht rdsdrvd.

* ]dd nur rd`drdamd vha kda Orgal 87:?.



ETFHA YNYTBH[GNA] ;7

G G G . 0 E T F H A Y N Y T B H [ G N A ]

H`tdr ted davgrnafdathb `hmtnrs mbgfhtd, suostrhtd, vdjdthtgna hak `huah ehvd odda stukgdk, nad

davgrnafdathb `hmtnr rdfhgas tn od kgsmussdk3 ted prdsdamd nr hosdamd n` pdnpbd wen kn ant odbnaj tn ted

sdttbdfdat. [edsd fhy od pdnpbd `rnf ted shfd "mubturd" nr pdnpbd wgte h qugtd kg``drdat "mubturd". Hs

`hr hs wd lanw, tedrd hrd twn pnpubhtgna jrnups ga nur mhsd wegme wgbb ehvd tn od mnasgkdrdk. [ed nad

jrnup mnasgsts n` pdnpbd wen bgvdk ga adhroy BOL sdttbdfdats. [ed ntedr jrnup gs `nrfdk oy h pnpubhtgna

wgte h Fdsnbgtegm trhkgtgna wegme fgjet ehvd odda prdsdat.

]dvdrhb BOL sdttbdfdats hrd lanwa ga ted surrnuak gajs n` ]gtthrk, ]tdga hak Dbsbnn, wegme tedfsdbvds h rd

bnmhtdk bdss teha 89 lf rnf dhme nted r hak hrd tedrd`nrd adgjeonurs ga tegs rdspdmt. Odsgkds, h rhtedr bhrjd

aufodr n` ntedr sgtds ehvd odda `nuak wgtega h kgsthamd n` 89 lf. [ed sgtds senwa ga `gjurd ? hrd thlda

`rnf h kgstr goutgna fhp puobgsedk ga 87:9 (Fnkkdrfha 87:9). Gt gs trud teh t snfd fnrd sgtds ehvd odda

`nuak sgamd teda, out tegs knds ant mehajd ted kgstrgoutgna phttdra. Zd wdrd hobd, enwdvdr, tn gamnrpnrhtd

tedsd rdmda t nosdrvhtgnas ga `gjurd 80. Na d n` ted sgtds senwa ga `gjurd ?, ted knt na ted wdst ohal n` tedFhhs, bgds cus t nutsgkd ted 89 lf znad. [egs sdtt bdfdat, Mhodrj , gs bgaldk tn h mnamda trh tgna n` sdttbd

fdats ga Odbjguf.

• [ed qudstgna gs wedtedr ted sdttbdfdats wegme hrd senwa na ted kgstrgoutgna fhp dxgstdk sgfub

thadnusby. [edy hrd hbb Bgadhrohakldrhfgl, gt gs trud, out tegs mubturd bhstdk mgrmh ;99 ¸ 49 ydhrs

(Fnkkdrfha 87:9 p. ?98). Gt gs vdry wdbb pnssgobd teht snfd sdttbdfdats wdrd hbrdhky hohaknadk wegbd

ntedrs wdrd ydt tn od `nuakdk. M8; khtds hrd n` an usd ga haswdrgaj tegs qudstgna, odmhusd tedgr rhtedr jrdht

gahmmurhmy fhlds tedf usdbdss tn kdfnastrhtd sgfubthadnus prdsdamd ga h mhsd bgld tegs. [ed kdmnrhtdk

pnttd ry hak ted typnbnjy n` ted enusds n` dr fnrd pnssgogbgtgds `nr h kgvgsgna gatn tgfd pehsds (Fnkkdrfha

87:9). [ed pehsds kgstgajugsedk, Go ternuje bgk, n` wegme fdatgna ehs odda fhkd ga mehptdr GG, wnubk

dhme ehvd bhstdk = tn ; jdadrhtgnas h t ted fnst (Fnkkdrfha 87:9 p. ?98). Zd hssufd teh t sdttbdfdats,wegme odbnaj tn ted shfd pehsd, rdhbby dxgstdk sgfubthadnusby, hbtenuje wd hrd uahobd tn prnvd tegs ht ted

fnfdat.

Ga hjrddfdat wgte Fnkkdrfha, wd kn ant tegal gt prnohobd teht ted sdttbdfdat whs rdougbt na h

mnfpbdtdby adw tdrrhga dhme jdadrhtgna, nr dvda wgtega h jdadrhtgna. Yrnohoby ted pnpubhtgna kgspbhmdk

gtsdb` wgtega h bgfgtdk hrdh ga ted mnursd n` tgfd. [egs kgspbhmdfdat wnubk dxpbhga ted bhrjd sur`hmd nvdr

wegme trhmds n`nmmuphtgna ehvd odda `nuak. [ed trhmds n` ]gtthrk mnvdr mgrmh 89 eh. [rhmds ht ]tdga ehvd

odda `nuak nvdr h sur`hmd n` 0 eh, hak Dbsbnn mnvdrdk ht bdhst 89 eh. ]dvdrhb pehsds, hs tedsd hrd rdmnjagzdk

ga ted pnttdry kdmnrhtgna hak ga ted typnbnjy n` ted enusds, hrd rdprdsdatdk ga tedsd bhrjd hrdhs. Ht h

mdrthga tgfd, naby h phrt n` ted hrdh wegme senws trhmds n`nmmuphtgna anwhkhys, whs rdhbby gaehogtdk.

[egs pedanfdana gfpbgds teht h sfhbb tdst (h sfhbb dxmhvhtgna) mha advdr haswdr ted qudstgna kurgaj

wegme pehsds n` ted BOL h sdttbdfdat whs nmmupgdk. [ensd sgtds wegme hrd lanwa naby oy ted gavdstgjhtgna

n` snfd whstd- gTdk pgts, mhaant od khtdk shtgs`hmtnrgby oy fdhas n` ted mnatdats n` tensd pgts. Odst kht dk hrd

tensd sdttbdfdat hrdhs n` wegme h mnasgkdrhobd phrt ehs odda dxmhvhtdk. Ga ]nutedra Bgfourj tedrd hrd

`nur n` tedf3 ]gtthrk, ]tdga, Dbsbnn hak Jdbdda-Lbugs.

[ed khtds n` hbb sdttbdfdat hrdhs lanwa tn us hrd fdatgnadk ga thobd =. Gt hppdhrs `rnf ted dxmhvhtdk

fhtdrghb n` ]gtthrk, ]tdga hak Dbsbnn, teht tedsd terdd pbhmds dxgstdk sgfubthadnusby kurgaj h aufodr n`

pehsds. Zd tegal teht ted kgsmnatgaugty ga ted fhtdrghb n` ]tdga gs kud tn ted `hmt teht naby h phrt (ant dvda

nad tegrk) n` ted hrdh ehs odda dxmhvhtdk. [ed hosdamd n` pehsd bk ht ]tdga mha od dxpbhgadk fnrd sgfpby



49 [ E D D A P G _ N A F D A [

oy hssufgaj teht ted BOL bgnusds n` tegs pehsd hrd bnmhtmk uakdr rdmdat ougbkgajs, teha oy hssufgaj teht

ted hrmh whs ant nmmup gdk ga ted pehsd ga qudstgna. Ga ted prdsdat puobg mhtgna, wd sthrt `rnf ted

hssufptgna teht hbb terdd sdttbdfdats wdrd nmmupgdk mnatgaunusby. [edy wdrd dhme ntedr's adgjeonurs.

Fnrdn vdr, tedrd wdrd stgbb dtedr sd ttbdfdats wgtega h rhkgus n` 89 lf. Zd sehbb kgsmuss tegs fhtt dr hjhga ga

mehptdr P.

[hobd =. [ed BOL smttbdfdat hrdhs odtwdda Fhhs hak Jdbdda hak ted pehsds kurgaj wegme tedy wdrd nmmupgdk< pehsds hmmnrkgaj tn

Fnkkdrfha 87:9.

/* Gd bk G Gbh Gbo Gl bgk GG ualanwa rd`drdamds

8 Oddl-Ldrldvdbk{6 Ennbstrhht)

? Oddl-Fnbdastrhht= Oddl-Yrnnskgcvdbk

(6 N.G..P. Ybdga); Odrj-Knrpslnf

4 Dbsbnn0 Dbsbnn-Jmubbd: Dbsbnn-Edgkd5 Dbslxg-Cubghahstrhht7 Dbsbnn-]pnnrbgca

89 Jdbdda-Khhbstrhht88 Jdbdda-Lbugs8? Jdbdda-Annrk8= Jdbdda-_gclswdj

(6 Ldrfgspbdga)8; Jmbdda-]thtgna

84 Jdbdda-Sugk80 ]gtthrk

8: ]gtthrk-Yegbgps85 ]gtthrk-Sugk(6 Npenvda)

87 ]tdga?9 ]tdga-Ehvda?8 ]tdga-Edgkdvdbkwdj

?? ]tdga-Eugs 49?= Trfnak-Jrhdtedgkd?; Trfnak-Edaadldas

U U U ‛ U U U U

‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ U U U U

U ‛

U U

U U U ‛ U U U U

U U U U

Hrmegvds _NO

Odmldrs & Ommldrs 87;9

Hrmegvds _NO

Odmldrs & Odmldrs 87;9

Fnkkdrfha 87:9Odmldrs & Odmldrs 87;9

Hrmegvds _NO


Hrmegvds _.F.v.N.


Zhtdronbl 8745/8747

Hrmegvds _NO

Hrmegvds _NO

Oursme 87=:,

Obndfdrs 87:8/87:?,

Hrmegvds _NO

Hrmegvds _NO

Fnkkdrfha 8745/8747k

Hrmegvds _NO

Hrmegvds _NO

Fnkkdrfha 87:9

Enbwdrkh 87?5


Fnkkdrfha 87:9



Hs dxpbhgadk ga sdmtgna 8 n` tegs mehptdr, ted pnssgogbgty dxgsts teht h rdjgna wgte h rhkgus n` 89 lf gs tnn

sfhbb weda wd what tn senw wgte wegme ntedr pdnpbd ted gaehogthats n` ted sdttbdfdats ga qudstgna mnubk

lddp ga khgby mnathmt. H rdjgna wgte h rhkgus n` =9 lf wnubk od ted fhxgfuf, wgtega wegme khgby vgsgts

hak ted bgld mnubk od fhkd. Zeda wd medml g` tedrd wdrd BOL sdttbdfdats odynak ted 89 lf rhkgus

hrnuak ]gtthrk, ]tdga hak Dbsbnn, wd mha pngat `grst ht ted hbrdhky-fdatgnadk smttbdfdat ht Mhodrj.

Mhodrj gs ted dhstdra fnst n` h jrnup n` smttbdfdat hrdhs tn wegme, hfnaj ntedrs, _nsfddr odbnajs.

_nsfddr wnubk ehvd dxgstdk onte kurgaj ted nbk hak ted ynuaj BOL, hs enusd-pbhas ehvd odda `nuak

`rnf pdrgnks G hak GG (Fnkkdrfha 87:9p. 88=). @urtedrtn ted snute-wdst, hbnaj ted rgvdrcdldr nr Jddr,

h bhrjd aufodr n` sdttbdfdats ehvd odda `nuak wegme, ga hs `hr hs gs lanwa, sddf tn odbnaj tn ted ynuaj dr

BOL (kd Bhdt 87:?). Anrte n` ]gtthrk hrd ted sddfgajby gsnbhtdk sdttbdfdats n` Fnat`nrt hak Enra, n`



ETFHA YNYTBH[GNA] 48

49 899 ?99

•yyQ kgstrgo utgna n` BO L sdttbdfhatO

? ; 0 5 la

ff gff fQ

@gj. 5. Jdadrhbgsdk kgstrgoutgna n` BOL sdttbdfmats wgtega h =9 lf kgsthamd n ]gtthrk, ]tmga hak Dbsbnn. ]mhbm 83;99999.



4? [ED DAPG_NAFDA[

;99 499

Qkgttrgoutgna n` BOL sdttbdfdats

? ; d d lf

@gj. 7, Jdadrhbgsmk kgstrgeutgngg n` BOL smttbdfnats wgtega h =9 lf kgsbhamd n Egdaemgf. ]mhbd 83;99999.



ETFHA YNYTBH [GNA] 4=

wegme Ettbd gs lanwa. [edy dxgstdk ht bdhst kurgaj pdrgnk GG. Dhst n` ]gtthrk, ]tdga hak Dbsbnn tedrd hrd

bhrjd mnamdatrhtgnas n` trhmds n` nmmuphtgna, hfnaj wegme tensd n` ted Hbkdaenvdadr Ybhttd hrd ted odst-

lanwa. [edsd hrdhs wdrd gaehog tdk k urga j hbb ted pdrgnks wegme wdrd `nuak ga ]nuted ra Bgfo urj

(Knera-Gefgj 87:;).

[edsd pbhmds, wedrd odhrdrs n` ted Bgadhrohakldrhfgl mubturd bgvdk, hrd senwa ga `gjurd 5. Zedamnathmts wgte ntedr BOL pdnpbd nutsgkd ted nwa bgvgaj hrdh odtwdda ted rgvdrs Fhhs hak Jdbdda dxgstdk,

tedsd wdrd kgrdmtdk tn ted snute-wdst hak phrtgmubhrby tn ted dhst. Ga hs `hr hs ted peysgmhb mnakgtgna n` ted

tdrrhga gs mnamdradk, ted mnathmt senubk ant ehvd odda kg`ggmubt tn dsthobgse. @gjurd 5 hbsn senws ted rdbgd`

hak ted bhrjd whtdr-mnursds. Adgtedr whtdr, anr gfpnrthat kg``drdamds n` hbtgtukd nostrumtdk mnathmts.

Zed tedr mnathmt s rdhbby tnnl pbhmd gs n` mnursd h kg``drdat fht tdr .

[ed BOL sdttbdfdats `rnf ha hrdh dxtdakgaj wgte h rhkgus n` 89 lf hrnuak Egdaedgf, ehvd odmnfd

lanwa ga ted `grst pbhmd oy sur`hmd-mnbbdmtgnas fhkd kurgaj survdys. [edy hrd bnmhtdk ga ted tdrrgtnrgds n`

ted fuagmgphbgtgds Egdaedgf Bklr . Ldbedgf hak Grasg aj Bklr. Ldbedgf, hak ehvd odda mhbbdk Egd aedgf-

@umesbnme, Grasgaj-]mehazd hak Grasgaj 8. Ga Hutufa 87:4, Fnkkdrfha mhrrgdk nut dxmhvhtgnas htEgdaedgf-@umesbnme hak ht Gra sgaj-]mehazd, hfnaj ntedr tegajs ga nrkdr tn nothga h fnrd hmmurh td khtd

`nr tedsd sdttbdfdat hrdhs. [ed sngb trhmds ht Grasgaj-]mehazd turadk nut tn ehvd kgshppdhrdk hbfnst

mnfpbdtdby oy drnsgna. Egdaedgf-@umesbnme prnvgkdk fnrd khth. [edsd hrd stgbb odgaj stukgdk. Gt gs

novgnus, enwdvdr, teht Egdaedgf-@umesbnme dxgstdk sgfubthadnusby wgte Egdaedgf (vha kd Pdbkd 87:0

vdrohb Ga`nrfhtgna). [ed smhaty khth mnamdragaj Grasgaj-]mehazd hak Grasgaj 8 fhld hav sume sthtdfdat

gfpnssgobd. Kurgaj nur survdys wd mnubk kgsmnvdr an ntedr sdttbdfdat hrdhs wgte BOL fhtmrghb. [ed

pbhmds hrd senwa ga `gjurd = hs wdbb hs ga `gjurd 8:.

Ga `gjurd = tedrd gs, od gt odynak ted 89 lf rhkgus, nad fnrd sgtd3 Edrrawhebtehaa Bklr. Ldbedgf. [egs

gs h `grst gakgmhtgna teh t ted jrnup n` sdttbdfdats ht Egdaed gf gs ant gsnbhtdk, out teht tedr d hrd fnrd BOL

sdttbdfdats wgtega h rhkgus n` =9 lf. [ed rdspdmtgvd hrdhs, wedrd BOL nmmuphtgna ehs odda prnvdk, hrd

senwa ga `gjurd 7. [edrd hrd sdttbdfdats adhr Gajnbsthkt hak h vdry bhrjd mnamdatrhtgna ehs odda `nuak

snute n` _djdasourj. Ga onte hrdhs trhmds n` nmmuphtgna ehvd odda `nuak, wegme khtd `rnf ted shfd

pdrgnk hs Egdaedgf. Gt `nbbnws `rnf ted kgstrgoutgna fhp teht Egdaedgf fgjet ehvd fhgathgadk fnst

mnathmt wgte hrdhs ga ted dhst hak ga ted wdst. [edrd gs mbdhrby ha hxgs hbnaj ted rgvdr Knahu.

Bgadhrohakldrhfgl ehs advdr odda `nuak anrte n` Egdaedgf< gt hppdhrs teht BOL sdttbdfdats hrd

rdprdsdatdk rhrdby ga ted snute. Nosthmbds ga ted tdrrhga senubk ant ehvd ehfpdrdk pnssgobd mnathmts. [ed

fhga nosthmbd gs na ted why odtwdda Egdaedgf hak _djdasourj. G` nad trhvdbs hbnaj nr na ted Knahu, h

pbhmd fust od phssdk wedrd ted Kna hu strdhfs ter nuje ted Curhs sgm rdd` bgfdstnad vgh h jnrjd3 ted

PPdbtdaourjdr ]mebumet. [ ed mur rda t gs vdry `hst ht tegs pbhmd hak ted sgkds n` ted vhbbdy hrd egje hak stddp.

Out nad mha dhsgby trhvdb nvdrbhak snute n` ted jnrjd.

[ed BOL nmmuphtgna hrnuak ]gtthrk, ]tdga hak Dbsbnn na ted nad ehak hak hrnuak Egdaedgf na ted ntedr

ehak gs mnamdatrhtdk ga mdrthga hrdhs, hs senw `gjurds 5 hak 7. Odtwdda tedsd mnamdatrhtgnas an trhmds n`

ted Bgadhrohakldrhfgl mubturd hrd `nuak, hphrt `rnf snfd gsnbhtdk nocdmts. Dspdmghbby hs `hr hs ]nutedra

Bgfour j gs mnamdr adk, tegs gs mdrthga by ant h eghtus kud tn bhml n` gavdstgjhtgna. [e drd hrd twn pnssgogbgtgds

wgte rdjhrk tn ted nmmuphtgna n` ted "dfpty" hrdhs3 8) anonky bgvdk tedrd, ?) hantedr pnpubhtgna jrnup

bgvdk tedrd. [ed b httdr mnubk t eda ehvd odda h jrnup wgte h Fdsnbgte gm why n` bg d. @rnf onte rdjgnas Bhtd -

Fdsnbgtegm sgtds hrd lanwa. @nr ]nutedra Bgfourj fdatgna fhy od fhkd n` ted pbhmd ]wdyleugzda,



4; [ED DAPG_NAFDA[

vvegme gs bnmhtdk 4 lf snute n` ]gtthrk, na ted dhst ohal n` ted rgvdr Jdbdda (Znutdrs 874?/874=, Onefdrs

& Znutdrs 8740). Fnrdnvdr, `fks ehvd odda fhkd anrte n` ]gtthrk (Adwdbb 87:9, vha Ehhrda &

Fnk kdrfha 87:=). @nr Egdaed gf, wd rdfgak ted rdhkdr n` sgtds hbnaj ted Hbtfòeb (Ahod r 87:=) hak n`

trhmds n`nmmuphtgna adhr ]hrmegaj Bklr. _djdasourj (]meðawdgss & Zdradr 87:;). Ha hosnbutd khtd n`

tedsd pbhmds gs ua`nrtuah tdby ant hvhgbhobd ydt. Gt sddfs, enwdvdr, teht ted gaehog that s n` BOL sdttbdfdatsehk snfdtegaj tnkn wgte h Fdsnbgtegm trhkgtgna, hsga`budamdsn`tegs trhkgtgna mha om`nuak ga ted typnbnjy

n` ted (bgat hrtm`hmts (Adwdbb 87:9,[hutd 87:=/87:;o). @nr Adwdbb ted sgfubthadnus prdsdamd n` BOL hak

Bhtd-Fdsnbgtegm ga ]nutedra Bgfourj gs tedrd`nrd mdrthga3 "[ed Fdsnbgtegm fgmrnbgtes, rdmnvdrdk

`rnf Ohakldrhfgl mnatdxts . . . hrd uafgst hlhob d gakgmhtgnas n` ted mnatdfpnrhadg ty n` ted

Fdsnbgtegm hak Bgadhrohakldrhfgl pnpubhtgnas hak hbsn teht mnathmt hak hmmubturhtgna tnnl

pbhmd". (Adwdbb 87:9 p. 80:, sdd hbsn Adwdbb 87:= p. ;95). [hutd, enwdvdr, mnubk ehrkby prnvd sume

mnathmts `nr ]nutedra Jdrfhay. Ed rdfhrls teht naby vdry `dw gakgsputhobd gakgjdanus hrtd`hmts ehvd

odda `nuak ga h BOL-mnatdxt. Adgtedr knds ed wgse tn fhld h mnaadmtgna odtwdda jrnuak stnad hkzds ga

Fdsnbgtegm mnatdxt (d.j. ht ]hrmegaj) hak h Adnbgtegm ga`budamd. Wdt, ted pdrgnks ga wegme ted Bhtd-

Fdsnbgtegm hak ted Dhrby-Adnbgtegm wdrd prdsdat ga ]nutedra Jdrfhay, nvdrbhppdk dhme ntedr ht bdhstphrtghbby, sn teht mnathmt gs ant dxmbukdk. [ed kg``gmubtgms dxpdrgdamdk ga trygaj tn prnvd sume mnathmts hrd

httr gout dk oy [hu td tn ted bnw kdasgty n` ted Bhtd-Fdsnbgtegm pnpubhtgna hak /nr h rhpgk hmmu bturh tgna

([hutd 87:=/87:; h hak o). Hbb ga hbb gt gs prnohobd, ga nur npgagna, teht ted hrdhs wegme wdrd ant nmmupgdk

oy ted Bgadhrohakldrhfgl mubturd, wdrd usdk oy pdnpbd wgte h Fdsnbgtegm trhkgtgna. Zd mnasgkdr h

mnathmt odtwdda onte pnpubhtgna jrnups ant dxmbukdk.

G G G . : @ G A H B _ D F H _ L ]

Ga ted honvd sdmtgnas wd ehvd trgdk hs `hr hs pnssgobd tn rdmnastrumt ted davgrnafdat n` ted sdttbdfdats

mensda `nr nur gavdstgjhtgna. Ga kngaj sn, wd `nbgnwdk ted gkdhs kdvdbnpdk ga sdmtgna 8. [ed naby `hmtnr

wegme wd ehvd ant thlda gatn hmmnua t, gs ted prdsdamd n` rhw fhtdrghbs wgtega ted enfd rhajd. Zd tegal gt

odttdr tn kgsmuss tegs hspdmt ga mehptdr GP, ga wegme ted rhw fhtdrghbs wgbb od stukgdk.

Zd ehvd trgdk tn fhld ted rdmnastrumtgna hs kdthgbdk hs pnssgobd. Ht ted fnfdat wd `hgb tn sdd enw ted

hmmurhmy mha od gamrmhsdk. Naby ht ha nmmhsgnahb pngat mnubk fnrd gavdstgjhtgna orgaj gfprnvdfdats ht

senrt antgmd. H fnrd kdthgbdk kdsmrgptgna n` ted vdjdthtgna hrnuak Egdaedgf wgbb odmnfd hvhgbhobd weda

fnrd phbyanbnjgmhb rdsdhrme ehs odda mhrrgdk nut.

[ed davgrnafdat ga ted hrdh wegme wd ehvd mhbbdk "]n uted ra B gf ourj" `nr `mnavdagdamd' shld, hppdhrs

tn senw onte kg``drdamds hak sgfgbhrgt gds wgte ted davg rnafdat n` Egdaedg f. H `hmtnr ga wegme h kg``drdamd

mha od kgstgajugsedk, gs ted mbgfhtd, wegme ht Egdaedgf ehk h snfdweht fnrd Mnatgadathb mehrhmtdr teha

ga ]nutedra Bgf ourj . Hbsn ted suostrh td gs kg``drdat. [e d tdrrhga h rnua k Egdaedgf gs mehrhmtd rgzdk oy

bhaksmhpd uagts ga phrt kg`gdrrgaj `rnf tensd ga ]nuted ra Bgfou rj. [ed kgstrgou tgna n` ted bhaksmhpd uagts

nvdr ted Egdaedgf rdjgna ehs h vdry kgscngatdk hppdhrhamd, tegs ga mnatrhst tn ]nutedra Bgfourj wedrd

ted fhcnr bhaksmhpd uagts mnvdr mnedrdat sur`hmds. ]gfgbhrgtgds hrd `nuak ga ted prdsdamd n` h bndss

bhaksmhpd hak h rgvdr-vhbbdy bhaksmhpd, wegme hrd onte prdsdat ga ted gffdkghtd vgmgagty n` hbb `nur

sdttbdfdats. Hantedr sehrdk mehrhmtdrgstgm gs prdsdat ga ted vdjdthtgna. Onte hrdhs wdrd mnvdrdk wgte

kdmgkunus `nrdsts, hbtenuje bdss gs lanwa honut ted `nrdsts adhr Egdaedgf teha honut tensd ga ]nutedra

Bgfourj . [ed rdspdmtgvd `huahs ehk pdreh ps fha y hagfh b spdmgds ga mnffna3 ht bdhst gt gs mdrthga teht



@GAHB_DFH_L] 44

kddr, rnd kddr, onhr hak hurnmes wdrd prdsdat adhr Egdaedgf, hs wdbb hs ga ted surrnuakgajs n` ]gtthrk,

]tdga hak Dbsbnn.

[ed qudstgna gs tn weht dxtdat ted sgfgbhrgtgds hak kg``drdamds ehk h rdmnvdrhobd ga`budamd na khgby E`d ga

ted `nur sdttbdfdats. Mnaadmtdk tedrdtn gs ted qudstgna tn weht dxtdat ted rdmnastrumtgna n` ted

davgrnafdat haswdrs ted purpnsd, wedtedr gt gs gasu``gmgdatby kdthgbdk nr, na ted mnatrhry, n``drssupdr`bunus Ga`nrfhtgna. [edsd qudstgnas mha od haswdrdk naby weda ted rdbhtgna odtwdda ted sdttbdfdat

hak gts davgrnafdat ehs odda suocdmtdk tn h mbnsdr stuky. Naby ht ted dak n` nur stuky sehbb wd od hobd tn

shy enw rdbdvhat nur rdmnastrumtgnas hrd.



GP

[ED _DBH[GNA] OD[ZDDA [ED GAEHOG[HA[]

N@ [ED ]D[[BDFDA[] HAK [EDG _ DAP G_N AFD A[

G P. 8 G A [ _ N K T M [ G N A

[e d prdsdamd n` sdttbdfdats ga ted davg rnafdat kdsmrgodk ga meh ptd r G GG gfpbgds teh t ted gaehog that s n` ted

sdttbdfdats wdrd hobd tn survgvd ga teht davgrnafdat. Ga phrtgmubhr, gt fdhas teht tedy wdrd hobd tn kdrgvd

onte `nnk hak krgalgaj whtdr `rnf gt, dgtedr kgrdmtby oy ted bnmhb prdsdamd n` onte vgthb ammdssgtgds, nr

gakgrdmtby oy ted prdsdamd n` h `hmtnr oy wegme tedsd mnubk od nothgadk. [ed fhga rdbhtgnas odtwdda fha

hak davgrnafdat hrd teus dsthobgsedk hak `nnk hak whtdr hrd tedrd`nrd ted `grst suocdmts tn od kgsmussdk.

@nnk hak whtdr, enwdvdr, hrd ant ted naby `hmtnrs teht mha od pbhmdk ga ted `rhfdwnrl n` rdbhtgnas

odtwdda fha hak egs davgrnafdat. Fha wgtenut tnnbs gs gamnamdgvhobd hak fha usuhbby pnssdssds fhay

ntedr gtdfs. H aufodr n` tedsd nocdmts hrd rdtrgdvdk kurgaj dxmhvhtgnas. @urtedr, trhmds n` ougbkgajs ehvd

odda rdvdhbdk ga ted sdttbdfdats. [ed rhw fhtdrghbs `nr nocdmts hak mnastrumtgnas fust ehvd odda thlda

`rnf ted davgrnafdat. Edamd ted nrgjga n` ted kg``drdat rhw fhtdrghbs gs ted tegrk nocdmt tn od kgsmussdk.

[ed `nurte suocdmt rdbhtds tn hantedr uagvdrshb hspdmt, ahfdby `grd hak ted ùdb rpqugrdk.

Hs wd ehvd dxpbgmgtby gambukdk ga ted davg rnafdat ted prdsdamd n` jrnups n` pdnpbd ntedr teha tensd wen

gaehogtdk ted sdttbdfdats uakdr dxhfgah tgna, ted g te suocdmt n` nur stuky senubk kdhb wgte ted rdbhtgnas

odtwdda ted sdttbdfdat hak ted adgjeonurgaj pnpubhtgnas. ]ume h kdsmrgptgna, enwdvdr, rdqugrds ha

gasgjet gatn ted ah tur d n` mnathm ts odtwdda jrnups n` pdnpbd ga jdadrh b. ]gamd wd kn ant ehvd ted admdsshry

lanwbdkjd, wd sehbb `nrjn tegs stuky hak rdstrgmt nursdbvds tn ted `nur fhtdrghb hspdmts bgstdk.

Ga nur npgagna, ted kdsmrgptgna n` fhtdrghb tegajs senubk ga prgamgpbd prnvgkd terdd lgaks n` khth3 h

quhbgthtgvd kdsmrgptgna, h sthtdfdat honut ted nrgjga hak ha gakgmhtgna n` ted quhatgtgds usdk. Ga prhmtgmd,

ted dfpehsg s wgbb od na h kg``drdat lgak n` kh th `nr dhme suocdmt .

Zedrd `nnk gs mnamdradk, h kdsmrgptgna fust od jgvda n` ted pbhats hak hagfhbs wegme wdrd dhtda< gt

fust hbsn od sthtdk wedtedr nr ant ted `nnk whs jhtedrdk nr prnkumdk oy ted gaeho gthats n` ted sdttbdfdats

tedfsdbvds. G` ted gaehogthats prnvgkdk tedgr nwa `nnk, ted nrgjga n` ted `nnkstu``s, nr ht bdhst ted sgzd n` ted

hrdh hrnuak ted sdttbdfdat wedrd gt mhfd `rnf, mha od wnrldk nut. Hs shgk ga GGG. 8, pdnpbd sdbknf trhvdb

ùrtedr teh a 8 nr ? enur s' whblgaj kgsthamd `rnf tedgr sdttbdfdat tn jdt `nnk. Jht edr dk nr prnkumdk

`nnkstu``s fust ehvd mnfd `rnf ted sgtd tdrrgtnry kd`gadk ga GGG. 8, teht gs ga ha hrdh wgte h rhkgus n` 89 lf htted fnst hrnuak ted sdttbdfdat. Nad mha try n` mnursd tn gakgmhtd wedtedr snfd phrts n` ted sgtd tdrrgtnry

wdrd fnrd gfpnrthat teha ntedr phrts `nr ted nrgjga n` h mdrthga typd n` dkgobds. Nad fhy try d.j. tn

kdtdrfgad ted bnmhtgna n` `gdbks. H quhatgthtgvd mnasgkdrhtgna n` ted `nnk suppby fust n` mnursd ant od

dxmbukdk, sgamd ted quhatgty n` `nnk hvhgbhobd `nr mnasufptgna gs n` jrdht gfpnrthamd `nr ted bg`d ga ted

sdttbdfdats.

Zgte rdspdmt tn ted whtdr suppby, ted quhbgty n` ted whtdr hak ted quhatgty hvhgbhobd ga dhme sdhsna pbhy

h phrt. Ga nur hrdhs n` ]nutedra Bgfo urj hak Agdkdro hydra ted prdsdamd n` `rdsewhtdr t ernuje nut ted



GA[_NKTM[GNA 4:

ydhr gs antegaj spdmghb, sn teht tegs hspdmt wgbb ehrkby od fdatgnadk. Enwdvdr, h quhatgty tn od dsthobgsedk

gs ted kgsthamd odtwdda ted whtdr hak ted sdttbdfdats.

H mdatrhb pngat ga ted kdsmrgptgna n` dhme lgak n` rhw fhtdrghb gs gts nrgjga. Oy mnfphrgaj ted fhtdrghbs

`rnf ted sdttbdfdat wgte ted fhtdrghbs prdsdat ga ted davgrnafdat, ha httdfpt fhy od fhkd tn kdtdrfgad

ted pnssgobd nrgjga. [ed uakdrbygaj tenujet ga tegs gavdstgjhtgna gs teht pdnpbd trgdk tn hvngk tedtrhaspnrthtgna n` fhtdrghbs hs fume hs pnssgobd. ]thrtgaj `rnf ted hssufptgna teht rhw fhtdrghbs `rnf ted

vgmgagty n` ted sdttbdfdat wdrd prd`drrdk nvdr rhw fhtd rghbs teh t ehk tn od ornujet snfd kgsthamd,* wd `grst

mnfphrd ted rhw fhtdrghbs n` hrtd`hmts hak ted bgld wgte tedgr adhrdst snurmds. Zeda h jnnk sgfgbhrgty gs

`nuak, gt gs vdry prnohobd teht ted rhw fhtdr ghbs ga qudstgna gakddk mhfd rnf ted gavdstgjhtdk pbh mds .'

Zeda an shtgs`hmtnry phrhbbdb mha od `nuak hfnaj ted fhtdrghbs ga ted kgrdmt surrnuakgajs n` ted

sdttbdfdat, bnmhtgnas ùrtedr hwhy fhy od thlda gatn hmmnuat. [eus, terdd typds n` prnvdahamd fhy od

kgstgajugsemk edrd. [ed `grst nad gs ted "sgtd t drr gtn ry" hs kd`gadk ga G GG . 83 fhtdr ghbs `rnf tegs hrdh fh y od

shgk tn od bnmhbby prdsdat, sgamd tedy mnubk od `dtmedk khgby oy ted gaehogthats n` ted sdttbdfdats. [ed

sdmnak gs h snurmd ga ted "enfd rha jd" hskd `fd kga GG G. 8, teht gs `rnf ted hrdh wegme mha od vgsgtdk wgtega

nad khy hak wegme tednrdtgmhbby mnvdrs h mgrmbd wgte h rhkgus n` 0 enurs' whblgaj kgsthamd nr =9 lf. [egsfhtdrghb tnn mnubk od nothgadk khgby. [ed kgstgamtgna gs fhkd odmhusd ted hrdh quhbg`gdk hs "sgtd tdrrgtnry"

whs gakddk vgsgtdk khgby hmmnrkgaj tn sthtdfdats `rnf ted dteanjrhpegm bgtdrhturd, wedrdhs nur "enfd

rh aj d" gs bhrjdby h tednrdtegmh b hrdh (sdd G G G . b ) . _hw fhtdr ghbs wegme fust ehvd mnfd `rnf nutsgkd ted

enfd rhajd, mnubk ant ehvd odda nothgadk wgtega nad khy's trhvdbbgaj. G` ted gaehogthats n` ted sdttbdfdats

wdat tedfsdbvds tn jdt tedsd fhtdrghbs, tedy ehk tn spdak ted agjet dbsdwedrd. [egs gfpbgds ted

nrjhagzhtgna n` sfhbbdr nr bhrjdr dxpdkgtgnas. [ed hbtdrahtgvd gs teht ted gaehogthats jnt ted fhtdrghbs nr

ted nocdmts fhkd tedrdn` ternuje ntedrs. Ga onte mhsds wd senubk bgld tn spdhl n` gfpnrts hak wd mhb! ted

rhw fhtdrghbs nr jnnks ga qudstgna gfpnrtdk rhw fhtdrghbs nr jnnks.

Ga ted `rhfdwnrl n` rdbhtgnas odtwdda ted sdttbdfdats hak tedgr davgrnafdat, ted quhatgthtgvd hspdmt n`

ted gavdstgjhtgna n` rhw fhtdrghbs gs rdbdvhat naby, ga nur npgagna, tedrd wedrd sume quhatgtgds hrd addkdk

teht kmfhak dxmddks ted suppby. Ga nur gavdstgjhtgna wd sdd h rdhsna tn spdhl n` quhatgtgds naby wedrd

ougbkgaj fhtdrghb s hrd mnamdradk. [ ed r hw fhtdrghbs n` sfhbbdr nocdmts hrd n` sume h aht urd , teh t wd mha ant

odbgdvd teht ted snurmds wdrd dxehustdk oy ted dxpbngthtgna.

@gahbby ted quhbg thtg vd hak q uha tgt htg vd hspdmts n` ted ùdb hs wdbb hs gts nrgjga hrd gavdstgjhtdk ga hs hr hs

pnssgobd.

@nnk, whtdr, rhw fhtdrghbs hak ùdb wdrd thlda `rnf ted davgrnafdat oy ted gaehogthats n` ted

sdttbdfdats ha k nad fhy hsl wed ted r ted davgr nafdat mehajdk hs h rdsubt n` tedsd hmtgvgtgds. [ed ga`budamd

wegme ted gaehogthats n` ted sdttbdfdats dxdrtdk na tedgr davgrnafdat gs mdrthgaby h suocdmt teht odbnajs ga

ted `rhfdwnrl n` rdbhtgnas odtwdda fha ha k dav grnafdat. [edrd`nrd wd kgsmuss hs bhst suocdmt ted pnssgobd

mehajds wegme nmmurrdk ga ted davgrnafdat odmhusd n` ted prdsdamd n` sdttbdfdats.

"Buxury hrtgmbds" mha od ha dxmdptgna. Zd tegal n` sfhbb, bgjet nocdmts sume hs nrahfdats.



45 _DB H[G NA] OD[ZDDA ]D[ [BD FDA [] HAK DAP G_N AFD A[

G P . ? @ N N K H A K @ N N K Y _ N K T M [ G N A

[ed nrjhagm rdfhgas, rdbdvhat tn ted `nnk mnasufdk oy ted gaehogthats n` ted sdttbdfdats mha od

suokgvgkdk gatn rdfhgas n` pbhats hak r dfhgas n` hagfh bs. [edsd wgbb od kgsmussdk sdphrhtdby, `nbgnwdk oy h

rdmhpgtubhtgna.

@NNK NO[HGADK @_NF YBHA[]

Ga h mbgfhtd bgld teht n` Zdstdra hak Mdatrhb Durnpd rdfhgas n` pbhats, uabdss tedy hrd prdsdrvdk ga ha

hahdrnogm nr shbgad davgrnafdat, hrd prdsdrvdk naby weda tedy hrd ga h mhronagzdk sthtd. Tamhronagzdk

vdjdthb tgssud rnts hak kgshppdhrs. [edrd gs nad dxmdptgna tn tegs rubd3 ted nphb-peytnbgtes, wegme hrd

`nrfdk ga ted mdbbs n` mdr thga spdmgds n` pbhats sume hs ted jrhssds, mnasgst datgrd by n` sgbgmh hak tedrd`nrd sthy

gathmt. [ed nrgjgahb spdmgds mha snfdtgfds od rdmnjagzdk oy tedsd sgbgmh onkgds. H tegrk snurmd n`

Ga`nrfhtgna, odsgkds ted mhronagzdk rdfhgas hak ted nphb-peytnbgtes, hrd ted gfprdssgnas bd`t oy pbhats ga

bnhf teht ehs odda `grdk h`tdrwhrks.

Hs ted sdttbdfdats n` ted BOL uakdr stuky hrd bnmhtdk adgtedr na wdt anr na shbt tdrrhga, wd kdpdak namhronagzdk fhtdrghb, na gfprdssgnas hak pnssgoby na nphb-peytnbgtes `nr Ga`nrfhtgna mnamdragaj vdjdthobd

`nnks. Nphb-peytnbgtes wdrd ant gavdstgjhtdk sgamd ted khth wegme tedy fgjet prnvgkd hrd n` bgfgtdk

gfpn rthamd hak ted fhtdrgh b gs, fnrdnvdr, kg``gmubt tn gatd rprd t (Ydtdrs 8705).

[ed mhronagzdk fhtdrghb mnasgsts hbfnst datgrdby n` mehrmnhb, wegme wgbb ant od kgsmussdk ydt, hak n`

mhronagzdk sddks hak `rugts.* _nnts, stdfs hak bdhvds hrd hosdat, hphrt `rnf h `dw dxmdptgnas. Hp-

phrdatby tedy kn ant bdhvd gkdatg`ghobd rdfhgas weda mhronagzdk. Ga hkkgtgna tn mhronagzdk sddks, wd

hbsn `gak mhronagzdk rdfhgas wegme hrd vgsgobd hs mrusts na pnttdry `rhjfdats. [ed dxhfgahtgna n` tedsd

mrusts ehs ant ydt prnvgkdk haytegaj rdmnjagzhobd. ]gfgbhr mhronagzdk rdfhgas hrd `nuak `rdqudatby na

BOL pnttdry. Zd hrd hwhrd n` twn sdttbdfdats wedrd tedsd rdfhgas ehvd odda gkdatg`gdk, ahfdb y

Edrledgf Bklr. Aðrkbgajda hak Ahedrfdffgajda Bklr. Aðrkbgajda. Ga ted mhrona, Jròss `nuak

rdfhgas n` dffdr wedht (hfnaj ntedr tegajs sthrme jrhgas), n` ted enrsdodha (Pgmgh `hoh) hak n` odmr-

ydhst (Jròss ga @rgmlgajdr 87=?, 87=;). Jròss' gkdatg`gmhtgnas hrd, enwdvdr, npda tn mrgtgmgsf.

Mhronagzdk sddks hrd prdsdat dvdrywedrd ga BOL sdtt bdfdats ga ted ruoogse `gbbgaj ted pgts. Out ted sddks

hrd rhrdby tnjdtedr ga bhrjd mnamdatrhtgnas, sn teht tedy hrd dhsgby nvdrbnnldk ga dxmhvhtgnas. Odsgkds, ant

hbb pgt-`gbbgajs mnathga rdfhgas. [ed bnw kdasgty n` ted sddks gs prnohoby ted rdhsna teht an httdatgna whs

phgk tn tedf kurgaj ted dxmhvhtgnas n` ]gtthrk, ]tdga hak Dbsbnn. Ga ha httdfpt tn jhtedr fnrd

Ga`nrfhtgna, hbb ted mehrmnhb shfpbds wegme wdrd ant usdk `nr M8; khtds wdrd dxhfgadk `nr pnssgobd sddks.

[egs pnst-dxhfgahtgna whs summdsùb ga twn mhsds. Fnrdnvdr, wd rdmdatby ehk ted nppnrtuagty tn dxhfgad

h pgt-`gTgaj `rnf ted BOL sdttbdfdat Oddl-Ldrldvdbk-Ennbstrhht. [ed sddks `nuak hrd daufdrhtdk ga

thobd ;.

* Ga ted `nbbnwgaj wd n`tda usd ted wnrk "sddks" weda hbsn `rugts hak ted bgld hrd fdhat.



@NNK HAK @NNK Y_NKTM[GNA 47

[hobd ;. Mhronagzdk sddks `rnf ]nutedra Bgfourj.

]gtthrk]b ]gtthrk?49 Oddl

]hfpb d sgzd, k f ' 9.? hg :

[rgt gmuf kgmnmmu f (dffdr) ‛

a*

[rgt gmuf fnanm nmmuf (dgalnra) ‛ ‛ =[rgtgmuf sp. ? ‛ G]

]pgldbdt Gorls n` [r. fnanmnmmuf nr [r. kgmnmmuf ‛ • 7

Yhphv dr snfagtdr uf vhr. sdtgjdruf (pnppy sddk) ‛ ‛ 8

MbuFgnpnkguf hbo uf ?0 • ‛ • 89

Bhpshrgh mnffua gs ‛ ‛ 8?

Ornfus sdmhbgaus ‛ ‛ ¼

Lmeganmebnh mrus-Qhbbg ‛ ‛ 8

Ynbyjnauf mnavnbvubus ? ‛ ?9

Ynbyjnauf pdrsgmhrgh ‛ ‛ 0

_ufdx sp. (ana _. shajugadus) ‛ ‛ ' 8

Jhbgu f spur guf 8 ‛ ‛

Mnrybus hvdbbhah ‛ ‛ 8

uagkdatg`ghobd ‛ '‛ ;

Kurgaj ted dxhmhvhtgna ht Egdaedgf sngb-shfpbds `rnf ted pgt-`gbbgajs wdrd sgdvdk, wegme bdk tn ted

`rdqudat hppdhrhamd n` sddks. [e d rdsubts n` ted sgdvgaj hrd fdatgnadk ga Hppdakgx GG . [ed bgst n` spdmgds

mnfprgsds 4 mulgvhtdk pbhats hak ?= wgbk pbhats.

[ed Ga`nrfhtgna nothgadk `rnf mhronagzdk fhtdrghb mnubk ga prgamgpbd od suppbdfdatdk wgte khth

jhtedrdk `rnf ted gfprdssgnas na pnttdry hak na khuo. @rnf h suffhry oy Zgbbdrkgaj gt hppdhrs,

enwdvdr, teht ted aufodr n` pbhats wegme fhag`dst tedfsdbvds hs gfprdssgnas gs bgfgtdk (Zgbbdrkgaj 87:9).

[ed spdmgds wgte bhrjd sddks, hak phrtgmubhrby ted mdrdhbs, hrd prdknfgahat, wedrdhs ntedr pbhats hrd

`nuak dxtrdfdby rhrdby. Zgbbdrkgaj's `fkgajs hrd mna`grfdk oy ha gavdstgjhtgna nÒhakldrhfgl pntsedrks

`rnf Adrldwgtz Lr. Cd ah ([dfpg r & Jhbb 87:?). Gt gs ant surprgzgaj temrd`nrd teh t nur dxhfgahtgna n` ted

gfprdssgnas `rnf ]tdga hak Egdaedgf ehs hkkdk an adw pbhats tn ted bgst. [ed bnhf anw `nuak hs bufps n`

khuo, ga hs `hr hs gt mnathgadk hay pbhat fhtdr ghb , whs hbwhys fgxdk wgte meh```rhjfdats n` dffdr hak

dgalnra. ]nfdtgfds menppdk mdrdhb- nr jrhss-sthbls nmmur, wedrdhs ht Egdaedgf wd namd `nuak ted

gfprdssgna n` h pdh hak namd ted gfprdssgna n` Ynbyjnauf mnavnbvubus. Oy ted why, ted dxhfgahtgna n`

ted khuo `rnf ]tdga whs sthrtdk hbrdhky ga 87=5 oy Edbohdl (Odmldrs & Odmldrs 87;9). Ed tnn `nuak naby

dffdr hak dgalnra. [ed pnttdry `rnf ]tdga hak Egdaedgf hppdhrs tn senw vdry `dw gfprdssgnas. Ht

Egdaedgf hbb pntsedrks `rnf ?4 pgt-`gbbgajs wdrd dxhfgadk3 naby `nur n` tedf senwdk gkdatg`ghobd

gfprdssgnas, n` wegme twn wdrd mhusdk oy dffdr hak twn oy dgalnra. [wn dffdr gfprdssgnas wdrd

nosdrvdk ht ]tdga. Odmhusd n` ted bnw d`ggmgdamy, ted stuky n` gfprdssgnas ht ]gtthrk hak Dbsbnn whs ant

uakdrthlda.

Gt rdsubts `rnf ted honvd teht ga ha httdfpt tn kdsmrgod ted `nnk `rnf pbhats n` ted BOL, wd sehbb od

nmmupgdk dxmbusgvdby wgte ted gatdrprdthtgna n` mhronagzdk sddks hak ga phrtgmubhr wgte ted gatdrprdthtgna

n` mhronagzdk sddks `rnf Egdaedgf.

Ga ted gavdstgjhtgna n` ` n n k - p b h a t s , ted knfdstgmhtdk pbhat s fust od mnasgkdrdk ga ted `grst pbhmd.

Hbtenuje ant hbb pbhats wegme wdrd knfdstgmhtdk ga ted mnursd n` tgfd wdrd fdhat hs eufha `nnk, gt fhy

od hmmdptdk teht ted mulgvhtdk pbhats `nuak wdrd hbb mnasufdk. [edsd hrd3 twn spdmgds n` mdrdhbs, ahfdby

tbgm wedht spdmgds dffdr hak dgalnra, twn spdmgds n` pubsds, ahfdby pdh hak bdatgb, hak twn ngb-odhrgaj

smdks, ahfdby bgasddk hak pnppy sddk. Hfnaj ted ana mulgvhtdk pbhats tedrd hrd hbsn dkgobd spdmgds. [egs



09 _DBH[GNA] OD[ZDDA ]D[[BDFDA[] HAK DAPG_NAFDA[

hppeds mdrthgaby tn ted ehzdb-aut wegme, oy ted why, gs fume rhrdr teha wnubk ehvd odda dxpdmtdk. Ehzdb-

auts fust ehvd odda houakhat ga ted surrnuakgajs n` ted sdttbdfdat. [ed pnbbda n` ehzdb gakgmhtds teht tegs

pbhat whs jdadrhbby prdsdat. Ga ted Bhtd-Fdsnbgtegm sdttbdfdat ]hrmegaj Bklr. _d jdasour j, ted prdsdamd

n` ehzdb-auts whs hbrdhky nosdrvdk kurgaj ted dxmhvhtgna (]meðawdgss & Zdradr 87:;). Out onte ht

Egdaedgf hak Oddl naby h sgajbd `rhjfdat whs `nuak.

Hantedr wgbk pbhat teht mnubk ehvd odda phrt n` ted fdau gs Ornfus sdmhbgaus. [ed `rugts n` tegs pbhat

`nrf h mnaspgmunusby bhrjd phrt n` ted `gak `rnf Oddl, sn teht ga tegs rdspdmt gt gs vdry sgfgbhr tn ted `gaks

`rnf ted _edgabhak, wegme Laðrzdr stukgdk tenrnujeby. Laðrzdr hssufds teht ted `rugts n` Ornfus

sdmhbgaus wdrd mnasufdk (Lað rzdr 870:o). Ed prdsdats h sdrgds n` hrjufdats `nr tegs pngat , te df hg a nads

odgaj3 8) Ornfus sdmhbgaus gs prdsdat ga rdbhtgvdby vdry bhrjd quhatgt gds ga ted dxhfgadk sgtds. ?) [ed jrhga s

n` Ornfus sdmhbgaus hbwhys nmmur tnjdtedr wgte jrhgas n` mdrdhbs hak ehvd odda mhronagzdk ga ted shfd

why. [ed jrhgas wdrd ant ternwa hwhy hs wddks wgte ted meh`b`n` ted knfdstgmhtdk mdrdhbs. =) [ed jrhgas

hrd n` ted shfd sgzd hs ted Adnbgtegm mdrdhb spdmgds. [edrd`nrd tedy hrd ant ga`drgnr, ga tegs rdspdmt, tn ted

mubtgvhtdk pbhats. ;) [ed jrhgas wdrd hbwhys `nuak wgtenut tedgr jbufds. [edsd ehk odda rdfnvdk

(Laðr zdr 870:o p. =4 hak =:). [ed bgjetd r jrhgas n` ted ntedr Ornfus spdmgds hrd mnasgkdrdk oy Laðr zdr hstrud wddks. ]n `hr vdry bgttbd Ornfus sdmhbgaus ehs odda `nuak ht Egdaedgf, hs nppnsdk tn ted _edgabhak.

[e drd gs naby nad `gak-aufo dr wgte h rhted r bhrjd auf odr n` Ornfus jrhgas, out ted rd hppdh rs tn od an

Ornfus sdmhbgaus ga tegs `gak. Mnasgkdrgaj ted dvgkdamd, wd mhaant, tedrd`nrd, shy teht ted gaehogthats n`

Egdaedgf mnasufdk Ornfus rdjubhrby.

H tegrk wgbk pbhat wegme mnubk ehvd odda dhtda gs Medanpnkguf hbouf. [egs pbhat whs dhtda hs h bdh`

vdjdthobd ga egstnr gd tgfds (]gajdr dt hb. 874;). [e d `dw sddks wegme wd `nuak mnubk ehvd mnfd `rnf p bhats

jhtedrdk hs bdh` vdjdthobds. Ynpubhtgna jrnups hrd lanwa, enwdvdr, wegme hbsn usdk ted sfhbb sddks hs

`nnk (Kdfogg îslh 87:0, Edbohd l 8709). Tat gb mnamdatrh tgnas n` sddks, `nr dxhfpbd ga vdssdbs, ehvd odda

`nuak, prnn` `nr ted mnasufptgna n` ted sddks ga ted BOL gs hosdat. Bhrjd aufodrs n` Medanpnkguf

hbouf sddks ehvd sn `hr naby odda `nuak ga ted _edgabhak. Laðrzdr mnasgkdrs tedsd sddks hs whstd, wegme

whs ternwa hwhy weda ted vdjdthobds wdrd mbdhadk (Laðrzdr 87:= p. 8;7).

]gfgbhr prnobdfs n` cukjdfdat hrgsd ga ted gatd rprdtht gna n` ntedr sfhbb sddks. Gt gs qugt d pnssgobm t eht

ted sddks n` Ynbyjnauf mnavnbvubus nr Dmeganmebnh mrus-jhbbg, wegme sddks hrd rgme ga sthrme, wdrd

mnasufdk, out hs bnaj hs an mbdhr mnamdatrhtgnas hrd `nuak, tegs mha ant od mnasgkdrdk hs prnvdk.

Fnrdnvdr, snfd spdmgds n` pbhats hrd fnrd bgldby tn ehvd odda mnasufdk teha ntedrs. G t gs gfp rno hobd teht ,

`nr dxhfpbd, ]nbhauf agjruf whs dhtda, hs tegs pbhat gs pngsnanus.

]uosdqudatby, ted rdbhtgvd mnfpnsgtgna n` ted vdjdthobd `nnks senubk od dsthobgsedk. [egs qudstgna gs

kg``gmubt tn haswdr. Ht Egdaedgf ted mhronagzdk mubtgvhtdk pbhats hrd ga ted fhcnrgty hs tn aufodr n`

spdmgfdas hak mdrthgaby ga wdgjet. [egs `hmt knds ant tdgb fume, hs gt gs mdrthga teht ant hbb ted pbhats usdk

nrgjgahbby hrd rdprdsdatdk oy ted mhronagzdk sddks. [ed bhml n` dvgkdamd hs tn rnnts hak bdhvds ehs hbrdhky

odda fdatgnadk. Odsgkds, gt gs lanwa teht snfd sddks hak `rugts sthak h jrdhtdr mehamd n` odmnfgaj

mhronagzdk teha ntedrs. [egs odmnfds mbdhr weda ted pbhat fhtdrghb `rnf sdttbdfdats na wdt tdrrhga gs

stukgdk. Ga sume sdttbdfdats onte mhronagzdk hak ana mhronagzdk sddks nmmur, out ted mnfpnsgtgna n` ted

`nrfdr hbwhys kg``drs strnajby `rnf teht n` ted bhttdr wgte rdspdmt tn ted gakgvgkuhb spdmgds hs wdbb hs tn ted

rhtgn odtwdda tedgr aufodrs (d.j. Lðr od r-Jrn ead 870:, Enp` 8705). [e d mhusd n` tegs ped anfdan a mnu bk

od teht ted sddks wdrd ant mhronagzdk hrogtrhrgby, hs wnubk od ted mhsd ga h `grd ga ted sdttbdfdat, out teht

ted mhronagzhtgna gs ted rdsubt n` spdmg`gm, eufha hmtgnas, sn teht h sdbdmtgna tnnl pbhmd. Ga sdttbdfdats




wedrd naby ted mhronagzdk fhtdrghb gs stgbb prdsdat, gt gs tegs sdbdmtgna dxmbusgvdby wegme gs `nuak kurgaj ted

dxmhvht gnas. Ga nur npgagna, tegs hbsn hppbgds tn ted sddks wegme nrgj gahtd `rnf BOL sd ttbdfdats. [ed vdry

rmjggbhr nmmurrdamd n` sfhbb quhatgtgds n` sddks, smhttdrdk nvdr ted datgrd sdttbdfdat hrdh, fhy od

mnasgkdrdk hs ha hrjufdat ga `hvnur n` ted tedsgs, teht mhronagzdk sddks hrd ant ted rdfhgas n` h

mhthstrnpegm `grd, out ted rdsubts n` ted anrfhb mnursd n` dvdats. Mnamdatrhtgnas n` mhronagzdk sddks wegme

wnubk rdprdsdat mhronagzdk stnmls (rdsubts n` h `grd) hrd dxtrdfdby rhrd ga BOL sdttbdfdats. Ht Egdaedgf

ant h sgajbd `gak quhbg`gds `nr sume ha gatdrprdthtgna sgamd ted aufodr n` sddks pdr kfQ gs anwedrd bhrjd

danuje. Hbb sddks jgvd ted gfprdssgna n` ehvgaj odda ternwa hwhy ga h mhronagzdk sthtd hs whstd.

[ed mhronagzdk whstd wnubk od ted rdsubt n` sfhbb fgsthlds mnffgttdk ga mdrthga hmtgvgtgds. Zgbbdrkgaj,

Laðrzdr hak Jhbb, hfnaj ntedrs, ehvd sujjdstdk h aufodr n` prnmdssds ga wegre mhronagzgaj mnubk nmmur

(Zgbbdrkgaj 87:9, Laðrzdr 87:=, Jhbb 87:4). [edsd prnmdssds mha od kgvgkdk gatn terdd mhtdjnrgds. [ed

`grst mhtdjnry rdbhtds tn ted prdsdrvhtgna n` ted drnp. Gt mnfprgsds ted krygaj hak lgba-krygaj n` ted

ehrvdstdk pbhats. [ed sdmnak mhtdjnry rd`drs tn ted ouragaj n` whstd, `nr dxhfpbd, n` ted meh`[hak ted

hjrgmubturhb wddks jhtedrdk wgte ted drnp. [ed tegrk hak bhst mhtdjnry rdbhtds tn ted prdphrhtgna n` ted

`nnk gtsdb` Dhme n` tedsd hmtgvgtgds prno hoby rdsubts ga h kg``drdat mnfpnsgtgna n` ted anw dxmhvhtdk

hssdfobhjds. 1

Hs ted hssdfobhjds prnvgkd an trud pgmturd n` ted sddks usdk ga ted sdttbdfdat, gt gs gfpnssgobd tn

rdmnastrumt ted `nnk mnfpnsgtgna dxhmtby. Na ted ntedr ehak, gt gs pnssgobd ga mdrthga mhsds tn kgstgajugse

ted rdsubts n` tbgd honvd terdd mhtdjnrgds n` hmtgvgtgds. [egs gfpbgds teht wd mha try tn suokgvgkd ted sddk

h.ssdfobhjds gatn hssdfobhjds wegme wdrd ant ydt sugthobd `nr kgrdmt mnasufptgna, sume hs uaterdsedk

mdrdhbs (mhronagzdk kurgaj ted krygaj nr lgba-krygaj), hssdfobhjds wegme wdrd ant fdhat `nr mna

sufptgna, sume hs terdsegaj whstd, hak hssdfobhjds wegme wdrd kgrdmtby sugthobd `nr mnasufptgna, sume hs

stnmls (mhronagzdk kurgaj ted rnhstgaj>) hak ourat `nnk rdfhgas. Hssdfobhjds ga wegme mdrdhbs nmmur wgte

quhatgtgds n` meh`` wdrd uabgldby tn ehvd odda fdhat `nr kgrdmt mnasufptgna. [ed meh`[rdfhgas wegme wd

ehvd nosdrvdk sn `hr mnasgst n` ted `nrl-sehpdk ohsds n` ted spgldbdts n` dffdr hak dgalnra. Ga ted mhsd n`dgalnra usuhbby nad jrhga kdvdbnps pdr spgldbdt, wedrdhs dffdr spgldbdts hrd twn-jrhgadk ga fnst mhsds. Ga

ha uaterdsedk hak ana-wgaanwdk quhatgty n` wedht tedrd hrd tedrd`nrd ht bdhst ehb` hs fhay ohsds hs tedrd

hrd jrhgas. Dvda fnrd spgldbdts wgbb od `nuak ga terdsegaj whstd. [ed aufodrs n` jrhgas hak spgldbdts hrd

fdatgnadk ga thobd 4. Zd ehvd bgstdk naby `gaks wgte 49 nr fnrd jrhgas< wd mnasgkdr `gaks wgte bdss tnn sfhbb

tn custg`y h cuk jdf dat. @nr ted ohsds h fhxg fuf ha k h fgag fuf aufodr hr d jgvda, odmhusd fnst ohsds

ehvd odda ornlda bdajtewgsd hak gt gs teda ehbvds wegme hrd odgaj mnuatdk. [ed fhxgfuf aufodr dquhbs

ted aufo dr n` wenbd + ehb` ohsds, ted fgagfuf aufodr gs ted aufodr teht wnubk od prdsdat g` hbb ehbvds

wnubk `gt tnjdtedr. [ed quhatgty wegme whs nrgjgahbby prdsdat gs prnohoby sgtuhtdk odtwdda ted twn vhbuds.

[hobd 4. [ed rht gn jrhgas 3 spgldbdt ohsds ga ted wedh t `gaks `rnf Egd aed gf.

@gak aufodr jrhgas spgldbdt ohsds jrhgas .spgldbdt ohsds

fhx. fga. fga. fhx.

=?4 ?5; ?:? ?=5 838 838

;8; ?49 9 9 ‛ ‛:98 :4 =: ?; ?38 =38

:0; 8=8 09 =: ?38 ;38

88;9 844 8;7 :0 838 ?38

8;?9 58 ;? ?? ?38 ;38



0? _DBH[GNA] OD[ZDDA ]D[[BDFDA[] HAK DAPG_NAFDA[

Ga nur npgagna, naby aufodr ;8; mnubk od mnasgkdrdk hs ha hssdfobhjd wegme whs kgrdmtby fdhat `nr

mnasufptgna. Hbb ntedrs mnathga tnn fume meh``. Na hmmnuat n` ted rhtgn jrhgas3 spgldbdt ohsds gt mha od

hssufdk teht tedsd wedht hssdfobhjds ehk ant ydt odda gerdsedk.

@gak an. ;8;, gt fust od antdk, mnathgas rdbhtgvdby bgttbd wedht< ted fhga mnfpnadats hrd pdhs. Gt mnubk

od nosdrvdk kurgaj ted dxmhvhtgna teht ted wedht jrhgas bhy smhttdrdk hfnaj ted pdhs. Ht bdhst ga ted

kgsmhrkdk fhtdrghb, ted wedht mnastgtutdk ha hkfgxturd tn ted pdhs. [egs knds ant admdsshrgby fdha teht

onte wdrd dhtda hs h fgxturd. [ed `fk fgjet nrgjgahtd `rnf h pgt sgfgbhr tn ted nad teht ehs odda `nuak ht

Zdstdrdjdba, Lr . Zhazbdoda (KK_) wedrd twn sfhbb pgbds n` mhronagzdk sddks wdrd `nuak na ted onttnf,

nad mnasgstgaj n` pdhs hak nad n` h fgxt urd n` dffdr hak dgalnra (_ntefhbdr & Ahten 874:). Zeda sume

h pgt gs dfpt gdk, sddks wegme wdrd nrgjgahbby sdph rhtd k odmnfd fgxdk . Zd tegal teht ted pdhs hak ted

wedht wdrd ldpt hphrt ht Egdaedgf. Bgld ;8;, ted `fks :98 hak 8957 mnfprgsd fhgaby pdhs, wedrdhs =?4,

:0;, 88;9 hak 8;?9 mnasgst hbfnst datgrdby n` wedht. [ed mnfpnsgtgna n` tedsd `fks gs senwa ga `gj. 89.

[ed fdhagaj n` ted sdphrhtgna mha naby od surfgsdk. Gt mnubk od teht pdhs ha k wedht wdrd mubtgvhtdk

sdphrhtdby, out gt gs hbsn pnssgobd teht t edy wdrd jrn wa na ted shfd `gdbk, ou t ehrvdstdk sdphrhtdby. @gahbby,

gt gs pnssgobd teht tedy uakdr wdat kg``drdat tr dhtfdats h`tdr odgaj ehrvds tdk, `nr dxhfpbd odgaj usdk ga

kg``drdat kgseds. ]gamd an pdh strhw whs `nuak, tedrd gs an egat hs tn wegme pehsd n` ted drnp trd htfda t ted

pdh `fks wdrd ga.

Ga nur npgagna, dgalnra ha k dffdr wdrd ant kgstgajugsedk strgmtby oy ted gaehogthats n` ted BOL

sdttbdfdats, wegme gs wey wd hbwhys spdhl n` "wedht". Ht Egdaedgf onte wedht spdmgds hrd gavhrghoby

fgxdk, hs whs hbsn ted mhsd ht Zdstdrdjdba. Dhrbgdr, Laðrzdr hak [dfpgr hrrgvdk ht ted shfm mnambusgna

(Laðrzdr 87:= p. 8;5, [dfpgr 8700, p. 8=?:).

[e d hssdfobhjds fdatgna dk sn `hr mnfprgsd `dw wddks. Gt hppdhrs, enwmvdr, teht ht Egdaedgf, odsgkds

mdrdhbs wgte meh`` hak `dw wddks (typd 8) hak pdhs wgte `dw wddks (typd ?) , tedrd gs h tegrk typd n` pgt-

`gbbgaj, mnasgstgaj n` wddks wgte snfd wedht (typd =) . [egs typd gs rdprdsdatdk oy naby nad `fk aufodr3

8?88. Ga hkkgtgna tn wddks, tedrd hrd fhay spgldbdt ohsds ga tegs hssdfobhjd. [ed mhronagzdk whstd n` 8?88fhy tedrd`nrd pmrehps od mnasgkdrdk hs whstd `rnf terdsegaj, sgamd gt gs mnamdgvhobd teht thbb wddks wdrd

ehrvdstdk wgte ted wedht-dhrs, hak ourat bhtdr wgte ted meh``. Laðrzdr ehs rdpdhtdk by hppbgdk tegs

gatdrprdthtgna tn sume rdfhg as (Laðrzdr 870:h, 87:;). Gakddk ted sddks n` wddks `rnf 8?88 odbnaj tn

mbgfodrs (Ynbyjnauf mnavnbvubus, Jhbguf spurguf) nr tn pbhats wgte bnaj stdras (Ornfus spdmgds,

Bhpshah mnffuags, ]nbhauf agjruf< dvda ]gbad kumuohbus mha rdhme h edgjet n` up tn 09 mf).

]uffhrgzgaj gt fhy od teht hfnaj ted sddk hssdfobhjds wegme wd `nuak ht Egdaedgf, tedrd hrd `gvd

wegme mnubk mnfd `rnf hstgbb uaterdsedk drnp (=?4, :98, :0;, 88;9, 8;?9), nad wegme rdpr dsdatsdgt edrha

uaterdsedk drnp nr h ternwa-hwhy rdfahat n` h stnml (8957), nad teht mnubk od ted mhronagzdk r dfa hat n`

h stnml (;8;) hak nad hssdfobhjd wegme mnubk phss `nr terdsegaj whstd (8?88). Mhron agzdk rdfhgas n` `nnk

prdphrhtgna (g` prdsdat ht hbb) mnubk ant od rdmnjagzdk ga ted fhtdrghb `rnf ted ruoogse-pgts. [egs wnubk

ehvd odda ted mhsd g` jrnuak mdrdhbs hak ted bgld eh k odda `nuak. Hbb mhronagzdk sddks, enwdvdr, ehk

nrgjgahbby odda gathmt. G` uajrnuak sddks wdrd usdk ga ted lgtmeda ha k wdrd mhronagzdk tedrd ga teht sthtd,

teda gt gs gfpnssgobd tn kgstgajugse tedsd mhronagzdk rdfhgas `rnf ted terdsedk sddks `rnf h mhronagzdk

stnml. Gt gs tedrd`nrd pnssgobd teht nu r mhronagzdk stnmls hrd ga rdhbgty mhronagzdk `nnk. [ed mrusts, wegme

hrd `nuak na ted pnttdry, hrd prnohoby rdhb `nnk rdfhgas, out tedy mnubk ant od gkdatg`gdk, hs whs sthtdk na

phjd 45. Gt gs tedrd`nrd gfpnssgobd tn cu kjd oy ted dxmhvhtdk fhtdrghb ted quhatgth tgvd mnfpnsgtgna n` ted

`nnk `rnf pbhats mnasufdk ht Egdaedgf.

Zd lanw dvda bdss honut ted sgtds ga ]nutedra Bgfourj. Gt fhy od hssufdk teht sddk hssdfobhjds `rnf



@NNK HAK @NNK Y_ NK TM [G NA 0=

ted whstd-pgts ga tegs hrdh wgb! senw strnaj sgfgbhrgtgds wgte ted hssdfobhjds `rnf ted _edga bha k puobgsedk

oy Laðrzdr (Laðrzdr 870:h, 87:?, 87:=, 87:;), sgamd onte hrdhs hrd mnaadmtdk ga rdspdmt n` tedgr

jmnjrhpey. [ed nad suosthatghb `gak fhkd sn `hr ga ]nutedra Bgfourj, ted `fk `rnf Oddl, mna`grfs tegs

hssufpt gna. Zd ehvd senwa ga `gjurm 89 ted mnfpnsgtgna n` twn n` ted agad sdttbdfdats puobgsedk oy

Laðrzd r, ahfdby Bhaj wdgbdr- ? Bklr. Còbg me, hak Jhr sknr` Bklr. Odrjedgf, tnjdtedr wgte ted hssdfobhjd

`rnf Oddl. [ed pgmtu rd gs kg``drdat `rnf Egdaedgf. Nur typds 8 hak ?, hssdfobhjds wgte mnfphrht gvdby

bhrjd quhatgtgds n` jrhga hak hssdfobhjds wgte pdhs, hrd mnfpbdtdby hosdat ga ted _edgabhak. Dvda g`

Ornfus sdmhbgaus gs mnasgkdrdk hs h mdrdhb, ted pgt-`gTgajs wgte "mdrdh bs" hrd mnfpbdtdby kg``drdat `rnf n ur

typd 8. [e d hssdfobhjds wgte wddks mnrrdspnak tn nur typd =, out tedy kn ant hbwhys mnathga fha y

spgldbdt ohsds. Laðrzdr kgstgajugsedk hssdfobhjds wegme wdrd fdhat `nr mnasufptgna (d.j. Jhrsknr` ;;),

hak hssdfobhjds wegme rdprdsdat terdsegaj whstd (Jhrsknr` ?5, Bhajwdgbdr-? 57 hak =90).

[ed kg``drdamd odtwdda Egdaedga hak ted _edgabhak gs tnn jrdht tn od httrgoutdk tn mngamgkdamd. Gt gs

qugtd pnssgobd teht ted kg``drdamd gs h rdjgnahb nad. [ed `hmt teht ted shfpbds `rnf agad sdttbdfdats ga ted

_edgabhak hbwhys senw ted shfd typd n` mnfpnsgtgna fhy od vgdwdk hs h strnaj gakgmhtgna teht ted

mnfpnsgtgna n` ted mhronagzdk fhtdrghb wgtega nad rdjgna fhy wdbb od mnasthat. Fnrd sdttbdfdats ga

Ohydra wnubk ehvd tn od dxhfgadk ga nrkdr tn prnvd teht, `nr dxhfpbd, pdhs hrd h mehrhmtdrgstgm n` teht

hrdh, hs mnubk wdbb od ted mhsd.

[ed mhusd n` ted kg``drdamds mha naby od judssdk ht, tenuje sdvdrhb dxpbhahtgnas hrd pnssgobd. Nad n`

tbgdf gs teht ted kg``drdat mubtgvhtdk pbhats wdrd jrnwa ga kg``drdat quhatgtgds. Hantedr pnssgogbgty gs teht

ted why n` prdsdrvgaj ted drnp whs ant ted shfd dvdrywedrd. G` pdhs, `nr dxhfpbd, wdrd lgba-krgdk ht

Egdaedgf, out ant ga ted _edgabhak (hak ]nutedra Bgfourj>), ted mehamd n` `fkgaj mhronagzdk pdhs wgbb

od jrdhtdr ht Egdaedgf.

Zd ehvd trgdk tn dsthobgse wedtedr fnrd n` sume rdjgnahb kg``drdamds mha od `nuak wgtega ted Durnpd ha

hrdh wedrd BDL sdttbdfdats hrd `nuak. @nr teht purpnsd hbb ted `fks lanwa `rnf ted bgtdrhturd hak

mnathgagaj 49 nr fnrd sddks ehvd odda jhtedrdk ga `gjurd 89. [edsd hrd ted `gaks `rnf Jðtt gajd a-Ehjd aodr j ]tlr. Jðttgajda (O_K), _nsknr` Bklr. Jðttgajda (O_K), Krdskda-Agmldra (K K_) ,

Swdalhu Lr. Bdgpzgj (KK_), Kadone adhr Fagmenvn Erhkgstd (M]]_) hak Nphvh-Lhtdrgaly (M]]_).

[e d kht h ehvd odda thlda `rnf Fdydr & Zgbbd rkgaj 8708, Zgbbdrkgaj 8704, Ohu fhaa & ]meubzd-Fntd b

8705, _ntefhbdr & Ahten 874:, hak [dfpgr 8705. Zd ehvd,hbsn senwa ted dhrbgdr.fdatgnadk `gak `rnf

Zdstdrdjdba. [ed ahfd "Zdstdrdjdba" ehs odda pbhmdk odtwdda phrdatedsds tn gakgmhtd teht tedsd

hssdfobhjds hrd ant mnfpbdtdby mnfphrhobd tn ted rdst, odmhusd tedy kn ant nrgjgahtd `rnf h pgt.

[ed rd hr d mbdhrby kg``drdamds. Ga Nph vh- Lht d`g aly ted pdhs (typd ?) hrd hosdat ga hbb mhsds, hs hrd

pdre hps hbsn ted bhrjd quhatg tgds n` wddks (typd =), hbtenuje ted bhttdr mnubk od ted rdsubt n` ted fdten k n`

thlgaj ted shfpbds. [ed smhrmgty n` ted pdh ga ted Mzdmensbnvhlgha `fks mnubk od h mehrhmtdrgstgm n` tegs

hrd h (sdd ted thobds ga Ehcahbnvh 87::).

[ed rdjgnas wdst hak anrte n` ted Ehrz (wgte _nsknr` hak Jðttgajda) hrd sn `hr ted naby nads wegme

ehvd prnvgkdk mhronagzdk ohrbdy. Ga hkkgtgna tn _nsknr` hak ht Jðttgajda-Ehjdaodrj, ohrbdy ehs hbsn

odda `nuak ht Dgtzuf Bklr . Znb`daoòttdb (O_K ), :4 lf anrte-dhst n` Jðtt gajd a (Enp` ga Agqudt 870=).

[e d spdmgds gs hosdat ht Egdaedgf hak, hphr t rnf h `dw gfprdssgnas ht Fòkkdrsedgf Bklr. Kurda (Enp`

8704), hbsn ga ted _ed gab hak . Zd tegal teh t tegs mdrdhb whs ant mubtgvhtdk ht Eg daedgf, uabdss ga vdry sfhbb

quhatgtgds. [ed shfd hppbgds tn ted sdttbdfdats ga ted _edgabhak (Laðrzdr 87:0, vdrohb Ga`nrfhtgna).*

* [ed prrsmart- n` ohrbdy ht Lðba-Bgakdatehb gs ant mdrthga. [ed `fks n ohrbdy ht Ondlgajda, Dgsdaodrj, Dttdrsourj, Euakgsourjhak Ahedrfdffgajda ehvd ant, ga nur npgagna, odda khtdk sub[gmgdatby. [ed prdsdamd n` gfprdssgnas ga fhtdrghb `rnfFòkkdrsedgf, Adrldwgtz, Fnedbagmd, ]trzdbmd, Medbfzh hak Lntnvhad gs ha gakgmhtgna teht ohrbdy whs fnrd wgkdby lanwa tehated mhronagzdk `fks wnubk sujjdst.



0; _DBH[GNA] OD[ZDDA ]D[[BDFDA[] HAK DAPG_NAFDA[

Eghaesgf =?4 Egsaedgf :0; Egdaedgf 88;9 Egdaehgf 8;?9

Egdaedgf ;8; Egdaedgf :98 Egdaedgf 8957 Egdaedgf 8?88

Jhrgkhr` ?: Jhrsknr` ?5 Jhrhknr` ;8 Jhrhknr` ;;

Bhajwhgbhr-? 57 Bhajwhgbdr-? 899 Bhajwdgbhr-? =90 Bhajwhgbdr. ? =7:

Bhajwhgbdr-? :54 Oddl Jðttgajda

@gj. 89. Hssdfobhjds n` mhronagzdk sddks hak rugts `rnf BOL sdttbdfdats.

_nhknr` ?8h




Krdsksa- Agml`tra Krdskda- Agmldra Krdskda- Agmldra

(Z*gt¼r*j*ba) (Z«stdr*j«ba) Kadone Nphvh-Lht«ealy 8= H

Np1vh-Lht«r galy 8= OQNphvh.Lhtd@galy 8= O< Nphvh-Lhtdrgaly 8;? Nphvh-Lhthrgaly 80

NphvhLhthrgaly =5 Nphvh Lhthrgaly 4;8 Nphvh-Lhtd`galy 4;? Nphvh Lhtd@galy 08?

0 =

h3 wedht

o3 ohrbdy

m3 uagkmatg`ghobd mdrdhbs

k3 pdhd3 rdfhgag aj mubtgvhtdk pbhatd

3 wgbk edros

j3 Ornfus sdmhbgaus

e3 tnthb hf nu at n` meh`[r mfhgas ( ant gamb ukdk ga ted mhbmubh tgnas )

g< tnthb hfn ua t n `rugts hak smmksl3 sgtd hak `fk- aufo dr




N` mnursd ant danuje sdttbdfdats ehvd odda dxhfgadk systdfhtgmhbby sn `hr tn hbbnw h kgvgsgna n` ted

datgrd rhajd wgte trhmds n` BOL nmmuphtgna gatn hrdhs hmmnrkgaj tn ted sddk hssdfobhjds. Zd `ddb,

enwdvdr, teht ht bdhst ted _edgabhak hak pnssgoby ted datgrd rdjgna odtwdda _edga hak Fhhs mha hbrdhky

od kdsmrgodk hs h sdphrhtd rdjgna.

Gt fhy od qudstgnadk weda rdjgnahb kg``drmamds wgtega ted hjrgmubturhb trhkgtgna n` ted BOL mnubk `grstehvd nmmurrdk. Gt fgjet od dxpdmtdk teht ted `grst `hrfdrs wnubk hppby uag`nrf fdtenks, ht bdhst senrtby

h`tdr ted gatrnkumtgna n` hjrgmubturd. Fnrdnvdr gt gs lanwa teht ted nbkdst pehsds n` ted BOL senw ted shfd

pgmturd dvdrywedrd ga Durnpm wgte rdspdmt tn ted pnttdry hak ted mnastrumtgna n` enusds (sdd mehptdr GG).

_djgnahbgzhtgna nmmurs ga ted bhtdr pehsds. H rdjgnahbgzhtgna n` ted `hrfgaj fdtenks mnubk ehvd thlda

pbhmd phrhbbdb tn tegs. Zd ehvd trgdk tn tdst tegs eypntedsgs. Gt hppdhrdk, enwdvdr, teht hbfnst hbb

sdttbdfdats n` wegme mhronagzdk sddks ehvd odda kdsmrgodk, odbnaj tn tensd pehsds ga wegme tggrrm gs

hbrdhky rdjgnahbgzhtgna. N` ted =4 sgtds wegme wd lanw `rnf ted bgtdrhturd hak wegme mha od mnasgkdrdk

wgte mdrthgaty hs BOL, naby terdd khtd `rnf ted nbkdst pehsd n` ted BOL, ahfdby Krdskda-Agmldra (]tdbbd

;) , Dgtzuf (]tdbbd 4) hak Hffdroume-Y`h``gajda Bklr. [òoga jda (O_K) (an. 84). ?8 dffdr-jrh gas hrd

lanvva `rnf Krdskda-Agmldra (Ohufhaa & ]meubzd-Fntdb 8705). Dgtzuf prnvgkdk h `dw spdmgfdas n`dffdr hak ted hbrdhky-fmatgnadk ohrbdy (bdss teha `gvd spdmgfdas) (Enp` ga Agqudt 870=) hak

Hffdroume-Y`h`bgajda senwdk h sgajbd jrhga n` h wedht-spdmgds, prnoho by dffdr (Kr. Y. ]merðtdr 87:;

wrgttda Ga`nrfhtgna, Gkdatg`gmhtgna oy Kr. F. Enp`). @rnf ted adxt pehsd. Fnkkdrfha Go hak dqug

vhbdat pdrgnks, wd lanw ted honvd fdatgnadk sdttbdfdats n` _nsknr` hak Jðttgajda-Ehjdaodrj, hak

h gak `rnf Fnedbagmd, adhr Shorme (M]]_) (Lneb & Xug tth 870=). Dff dr gs rdpnrt dk `rnf ted bhttmr. Gt

gs novgnus teht ted sfhbb aufodr n` nosdrvhtgnas kgsmbnsd antegaj honut ted hjrgmubturhb trhkgtgna kurgaj

ted `grst twn uag`nrf pehsds n` ted BOL.

G` snfdtegaj bgld h rdjgnahbgzhtgna gakddk tnnl pbhmd, tegs wnubk gfpby teht ted rdbhtgvd houakhamd n`

ted kg``drdat pbhats nr ted trdhtfdat n` ted `nnk-pbhats ga ted sdttbdfdats uakdr mnasgkdrhtgna whs kg``drdat

pdr pdrgnk hak pdr rdjgna. ]gtthrk, ]tdga hak Dbsbnn hbrdhky dxgstdk ga pehsd Go (sdd thobd = na p. 49) hak

dakdk rhtedr bhtd ga ted ynuaj BOL. [ed sdttbdfdats fhy ehvd phssdk ternuje ted datgrd rdjgnahbgzhtgna

prnmdss. Egdaedgf dxgstdk naby kurgaj ted tgfd ga wegme rdjgnahb kg``drdamds ehk hbrdhky kdvdbnpdk. Gt gs

tedrd`nrd qugtd pnssgobd teht ted gaehogthats n` Egdaedgf usdk fdtenks sbgjetby kg``drdat `rnf tensd n` ted

mna tdf pnrhry gaeho gthats n` ]gtt hrk , ]tdga hak Dbsbnn. @nr ted tgfd odgaj gt gs gfpnssgobd tn spdmg`y ted

ahturd n` ted kg``drdamds.

Zd ehvd trgdk ga ted honvd tn kdsmrgod ted mnfpnsgtgna n` ted `nnk kdrgvdk `rnf pbhats. Gt hppdhrs tn

mnfprgsd mubtgvhtdk hak pnssgoby hbsn wgbk pbhats. Ht bdhst `gvd spdmgds n` mubtgvhtdk pbhats wdrd usdk ht

Egdaedgf3 dffdr, dgalnra, pdh, bdatgb hak bgasddk. @nr ted ntedr sgtds wd ehvd kgrdmt Ga`nrfhtgna naby

honut ted prdsdamd n` dffdr hak dgalnra ht ]gtthrk hak ht ]tdga. Zd hssufd, enwdvdr, teht ted ga

ehogthats ladw fnrd spdmgds n` mubtgvhtdk pbhats. Ga ted adhroy _edgabhak, `nr dxhfpbd, ga ted

sdttbdfdats n` ted Hbkdaenvdadr Ybhttd, ht h kgsthamd n` =9 lf, mhronagzdk sddks n` pdh, bdatgb hak bgasddk

hrd `nuak `rdqudatby ga hkkgtgna tn ted wedht spdmgds. Odsgkds, ted `gaks, bgld nur `fk ht Oddl, snfdtgfds

mnathga pnppy sddk (Laðrzdr 87:8h). Gt gs prnohobd teht hbb tedsd pbhats wdrd hbsn lanwa ht ]gtthrk, ]tdga

hak Dbsbnn. Ga nur npgagna, ted gaehogthats n` ted sdttbdfdats jrdw hbb ted spdmgds tedfsdbvds. Ga hs `hr hs gs

lanwa, gt wdrd prnohoby ted odhrdrs n` ted Bgadhrohakldrhfgl mubturd wen gatrnkumdk tedsd phrtgmubhr

mubtgvhtdk pbhats ga Mdatrhb hak Zdstdra Durnpd. Anad n` tedsd spdmgds whs nrgjgahbby gakgjdanus sn teht gt

gs gfpnssgobd teht ted sddks wdrd nothgadk `rnf hay bnmhb Fdsnbgtegm pnpubhtgna. Gt hbsn sddfs rhtedr



@NN K HAK @NNK Y_ NK TM [G NA 0:

gfprnohobd hjrgmubturd whs hbrdhky sn spdmghbgzdk teht, `nr gasthamd, nad sdttbdfdat prnkummk naby dffdr

hak hantedr naby pdhs. Zd hssufd teht dhme sdttbdfdat jrdw gts nwa `nnk-pbhats.

[ed rhtgn mubtgvhtdk pbhats/wgbk pbhats ga ted mnfpnsgtgna n` ted `nnk gs ualanwa, hs dxpbhgadk honvd,

hak wgbb prnohoby rdfhga sn. Zd fhy hssufd, enwdvdr, teht ted mubtgvhtgna n` `nnk-pbhats whs h

fhcnr hmtgvgty, hs ga dhme BOL sdttbdfdat hak, ga hs `hr hs gs lanwa, nvdr ted datgrd sdttbdfdat hrdh,rdfhgas n` mubtgvhtdk pbhats ehvd odda `nuak. Mubtgvhtdk pbhats wdrd fnst prnohoby vdry mnffna hak

pmrgghps ted fhga mnfpnadats n` ted fdau. [ed sdkdathry mehrhmtdr n` ted sdttbdfdat wnubk pbdhk ga

`hvnurn`t ed bhttdr tedsgs. Gt gs ht bdhst jdadrhbby hssufdk teh t ted sdttb dfda tswgte tedgrsnbgk by mnastrumtdk

enusds hak phrtby `rhjgbd enusdenbk-d``dmts wdrd gaehogtdk hrnuak ted ydhr. Ga ted vdjdthtgnas hrnuak ted

BOL sdttbdfdats hs rmmnastrumtdk emrm, tedrd wdrd `dw wgbk pbhats wegme wdrd sugthobd tn om stnrdk hs

wgatdr-stnml. Ehzdb-auts hak hmnras mnubk od usdk `nr teht purpnsd, out prdmgsdby tedsd hrd `nuak rhrdby g`

ht hbb. @rugts n` mdrthga wgbk jrhssds mha hbsn sdrvd hs stnmls, out teda ted sugthobd spdmgds fust od prdsdat ga

vdry bhrjd quhatgtgds. [egs mnubk ehvd odda ted mhsd n` Jbymdrgh `bugthas, out jrhgas n` tegs pbhat

ehvd ant ydt odda `nuak. [ed stnrhjd n` krgdk `rugts (hppbds) hak krgdk fusernnfs mnubk hbsn od h

pnssgogbgty, cust bgld ted jhtedrgaj n` rnnts n`, `nr dxhfpbd, fhrse-pbhats. Enwdvdr, tedsd hbtdrahtgvds wdrd

prnohoby gasu``gmgìat hak ted mnasufptgna n` wgbk pbhats fhy od vgdwdk rhtedr hs h mnfpbdfdat teha hs

ted fhga mnfpnadat n` ted fdau. Hantedr pnssgogbgty gs teht fume fdht nr `gse whs dhtma ga wgatdr, sn teht

gt whs ant admdsshry tn stnrd fume ga ted why n` pbhat fhtdrghb. Ta`nrtuahtdby ted prnpnrtgna n` fdht ga

ted kgmt gs ha ualanwa quhatgty, sn teht wd mhaant mvhbuhtd tegs `hmtnr. Wdt, gt fhy od prdsufdk teht

pbhats ehk h jrdhtdr sehrd ga ted `nnk teha hagfhbs.

Na hmmnuat n` tedsd mnasgkdrhtgnas, wd hssufd teht ted jrdhtdr phrt n` ted vdjdthobd `nnk whs

hjrgmubturhb ga nrgjga, hak teht hjrgmubturd whs ha gfpnrthat dbdfdat ga ted dxgstdamd n` ted gaehogthats n`

ted BOL sdttbdfdats.

Hantggmr qudstgna gs3 wedrd wdrd ted `gdbks, weht kgk tedy bnnl bgld hak enw wdrd tedy `hrfdk> Gt gs

jdadrhbby sthtdk ga ted bgtdrhturd teht ted `gdbks wdrd bhgk nut na bndss nr pnssgoby na ntedr `drtgbd, ant tnn

edhvy sngbs (d.j. Ygjjntt 8704 p. 49). [egs gs kdkumdk `rnf ted prm`drdamd wgte wegme ted BOL `nuakdk

gts sdttbdfdats na bndss hak dqugvhbdat suostrhtds. Gt gs gakddk prnohobd teht ted sdttbdfdats wdrd ougbt ht

pbhmds wedrd ted `gdbks mnubk od bhgk nut. Ga hbb pnpubhtgna jrnups wegme wdrd stukgdk tn prnvgkd ted Ga

`nrfhtgna mnathgadk ga thobd 8 (sdd p. 5), tedrd gs h fhrldk tdakdamy tn sgtuhtd sdttbdfdats hs mbnsd tn ted

`gdbks hs pns.sgoGd. Zd sehbb rdtura tn tegs ga mehptdr P.

[ed sdttbdfdats ]gtthrk, ]tdga, Dbsbnn hak Egdaedgf hrd bnmhtdk ga h bndss bhaksmhpd wegme hkcngas h

rgvdr vhbbdy bhaksmhpd. [ed bndss bhaksmhpd gs vdry sugthobd `nr hjrgmubturd. H `dw egjedr phrts n` ted rgvdr

vhbbdy mha hb.sn od usdk, out naby ga ted suffdr sdhsna weda tedrd gs an rgsl n` `bnnkgaj. G` ted suffdrs

wdrd gakddk krgdr (sdd GGG.?) hak g` ted rgvdrs ehk ga suffdr ted shfd kgsmehrjd nr mhrrgdk pdrehps dvda

sbgjetby bdss whtdr (sdd GGG.=), wd fhy ant dxmbukd ted prdsdamd n`snfd `gdbks wgte sprgaj-snwa drnp ga ted

vhbbmys. Advdrtedbdss wd mnasgkdr ted bndss sngb ted fnst rdbghobd hak fnst gfpnrthat `nr hjrgmubturd. Ga

onte mhsds ted `gdbks wdrd na `drtgbd bnhf sngbs, ted bndss odgaj pdrehps snfdweht dhsgdr tn wnrl teha ted

rgvdr bnhfs.

_dhb dvgkdamd teht ted `gdbks wdrd na bndss nr na rgvdr bnhf fgjet od `nuak ga ted mnfpnsgtgna n` ted

wddk `bnrh. Zd hjrdd wgte Laðrzdr teht fnst n` ted mhronagzdk smdks `nuak tedgr why tn ted sdttbdfdat

wgte ted drnp (Laðrzdr 87:8o p. 899). Egs hrj ufdats hrd3 8) Mhronagzdk sddks n` wddks nmmur naby

tnjdtedr wgte rdfhgas n` mubtgvhtdk pbhats. [edy hrd hosdat ga pgts wgte mehrmnhb out wgtenut mubtgvhtdk




pbhats. ?) Ga pgts vvgte fhay spgldbdt ohsds, fhay sddks n` wddks hrd `nuak. =) Fnst n` ted wddks hrd hbsn

prdsdat anwhkhys hs `gdbk-wddks. Laðrzdr's `grst hrjufdat hbsn hppbgds tn Egdaedgf vvedrd an hssdfobhjds

n` mhronagzdk sddks n` wgbk pbhats wgtenut rmfhgas n` mubt gvhtdk pbhats ehvd ydt odda `nuak. Mehrmnhb

mnamdatrhtgnas n`tda mnathga an mhronagzdk sddks hak mdrthgaby an sddks n` dxmbusgvdby wgbk pbhats. H

mnrrdbhtgna odtwdda ted aufodrs n` spgldbdt ohsds hak sddks n` wddks, enwdvdr, mhaant od dsthobgsedk htEgdaedgf. [egs gs prnohoby ted rdsubt n` ted smhrmgty n` pgts wgte terdsegaj-whstd, an. 8?88 odgaj ted naby

dxhfpbd. [e d tegrk h rjufda t knds hppby tn Egdaedgf, sgamd ted spdmgds `nuak hrd hbb prdsdat anwhkhys hs

`gdbk-wddks. Zd hbsn mnasgkdr ]nbhauf agjruf hs h `gdbk-wddk, hbtenuje Laðrzdr ahfds prdmgsdby tegs

spdmgds hs ha dxmdptgna. ]nbhauf agjruf, enwdvdr, gs houakhat na `gdbks, tenuje ant n`tda na mdrdhb `gdbks.

Gt whs gavdstgjhtdk wedtedr ted `gdbk-wddks `nuak mnfprgsm spdmgds wegme hrd mehrhmtdrgstgm `nr bndss-

hak/nr bnhf-sngbs. N` ted `nur spdmgds wegme mnubk od gkdatg`gmk hak wegme nmmur ga 4 nr fnrd n` ted =8

`gaks, Ynbyjnauf mnavnbvubus (prdsdat ga ?? n` ted =8 gaks), Jhbguf spurguf (ga 0 n` ted =8) hak ]nbhauf

agjruf (ga 4 n` ted =8) jrnw prd`drhoby na bnhf-sngbs hak bgjet mbhy-sngbs, wegme hrd rgme ga autr gdats

(Nodrknr`d r 87:9). [e d `nurte spdmgds, Medanpnkguf hbouf, (ga 7 n` ted =8 gaks) gs prdsdat na hbb typds n`

suostrhtd, prnvgkdk tedsd hrd rgme ga autrgdats. Hfnaj ted Ornfus spdmgds, `rhjfdats n` wegme hrd `nuak`rdqudatby (ga 87 n` ted =8 shfpbds) , tedrd hrd spdmgds wegme prd`dr bnhf (Or. sdmhbgaus, Or. hrvdasgs) hak

spdmgds wegme prd`dr shak (Or. tdmtnruf, Or. stdrgbgs). [ed bhst twn, enwdvdr, hrd hbsn prdsdat na bnhf. N`

ted rdfhgagaj pbhats, naby Bhteyrus tuodrnsus odbnajs spdmg`gmhbby tn bnhf hak bgjet mbhy. [ed ntedr pbhats

hrd dgtedr gakgbb'drdat nr ted Gkdatg`gmhtgna ehs ant odda mhrrgdk nut su`ggmgdatby tn hbbnw h cukjdf da t n`

tedgr prd`drdamds. ]dthrgh vgrgkgs `nr dxhfpbd nmmurs fnrd na shak hak ]dthrgh vdrtgmgbbhth fnrd na bnhf

hak bndss. [ed pbhat rdfhgas tedrd`nrd prnvgkd an dvgkdamd mnatrhry tn ted hssufptgna teht ted `gdbks

hrnuak Egdaedgf bhy na bndss- hak rgvdrbnhf-sngbs. Enwdvdr, ted `gaks prnvgkd an mnambusgvd prnd` teht

ted `gdbks wdrd bhgk nut na bndss3 ted pbhats `nuak hrd ant onuak spdmg`gmhbby danuje tn h sgajbd

davgrnafda t. La ðrzd r hrrgvçs ht h sgfgbhr mnambusgna nr ted _edgab hak (Laðrzdr 870:h p. ?0).

Fnst wddks hrd pbhats n` ted npda tdr rhga, out ht Egdaedgf nad nr twn spdmgds hrd rdprdsdatdk wegme

addk snfd sehknw, ahfd by Bhpshah mnffuag s hak Ornfus stdrgbgs, g nur Or. tdmtnruf/stdrgbgs wnubk

odbnaj tn ted bhttdr spdmgds. Onte pbhats n`tda nmmur, tnjdtedr wgte ntedr sehkd kdfhakgaj pbhats, ga ted

wddk hssdfobhjds n` ted _edgabhak hak fhkd Laðrzdr hssufd teht ted `gdbks wdrd nvdrsehknwdk

oy `nrdst dkjds nr edkjds (Laðrzdr 87:8o, 87:;). Gtgshbsnpnssgobm, teht ted sehknw whs mhst oy trdds wegme

wdrd bd`t sthakgaj ga ted `gdbks. Hs ted sehkd kdfhakgaj pbhats nmmur `rdqudatby, tedrd fust ehvd odda

fhay sehkdk spnts, wegme gfpbgds teht ted `gdbks wdrd n` sfhbb sgzd.

[ed fnkdb kdvdbnpdk oy Laðrzdr n` ted BOL `gdbks gs ohsdk na h jrdht aufodr n` nosdrvhtgnas. @hr tnn

bgttbm Ga`nrfhtgna gs hvhgbhobd tn vdrg`y wedtedr egs fnkdb hbsn hppbgds tn ted `gdbks n` Egdaed gf hak amhroy

sdttbdfmats. @nr teht purpnsd fnrd khth hrd admdsshry, hbsn `rnf sgtds ntedr teha Egdaedgf. [ed spdmgds n`

wddks wegme wdrd nosdrvdk ht ted sgtd ga Ohydra kg``dr tn snfd dxtdat `rnf tensd `nuak ga ted _edgabhak.

Medanpnkguf eyorgkuf, ]dthrgh sp. hak ]nbhauf agjruf, `nr dxhfpbd, ehvd ant ydt odda fdatgnadk `nr

ted _edgabhak, wedrdhs tedy ehvd odda `nuak fnrd teha namd ht Egdaedgf. Na ted ntedr ehak, 4 hak

prnohoby h sgxte n` ted 89 pbhat spdmgds wegme hrd mehrhmtdrgstgm `nr ted mnffuagty n` `gdbk-wddks wegme

Laðrzdr odbgdvds tn rdmnjagzd ga ted hssdfobhjds n` ted _edgabhak hak wegme ed ehs kdsmrgodk oy ted

ahfd "Ornfn-Bhpshadtuf prhmegstnrgmuf" wdrd gkdatg`gdk ht Egdaedgf. [edsd pbhats hrd3

Medanpnkguf hbouf, Bhpshah mnffuags, Ynbyjnauf mnavnbvubus, Jhbguf spurguf, Ornfus sdmhbgaus

hak Ornfus stdrgbgs. Gt gs tedrd`nrd pnssgobd teht ted wddk-`bnrh ht Egdaedgf, fhy, ga hkkgtgna tn mdrthga

kg``drdamds, hbsn ehvd kgspbhydk jrdht sgfgbhrgtgds wgte teht n` ted _edgabhak. [egs mnubk gfpby teht ted



@NNK HAK @NNK Y_NKTM[G NA 07

jrnwte mnakgtgnas n` Egdaedgf wdrd fnrd nr bdss dqugvhbdat tn tedsd n` ted _edgabhak.

Gt ehs hbrdhky odda rdpdhtdkby hssufdk teht ted hrdh hrnuak ]gtthrk, ]tdga hak Dbsbnn fust ehvd bnnldk

vdry fume bgld ted _edgabhak, vvegme wnubk gfpby teht ted `gdbks wdrd hbsn hbgld. [ed `gak `rnf Oddl, wgte

Bhpshah mnffuags, gs ga mna`nrfgty wgte tegs hssufptgna.

[ed gggvhrghobd rdpdtgtgna n` gkdatgmhb spdmgds hssdfobhjds ga hay jgvda BOL sdttbdfdat ga ted

_edgabhak, bdk Laðrzdr tn mnambukd teht ted `gdbks wdrd usdk `nr ydhrs ga summdssgna. [ed uag`nrf

mnfpnsgbgna n` ted wddk hssnmghtgnas mhaant nmmur weda ted usd n` ted sngb mehajds h`tmr nad ydhr nr dvdry

`dw ydhrs. Tsgaj tegs hak ntedr fhtdrghb Jrndafha-vha PPhhtmrgajd hbsn mhfd tn ted mnambusgna teht ted

`gdbks wdrd ga usd `nr h bnaj tgfd, dvda tn sume ha dxtdat teht h edkjd-bgld vdjdthtgna n` tenray seruos mnubk

kdvdbnp hrn uak tedf (Jrndafha-v ha Zhh tdr gaj d 87:9/87:8). Ga hs `hr hs ant thlda `rnf Laðrzdr 's

wnrl, edr dvgkdamd gs, gt gs trud , prnvgkdk oy rdsdhrme rdbhtgaj tn ted Dhrby-Adnbgtegm, ou t ant spdmg gmhbby tn

ted BOL. [edrd`nrd ted dxgstdamd n` edkjds nr n` h edkjd-bgld, sn-mhbbdk fhatbd-vdjdthtgna hbnaj `nrdst

dkjds hrnuak ted `gdbks mhaant od rdjhrkdk hs prnvdk. Ga nur npgagna, Laðrzdr's fhtdrghb gs hbsn

gasub`gmgdat tn jgvd gamnatdsthobd prnn` n` h fnrd nr bdss pd rfhada t usd n` ted `gdbks. Zd tegal te ht h `gxdk

systdf n` mbdhrgaj, tgbbgaj hak snwgaj hbsn rdsubts ga h rdpdtgtgna n` ted wddk-vdjdthtgna. [ed wddk-mnffuagtg ds mhst wgte ted snwgaj-sddk pd rpd tuh td tedfsdbvds, prnvgkdk n` mnursd teht ted jrnwte

mnakgtgnas rdfhga tedshfd. [egsgfpbgds teht ted tgbbhjdhak hbsn ted prdphrhtgna n` ted `gdbks, g.d. ted typd

n` vdjdthtgna teht ehk tn od mbdhrdk `nr bhygaj nut ted `gdbks, whs hbwhys fnrd nr bdss ted shfd. [eus, ted

nmmur rdamd n` naby nad typd n` hssdfobhjd mha ehvd twn dxpbha htgna s3 8) ted gdbks wdrd usdk pdr fhadat by.

?) ted `gdbks wdrd hbwhys bhgk nut ga ted shfd sdrhb sthjd usgaj ted shfd fdtenks. Gt gs ant ht prdsdat

pnssgobd tn mnfphrd tedsd mnasgkdrhtgnas wgte rdhb nosdrvhtgnas, nr tn fhld sthtdfdats hs tn ted bdajte

n` ted tgfd kggrgaj vvegme ted `gdbks wdrd ga usd.

[ed `gdbks wdrd ant sdda ga ted pnbbda kghjrhfs n` ted twn hrdhs wegme wd dxhfgadk. Adgtedr ted

kghjrhfs oy Chassda `rnf ]nutedra Bgfour j, anr nur kghjrh f n` ted Edgbg jdasthktdr Fnns jgvd hay

gak gmh tgn an`ted prdsdamd n` gdbks hak hjrgmubt urd (Chassda 8709 p. 89=). [egs whs ant prnoho bd dgtedr, hs

ted BOL sdtt bdfdats hr d ant su``gmgdatby mbnsd tn ted shfpbdk `das. Odsgkds, wd wnakdr g` gt wgbb dvdr od

pnssgobd tn kdfnas trh td ted dxgstdamd n` sfhbb gdbks sur rnu akd k oy thbb vdjdthtgna . [e d pnbbda prnkumdk oy

ted `gdbk `bnrh wgbb advdr sdttbd ùrtedr teha h `dw fdtdrs `rnf ted `gdbk gtsdb` [ed sfhbb mbdhrgajs hrd

rdbhtgvdby sedbtdrdk, sn teht ted wgak wgbb ehvd bgttbd mehamd tn mhrry hwhy ted `gdbk pnbbda. Odsgkds, pnbbda

wegme gs trhaspnrt dk oy hgr kmpbhmdfda t wgbb od `gbtdrdk oy ted surr nuakgaj thbb vdjdthtgna. [e d mehamd n`

gbakgaj pnbbda `rnf sfhbb `gdbks gs tedrd`nrd dxtrdfdby sfhbb. 88 gs nur npgagna teht naby rdbhtgvdby bhrjd `gdbk

mnfpbdxds mha od nosdrvdk ga pnbbda kghjrhfs.

Ga ted honvd gt ehs odda rdpdhtdkby hssufdk fnrd nr bdss gfpbgmgtby, teht ted `gdbks bhy ga `nrdsts. Gt gs

fnrd teha prnohobd teht tegs whs gakddk ted mhsd. Hs ted surrnuakgajs n` ted sdttbdfdats wdrd mnvdrdk

nrgjgahbby wgte thbb kdmgkunus `nrdst, ted `gdbks mha ehvd odda bhgk nut ga ted `nrdst naby, ht bdhst ht ted

odjgaagaj n` ted nmmuphtgn a. Yhrts n` ted `nrdst ehk tn od mbdhrdk `nr teht purpnsd . [edsd mbdhrgaj hmtgvgtgds

mnubk ant od nosdrvdk ga ted pnbbda kghjrhfs n` ted rdspdmtgvd hrdhs, sgamd tedy prnohoby tnnl pbhmd na tnn

sfhbb h smhbd. Cust enw ted `nrdst whs mbdhrdk ha k enw ted sngb whs prdphrdk `nr snwgaj mhaant od

dsthobgsedk out wd sehrd dxgstgaj npgagnas honut ted why ga wegme ted `gdbks wnubk ehvd odda bhgk nut ga

`nrdsts (d.j. Gvdrsda 87:=). [e d fdtenk suosdqudatby mnfprgsds ted rdfnvhb n` trdds (hs fume hs pnssgobd),

ted ouragaj n` ted mbdhrdk vdjdthtgna hak ted snwgaj n` ted mbdhrhamd teus nothgadk. Ogj trdd-stufps wdrd

prnohoby bd`t ga ted jrnuak hak thbb trdds ant rdfnvdk. Gt gs pnssgobd teht ted bhttdr wdrd rgajdk nr bnppdk

ga nrkdr tn rdkumd ted quhatgty n` `nbghjd, sn teht fnrd bgjet mnubk pdadtrhtd ternuje ted mhanpy.



:9 _DBH[GNA] OD[ZDDA ]D[[BDFDA[] HAK DAPG_NAFDA[

Mbdhrgajs ga prgfdvhb `nrdst sddf tn addk h fgagfuf n` tgbbhjd. ]mentt fdatgnas teht ted `hrfdrs ga

Mhahkh addkdk an pbnuje kurgaj ted `grst ? tn ; ydhrs h`tdr ted mbdhrgaj n` ted nrgjgahb `nrdst. [ed bhak whs

naby ehrrnwdk supdr`gmghbby hak ted hseds n` ted ourat trdds wdrd sprdhk nvdr ted bhak. H`tdrwhrks ted

mdrdhbs wdrd snwa hak ted tnp n` h ynuaj trdd whs krhjjdk nvdr ted bhak (]mentt 87=0 p. 807). [e d snwgaj-

sddk addk ant od mhst, out mha hbsn od put gatn enbds. Hmmnrkgaj tn ]tddasodrj, ted bhttdr fdtenk ehs sdvdrhb

hkvhathjds3 8) Jrhga gs odttdr prntdmtdk hjhgast ogrks weda put gatn enbds. ?) Gt mnfds up fnrd dquhbby

kgstrgoutdk weda put ga enbds. =) [rg tgmuf fnanmnmmuf (hak [r . kgmnmmuf) gs kg``gmubt tn mnvdr weda

snwa ornhkmhst. ;) Jrhga snwa ga enbds ehs ha hkvhathjd ga ted odjgaagaj. 4) Zddkgaj hs wdbb hs

ehrvdstgaj gs h bgttbd dhsgdr, weda ted jrhga ehs odda snwa ga enbds, odmhusd ted sthbls hrd teda jrnwgaj ga

ouakgds. 0) Nad wgbb shvd ht bdhst ehb` ted hfnuat n` sddk oy puttgaj gt gatn enbds (]tddasodrj 8744).

Antegaj gs lanwa honut ted ygdbk n` `gdbks `hrfdk teus na bndss. [ed pbhats jrnwa oy ted gaehogthats n`

ted 81OL sdttbdfdats hrd spdmgds wegme hrd lanwa anwhkhys hs rgsly sgamd tedgr ygdbk gs suocdmt tn fhay

vhrghtgnas. [ed wdhtedr pbhys ha gfpnrthat phrt. Ga ted tdfpdrhtd mbgfhtd znad, ga wegme ted hrdhs uakdr

stuky hrd bnmhtdk, mrnps su``dr dspdmghbby `rnf tnn fume prdmgpgthtgna hak h tnn bnw suffdr tdfpdrhturd

(]bgmedr vha Ohte 87:9, Bd _ny Bhkurgd 87:8). Zd ehvd hssufdk ga GGG.? teht ted suffdrs wdrd rhtedrwhrf wgte fume suasegad hak teht ted prdmgpgthtgna ga wgatdr mnubk ehvd odda sbgjetby fnrd teha

gt gs anwhkhys. [ed `nrfdr mgrmufsthamd wnubk ehvd h pnsgtgvd ga`budamd, ted bhttdr h adjhtgvd. Fume

prdmgpgthtgna ga ted hutufa hak wgatdr fnates wnubk bnwdr ted pE n` ted `gdbks hak ted pnthssguf-,

penspenrus- hak agtrnjda-mnatdat n` ted sngb. Dspdmghbby ted rdkumtgna n` ted agtrnjda-mnatdat wnubk od

kgshkvhathjdnus (]bgmedr vha Ohte 87:9 p. 8?8). Gt gs pnssgobd teht ted usd n` wnnk-hse hak ted mubtgvhtgna

n` agtrnjda-`gxgaj pbhats, sume hs pdhs hak bdatgbs, mnuatdrdk tegs d``dmt. Fnrdnvdr, snfd fhaurgaj wgte

hagfhb kuaj mnubk ehvd odda hppbgdk, od gt naby oy hbbnwgaj ted knfdstgmhtdk hagfhbs tn jrhzd ga ted

`(dbks h`tdr ted ehrvdst. [ed d``dmt n` ted mbgfhtd gs sume h mnfpbgmhtdk prnmdss, teht gt gs prd`drhobd tn

rd`rhga `rnf spdmubhtgnas hs tn ted ga`budamd n` ted Htbhatgm mbgfhtd na ted ygdbk n` mubtgvhtdk pbhats.

Odsgkds, tedsd ga`budamds sddf tn kg`b`dr pdr typd n` suostrhtd. Zgtega Durnpd, dspdmghbby ted bndss sngbs wnubksenw ted bdhst vhrghtgnas ga ygdbk (]bgmedr vha Ohte 87:9 p. 8?8).

[edrd hrd stgbb ntedr `hmtnrs wegme pbhy h phrt, sume hs wddks hak khfhjd mhusdk oy hagfhbs. Laðrzdr

tegals teht ted hjrgmubturd sub[drdk jrdhtby `rnf ted jrnwte n` wddks, dspdmghbby `rnf jrhssds (Laðrzdr

87:8o p. 89;). [egs wnubk dxpbh ga ted bhrjd quhatg tgds n` jrhss-sddks ga ted mhronagzdk rdfhgas `rnf ted

_edgabhak. Zd `ddb, enwdvdr, teht `rnf mhronagzdk sddks n` wddks ga sdttbdfdats an mnambusgnas mha od

krhwa wgte rdspdmt tn ted quhatgty n` wddks na ted `gdbks, odmhusd gt gs ant lanwa tn enw fhay pbhats ted

sddks `nuak rdbhtd, enw bhrjd ted sur`hmd whs wedrd tedsd sddks mhfd `rnf, dtm. ]tgbb, ha houakhat jrnwte

n` wddks senubk ant od dxmbukdk, dspdmghbby weda ted `gdbks rdfhgadk ga usd `nr h bnaj tgfd. [ed jrnwte n`

wddks mha advmr ehvd mhusdk fume egakrhamd na `gdbks bhgk nut ga amwby mbdhrdk `nrdst, odmhusd sddks nr

regznfds n` pntdatghb wddks wdrd hosdat ga tegs lgak n` suostrhtd. [edy ehk ydt tn od gatrnkumdk.

Hs `nr khf hjd mhusdk oy hagfhbs , wm prdsufd teh t ted `gdbks wdrd `damdk tn lddp nut jhfd hak `rdd

ruaagaj mhttbd. [egs whs n` mnursd n` an usd hjhgast ogrks hak fgmd. Gt gs gfpnssgobd tn dstgfhtd enw fume

khfhjd tedsd hagfhbs mhusdk.

Zeda wd ehvd h bnnl ht ted ygdbk n` sgfgbhr `gdbks `rnf egstnrgd pdrgnks, gt hppdhrs teht gt gs vdry egje.

"Z d lanw `rnf ]mhagh, te ht ted ehrvdst n` ryd ga nbk tgfds whs n`tda 80-?; x ted sddk snwa h tdr our agaj,

ga mnfphrgsna wgte ?-4 U ga ted anrfhb by tgbbdk `gdbks." (]tddasodrj 8744). ]mentt fdat gnas teh t ted drnp

ga Mhahkh whs dxtrdfdby jnnk kurgaj ted `grst ydhrs. [ed `grst drnp n` wedht prnkumdk 09-899 ousedbs

(mgrmh 8499-?:99 lj) hak na vdry jnnk sngb dvda 8?4 ousedbs (=;99 lj) pdr eh. [ed `gdbks wdrd ant `drtgbgzdk



@NN K HAK @NNK Y_ NK TM [G NA :8

edrd hak ted `drtgbgty krnp pdk qugmlby tn ygdbks n` =9- =4 ousedbs (599 -8999 lj) pdr eh. Wdt, na jnnk hr hobd

sngb, wedht mnubk od snwa uagat drr uptdkb y `nr ?4 ydhrs. Out `gdbks na shaky sngbs ehk tn od hoh akn adk h`tdr

naby terdd ydhrs (]mentt 87=0).

Zd hssufm na ted ohsgs n` tedsd phrhbbdbbs teht ted `grst mrnps n` ted BOL wdrd vdry jnnk. [ed ygmbk pdr

eh whs pdrehps ant ga`drgnr tn tensd n` ted jnnk Mhahkgha sngbs, out n` mnursm tegs gs ant mdrthga. [ed

kgfhtd gs kgb`mrdat hak ntemr wedht spdmgds wdrd jrnwa. Envv fume snwgaj-sddk whs usdk hak enw gt whs

snwa hrd ualanwa `hmtnrs. [edrd fhy hbsn ehvd odda h kgg`drdamd ga ygdbk odtwdda `gdbks wegme wdrd usdk

`nr fnan mub turd ha k `gdbks na wegme h fgxturd n` kg``drdat pbhat s whs jrnwa . G t gs ht hay rhtd mdrthga teht

ted ygdbks n` h jgvda `gdbk kdmrdhsdk ga ted mnursd n` tgfd. [egs prnmdss fhy ehvd odda sbnw na ted bndss. Ga

Mhahkh ted vdry jnnk sngbs wdrd snfdtgfds ldpt ga usd `nr ?4 ydhrs. Ga hjrddfdat wgte Laðrzdr (sdd p.

07) wd tegal gt pnssgobd teht ga prgamgpbd ted `gdbks odbnajgaj tn ted BOL sdttbdfdats wdrd hbsn usdk `nr h

bnaj tgfd. Eut ted ygdbk n` h `gdbk wegme ehk odda usdk `nr ydhrs, wgbb ant ehvd odda gfpnrthat.

]gamd tggd dxtdat n` tgfd wegme dbhpsdk od`nrd ted `gdbks wdrd hohaknadk gs ualanwa, ted hfnuat n`

hjrgmubturhb bhak rdqugrdk oy ted sdttbdfdat mhaant od mhbmubhtdk. Adgtedr gs gt lanwa, g` ted `gdbks wdrd

fnrd nr bdss gfpdrfhadat, tn weht dxtdat ted `nrdst whs hbbnwdk tn rdjdadrhtd od`nrd gt whs thlda gatnmubtgvhtgna namd fnrd. H mnfpbdtd rdjdadrhtgna bhsts fhay kdmhkds. Ydrehps h mnfpbdtd rdjamrhtgna whs

ant whgtdk `nr, out h mdrthga sdrhb sthjd whs mensda. [ed quhatgty n` admdsshry hjrgmubturhb bhak mha vhry

fume wgte ted systdf usdk. Zd gbbustrhtd tegs wgte ha dxhfpbd, ga wegme wd hppby ted Mhahkgha

prnkumtgna `gjurds. Ga h sgtuhtgna wedrd `gdbks wdrd ldpt ga usd `nr ?4 ydhrs, hbwhys ted shfd pbnt n` 8 eh

whs admdsshry `nr ha haauhb prnkumtgna n` 8999 lj n` wedht (8 eh ygdbks 8999 lj). Out weda adw `gdbks

wdrd bhgk nut dvdry ydhr ga prgfdv hb `nrdst nr ga mnfpbdtdby rdjdadrh tdk `nrdst, h tnth b n` ?4 x 9.; 6 89 eh

n` bhak wdrd admdsshry `nr ted haauhb prnkumtgna n` 8999 lj n` wedht kurgaj ha dquhbby bnaj pdrgnk n` ?4

ydhrs (8 eh ygdbks ?:99 lj).

[e d quha tgty n` admdsshry hjrgmubtur hb bhak gs h `hmtnr wegme pbhys ha gfp nrth at phrt ga haswdrgaj te d

qudstgna wedtedr ted sdttbdfdats wdrd hohaknadk h`tdr snfd tgfd nr wedtedr tedy mnubk rdfhgagaehogtdk `nr snfd mdaturgds. Gt gs tedrd`nrd rdjrdtthobd teht wd `ddb uahobd tn mhbmubhtd ted hrdh rdqugrdk

`nr `gdbks. _xpdrgfdats wgte sbhse hak oura hjrgmubturd mnubk pdrehps prnvgkd h bgttbd fnrd Ga`nrfhtgna,

out sume dxpdrgfdats hrd ehrkby `dhsgobd, ant ga ted bdhst odmhusd hbfnst hbb bndss sngbs ga Durnpd ehvd `nr

mdaturgds odda kd`nrdstdk. Fnrdnvdr, gt gs ant hbwhys mdrthga teht ted dxpdrgfdats wgbb prnvgkd mbdhr

rdsubts. [ed dxpdrgfdats ga ted Krhvdkslnv (Kdafhrl) wdrd rhtedr kgshppngatgaj ga tegs rdspdmt

(]tddasodrj 8744).

Nur mnambusgna gs teht ted dxhfgahtgna n` ted pbhat rdfhgas `rnf sdttbdfdats ehs ant ornujet us hay

ùrtedr hs `hr hs ted sgzd n` ted `gdbk hrdh gs mnamdradk. Ga mehptdr P wd sehbb try tn hpprnhme tegs prnobdf

`rnf h kg``drdat hajbd.

@NNG) KD_GPDK @_NF HAGFHB]

Ga mehptdr GGG.4 ted `huahb rdfhgas, `nuak hfnajst ted ruoogse ternwa gatn pgts ga ted sdttbdfdats wdrd

kgsmussdk< tedy wdrd usdk ga teht mehptdr hs h snurmd n` Ga`nrfhtgna rdjhrkgaj ted wgbk `huah. [ed shfd

rdfhgas prnvgkd anw ted `hmtuhb fhtdrghb na w egme tn ohsd h kdsmrgpt gna n` ted `nnk kdrgvdk `rnf hagfhbs.

Ga ted rdmnastrumtgna n` ted `huah gt ehs hbrdhky odda pngatdk nut teht ted fhtdrghb òuak ga ted whstd

prnohoby rdprdsdats naby h phrt n` ted hagfhbs wegme wdrd dhtda nr ntedrwgsd usdk oy fha. Hagfhbs

wegme prnvgkd an "whstd" hrd n` mnursd ant rdprdsdatdk ga whstd hssdfobhjds, sn teht tedy mhaant `nrf

phrt n` ted nosdrvhtgna. Gt gs hbsn pnssgobd teht hagfhbs, ga phrtgmubhr bhrjd, edhvy hagfhbs, wdrd



:? _DBH[GNA] OD[ZDDA ]D[[BDFDA[] HAK DAPG_NAFDA[

sbhujetdrdk `hr `rnf ted sdttbdfdat, sn teht tedgr sldbdthb rdfhgas wgbb od `nuak rhrdby, g` ht hbb, ga ted

sdttbdfdats. Zgtega ted sdttbmfdats, rdfahats mha od kgspbhmdk hak jahwdk oy knjs hak ntedr smhvdajdrs.

Mbhsna wrgtds3 "Dspdmghbby ted prnxgfhb dpgpeysds n` ted eufdrus, `dfur hak tgogh n` ted bhrjdr rufg ahat s

hrd n`tda fgssgaj, hbsn weda ted onads hrd wdbb prdsdrvdk, odmhusd knjs ehvd jahwdk tedf hwhy. [ed knjs

wdrd ant ted naby smhvdajdrs ga tensd dhrby vgbbhjds hak wd ehvd tn rdmlna wgte ntedr spdmgds tnn, sume hs

`nxds, wnbvds hak vubturds." (Mbhsna ga prdss). @gahbby, sldbdthb phrts ehvd kgshppdhrdk oy mnrrnsgna.

Hs whs sthtmk na phjd ;;, ted hagfhb rdfhgas ht ]gtthrk, ]tdga hak Dbsbnn hrd hbfnst mnfpbdtdby

kdmhydk. Nad onad rdfahat teht mnubk od gkdatg`gdk, gs h onvgad rhkgus `rnf Dbsbnn. [ed sgzd n` tegs onad

fhkd Lnr tda onu t vha kdr ]buys prdsufd teht gt whs n` h knfdstgmhtdk hagfh b (Fnk kdrfh a 87:9 p. ?5).

@urtedrfnrd ted dahfdb n` h onvgad whs `nuak ht ]gtthrk (Fnkkdrfha 8745/8747k p. 88;). @nr khth

wegme fgjet jgvd snfd Ga`nrfhtgna honut ted sgtuhtgna ga ted sdttbdfdats n` ]nutedra Bgfourj, wd

kdpdak, hs ga ted rdmnastrumtgna n` ted wgbk `huah, na ted fhtdrghb `rnf Fòkkdrsedgf, Bklr. Kurda

(O_K) (sddp. ;;).

[ed hagfhb rdfahats `rnf Fòkkdrsedgf wdrd puobgsedk nrgjgahbby oy ]thfp`bg, ou t hs tegs huten r sdts

sbgjetby kg``drdat sthakhrks `nr ted mehrhmtdrgstgms oy wegme hurnmes hrd kgstgajugsemk `rnf knfdstgmhtdk

mhttbd, teha hutenrs sume hs Fubbdr hak Mbhsna, wen hbsn stukgdk BOL onad rdfhgas, wd usd ted rd-

gatd rprdthtgna n` Mbhsna (]thfp`bg 8704, Mbhsna 87:?). [egs fhlds ted kh th mnfphrhobd tn tensd n`

Egdaedgf, wegme wgbb od kgsmussdk bhtdr.

Hmmnrkgaj tn Mbhsna, ted gkdatg`ghobd fhtdrghb n` Fòkkdrsedgf mnfprgsds 854 onads n` knfdstgmhtdk

fhffhbs, 80 onads n` wgbk fhffhbs (ant gambukgaj ted ehfstdr, sdd p. ;4), nad onad n` h ogrk hak twn

`rhjfdats n` h `rdsewhtdr fussdb. Zgtega ted mhtdjnry n` ted fhffhbs , naby 5"n n` ted onads hrd tedrd`nrd

n` wgbk hagfhbs. Hbb tedsd rdfaha ts nrgjgahtd `rnf uajubht ds, ahfdby enrsd (; onads), onh r (= onads), rdk

kddr (8 onad + 8 hatbdr `rhjfdat), rnd kddr (8 onad + 8 hatbdr `rhjfdat), hurnmes (? onads) hak prnohoby

hurnmes (= onads). Ga ted mhtdjnry n` knfdstgmhtdk hagfhbs, mhttbd prmknfgahtd wgte 8== onads, wegme

rdprdsdat :?% n` ted aufodr n` knfdstgmhtdk hagfhbs. ]dmnak hrd ted pgjs wgte =? onads nr 8:%, tedamnfd ted sed dphak/ nrjn hts wgte 8 7onad snr 89%, wedrdh sh sgajbd onad n` h knj ehs odda `nuak (9.4%).

[edsd hphrt, tedrd hrd 84 onads n` mhttbd, n` wegme gt mnubk ant od kdtdrfgadk wedtedr tedy wdrd wgbk nr

knfdstgmhtdk.

Hs ted onuakhry odtwdda ted kdmhbmg`gmk hak ted mhbmhrdnus bndss gs sgtuhtdk fume bdss kddp ht

Egdaedgf teha ht ]gtthrk, ]tdga hak Dbsbnn (rdspdmtgvdby 59 mf hak ?99 mf odadhte ted sur`hmd), onads

wdrd prdsdrvdk ht Egdaed gf. Mbhsna whs hobd tn gkdatg`y phrt n` ted fhtdr ghb . Gt mnfprgsds ;; (+ 8) onads

n` knfdstgmhtdk mht tbd , 8= ( + 4) n` jnht hak/nr seddp, nad enra-mnrd n` h seddp, 8= onads n` knfds tgmhtdk

pgj hak nad onad n` prnohoby h knj. [ed `gjurds odtwdda phrdatedsds rd`dr tn gkdatg`gmhtgnas wegme hrd ant

mdr thga. [ed wgbk uajubh tds mnfprgsd 4 onads n` wgbk onhr, ?7 onads hak 84 hat bdr `rhjfdats n` kddr , :

onads hak 8 ( + 4) hat bdr `rhjfdat n` rnd kddr hak = onad `rhjfdats n` dbl. N` 8= ( + ?) pgj onads hak 88mhttbd onads mnubk ant od kdtdrfgadk wedtedr tedy odbnajdk tn wgbk nr tn knfdstgmhtdk hagfhbs hak

ùrtedrfnrd gt whs gfpnssgobm ga ?9 mhsds tn hsmdrthga wedtedr phrtgmubhr onads odbnajdk tn mhttbd nr tn

kddr. Odsgkds uajubhtds, rnkdats hak mhragvnrh hrd hbsn rdprdsdatdk, ahfdby h rhkgus n` h squgrrdb, ;

`rhjfdats n` odhvdr h ak nad `rhjfdat n` h odhr. Ga hkkgtg na tn rdfhgas n` fhf fhbs, rdfahats n` gse ehvd

odda `nuak. An pdrmdathjds wdrd mhbmubhtdk na hmmnuat n` ted sfhbb aufodrs.

Zd sthrt `rnf ted hssufptgna teht hbb tedsd spdmgds wdrd dhtda. Hbtenuje snfd spdmgds wdrd pdrehps ant

ldpt nr euatdk ga ted `grst pbhmd `nr ted fdht, wd fhy hjrdd wgte Mbhsna teht hay kdhk nr sbhujetdrdk

hagfhb mnubk ehvd odda mnasufdk (Mbhsna 87:=).



@NNK HAK @NNK Y_NKTM[GNA :=

[ed onad fhtdrghb n` Egdaedgf mnathgas, hmmnrkgaj tn Mbhsna, h rdfhrlhobd aufodr n` wgbk hagfhbs3

" . . .ted auf odr n` onads n` wgbk spdmgds gs rdbhtgvdby egje `nr h Bgadhr Ohakmdrhfgm sd tt bdfdat .. .. [ed

rhtgn n` wgbk hagfhb onads gs usuhbby uakdr 89 %" (Mbhsna ga prdss). [egs pdrmdathjd whs gakddk uakdr

89% ht Fòkkdrsedgf . Wdt, ted dxhmt sehrd n` euat gaj ga noth gagaj fdht gs ant jgvda oy tedsd pdrmdathjds.

Dvda g` nad rdstrgmts nad's mnasgkdrhtgnas tn hagfhbs, ted onads n` wegme su`@drdk tn h mnfphrhobd dxtdat

`rnf mnrrnsgna, sume hs ted uajubhtds, hak dvda g` nad hssufds teht hbb euatdk hagfhbs wdrd onadk ga ted

sdttbdfdat, ted rhtgn wgbk-knfdstgmhtdk knds ant rdprdsdat ted rdhb sgtuhtgna, odmhusd ted mhbmubhtdk rhtgns

hrd kdpdakda t na ted sthakhrks wegme nad sdts ga kdtd rfga gaj h mdrthga sldbdtna rmf aha t, dspdmghbby weda

gt odbnajs tn mhtt bm nr tn pgj. Dspdmghbby ga hs hr hs mht tbm, wegme gs ga ted fhcnrgty ga ted dxmhvh tdk fhtdrg hb,

gs mnamdradk, tedrd hrd fhay trhasgtgnas omtwdda knfdstgmh tdk hak wgbk. [eus , h fnkg`gmhtgna n` ted

sthakhrks usdk ga ted gkdatg`gmhtgna wgbb rdsubt ga mnasgkdrhobd kgb`drdamds ga ted pdrmdathjd n` wgbk

hagfhbs. [egs gs ted rdhsna wey ]thfp`bg jgvds ?7% wgbk hagfhbs `nr Fòkkdrsedgf hak Mbhsna naby 5%.

[ed pdrmdathjds mha tedrd`nrd ant od usdk hs hosnbutd quhatgtgds. N` mnursd gt gs pnssgobd tn mnfphrd

sdttbmfdats hak pdrgnks wgte dhme ntedr weda ted sthakhrks wegme hrd usdk hrd ted shfd. Hantedr rdhsna

`nr ted prnobdfs damnuatdrdk ga ted hssdssfdat n` ted rhtgn euatdk hagfhbs - knfdstgm hagfhbs, gs tedpnssgogbgty teht hagfhbs wgte ted mehrhmtdrgstgms n` wgbk hagfhbs fgjet stgbb ehvd odbnajdk tn ted stnml.

[egs gs mdrthgaby ted mh.sd wgte adwby knfdstgmhtdk gakgvgkuhbs (sdd ùrtedr p. :;).

Antwgtesthakgaj ted kg`ggmubtgds mnamdragaj ted gatdrprdthtgna, ted pnssgogbgty rdfhgas teht ted ga-

ehogthats n` Egdaedgf kgk gakddk euat fnrd ogj jhfd teha tensd n` Fòkkdrsedgf, tenuje ted rdhsna

wey mha naby od judssdk ht. Gt mnubk od teht tedrd whs fnrd jhfd tn od euatdk hrnuak Egdaedgf, odmhusd

ted jhfd pnpubhtgna whs kdasdr. [egs wnubk od ted mhsd g` ted `nrdsts wdrd bgjetdr, h pnssgogbgty

fdatgnadk ga mehptdr Eb.4. Gt gs tn od nosdrvdk, enwdvdr, teht ted sehrd n` ted wgbk hagfhbs ga

ted fhtdrgh b `rnf [eòr gajda hak ]hmesda gs hbsn uakd r bNQn, hbtenuje, hmmnrkgaj tn Fhagh , strdtmeds

n` npda mnua try hak bgjet `nrdsts wdrd stgbb prdsdat ga tegs rdjgna ht ted tgfd n` ted BOL (Fub bdr

870;, Fhagh 87:=o). Npda bhak.smhpds hrd mehrhmtdrgzdk usuhbby oy h kdasd jhfd pnpu bht gna (sdd p. ;:).H sdmnak pnssgogbgty mnubk om teht ht Egdaedgf tedrd whs bdss phsturd nr `nnk hvhgbhobd `nr knfdstgmhtdk

hagfhbs, sn teht `dwdr hagfhbs mnubk od ldpt, out ga vgdw n` nur rdmnastrumtgna n` ted vdjdthtgna tegs gs ant

prnohobd. Na ted mnatrhry ted tdrrhga hrnuak Egdaedgf ehk rhtedr fnrd mbdhrgajs wegme wdrd sugthobd `nr

tdakgaj stnml. Aufdrnus hkkgtgnahb rdhsnas fhy od n``drdk `nr ted pnssgobd kg`gdrdamds, `nr dxhfpbd, teht

sbhujetdrgaj fdtenks wdrd ant dvdrywedrd ted shfd.

Onads n` mhttbd hrd ga ted fhcnrgty ga onte ted hrdhs stukgdk. Oy `hr ted jrdhtdr phrt n` tedsd onads

nrgjgahtd `rnf knfdstgmhtdk hagfhbs. Mhttbd hrd oy `hr ted edhvgdst hagfhbs n` ted gkdatg`gdk spdmgds hak

prnvgkd fnst fdht (vha kda Orgal 87:?, Mbhsna 87:=). Ga hs `hr hs wd mha hak fhy cukjd oy ted dxmhvhtdk

fhtdrghb, odd` whs ted fnst mnffna lgak n` fdht. N` mnursd wd senubk bgld tn lanw enw fhay hagfhbs

wdrd dhtda ga h mdrthga sdttbdfdat ga h jgvda pdrgnk n` tgfd. [egs qudstgna mhaant od haswdrdk `nrEgdaedgf. [e d rdfhgas hrd prdsdrvdk tnn ohkby hak "G t g s . . . ant n` hay usd tn dsthobgse fg agfu f

aufodrs n` gakgvgkuhbs, nr tn try tn mhbmubhtd ted fdht wdgjet ted onads rdprdsdatdk." (Mbhsna ga prdss).

Dvda `nr Fòkkdrsedgf, wedrd ted onads hrd wdbb prdsdrvdk, ted mhbmubhtgna mhaant od mhrrgdk nut,

odmhusd tedrd hrd tnn fhay ualanwa `hmtnrs. [ed `grst prnobdf gs teht ted pdrmdathjd n` ted nrgjgahb

quhatgty n` onads rdtrgdvdk oy dxmhvhtgna gs ualanwa. Fnkkdrfha dstgfhtds teht 89 tn ?4% n` pnttdry

hak ted bgld rdhppdhr s ga dxmhvhtgnas (Fn kkd rfh a 8745/8747k p. ::). [egs pdrmdathjd gs mdrthgaby bnwdr

`nr onad fhtdrghb, odmhusd pnttdry gs hbsn `nuak ga kdmhbmg`gdk bndss, wedrdhs ted prdsdamd n` sldbdthb

rdfhgas gs rdstrgm tdk tn ted mhbmhrdnus bndss. [ed kdmhbmg`gmhtgna bdvdb gs ht mh. :9 mf uakdr ted sur`hmd ht



:; _DBH[GNA] OD[ZDDA ]D[[BDFDA[] HAK DAPG _NAF DA[

Fòkk drse dgf (]megdtzdb 8704 p. 888). ]megdtzdb's puobgmht gna knds ant fmatgna ted kdp te n` ted pgts, out

nur nwa nosdrvhtgnas mhusd us tn odbgdvd teh t ted kddpmr pgts wgte fhay `gaks rdhmedk h kdpte n` 59 tn 899

mf. [edrd`nrd ted onads fust hbb ehvd odda na ted onttnf n` ted pgts. [ed pgts odmnfd ahrrnwdr tnwhrks

ted onttnf hak fnst pntt dry `rhjfdats hrd `nuak usuhbby ga ted tnp `gbbgajs. [edrd`nrd wd dstgfhtd t eht ted

mehamd n` gakgaj onads gs ant fnrd teha 8/5 n` ted meham d n` gakgaj pnt sedrks. [eg s wnubk fdha t eh t ted

aufodr n` dxmhvhtdk onads rdprdsdats naby 8 tn =¹(, n` ted nrgjgahbby p rdsdat a ufodr . G t gs sgfpby ant

pdrfgssgobd tn mhbmubhtd ted aufodr n` sbhujetdrdk hagfhbs na ted ohsgs n` sume bnw pdrmdathjds.

Hbtenuje ted eaks sujjdst teht ted fdht mhfd fhgaby `rnf uajubhtds, ted kgdt whs pdrehps mnf-

pbdfdatdk wgte sfhbbdr mrdhturds. Ant naby sfhbb fhffhbs sume hs squgrrdbs, out hbsn ogrks, turtbds, `gse

hak mrusthmdh fhy od mnasgkdrdk edrd. Anr senubk djjs, sahgbs hak ted bglm od dxmbukmk. Gt gs gfpnssgobd tn

dstgfhtd ted sehrd n` tedsd sfhbb hagfh bs ga ted khgby fdau sgamd vdry dw rdfhgas n` ogrks, turtbds hak ted

bgld ehvd odda fdatgnadk ga ted BOLsdttbdfdats dxhfgadk sn `hr (Fubbdr 870;, Mbhsna 8705). ]ahgb-sedbbs

ehvd advdr odda `nuak ydt, ant dvda ga sdttbdfdats wedrd `gak mnakgtgnas hrd rhtedr `hvnurhobd, sume hs ga

[eò rgajd a hak ]hmesda. Fu bbdr dvda mnambukdk `rnf ted smhrmgty n` ted sedbbs n` rdsewhtdr fussdbs ga ted

hssdfobhjds `rnf Mdatrhb Jdrfhay, teht ted fnbbusms wdrd ant dhtda ht hbb, out wdrd jhtedrdk tn sdrvd hs

tnnbs nr hs nrahfdats (Fubbdr 870; p. 40). Hs h fhttd r n` `hmt. Fubbdr ehk tn wnrl wgte fh tdrghb `rnf

fusduf mnbbdmtgnas hak gt gs pnssgobd teht ted sfhbbdr rdfhgas hrd jrdhtby uakdrrdprdsdatmk ga tegs lgak n`

fhtdrghb. @urtedrfnrd, gt gs pnssgobd teht ted sfhbbdr rdfhgas wdrd rhrdby fgxdk wgte ted ruoogse ga pgts,

odmhusd tedy wdrd mrusedk ga ted sdttbdfdat nr dhtda datgrdby oy smhvdajdrs. Enwdvdr, tedsd pnssgogbgtgds

n``dr an datgrdby shtgs`hmtnry dxpbhahtgna `nr ted smhrmgty n` `gse rdfhgas, sahgb-sedbbs hak ted bgld. Zd tegal

teht ted jhtedrgaj n` sfhbb hagfhbs whs gakddk naby h suppbdfdat tn ted anrfhb fdau, nad wegme,

fnrdnvdr, mnubk ehvd kg``drrdk hmmnrkgaj tn ted rdjgna hak ted sgtuhtgna ht ehak. [hutd `nuak fhay `gse

rdfhgas ga h BOL mnatdxt ga ted mhvd "@dbskhme Bhutmrdml" ([hutd 8700 p. ;74) wegme mnubk gagpbv teht

quhatgtgds n` `gse wdrd dhtda ga phrtgmubhr mgrmufsthamds.

Gt fhy ehvd odmnfd hpph rdat `rnf ted honvd, teht gt gs nur npgagna teh t ted `nnk kdrgvdk `rnf hagfhbs

whs, `nr ted jrdhtdr phrt, prnvgkdk oy knfdstgmhtdk hagfhbs hak teht euatgaj hak jhtedrgaj mnastgtutdk

naby h mnfpbdfdat tn ted kgdt. Ydrehps tedrd whs ant danuje jhfd ga ted surrnuakgajs n` ted sdttbdfdats

tn `ddk ted gaehogthats hrnuak ted ydhr (sdd GGG.4). [ed sgtuhtgna mnubk ehvd odda sgfgbhr tn teht n` ted

`nnk kdrgvdk `rnf pbhats.

[ed gaehogthats n` ]gtthrk, ]tdga, Dbsbnn hak Egdaedgf wdrd teus ant naby hjrgmubturhbgsts out hbsn

phstnrhbgsts. ga ted `trst pbhmd tedy ldpt mhttb d, odsgkds snfd pgjs, seddp hak jnhts. @nr egs fhtdrghb `rnf

[eòrgajda hak ]hmesda, Fubbdr hssufds teht phrt n` ted mhttbd- hak pgj-stnml mnubk ehvd mnasgstmk n`

bnmhbby knfdstgmhtdk wgbk mhttbd hak pgjs, h mnambusgna rdhmedk na hmmnuat n` ted fhay trhasgtgna sthjds

odtwdda wgbk hak knfdstgmhtdk hagfhbs. Mhttbd dspdmghbby mnubk ehvd uakmrjnad h mnatgaunus knfdstg-

mhtgna (Fubbdr 870; p. 00 hak 0:). [ed fhtdrghb `rnf Fòkkdrsedgf hak Egdaedgf bdhks tn ted shfd

mnambusgna. Gt gs mnamdgvhobd teht vdry ynuaj hagfhbs wdrd mhujet hak rhgsdk ga ted sdttbdfdat. Hantedr

pnssgogbgty gs teht thfd mnws hak snfdtgfds hbsn thfd snws wdrd sdrvdk oy wgbk mnajdadrs.

[edrd sddfs tn od an kg``drdamd ga ted mnfpnsgtgna n` ted bgvd-stnml n` ted twn hrdhs uakdr stuky, ga hs `hr

hs gt gs custg`gdk tn `nrf mnambusgnas `rnf h sgajbd nosdrvht gna pdr hrdh . [ed qudstgna gs wedrd ted hagfhbs

wdrd ldpt. Nad pnssgogbgty gs teht ted hagfhbs wdrd ldpt ga sthobds. Fnkkdrfha sujjdsts teht ted anrte-

wdstdra phrt n` ted enusds mnubk od usdk hs hsth obd (Fn kkd rfh a 87:9p . 889). [egs sphmd gsme hrhmt drgzd k

oy snbgk wnnkda whbbs wegme wnubk rdsgst ted ruoogaj n` ted bgvd-stnml odttdr teha ted whttbd-hak-khuo



@NNK HAK @NNK Y_NKTM[GNA :4

whbbs usdk dbsdwedrm ga ted mna.strumtgna n` ted enusd. Ga ]nutedra Bgfourj ted bdajte n` tedsd rdga`nrmdk

phrts vhrgds `rnf 8 f (Dbsbnn enusd 5:) tn 88.4 f (Jdbdda RP=), hak ted vvgkte gs usuhbby odtwdda 4 hak : f.

G` tedsd A.PP.-phrts wdrd gakddk sthobds, ted mhttbd fust ehvd odda tgdk tedrd, sgamd tedrd gs an snbgk

phrtg tgna od twdda ted mdatrhb phrt, wegme mnubk ehvd ehk h bgvgaj uamtgna, hak ted pnssgobd sthobd. Mhttbd-

onxds hs lanwa `rnf bhtdr pdrgnks hrd hosdat, out ted sphmd odtwdda ted dak whbb hak ted `grst rnw n` terdd

pnsts hak hbsn ted sphmd odtwdda ted rnws n` terdd pnsts fgjet wdbb ehvd odda usdk hs h mhttbd-onx nr hs h

knuobç mhttbm -onx. Ga h enusd-pbha bgld enusd =? rnf Dbsbnn (Fnkkd rfha 87:9pbh td 85) Jmhttbd-onxdsnr

knuobç mhttbd-onxds, terdd ht dhme bnaj sgkm, mnubk od krhwa ga tegs why. [ed mhttbd wnubk tema od sthobdk

ht rgjet hajbds tn ted bnajgtukgahb hxgs n` ted enusd. Enwdvdr, ted mdatrhb phte vvegme ombnajs tn tegs typd n`

sthobds, gs hosdat. [ed onxds hrd tnn ahrrnw tn hmmn fnkhtd twn hkubt hagfhbs . [ed mhttbd n` ted BOL wdrd

ogj (Fubbdr 870;, Ondssadml 8745) hak addkdk pdrehps dvda fnrd sphmd teha ted mhttbd `rnf ted Ornazd

Hjd sdttbdfdat Dffdrenut wedrd ted onxds ehvd h wgkte n` fnrd teha 8 f (Zhtdronbl 87:4 p. =78). [ed

sphmd odtwdda ted pnsts n` h enusd bgld Dbsbnn =? gs hppr nxgfh tdby ? f. [e d en radk mhttbd n` tegs enusdenbk

fgjet, `nr gasthamd, ehvd mnfprgsdk ? jrnwa mnws, ? mhbvds, ? ydhrbgajs, ? edg`drs hak ? terdd-ydhr nbk

mhttbd. G` ted mhbvds hrd hbbnwdk tn sthy wgte ted mnws hak g` ted edg`drs hak ydhrbgajs hrd sthobdk twn oy twn

ga twn onxds, dxhmtby 0 onxds hrd `gbbdk. Ga tegs dxhfpbd wd kn ant rdmlna wgte ted pnssgobd prdsdamd n` ha

nx (Fubbdr nothgadk dvgkdamd `nr nxda ga h BOL mnatdxt). Fnrdnvdr, wd bdhvd nut ohrrda mnws hak mhb`

fnrthbgty. N` ted fdatgnadk stnml ehrkby nad nr twn jrnwa hagfhbs mnubk od sbhujetdrdk pdr ydhr,

wedrdhs Fubbdr ehk kdfnastrhtdk teht fnst hagfhbs wdrd lgbbdk = tn : ydhrs nbk. Gt gs hbsn ehrkby pnssgobd

tn lddp hagfhbs ntedr teha mhttbd. [ed mhttbd fust ehvd odda vdry knmgbd tnn. [edrd`nrd wd wnakdr

wedtedr ted A.Z.-phrt n` ted enusds whs bhrjd danuje tn sdrvd hs h sthobd ht hbb, odmhusd dvda h bhrjd enusd

hs an =? n``drs out fgagfhb sphmd. Hayenw wd `gak gt gfpnssgobd tn hmmdpt teht ted datgrd bgvd-stnml whs

sthobdk tnjdtedr. [edrd`nrd wd hjrdd wgte Zhtdronbl's npgagna teht stho bgaj bgvd-stnml gs ted gavmatgna n` h

bhtdr pdrgnk (Zhtdronbl 87:4 p. =7=).

Gt senubk od fdatgnadk edrd teh t gt whs namd htt dfptdk tn kdfnastrhtd na ohsgs n` medfgmh b hahbysgs ted

kg``drdamds ga usd n` ted terdd phrts n` h BOL enusd. Adgtedr ga ]nutedra Bgfourj, anr ht Egdaedgf, wdrd

ted `bnnr sur`hmds n` ted enusds `nuak ga sgtu, out wd hssufd teht ted kgrt `rnf ted `nrfdr `bnnr kgk dak up ga

ted pnst-jensts, g.d. ga ted enbds bd`t oy ted pnsts (ant ted pgts ga wegme ted pnsts wdrd drdmtdk). Ga nad n` ted

enusds ht Egdaed gf3 an 5, ted `gbbgaj n` ted jensts whs mbdhrby vgsgobd hak shfpbds mnubk od thlda `rnf ted

enbds n` ted mdatrhb pnsts wegme wnubk ehvd suppnrtdk ted rnn` Hbtenuje ted mnatdat n` nrjhagm fhttdr

hak n` tnthb-penspehtd hppdhrs tn od fume egjedr ga ted jensts teha ga ted surrnuakgaj sngb, ted jensts n`

ted A. Z.-, mdatrhb hak ]. D.-phrts n` ted enusd senw an kg``drdamds. [eus, h sthobd-phrt, wgte h egje mnatdat

n` nrjhagm fhttdr hak penspehtd tn fhtme, mnubk ant od kgstgajugsemk. Fgbgshuslhs ehs mhrrgmk nut h

sgfgbhr gavdstgjhtgna ga h enusd-pbha n`Nbszhagmh (Ynbhak). Ed kdtdrfgadk ted agtrnjda mnatdat3 "[edrd

whs an vhrghogbgty ga ted agtrnjda mnatdat gasgkd ted enusd, dvda tenuje h kg`gdrdamd jdadrhbby dxgstdkodtwdda ted hrdhs gasgkd hak nutsgkd." (Fgbgshuslhs 87:0 p. =0).

[ed hbtdrahtgvd gs teht knfdstgmhtdk hagfhbs wdrd ldpt nutsgkd ted sdttbdfdat ga ted npda hgr. Ga teht

mhsd tedy jrhzdk `rddby ga ted `nrdst nr ga mbdhrgajs. Gt fhy od qudstgnadk wedrd ted hagfhbs `nuak tedgr

`nnk. Hs whss thtdk ga GG 8.4, vdry `dw wgbk uajubhtd s mnubk od `nuak ga ted sur rnuakgajs n`teds dtt bdf dat s,

odmhusd ted ahturhb vdjdthtgna n``drdk sphrsm `nnk `nr tegs lgak n` hagfhb. [edrd`nrd tedrd mhaant ehvd

odda fume bnnk `nr ted knfdstgmhtdk hagfhbs dgtedr, mdrthgaby ant ga ted pgnammrgaj sthjd n` ted BOL

nmmuphtgna. [ed odst phsturds wdrd prnohoby ga ted rgvdr-vhbbdy wedrd ted `nrdst whs bhydrdk, hak

mbdhrgajs wdrd prdsdat hbnaj ted rgvdr. Zd wdrd hobd tn kdfnastrhtd sume mbdhrgajs ga ted vhbbdy n` ted



:0 _DBH[GNA] OD[ZDDA ]D[[BDFDA[] HAK DAPG _NAF DA[

Knahu adhr Egdaedgf (sdd p. 808). Bhtdr, kurgaj ted nmmuphtgna, mbdhrgajs nmmurrdk hbsn ga ted egjedr

`nrdsts hs h rdsubt n` hjrgmubturd, hak stuoobd-`gdbks hak hohaknadk `gdbks mnubk od usdk hs jrhzgajs.

Zd hssufd teht ted `grst gaehogthats n` h sdttbdfdat ehk tn mnpd wgte h bhml n` phsturd. [ed shfd sddfs

tn ehvd odda ted mhsd weda ted Mhahkgha `nrdsts wdrd ornujet gatn mubturd ga ted 87te mdatury. ]mentt

wrgtds teht sn bgttbd bgjet pdadtrhtdk ternuje ted kdasd `nrdsts teht ant dvda jrhss mnubk jrnw uakdradhte.

[edrd`nrd ted pgnaddrgaj `hrfdrs ehk jrdht kg``gmubtgds ga `ddkgaj tedgr bgvd-stnml (]mentt 87=0 p. ?7 hak

=9). [eus, ht ted nutsdt ted bgvd-stnml fust ehvd rdmdgvdk fume hkkgtgnahb `nnk. [egs hkkgtgnahb `ddkgaj

mnubk bhtdr stgbb ehvd odda n` gfpnrthamd, `nr gasthamd weda ted rgvdr-vhbbdy whs `bnnkdk. @nr ted

hkkgtgnahb `ddkgaj, pbhats wegme ted hagfhbs mnubk ant rmhme temfsdbvds, mnubk od usdk, ga phrtgmubhr trdd

`nbghjd. ]ume h prhmtgmd wnubk dxpbhga ted rhpgk dbf kdmbgad ga ted Knahu vhbbdy adhr Egdaedgf, [egs

kdmEad, wegme gs kh tdk ;=99 ¸ 889 O.M. , mngamgkds fnrd nr bdss wgte ted odjgaa gaj n` BOL nmmuph tgn a ga

teht hrdh< ted nbkdst M8; khtds `rnf Egdaedgf hrd ;?94 ;4 O.M. (Jr A-:8 40), ;?:9 ;4 O.M. (JrA

-:445) h ak ;?54 ¸ ;4 O.M. (Jr A -:44 :) . Zgt ega t ed mhtdjnry n` kdmgkunus trdds, dbf hak hse sddf tn

prnvgkd ted odst `nkkdr (Gvmrsda 87:= p. 59). [ed hse, enwdvdr, whs ehrkby prdsdat ga ted Knahu vhbbdy

(sdd p. ;=), sn teht naby ted dbf rdfhgas hs nkkdr- trdd. [e ht ted dbf kgk ant rdmnvdr fgje t od httr gou tdk tn

ted `hmt teht ted fdtenk n` hkkgtgnahb `ddkgaj advdr wdat nut n` usd mnfpbdtdby hak tenuje bnppgaj fhy

ehvd nmmurrdk na h bdssdr smhbd, gt fgjet stgbb ehvd odda sdvdrd danuje tn prdvdat h mnfpbdtd rdmnvdry

n` ted dbf vdjdthtgna. Hs dxpbhgadk ga Hppdakgx G, tedrd hrd an rdhsnas tn httrgoutd ted dbf kdmbgad adhr

Egdaedgf tn mbgfhtnbnjgmhb nr dkhpegm `hmtnrs. (Hs hantemr pnssgogbgty `nr ha haternpnjdagm nrgjga n` ted

kdmbgad ted usd n` dbf-ohrl `nr mnastrumtgnahb purpnsds fgjet od fdatgnadk, sdd GP.; p. 55).

Ga hs `hr hs wd lanw, Egdaedg f gs sn hr ted naby pbhmd wedrd ted dbf kdmead gs mnrrdbhtdk t ernuje h M8;

kht d tn ted odjgaaga j n` BOL nmmuphtgn a. Ze dted r te drd gs h rdhb bgal mha n` mnursd naby od dsthobgsedk oy

rdpdhtdk nosdrvhtgnas. ]ume ha dhrby dbf kdmbgad ehs ant ydt odda nosdrvdk ga ]nutedra Bgfourj. [ed

dbf kdmbgad ga ted kghjrhf n` Fddswgcl, g` gt gs h rdhb dbf kdmbgad, ehs odda M8;-khtdk ht =?09 8=9 O.M.

(Bv-?5;) (Yhubgssma 8700 p. 8?0 hak 8?:). Ht ]gtth rk tedrd gs ha dbf kdmbgad ht h bdvdb wegme ehs oddakhtdk ht =8=9 59 O.M. (JrA-8009) (vha Sdgst 8745/8747 p. ??). Ga ted sdrgds n` kdpnsgts n` Fddswgcl

hak ]gtthr k, ted kdpnsgts wegme wnubk kh td `rnf ted pdrgnk n` mh.;999 O.M.. hrd. ga nur npgagna, hosdat, sn

teht h pnssgobd dhrbgdr kdmbgad mhaant od dsthobgsedk. Ga ted kghjrhf n` ted Bdgt`dakdrvda, wegme mnubk ehvd

senwa ted ga`budamd n` ted BOL sdttbdfdat " ]thedr Orume", ted pdrmdathjds n` dbf pnbbda hrd `hr tnn bnw tn

kdfnastrhtd h kdmbgad (Chassda 8709). @gahbby, ted kghjrhf n` Ornffdbda senws an kdmbgad ht hbb ga ted

Htbha tgm, ou t ted shfpbd pnga t gs vdry `hr hwhy `rnf ted teda gaehogt dk wnrbk (Chassda 8709). Gt gs hbsn

pnssgobd, teh t ted sdkgfdats n` ted Bdg``dakdrvma hak Ornffdbda kh td `rnf ted pdrgnk h`tdr ha dbf

kdmbgad . Gt wgbb prn oho by od vdry kg` gmubt tn prnvd ted rdbhtgna odtwdda ted BOL nmmuphtg na ha k ted dbf

kdmbgad hs ted rdqugrdk mnfogahtgna n` pnbbda-omhrgaj kdpnsgts `rnf ted Htbhatgm ga ted gffdkghtd vgmgagty

n` BOL sdttbdfdats hppdhrs tn od h vdry rhrd mnfogahtgna. Wdt, tedrd kn sddf tn od nppnrtuagtgds `nr

gavdstgjhtgna. @nr gasthamd, ted `nrfdr bhlds ga ted sn-mhbbdk "Fgttdbkdutsmed [rnmldajdogdt" hrd sgtuhtdk

ga ha hrdh wegme whs kdasdby pnpubhtdk kurgaj ted BOL. Ha dbf kdmbgad mha gakddk od sdda ga nad n` ted

kghjrhfs wegme Fgcbbdr fhkd n` ted `nrfdr Jhtdrsbdodadr ]dd. Yrn`gbd H4 fhy od fdatgnadk. [ed dbf

kdmbgad gs na ted onuakhry n` ted pnbbda znads @grohs PG-@grohs PGG, g.d. ga ted fgkkgd n` ted Htbhatgm. [egs

kdmbgad mnubk od ha dqugvhbdat n` ted pedanfdana ht Egdaedgf. Ta`nrtuahtdby, ted bdvdb gs ant prnvgkdk

wgte ha hosnbutd khtd (Fubbdr 874=/874;). Bhajd's kghjrhfs `rnf ted shfd hrdh senw h sgfgbhr dbf

kdmbgad (Bhajd 8704). [ed `grst mbdhr kdmbgad ga edr kghjrhfs hbrdhky thlds pbhmd kurgaj ted "nbkdr

Htbhatgm" (pdrgnk PGo). [egs kdmbgad usuhbby nmmurs sbgjetby dhrbgdr teha ted `grst, ga`rdqudat nmmurrdamd n`



@NNK HAK @NNa Y_NaTM[ GNA ::

edro pnbbda, wegme mnubk pngat tn eufha ga`budamd (Bhajd 8704 p. ?9). Bhajd sdds h rdbhtgna odtwdda ted

kdmbgad hak ted dhrbgdst Adnbgtegm nmmuphtgna, wegme, ga tegs hrdh , gs h BOL nmmuphtgna. Zd sdd ga Bhajd' s

nosdrvhtgnas h mbdhr phrhbbdb tnnurnwa adhr Egdaedgf. Ta`nrtuahtdby, edrd hbsn, M8; khtds, wegme mnubk

`nrf ha gakdpdakdat `hmtnr ga bgalgaj ted pedanfdah ga pdrgnk PGo n` ted pnbbda kghjrhfs tn ted BOL

nmmuphtgna, hrd bhmlgaj.

@NNK3 H ]TFFH_W

@rnf ted honvd survdy gt gs hpp hrdat teht ga`nrfhtgna mnamdragaj ted `nnk mnasufdk oy ted gaehogthats n`

ted Bgadhrohakldrhfgl sdttbdfdats gs vmry gamnfpbdtd. Wdt, ted mnambusgna teht ted jrdhtdr phrt n` ted

`nnk whs prnkumdk oy ted gaehogthats n` ted sdttbdfdats tedfsdbvds, fhy od hbbnwdk. Euatgaj hak

jhted rgaj , gt hppdhrs, pbhydk naby h fganr phrt . b'eg s gs ga mnfpbdtd hjrddfdat wgte mxgstgaj npgagna (d.j.

Ch al ue a 8707, [rg aje hf 87:8, Oderdas 87:=).

[ed hmtgvgtgds mnfprgsdk onte pbhat mubtgvhtgna hak hagfhb eusohakry. [ed mubtgvhtdk pbhats wegme

mnubk od gkdatg`gdk hrd3 dffdr, dgalnra, pdh, Gmatgb hak bgasddk. Odsgkds, pnppy-sddk whs `nuak ga]nutedra Bgfourj. Ohrbdy whs hosdat nr hbfnst hosdat. Dffdr hak dgalnra wdrd prnohoby mubtgvhtdk

tnjdtemr. Gt gs pnssgobm teht ntedr pbhats, dspdmghbby pdhs, wdrd mubtgvhtdk sdphrhtdby. Hayenw, temy wdrd

stnrdk sdphrhtdby ga ted sdttbdfdats.* [ed `gdbks na wegme ted pbhats wdrd jrnwa, wdrd n` sfhbb sgzd hak bhy

odtwdda thbb vdjdthtgna. Gt gs ant mbdhr wedtedr tedy wdrd usdk `nr h senrt tgfd nr `nr h bnaj pdrgnk. [ed

`gdbks wdrd prnohoby bhgk nut na bndss nr na kry phrts n` ted rgvdr vhbbdy, out tegs mnubk ant od prnvdk.

[ed sddk hssdfobhjds `rnf ]gtthrk, ]tdga hak Dbsbnn na ted nad ehak hak `rnf Egdaedgf na ted ntedr

eha k senw sgfgbhrgtgds, out hbsn kg``drdamds. Ge d bhttdr hrd fhgaby n` h quhatgb htgv d ah turd . [edy fgje t od

httrgoutdk tn kg``drdamds ga ted quhatgtgds wegme wdrd mubtgvhtdk n` dhme pbhat spdmgds. Gt gs pnssgobd teht

fhay pdhs wdrd mubtgvhtdk n` dhme pbhat spdmgds. Gt gs pn.ssgobm teht fhay pdhs wdrd mubtgvhtdk ht

Egdaedgf, wedrdhs Ornfus sdmhbgaus mha od mnasgkdrdk hbfnst hs h mubtgvhtdk pbhat ga ]nutedra Bgf ourj.

Gt hbsn sddfs teht fhay fnrd wddks jrdw na ted `gdbks ga ]nutedra Bgfo urj teha ht Egdaed gf. Enwdvdr,

ted pnssgogbgty dxgsts teht hbb tedsd kdkumtgnas hrd `hbsm. [ed dsthobgsedk kg``drdamds ga sddk hssdfobhjds

fgjet od ted rdsubt n` kg``drdat fdtenks n` ehrvdstgaj hak krygaj ted mubtgvhtdk pbhats.

[ed bgvd-stnml mnfprgsdk fhgaby mh ttbd. Ga hkkgtgna tedrd wdrd pgjs, seddp hak jnhts. [ed mht tbd hak, tn

h bdssdr dxtdat, ted pgjs kgspbhy mehrhmtdrgstgms wegme pngat tn gatdrorddkgaj wgte wgbk mnajdadrs. Zd

hssufd teht ted hagfhbs wdrd tdakdk nutsgkd ted .sdttbdfdat. Yrnohoby gt whs admdsshry tn jgvd hkkgtgnahb

`nnk tn ted bgvd-stnml3 trdd bdhvds.mnubk ehvd odda usdk `nr teht purpnsd. Ydrehps ted bgvd-stnml ht

Egdaedgf whs snfdweht sfhbbdr teha teht n` ted sdttbdfdats ga ]nutedra Bgfourj. H rdhsna `nr tegs

pemanfmana mhaant od jgvda.

]n `hr wd ehvd spnlda naby gakgrdmtby n` ted sehrd n` pbhats ga prnpnrtgna tn fdht ga ted fdau (sdd p.

0:). [ed dxmhvhtdk fhtdrghb knds ant hbbnw tn dsthobgse tegs rhtgn. Zd rdtura tn tegs suocdmt ga mehptdr P.

Hs pnga tdk nut ga G P. 8, not hga gaj `nnk gs h vgthb mnfpnadat ga ted tnthb sdt n` rdbht gnas wegme dxgst

odtwdda ted gaehogthats n` sdttbdfdats ga jdadrhb hak tedgr davgrnafdat. Ga ted mhsd n` ted sdttbdfdats

stukgdk ed rd, gt hppdhrs teh t tegs rdbhtgna mnasgsts ga ted davgrnafda t odgaj usdk `nr ted bnmhb prnkumtgna n`

`nnk, g.d. `nr pbhat mubtgvhtgna hak hagfhb eusohakry. Tsgaj ted davgrnafdat hs h kgrdmt snurmd n` `nnk whs

n` sdmnakhry gfpnrthamd.

* ]n hr, bgasddk whs rhrd ga nur `gaks, out tedrd hrd gakgmhtgnas teht tegs pbhat tnn whs mubtgvhtdk nr stnrdk sdphrhtdby, ht bdhst ga ted_edgabhak. Zm rd`dr tn ted bgasddk hssdfobhjds rnf Lðba-Bgakdatehb hak .Fnrlda-Ehr`[(Outtbdr & Ehodrdy 87=0, Egaz 8707).



:5 _DBH[GNA] OD[ZDDA ]D[[BDFDA[] HAK DAPG_NAFDA[

Taknuotdkby ted davgrnafdat fust ehvd ehk mdrthga prnpdrtgds tn fddt ted rdqugrdfdats fhkd oy ted

fdtenks usdk `nr `nnk prnkumtgna. [edsd rdqugrdfdats mnfprgsdk jnnk mnakgtgnas `nr ted mubtgvhtgna n`

ted kdsgrmk pbhats, su``gmgìat pnssgogbgtgds `nr hagfhb eusohakry hak pdr ehps hbsn h wgbk `huah `rnf

wegme ted Tvd-stnml mnubk od suppbdfdatmk.

[ed hmtgvgtgds rdbhtgaj tn `nnk prnkumtgna fust ehvd mehajdk ted nrgjgahb davgrnafdat. Zd fdatgnadk

ted mrdhtgna n` `gdbks oy rdfnvgaj `nrdst hak ted pnssgobd jhtedrgaj n` dbf-bdhvds oy wegme sthaks n` dgf

wdrd khfhjdk. [edsd hrd rgjnrnus gatdrvdatgnas ga ted ahturhb vdjdthtgna. Mehajds ga ted vdjdthtgna,

enwdvdr, hbsn ga`budamd hbb ntedr hspdmts n` ted davgrnafdat kdsmrgodk ga GGG. 8. [edsd hspdmts n` `nnk

prnkumtgna wgbb od kgsmussdk ga GP.0, wedrd h survdy n` ted ga`budamds wegme ted sdttbdfdats fgjet ehvd

dxdrtmk na tedgr surrnuakgajs wgbb od httdfptdk.

G P . = Z H [ D _

[ed gaehogthats n` Dbsbnn, ]tdga, ]gtthrk hak Egdaedgf kgk ant kgj wmbbs. Gt gs uabgldby teht hay n` ted pgtsga ted sdttbdfdats mha od gatdrprdtdk hs h wdbb. Zd fhy rdmhbb teht ted sdttbdfdats wdrd ougbt na bndss

pbhtdhus, hrdhs mehrhmtdrgzdk oy h vdry kddp whtdr thobd (GGG.=). Ha dxhmt gakgmhtgna gs gfpnssgobd,

odmhusd ted whtdr thobd gs ant fdhsurdk ga bnd.ss hrdhs ht prdsdat, sgamd gt gs sn hr odadh te ted sur`hmd teht

ted fdhsurgaj n` gts kdpte ehs an dmnanfgd usd. Hayenw, kgjjgaj wdbbs na bndss pbhtdhus gs h tgfd-

mnasufgaj wnrl.

[ed hb tdrahtgvd `nr wdbbs gs ted usd n` rhga -wh tdr nr n` sur`hmd whtdr. Zd lanw an tegaj n` mhtmegaj rhga-

whtdr . G` ted suffdrs wdrd gakddk r hte dr kry, hs whs hssufdk ga GG 8.?, rdmdpthmbds wnubk ehvd odda

addkdk tn orgkjd ted pdrgnk n` krn ujet. Enwdvdr, wd mhaa nt anw gkdatg`y strumt urds nr vdssdbs wgte sume h

rdsdrvngr ùamtgna. [edrd`nrd wd `hgb tn sdd enw stnrgaj rhga- whtd r mnubk ùb gb ted khgby kd fhak `nr whtdr .

[ed gaehogthats n` ted `nur BOL sdttbdfdats fnst prnohoby jnt tedgr whtdr `rnf ted adhrdst ahturhb npdawhtdr.

Ga ]nutedra Bgfourj ted adhrdst sur`hmd whtdr gs ruaagaj whtdr. @nr Dbsbnn, ted uppdr mnursd n` ted

strmhf Tr haswdrs ted admdsshry rdqugrdfdats. [ed vhbbdy n` tegs sfhbb strdhf ehk pmrdaaghb `bnw up tn h

kgsthamm n` :49 f rnf ted sdttbdfdat uatgb r mmdatby. Fnr d gab hak, ted vhbbdy ehs ted hspdmt n` h kry vhbbdy.

Ga G G 8.= gt whs hrjudk t eht tedrd gs an rdhsna tn hssufd teht ted kry vhbbdys ehk h pd rfhad at, pmrdaagh b

`bnw ht ted tgfd n` ted BOL nmmup htgn a. Ga ted shfd mehp tdr gt gs sthtdk teht ted whtdr mnursds fust ehvd

odda honut ted shfd kurgaj ted Htbhatgm hs anwhkhys, ht bdhst g` ted vdry rdmdat vgbbhjd kdvdbnpfdats,

krhgagaj wnrls hak mhahbgzhtgnas hrd bd`t nut n` mnasgkdrhtgna. [egs bdhks tn ted mnambusgna teht ted

gaehogthats n` Dbsbnn ehk tn whbl snfd :49 f tn rdhme whtdr. Ga wgatdr hak dhrby sprgaj ted kry vhbbdy

fgjet hbsn ehvd mhrrgdk whtdr3 ga teht mhsd ted kgsthamd tn ted whtdr wnubk ehvd odda senrtdr ga tedsd

sdhsnas, ahfdby honut ;49 f.

]tdga whs ùrtedr knwa ted shfd whtdr mnursd. [ed kgsthamd tn ted whtdr whs ?49 tn 499 f, kdpdakgaj

na ted pbhmd n` ted sdttbdfdat wgtega ted sdttbdfdat hrdh. ]gtthrk whs sgtuhtmk na ted Gm`b ohal n` ted

Jdbdda, h strdhf ga h rhtedr wgkd vhbbdy hak fume ogjjdr teha ted Tr. Kdpdakgaj na ted mnursd n` ted

Jdbdda ga gts vhbbdy, ted kgsthamd tn ted whtdr whs ?49 f ht ted bdhst hak 099 f ht ted fnst. [ed dxhmt

mnursd n` ted strdhf mhaant od rdmnastrumtdk. [ed shfd jnds `nr ted Tr, out ted vhbbdy n` ted bhttdr gs sn

ahrrnw, teht ted strdhf mnubk naby kgspbhmd gtsdb` nvdr senrt kgsthamds.

[ed gaehogthats n` Egdaedgf fust ehvd thlda tedgr whtdr `rnf ted Knahu, sgamm gt fust od hssufdk



_HZ FH[ D_G HB] :7

teht ted sfhbb kry vhbbdy, wegme sddfs tn `nrf ted onuakhry n` ted sdttbmfmat ht ted snute-wdst sgkd, kgk

ant mhrry whtdr ht ted tgfd n` ted BOL (sdd GGG.=). Ht Egdaedgf, ted Knahu `bnws ternuje h wgkd vhbbdy,

wegme gs wey wd mhaant gakgmhtd ted kgsthamd odtwdda ted sdttbdfdat hak ted rgvdr hmmurhtdby. Odsgkds, gt gs

hbsn pnssgobd teht ted gaehogthats kgk ant nothga tedgr whtdr `rnf ted rgvdr gtsdb`, out `rnf h mut-n`` rgvdr-

mehaadb. Hayenw, ted kgsthamds teht ehk tn om whbldk wdrd ant bnaj. [ed fgagfuf gs mgrmh 8?4 f hak ted

fhxgfuf honut 099 f.

Gt gs novgnus teht ted `nur sdttbdfdats wdrd ant sgtuhtdk adhr ted whtdr. Hpphrdatby ted gaeho gtha ts wdrd

prdphrdk tn whbl snfd euakrdks n` fdtdrs tn `dtme gt. Gt fust od strdssdk teht whtdr whs ant naby usdk hs

krgalgaj whtdr, out whs hbsn addkdk `nr fgxgaj mbhy hak bnhf hak `nr jrgakgaj stnad, tn ahfd snfd

dxhfpbds. Zd mhaant shy enw fume whtdr whs addkdk khgby.

[ed pnsgtgna n` ted sdttbdfdats wgte rdspdmt tn ted whtdr gs `hr `rnf uausuhb. Dvdrywedrd ga Durnpd ted

BOL sdttbdfdats kgsmnvdrdk sn `hr hppdhr tn od sgtuhtdk ga h sgfgbhr why. [edy hrd bnmhtdk ga ted vgmgagty n`

h whtdr-mnursd out sdbknf na ted ohal gtsdb` (`nr ted rhrdadss n` sdttbdfdats ga rgvdr vhbbdys, enwdvdr, sdd

Xug tth 8707). Bnaj kgsthamds odtwdda sdttbdfdats h ak whtdr, teht gs kgsthamds n` nvdr 8 lf, hrd uausuh b

(sdd ]gdbfhaa 87:8 p, 77, hfnaj n tedrs) .

G P . ; _ H Z F H [ D _ G H B ]

OTGBKGAJ FH[D_GHB]

[ed `grst mhtmjnry n` rhw fhtdrghbs wegme wd sehbb kgsmuss gs ted ougbkgaj fhtdrghbs wegme ted gaehogthats n`

h BOL sdttbdfdat addkdk `nr mnastrumtgna. Zd tegal teda ga ted òrst pbhmd n` enusds. Hs wd fdatgnadk ga

mehpt mr 88, ted nmmurrdamd n` bhrjd ougbkgajs, wegme hrd gatd rprd tdk hs enusds, gs nad n` ted odst-lanwa

mehrhmtdrgstgms n` ted BOL mubturd. [nkhy ted enusds dxgst hs enusd-pbhas naby. Hs `hr hs ]gtthrk, ]tdga,

Dbsbnn hak Egdaedgf hrd mnamdramk, tedy ehvd odda kmsmrgodk dxtdasgvdby oy Fnk kdrfh a (Fn kkd rfh a

8745/8747 hak 87:9, Fnkkdrfha ga prdss). ]dvdrhb hutenrs ehvd wrgttda hrtgmbds honut ted typds n`

mnastrumtgna teht wnubk ehvd bd`t ted trhmds `nuak. @hgrby rdmdat rdmnastrumtgnas hrd tensd n` Sgppdbgus,

]nuksly hak Fnkk drfha (Sgppdbgus 874:, ]nuksly 8707, Fnk kdrfha 87:=).*

Ga hkkgtgna tn enusds, tedrd wdrd ntedr lgaks n` mnastrumtgnas ga ted sdttbdfdat. Zd fdatgna edrd ted

trdameds n` ]gtthrk, wegme fgjet ehvd odda kuj `nr phbgshkds (F nkk drfha 8745/8747k p. :4).

[ed honvd-fdatgnadk hutenrs hrd mnavgamdk teht wnnk whs ted fhga ougbkgaj fhtdrghb. Bnaj, tegml

pnbds suppnrtdk ted rnn`s n` ted enusds< ted whbbs wdrd drdmtdk fhgaby n` tgfodr nr whttbd< ted `rhfd `nr ted

rnn`gaj whs hbsn n` wnnk. [ed wnnk fhag`dsts gtsdb` ga ted `grst pbhmd oy kgsmnbnrhtgnas ga ted sngb, wegme

gakgmhtd teht pnbds ehk odda sual gatn ted jrnuak. Fnst n` ted trhmds hrd n` rnuak pnbds, out tedrd hrd hbsn

trhmds n` spbgt tgfodr. Ga ]tdga, ga phrtgmubhr, gt mnubk od sdda vdry mbdhrby teht tegml trdd truals ehk oddafhkd gatn pnsts wgte h sdfgmgrmubhr mrnss-sdmtgna, pnsts wgte h trghajubhr mrnss-sdmtgna hak dvda pbhals

(Fnkkdrfha 87:9).

H sdmnak gakgmhtgna n` ted usd n` tgfodr gs prnvgkdk oy ted gfprdssgnas n` wnnk ga ted sn-mhbbdk bnhf

pghstdr. [edsd gfprdssgnas tnn hrd n` rnuak wnnk hs wmbb hs spbgt tgfodr. @nr h kgsmussgna n` ted typd n`

mnastrumtgna rdqugrgaj tegs wnnk, wd rd`dr tn ted sdmtgna na "bnhf" ùrtedr na.

* rggm hrtgmbm oy Fdydr-Merg.stgha whs puobgsedk h`tdr tegs sdmtgna whs wrgttda. Egs mnambusgnas, enwdvdr, kn ant sgjag`gmhatby hbtdrJTY bgad n` rrhsnagaj (Fdydr-Mergstgha 87:0).




H tegrk prnn` n` ted usd n` wnnk gs ted prdsdamd n` mehrmnhb ga ted sdttbdfdats. [ed mehrmnhb, enwdvdr,

addk ant admdsshrgby ehvd nrgjg ahtdk `rnf ougbk gaj dbdfmats3 ted wnnk ga qudstgna fhy hbsn ehvd sdrvdk hs

`grdwnnk. Mehrmnhb mha od `nuak ga pgts hs wdbb hs ga jensts n` pnsts. Zd odbgdvd teh t tedrd gs an kg``drdamd

odtwdda ted `gbbgajs n` ted twn. [ed mehrmnhb rdfhgas hrd usuhbby `nuak ga ted `nrf n` sfhbb `rhjfdats

fgxdk wgte sngb< tegs hppbgds `nr onte ted jensts hak ted pgts. [eht gs wey wd kn ant hmmdpt hs ha dsthobgsedk

`hmt teht ted mehrmnhb ga jensts nrgjgahtds `rnf ourat pnsts. Zd tegal gt egjeby bgldby teht ted prdsdamd n`

mehrmnhb ga ted jensts gs sdmnakhry. Hmmnrkgaj tn ]mewdgajruodr's `gakgajs, ted nrgjga n` ted mehrmnhb

mnubk od gakgmhtdk oy ted aufodr n` wnnk spdmgds rdprdsdatdk. @grdwnnk wnubk prdsufhoby mnathga h

fgxturd n` fha y spdmgds, wedrdhs mnastrumtgna wnnk mnubk od rdmnjagzdk oy ted bgfgtdk aufodr n`

spdmgds (]mewdgajruodr 87:= p. 840). Gt wgbb hppdhr bhtdr teht ua`nrtuahtdby tegs mrgtdrgna mhaant od hppbgdk

tn ted mehrmnhb `gaks `rnf ted sdttbdfdats kdsmrgodk edrd.

Gt gs hssufdk teht ga hkkgtgna tn tgfodr, bnhf whs hbsn usdk. Naby h mdrthga typd n` enusd wnubk ehvd

ehk whbbs teht mnasgstdk datgrdby n` wnnk (enusd typd bh ga ]nutedra Bgfourj). Ga ted ntedr enusds naby h

phrt, g.d. ted A.Z. phrt, whs drdmtdk n` fhssgvd tgfodr. Zhttbd wnubk ehvd odda usdk `nr ted rdfhgagaj

whbbs. [edsd whttbd whbbs wnubk ehvd odda `gbbmk wgte bnhf. An kgrdmt prnn` gs hvhgbhobd `nr ted dxgstdamd n`sume whbbs. Enwdvdr, bufps n` ourat bnhf wgte gfprdssgnas n` orhameds, ted sn-mhbbdk bnhf pghstdr, hrd

n`tda prdsdatdk hs dvgkdamd ([rgdr 8707 hak ntedr hutenrs). [ed bnhf `rnf ted whbbs fust ehvd odda

ouradk ga h `grd. [egs vgdw, enwdvdr, gs ant jdadrhbby sehrdk. ]megdtzdb pngats nut teht ted bnhf pghstdr gs

`grdk sn wdbb teht gt fust ehvd odda ga gatdasd mnathmt wgte `grd `nr h bnaj pmrgnk n` tgfd. Ed mnasgkdrs ted

bnhf pghstdr tn od ted rdfhgas n` `grdpbhmds (]megdtzdb 8704 p. 8=). ]nuksly hbsn odbgdvds teht ted bnhf gs

`grdk tnn ehrk tn ehvd nrgjgahtdk `rnf h ourat enusd. Ed fdatgnas ha nvda hs ted nrgjgahb mnastrumtgna

(]nuksly 8707 p. 80). [edsd nvdas wnubk ehvd ehk h knfdk rnn` mnasgstgaj n` bnhf-mnvdrdk orhameds

(]nuksly 8707 p. 4:). Fnkkdrfha hbsn mnasgkdrs ted ourat bnhf tn od ted rdfhgas n` h `grdpbhmd

(Fn kkd rfh a 87:= p. 8==). Enwdvdr , h`grd gs mdrthgaby hobm tn prnkumd "o ur at bnhf pghstdr", hb tenu je tn

h bgfgtdk dxtdat. Ehasda wrgtds n` h ouradk knwa dxpdrgfdathb enusd ga Hbbdrsbdv (Kdafhrl)3 "Gt whs

naby ht ted tnp, hak ht pbhmds teht ehk odda dspdmghbby sdvdrdby dxpnsdk tn ted edht, teht ted mbhy whs

prhmtgmhbby ohldk ternuje, hak bhrjd pgdmds n` fuk-pbhstdrgaj sgfgbhr tn tensd nrgjgahbby kgsmnvdrdk na ted

"j daug ad" sgtd, mnubk od ornlda n``" (Ehasda 8708 p. 8;;). Advdrtedbdss, wd tnn kn ant odbgdvd teht ted

bnhf mnfds `rnf whbbs. Ht ted bdhst, gt mhaant ehvd mnfd dxmbusgvdby `rnf whbbs. Nur hrjufdat `nr tegs

vgdw gs teht an mnamdatrhtgnas n` ourat bnhf ehvd odda `nuak hrnuak jrnuak-pbhas. [ed bnhf hppdhrs tn

od kgstrgoutdk hrogtrhrgby nvdr ted sdttbdfmat hrdh. Gt gs h anrfhb mnfpnadat n` pgt-`gbbgajs. Tabdss `grds

wdrd vdry mnffna, tegs mnubk gakgmhtd teht ted "bnhf pghstdr" whs ouradk uakdr mnakgtgnas wegme wdrd

fnrd `rdqudat teha `grds.

Zeda wd shy teht wd kn ant mnasgkdr ted prdsdamd n` bnhf pghstdr tn od prnn` n` ted dxgstdamd n` whttbd

whbbs, tegs knds ant admdsshrgby fd ha t eh t wd wgse tn dxmbukd wht tbd `nr ted whbbs n` tedsd enusds. Na ted

mnatrhry, wd dvda `gak gt h vdry httrhmtgvd gkdh. Ga hkkgtgna tn whbbs, ted bnhf fgjet hbsn ehvd odda usdk `nr`bnnrs. Enwdvdr, rdfhgas n` `bnnrs ehvd advdr odda `nuak.

Jgvda ted mnfpnsgtgna n` ted pghstdr, ted bnhf usdk whs n`tda tdfpdrdk wgte meh`` hak menppdk pbhats

(sdd p. 47)< tegs rhw fhtdrghb gs tedrd`nrd hbsn mnasgkdrdk h mnastrumtgna fhtdrghb.

Enw ted kg``drdat wnnkma phrts n` ted rnn` `rhfd wdrd edbk tnjdtedr gs mnfpbdtdby ualanwa. Zd mha

gfhjgad teht, odsgkds pnssgobd trum cngats, rnpd whs hbsn usdk. [egs rnpm fhy ehvd odda fhkd `rnf trdd-

ohst `gords. ]nfd ohst spdmgds hrd vdry sugthobd `nr tegs purpnsd. [ed rnn` mnvdrgaj whs prnohoby stgbb

hantedr ougbkgaj fhtdrghb, uabdss pbhals nr `hjjnts wdrd usdk. Gt gs n`tda hssufdk teht ted rnn` whs mnvdrdk



_HZ FH[D_GHB] ' 58

wgte rddks (Sgppdbgus 874: p. ?8 hakntedrhutenrs). Hbtmrahtgvds hrd strhw (]nuksly 8707 p. 84), snkshak

slgas (F nkkdrfha 87:= p. 8=5). Ohrl gs hbsn pnssgobd.

]uffhrgzgaj wd mha shy teht tedrd hrd terdd lgaks n` mnastrumtgna fhtdrghb wegme wd lanw `nr mdrthga

wdrd usdk, ahfdby wnnk, bnhf hak `gad pbhat fhtdrghb. [eda tedrd hrd ht bdhst `gvd fhtdrghbs teht mnubk

ehvd odda usdk3 ohrl nr ohst, rddk, strhw, snk hak slga. Zd sehbb mnasgkdr ga ted `nbbnwgaj wedrd tedy fhyehvd mnfd `rnf hak wedtedr tedy wdrd suèmgdatby houakhat. Zd bnnl `nr ted nrgjga ga ted `grst pbhmd ga

ted adgjeonurennk n` ted sdttbdfdat, sgamd wd sthrt `rnf ted hssufptgna teht fha kgk ant trhaspnrt

ougbkgaj fhtdrghbs nvdr bnaj kgsthamds weda ed mnubk nothga dqugvhbdat fhtdrghb adhroy.

Znnk whs mmrthgaby hvhgbhobm ga ted gffmkghtd surrnuakgajs. Ga GGG.; wd hrrgvdk ht ted mnambusgna teht

ted hrdhs wd hrd stukvgaj wdrd `nrnstdk. [eht whs mdr thga bv sn weda ted sdttbdfnats wdrd `nuakdk `sdd p.

=5). Zedtedr ted bnmhb wnnk whs hmtuhbby usdk `nr ougbkgaj gs h sdmnak qudstgna. [n prnvd tegs, nad senubk

om hobd tn kdfnastrhtd teht ted bnmhb lgaks n` wnnk wdrd gakddk gamnrpnrhtdk ga ted ougbkgajs.

[e d naby wgtadssds n` ted lgaks n` wnnk usdk ga ted sdttbdfdats hrd ted prdvgnusby fdatgnadk mehrmnhb

`rhjfdats. Hs sthtdk, ougbkgaj wnnk gs kg``gmubt tn kgstgajugse `rnf `grdwnnk ga tegs fhtdrghb. Hmmnrkgaj tn]mewdgajruodr, mnastrumtgna fhtdrghb fgjet od rdmnjagzdk oy ted `hmt teht gt mnathgas `dw spdmgds. [egs

mrgtdrgna, enwdvdr, mha naby od hppbgdk weda gt fhy od hssufdk teht ted sfhbb aufodr n` spdmgds ga ted

mehrmnhb hssdfobhjds gs ant ted rdsubt n` sdbdmtgvd mnrrnsgna. Ta`nrtuahtdby sume mnrrnsgna fhy wdbb ehvd

nmmurrmk ga nur sdttbdfdats. ]dkgfmats ga wegme mbhy gs kgspbhmdk hrd ua`hvnurhobd `nr ted mnasdrvhtgna n`

mehrmnhb. [ed mbhy ga`gbtrhtds ted mehrmnhb `rhjfdats hak kmstrnys tedgr strumturd oy swdbbgaj hak

sergalgaj. Hs mbhy kgspbhmdfdat whs ha gfpnrthat pedanfmana ga ted pgt `gbbgajs (vha kd Zdtdrgaj

87:4h), wd fust hssufd teht ted prnmdss n` kdstrumtgna mdrthgabv tnnl pbhmd ga nur sdttbdfmats. Mdrthga

wnnks fhy tedrd`nrd ehvd odmnfd uardmnjagzhobm. Z d sdm ga ted knfgahamd n` nhl ga ted fhtdrghb `rnf

Egdaedgf an prnn` wehtsndvdr `nr ted dxmbusgvd usd n` nhl-wnnk< ted knfgahamd gs rhtedr ted rdsubt n` ted

`hmt teht nhl-mehrmnhb kgsgatdjrhtds sbnwby hak rdfhgas rdmnjagzhobd `nr h bnaj tgfd (sdd hbsn Hppdakgx

GG).

Kurgaj ted dxmhvhtgnas ht ]gtthrk, ]tmga hak Dbsbnn an mehrmnhb whs jhtedrdk `nr Gkdatg`gmhtgna

purpnsds. Enwdvdr, wd fhy mnfphrd tedsd sdttbdfdats wgte Bhajwmgbdr-? Bklr . Kurda (O_K) , wegme bgds

=9 lf mhst n` ]gtthrk. Ga Bhajwdgbdr-? h rdbhtgvdby dxtdasgvd gavdstgjhtgna whs mnakumtdk oy

]mewdgajruodr (]mewdgajruodr 87:=). Ga tegs puobgmhtgna ]mewdgajruodr rdfhrls teht ted hosdamd n` ted

mehrmnh b n` sn t wnnk spdmgds mha od ted rdsubt n` mnrrnsgna. [ed mehrmnhb wegme em kgk eak prnohoby

nrgjgahtds prdknfgahatby `rnf `grdwnnk, sgamd ted fhtdrghb mnathgas fhay `rhjfdats n` seruos, ynuaj

orhameds hak fnubkdrdk wnnk. [ed naby shfpbds teht ]mewdgajruodr gakgmhtds hs pnssgobd rdfhgas n`

mnastrumtgna h rd ted mehrmnh b rdfhgas `rnf terdd pnstenbds ga Bhajwdgbdr-? enusd ?8 < ted pnsts wnubk ehvd

odda n` nhl (]mewdgajruodr 87:= p. 840). Zd wnakdr, enwdvdr, wedtedr ted mehrmnhb `nuak gs gakddk

phr t n` ted nrgjgahb pnsts, odmhusd snfd mhronagzdk sddks wdrd `nuak ga ted shfd shfpbds (Laðrzdr

87:= p. 8;:)< tedrd`nrd wm hssufd teht ted mehrmnhb whs sdmnakhry.

Hpphrdatby mehrmnhb mha n``dr us an hkdquhtd Ga`nrfhtgna honut ted lgaks n` wnnk usdk hs mnastrumtgna

tgfodr. ]n tedrd gs an prnn` `nr ted tedsgs teht ted wnnk `nr ted enusds mhfd `rnf ted gffmkghtd

surrnuakgajs n` ted sdttbdfdat. Gt gs trud, enwdvdr, t eht hbb wnnk spdmgds rdprdsdatdk ga ted mehrmnhb nmmur

ga ted bnmhb `nrdsts, sn teht tedrd gs an prnn` n` gfpnrt dgtedr. Ha dxmdptgna gs pdrehps ted sprumd `rnf

Bhajwmgbdr-?< ua`nrtuahtdby ted pnssgogbgty dxgsts teht ted shfpbds mnathgagaj sprumd-mehrmnhb hrd

mnathfgahtdk (]mewdgajruodr 87:= p. 84=).




Han ted r hpp rnhme bgds ga ted qudst gna n` wed ted r ted wnnk `rnf ted bnmhb `nrdsts whs sugtho bd hs ougbk gaj

tgfodr hak wedtedr h kg``drdat hak odttdr tgfodr mnubk om `nuak `hrtemr hwhy.

Hbb rdmnastrumtgnas lanwa tn us n` BOL enusds gakgmhtd teht fhay bnaj onbds wdrd addkdk. ]enrt sthlds

wdrdhbfnst advdrusdk. Onte Sgppdbgushak ]nuksly hssufd whbbs mgrmh ? f egje (Sgppdbgus 874:, ]nuksly

8707). @nr tegs emgjet, ted rnn`-suppnrts wnubk ehvd ehk tn ehvd h bdajte n` ;.4 tn 4 f, hmmnrkgaj tn]nuksly (]nuksly 8707 p. 8?). Pdry bnaj pgmmds n` wnnk wdrd rdqugrdk `nr ted rgkjd-pnbds. [ed rh`tdrs tnn

wdrd bnaj, edhvy pgdmds n` wnnk (Fnk kd rfha 87:=). [egs gfpbgds teht naby trdds wgte h wdbb-kdvdbnpdk

trual wdrd sugthobd. Gt senubk ehvd odda an prnobdf tn `fk trdds n` tegs typd ga ted vgmgagty n` ted

sdttbdfdat. Zd wrntd na p. =4 teht trdds ga h kdasd `nrdst kdvdbnp bnaj, mnbufa-sehpmk truals n` rmjubhr

tegmlamss. [edrd `nrd h aufodr n` gakgjdanus trdds fdt ted rdqug rdfdat n` h su` gmgmatby bnaj onbd. [edsd

hrd3 ogrme, hbkdr, nhl, hse, fhpbd, dbf, medrry, bgfd, pnpbhr, wgbbnw hak ga Egdaedgf hbsn pgad (ted pgad

kgk ant nmmur ga ]nutedra Bgfourj kurgaj ted Htbhatgm). [ed truals n` tedsd trdds ehvd an orhameds up tn

mnasgkdrhobd edgjets< ted bdajte n` ted orhame-`rdd trual vhrgds `rnf 0 f (medrry) tn ?9 f (pgad)< ted

hvdrhjd bdajet gs 8? tn 85 f. [eus hbb trdd spdmgds ehvd odda fdatgnadk teht nmmurrdk ga Mdatrhb hak

Zdstdra Durnpd, wgte ted dxmdptgna n` ted fnuathganus hrdhs, ht ted tgfd n` ted BOL. An ntedr trdd

spdmgds mnubk om `nuak `nr lgbnfdtrds hrnuak ted sdttbdfdat. [edrd`nrd ted mengmd whs ant dabhrjdk oy

ted gfpnrt n` wnnk `rnf rdfntd hrdhs. Hs shgk, nad spdmgds whs hosdat ga ted bnmhb vdjdthtgna n` ]nutedra

Bgfourj3 ted pgad. Gt gs tednrdtgmhbby pnssgobd teht pgad-wnnk whs ga kdfhak ga ]gtthrk, ]tdga hak Dbsbnn.

Gt wnubk teda ehvd odda trhaspnrtdk nvdr kgsthamds n` fnrd teha 899 lf, wegme wd `gak egjeby uabgldby.

Omsgkds, pgad-wnnk ehs an spdmghb prnpdrtgds teht wnubk fhld sume ha gfpnrt pbhusgobd.

[ed qudstgna n` wedtedr bnmhb tgfodr whs usdk sddfs tn ehvd odda haswdrdk hkdquhtdby sgamd tedrd hrd

an hbtdrahtgvds. Wdt wd fhy wnakdr wedtedr tedrd whs danuje bnmhb wnnk tn ougbk enusds. [egs gs rdbhtdk

tn ted qudstgna n` enw bhrjd fust h `nrdst od tn prnvgkd wnnk `nr nad sgajbd enusd nr ha datgrd sdttbdfdat.

[n ha swdr tedsd qudstgnas, wd addk tn lanw `grst wegme trdd spdmgds wdrd prd`drrdk. Ga hkk gtgn a tn ted

trual bdajte, ntedr mrgtdrgh prnohoby pbhymk h rnbd ga ted mengmd n` ted tgfodr. Nad n` temf wgbb ehvd odda

ted kurhogbgty n` ted wnnks.

Anwhkhys tgfodr gs usuhbby kgvgkdk gatn `gvd mbhssds n` kurhog bgty na ted ohsgs n` prhm tgmhb dxpdr gdamd . Ga

thobd 0 wd ehvd bgstdk ted mbhssds n` ted honvd-fdatgnamk trdd spdmgds, tnjdtedr wgte snfd rdbdvhat

prnpdrtgds. [ed mbhssg`gmhtgna hppbgds `nr edhrtwnnk. ]hpwnnk ehs h vdry pnnr kurhogbgty. [ed khth ehvd

odda thlda `rnf mgrmubhrs n` ted Enutgastgtuut [AN ga Kdb`t hak hppby `nr tdfpdrhtd mbgfhtds. Kurhogbgty

[he/d 0. ted kurhogbgty n` ted edhrtwnnk n` h aufodr n` gakgjdanus wnnks.

MP` .u Kurhogbgty 8

` rrhrQ )

Kurhogbgty ?

`yrars)

Htthml oy gasdmgs

(kry whak ohr drs)

nhl GG-GGG 89-?4 ?4 -4 9 hbfnsg agb

medrry* GGG 89-84 ?4-;9 fnkdrhtd

fhpbd

dbf GP 4-89 8?-?4 fnkdrhtd

pugd

ogrme

hbkdr

hse P 2 4 0-8? sdvdrd

bgfm

pnpbhr

wgbbnw

* ted mbhssg`gmhtgna n` memrry-wnnk gs ohsdk na naby h dw nosdrvhtgnas< pmrehps tegs wnnk ehs odda mbhssdk tnn egje.



_HZ FH[D_GHB] 5=

8 gs ted aufodr n` ydhrs teht ted edhrtwnnk rdfhgas gathmt weda ga mnatgaunus mnathmt wgte eufgk sngb.

Kurhogbgty ? gakgmhtds ted bg`d n` edhrtwnnk wegme gs ant ga mnathmt wgte eufgk sngb out gs dxpnsdk tn

wdhtedr hak wgak. [ed kurhogbgty n` kry wnnk gasgkd h enusd gs kdtdrfgadk fhgaby oy ted susmmptgogbgty tn

htthml oy ted bhrvhd n` gasmmts.

Gt hppdhrs `rnf ted thobd teht ogrme, hbkdr, hse, bgfd, pnpbhr hak wgbbnw hrd ant sugthobd ga ted prdsdatmbgfhtd hs mnastrumtgna wnnk `nr ougbkgajs honvd ted whtdr thobd. Nutknnrs tedy rnt hwhy vdry qugmlby

hak uakdr kry mnakgtgnas ted rgsl gs jrdht teht ted gffnogbd pgdmds n` wnnk wgbb od htthmldk oy gasdmts.

Anwhkhys wnnks `rnf mbhssds GG ternuje GP wnubk od sdbdmtdk `nr ougbkgaj enusds (mbhss G gs hosdat ga

pHgrnpd). Hbtenuje ted Htbhatgm mbgfhtd kg`gdrdk `rnf ted prdsdat nad (sdd GGG.?) ted kg``drdamds hrd ant

jrdht manujbg tn gavhbgkhtd ted mbhssg`gmhtgna. Ht ted fnst, ted aufodr n` ydhrs bgstdk senubk od thlda wgte

rdsdrvd. Zd suspdmt teht ted wnnks teht wnubk od sdbdmtdk anwhkhys `nr mdrthga lgaks n` mnastrumtgna wdrd

prd`drrdk ga `nrfdr tgfds hs vvdbb. [eus wd odbgdvd teht nhl-wnnk whs prnohoby mensda `nr ted fnst

vubamrho bd phrt n` ted enu.sd3 ted jhobd-wh bb. [edsd senr t whbbs wdrd gasu``gmgdatby prntdmtdk oy ted jhobd-

rnn`s hjhgast rhga hak wgak< ùrtedrfnrd ted sngb ga wegme ted pnsts wdrd sual whs hbwhys fngst. [ed bnaj

whbbs hak ted pnsts wgtega te d enusd wdrd `hr bdss vubamrh obd , odmhusd tedy wdrd pbhmdk su` gmgdatby `hr

uak dr ted rnn` tn sthy kry< fnrdnvdr, ted sngb ga wegme tedsd phrts wdrd pbhmdk whs rdbhtgvdby k ry. Zd tegal

teht wnnk `rnf mbhss GP gs hbsn sugthobd `nr tedsd phrts. @urtedrfnrd, wd mha gfhjgad teht weda ted

mnastrumtgna mbdfdats wdrd ant dfodkkdk ga ted jrnuak hak hbsn weda tedy mnubk od rdpbhmdk dhsgby g`

htthmldk oy gasdmts, an phrtgmubhr httdatgna whs phgk tn kurhogbgty. Zd rdtura tn ted bg`d-spha n` ted

wnnkda enusds ga mehptdr P.

@nr ted suppnrts h tegrk mrgtdrgna whs pdrehps n` gfpnrthamd, ahfdby ted strdajte n` ted wnnk. @nr whbb

pnsts hak rnn`-suppnrts tegs fdhas ted stg`àdss hak ted mnfprdssgvd strdajte, `nr rgkjd-pnbds hak ted bgld

ted odakgaj strdajte. Gt wnubk thld us omynak ted smnpd n` tegs puobgmhtgna tn mhbmubhtm ted bnhk na ted

kg``drdat pnsts ga ted kg``drdat rdmnastrumtgnas. [egs bnhk, oy ted why, gs mbnsdby rdbhtdk tn ted typd n`

rnn`fj. Hs wgbb hppdh r bhtdr, ted typd n` rnn`fj gs ualanwa. [e d wnnks `rnf kurho gbg ty mbhssds G G - G G G

ternuje GP, enwdvdr, hrd adhrby hbb strnaj wnnks. Naby snfd dbf spdmgds hrd mnasgkdrdk fnkdrhtdby

strnaj.

Zhbb-pnsts hak rnn`-suppnrts wdrd ga h aufodr n` mhsds fhkd n` spbgt wnnk. Ga ]tdga, edhvy truals wdrd

spbgt bdajtewgsd gatn ht bdhst 8? pgdmds. Fnrdnvdr, pbhals wdrd snfdtgfds usdk `nr ted whbbs. [ed dhsd wgte

wegme ted wnnk gs mbnvda fhy tedrd`nrd ehvd odda h `nurte mrgtdrgna. Hfnaj ted wnnk spdmgds wegme wd

mnasgkdr sugthobd, pgad hak nhl hrd spbgt ted dhsgdst. •

Na ted jrnuaks n` ted honvd wd tegal teht ted mnambusgna gs custg`gdk teh t nhl whs ted fnst snujet h`tdr

tgfomr `nr ougbkgaj enusds, `nbgnwdk oy fhpbd, dbf hak medrry hak ga Egdaedgf pdrehps hbsn pgad. [egs

wnnk fust ehvd odda nothgadk `rnf kry nr ht bdhst pdrgnkgmhbby kry jrnuak, Zd dxmbukd ted mhrrs n` ted

wdt sngbs odmhusd nhl, fhpbd, dbf, medrry hak pgad kn ant jrnw edrd, ht bdhst ant ga ted hrdhs uakdr stuky.

Ga ]nutedra [-gfourj ted `nrdsts n` ted twn bndss bhaksmhpds, ted dnbgha shak, ted hrdh wgte bndss na jrhvdbhak phrts n` ted Bnwdr [nrrhmd fust tedrd`nrd od mnasgkdrdk hs pntdatghb suppbgdrs n` tgfodr. [ed bndss

pbhtdhu hak ted egjedr phrts n` ted rgvdr hak strdhf vhbbdys mnfd `grst, odmhusd ted sdttbdfdats wdrd

bnmhtdk ga nr hkchmdat tn tedsd uagts hak ted kgsthamd tn od mnvdrdk whs tedrd`nrd ted senrtdst. Ga ted

mhsd n` Egdaedgf, ted vdjdthtgna n` ted bndss bhaksmhpd, ted bgfdstnad hrdh, ted hrdh wgte dnbgha shak hak

ted egjedr phrt n` ted rgvdr vhbbdy wgbb ehvd mnathgadk sugthobd trdds. Zd senubk bgld tn dxmbukd ted stddp

sbnpds wgtega ted bgfdstnad hrdh, odmhusd edrd ted truals n` ted trdds uaknu otdkby wdrd gasu``gmgdatby

kdvdbnpdk. [ed bndss bhaksmhpd hak ted rgvdr vhbbdy bhaksmhpd mnfd `grst ga Egdaedgf tnn.



5; _DB H[GN A] OD[ZDDA ]D[[ BDFD A[] HAK DAP G_ NAF DA[

N` mnursd ted mnfpnsgtgna n` ted `nrdsts whs kg``drdat ga hbb bhaksmhpds, hak ant hbb wnnk spdmgds nmmurrdk

dvdrywedrd ga ted shfd quhat gtgds. N ur rdmnastrum tgna n` ted vdjdthtgna n` ted uagts ga qudstgna senws teh t

nhl whs ted fnst mnffna n` ted sugthogd trdd spdmgds (smd GGG.;). [ed medrry vvhs prnohoby ted rhrdst trdd.

Gt gs ant mbdhr ht ted fnfdat wedrm ted gaehogthats n` Egdaedgf nothgadk ted pgads tedy usmk.* Nur

lanwbdkjd n` ted vdjdthtgna gs gasu``gmgìat edrd. Gt gs gfp rnohobd, enwdvdr, teht pgad jrdw na ted bndss nr gated Knahu vhbbdy.

[e d admdsshry quhat gty n` tgfomr gs rdbh tdk n` mnursd tn ted sgzd n` ted enusd tn od ougbt. Fn kk dr fh a

kgstgajugseds "Lbd gao hut da" , " Ohu tda " hak "Jrnss ohutda ", te ht gs sfhbb, fdkguf hak bhrjd enusds. Ga

ted thobd odbnw wd jgvd ha mstgfhtd n` ted fgagfuf aufodr n` truals rdqugrdk `nr ted kg``drdat enusds.

Zm ehk tn fhld h båw hssufptgnas `nr nur dstgfhtds, nad odgaj teh t ted whbbs n` ted enusds wdrd 8.4 f egje

hak ant ? f hs Sgppdbgus hak ]nuksly hssufd (Sgppdbgus 874:, ]nuksly 8707). H whbb 8.4 f egje gs

su``gmgìat, mdrthgaby ga h enusd wgte h rnn` mnastrumtgna wgtenut mrnss odhfs (]nuksly 8707, Fnkkdrfha

87:=). Zd kn ant mnasgkdr]nuksly' snosd rvhtgna mnamdragaj ted whbb n` enusd ;8 ga Oybhay tnod hkdquhtd

prnn` n` ted dxgstdamd n` whbbs ? f egje (]nuksly 8707 p. 8?). @urtedrfnrd wd ehvd thlda gatn hmmnuat ted

`hmt teht ted whbb-pnsts wdrd dfodkkdk ga 49 mf n` sngb, wegme fdhas teht tedy fust ehvd odda mgrmh ? f

bnaj. Zedadvdr ted whbb sdmtgnas odtwdda ted pnsts mnasgstdk n` wnnk, wd hssufd pbhals wdrd usdk. [edsd

wnubk ehvd mnfd `rnf nad sgajbd onbd pdr sphmd odtwdda twn pnsts. Ga nur mhbmubhtgnas tegs pgdmd n` wnnk

ehs ted shfd bdajte hs h whbb-pnst. @nr h whbb edgjet n` 8.4 f, h rnn` hajbdk ht ;4¹ hak h enusd 0 f wgkd, t ed

suppnrts n` ted rgkjd-pnbd fust ehvd odda ;.4 f bnaj. ]gamd tedy wdrd sual ht bdhst 8 f, truals 4.4 f bnaj

wdrd rdqugrdk `nr ted rnn`-suppnrts. [ed ntedr suppnrts wnubk od senrtdr. Zgte ted shfd ohsgm kgfdasgnas,

tedy rdhmedk h edgjet n` = f honvd ted `bnnr. [edy tnn, enwdvdr, wdrd kddpby dfodkkdk, sn teht ted truals

usmk ehk tn ehvd h tnthb bdajte n` mgrmh ; f. [ed `gvd dxtrh suppnrts ga ted ].D.-phrt n` enusd DBsbnn 45 hrd

mnasgkdrdk tn od rdhb suppnrts, h btenuje tegs fhy od gamnrrdmt hs tedgr ùamtgna gs ant mbdhr. [ed rnn` `rhfd

mnathgadk h t bdhst 4 bnajgtukgahb mnaadmtgnas, teh t gs nad hbnaj dhme whbb hak terdd nvdr ted suppnrts. Gt gs

pnssgobd tn usd nad sgajbd trual `nr dhme n` tedsd odhfs, out orhame-`rdd truals hrd teda ant bnaj danuje `nr

bnaj enusds. [e d tnp phrt fust od gambukdk ga ted rnn` mnastrumtgna, sn teht ted orhameds fust od rdfnvdk.

Gt sddfs tn us teht gt gs dhsgdr tn wnrl wgte truals wgtenut orhameds. [edrd`nrd wd hssufd twn truals pdr

bnajgtukgahb mnaadmtgna `nr bnaj enusds. Zd gambukd an trhasvdrsm mnaammtgnas, wgte ted mxmmptgna n`

rh`tdrs, ga nur mhbmubhtgnas. [ed rh`tdrs prnohoby dxtdakmk nvdr ted whbbs. [rgdr hssufds ga sgfgbhr mhsds

teht ted rnn`, prncdmtdk na ted jrnuak, rdhmedk 49 mf odynak ted whbb ([rgdr 8707). @nr h rnn` hajbdk ht

;4¹ hak h enusd 0 f wgkd, ted rh`tdrs fust ehvd odda adhrby 4 f bnaj.

Zeda wd "trhasbhtdk" ted honvd-fdatgnadk pnst bdajtes gatn ted aufodr n` trdd truals, hs wd kgk `nr

ted bnajgtukgahb mnaadmtgnas, wd tnnl gatn hmmnuat ted `hmt teht rdbhtgvdby tega truals wdrd usdk `nr ted

mnastrumtgna n` ted enusds. [ed kgsmnbnrhtgnas n` ted sngb gakgmhtd teht ted rnuak pnsts wdrd ;4 mf tegml ht

ted fnst< tegs fhxgfuf gs `nuak `nr ted suppnrts n` ted rgkjm-pnbds. Kghfdtdrs n` ?9-;9 mf hrd anrfhb.*

[ega trdds ehvd rdbhtgvdby senrt truals. [eht gs wey wd mensm 8? f hs ted hvdrhjd bdajte n` ted truals tehtwdrd usdk. Zm fust hbsn mnasgkdr ted `hmt teht ted BDL ougbkdrs kgk ant ehvd wnnk shws hak ehk tn mut ted

truals wgte stnad hkzms. [egs gavnbvmk h mnasgkdrhobd bnss n` wnnk, wegme wd dstgfhtd ht =9 mf pdr mut.

* Ygad whs usdk ga Egda edgf, hs gs kdfn astr htdk oy ted prdsdamd n` pgad m ehrmnh b.

* Zd hssufd teh t ted kghfd tdr n` ted jensts gakg mhtds te d rdhb tegmladss n` ted pnst. Zd tegal te ht ted pnsts rnttdk ga ted sngb hak ted

jensts hrd ted `gbbgaj n` ted rdsubtgaj enbds. Gt ehs advdr odda kdfnastrhtdk kurgaj dxmhvhtgnas teht h pnst ehk odda kuj nut tn od usdk

hjhga. Anr mha tedy ehvd odda pubbdk nut n` ted jrnuak. G` tegs wdrd pnssgobd ht hbb wgte ted vdry bnaj rnn`-suppnrts, h mnagmhb enbd

wnubk ehvd odda fh kd. [ ed jensts, enwdvdr, hrd truby mybgakrgmhb (sdd Fn kk drf ha 87:9 pbhtd ,'gh bnr gastha md).



_HZ FH[D_GHB] 54

[edsd mnasgkdrhtgnas bdhk us tn hssufd tbght `gvd whbb-pnsts nr twn rnn`-suppnrts nr twn rh`tdrs mnubk od

fhkd nut n` nam trdd trual.

[hobd :. [ed fgagfuf aufodr n` trdds usdk ga ted mnastrumtgna n` h BOL enusd.

whbb- bnaj senrt rnn`- bnajgtukgahb rh`tdrs tnthb

pnsts whbbs(pbhals)

whbbs(pbhals)

suppnrts mnaadmttnas

Lbdgaohu Dbsbnn >5 ; ^ ^ 5 4 4 ??Ohu Dbsbnn F 0 ? ? 7 4 0 =9Jrnssohu Dbsbnn 45 7 = ? 87 89 88 4;Jrnssohgg Dbsbnn >: 89 89 ; 84 89 7 45Lbdgaohu Egdaedgf =,4 : - - 0 4 ; ??Ohu Egdaedgf 5 84 ; ; 8: 89 88 08Jrnssohu Egdaedgf ? 80 = 4 8:* 89 88 0?

* [ed pbha n` Egdaedgf ? gs gamnfpbdtd, naby ?4 rnn`-suppnrts wdrd nosdrvdk ga ted `gdbk< == gs ha dstgfhtd.

Gb kmpdaks na ted typd n` rnn` wedtemr fnrd trdds wdrd usdk. G` ted rnn` mnasgstdk n` pbhals nr segajbms,

mdrthgaby fnrd truals wdrd amdkdk. G` ted rnn` mnasgstdk n` `hjjnts nr hantedr fhtdrghb teht naby addkdk tn

od suppnrtdk, teda pdrehps ted tnps hak orhameds n` ted trdds usdk wdrd su` gmgìat.

Hs prdvgnusby fdatgnadk, ted kgsmnbnrhtgnas n` ted sngb gakg mht d teht ted onbds ehk h fhxgfuf tegmladss

n` ;4 mf. G` tegmldr truals wdrd usdk, tedsd wdrd spbgt. [ed usd n` spbgt wnnk rdkumds ted aufodr n` trdds

rdqugrdk krhstgmhbby. Gt mnubk od nosdrvdk ga ted pbhas n` snfd n` ted enusds ga ]tdga teht truals :4 mf tegml

wdrd spbgt gatn hpprnxgfhtd by 8? pgdmds. Nad tegml t rual n` nhl ht bdhst 85 f bnaj hak :4 mf hmrnss wnubk

ga tegs why prnvgkd ht bdhst 5; whbb-pnsts ? f bnaj. Zd kn ant lanw enw n`tda spbgt wnnk whs usdk. Hb-

tenuje jensts n` rnn`-suppnrts hrd sdda rdbhtgvdby n`tda, wd lanw bgttbd honut whbb-pnsts. [ed usd n` spbgt

truals bghs odda nosdrvdk sn `hr naby ga ]nutedra Bgfourj hbnam3 ga Egdaedgf naby pgdmds n` rnuak

wnnk ehvd odda `nuak. Enwdvdr, ted bnhf pghstdr n` Egdaedgf knds mnathga trhmds n` spbgt wnnk, sn tedtdmeagqud whs lanwa.

Zeda wd hssufd naby rnuak wnnk, ted fhga phrts n` sfhbb enusds rdqugrdk, hmmnrkgaj tn thobd :, snfd

?9 trdd truals< `nr bhrjd enusds honut 09 wdrd usdk.

[ed bhml n`kdthgbdk lanwbdkjd n` ted vdjdthtgna fhlds gt gfpnssgobd `nr us tn mhbmubhtd dxhmtby pdr typd

n` vdjdthtgna enw bhrjd ha hrdh gs rdqugrdk tn prnvgkd ted admdsshry aufodr n` truals. [ed `rdqudamy n`

ted trdd spdmgds kdpdaks hfnajst ntedr tegajs upna ted gf pnrt hamd nad wgseds tn httr gout d tn bgfd trdds. Hs

`hr hs ]nutedra Bgfourj gs mnamdradk, onte Pha Sdgst hak Chassda ehvd kdfnastrhtdk teht bgfd whs prd-

knfgahat ga ted `nrdsts wegme onrkdrdk ted strmhfs wgtega ted bndss bhaksmhpd (vha Sdgst 8745/8747,

Chassda 8709). Fu ahut wrgtms teht ted bgfd, hak ant ted nhl hs gs jdadrhbby hssufdk, knfgahtdk ted

vdjdthtgna n` ted dnbgha shaks (Fuahu t 870:). [egs vgdw gs sehrdk oy Gvdrsda (Gvdrsda 87:=). Ga GGG .; wdhrrgvdk ht ted mnambusgna teht g` Fuahut's gatdrprdthtgna gs mnrrdmt, ted bndss pbhtdhus fust hbsn ehvd odda

mnvdrdk wgte bgfd `nrdsts gastdhk n` fgxdk nhl `nrdsts. Gt fhlds h jrdht kg``drdamd ga ted mhbmubhtgnas

wedtedr, ga h `nrdst mnathgagaj onte bgfd hak nhl, nad nut n` dvdry tda nr nad nut n` dvdry `gvd trdds gs ha

nhl. Bgfd gs tnthbby ua`gt `nr ougbkgaj purpnsds. Ga h rdmdat kdasd kdmgkunus `nrdst na h suostrhtd rgme ga

autrgdats, sume hs bndss nr rgvdr-bnhf, tedrd hrd mgrmh =99 trdds pdr edmthrd (khth `rnf ted ]tgmetgaj

Onsonuw Yrnd`sthtgna "Kd Knrsmelhfp" ga Zhjdagajda, hak nwa nosdrvhtgnas). [ed fhxgfuf

sddfs tn us tn od 8999 trdds pdr edmthrd< teda tedrd wnubk od h trdd dvmry terdd fdtrds. G` 89"ý n` tedsd

trdds hrd n` h wnnk spdmgds sugthobd `nr mnastrumtgna, teda naby =9 tn 899 trdds n` ted kdsgrdk spdmgds



50 _DBH[G NA] OD[ZDDA ]D[[BDFDA[] HAK DAPG_NAFDA [

mnubk od `nuak pdr edmthrd. G`, enwdvdr, 49"n n` ted `nrdst mnathgadk ted rgjet lgaks n` wnnk, tema 849 tn

499 sugthobd trdds wdrd hvhgbhobd pdr edmthrd. [ed trdds wgbg ant hbwhys ehvd ted rgjet tegmladss. Zeda wd

hssufd teht honut ehb` ted trdds ehk h sugthobd tegmladss, teda tegs fdhas teht ga ted fnst `hvnurhobd

mhsd ted wnnk `nr nad enusd whs nothgadk `rnf h `nrdst mnvdrgaj nad-quhrtdr n` h edmthrd nr bdss. Ga

ted fnst ua`hvnurhobd mhsd tegs hrdh wnubk om ; edmthrds.

Ga ted mhsd n` Egdaedgf wd lanw dvda bdss honut ted bnmhb `nrdsts. G` wd ehvd tn dstgfhtd ted sgzd n` `nrdst

rdqugrdk tn ehvd danuje trdds tn ougbk ha hvdrhjd enusd ga Egdaedgf, wd wnubk shy nad-quhrtdr tn nad-

ehb` n` h edmthrd. Zd hssufd teda teht bgfd whs ant prdknfgahat nvdr nhl sgamd nur twn pnbbda kghjrhfs,

ga mnatrhst tn tensd n` ]nutedra Bgfourj, kn ant senw egje pdrmdathjds n` bgfd pnbbda. Zeda ted sugthobd

trdds ehvd odda mut knwa, gt thlds h bnaj tgfd `nr adw trdds n` ted shfd spdmgds tn rdhme ted sgzd

admdsshrv `nr odgaj usdk ga ougbkgaj. Dvda ga ted dvdat n` phtmemuttgaj* gt wgbb od hbfnst 899 ydhrs

odbnrr nhl trdds wgte h kghfdtdr n` =9 mf nr fnrd wgbb od `nuak. [ed ntedr trdd spdmgds jrnw sbgjetby `hstdr.

Ga prgamgpbd h mdrthga pbnt n` `nrdst mnubk teus hjhga p rnvgkd mnastrum tgna wnnk ga honut 899 ydhrs nr

sbgjetby bdss. N` mnursd ted `nrdsts fust teda od bd`t hbnad. ]gamd wm kn ant lanw wedtedr ted vnuaj trdds

mnubk jrnw gatn trdds wgte truals teht wdrd sugthobd `nr ougbkgaj enusds, wd fust thld ted pnssgogbgty gatnhmmnuat teh t h adw pgdmd n` prgfdvhb `nrdst whs dxpbngtdk `nr dhme adw BOL enusd. H vgbbhjd sume hs Dbsbnn

wedrd, hmmnrkgaj tn Fnkkdrfha, ?99 tn ?49 enusds wdrd ougbt nvdr h pdrgnk n` mgrmh `nur mdaturgds

(Fnkkdrfha 87:9 p. ?9;) wnubk, gàdw wnnk whs usdk `nr dhme enusd, ehvd dxtrhmtdk mnastrumtgna wnnk

`rnf h `nrdst wgte h fhxgfuf hrdh n` 49 eh ga tbgd fnst `hvnurhobd mhsd hak 8999 eh ga ted fnst

ua`hvnurhobd mhsd. Zd sehbb mnfd ohml tn tedsd `gjurms ga mehptdr P.

Zd ehvd mnuatdk sn `hr naby ted aufodr n` pnsts teht wdrd addkdk `nr ougbkgaj enusds. Enwdvdr, ntedr

pnsts wdrd hbsn ga usd ga ted sdttbdfdats, g.d. hs phrt n` ted prdvgnusby fdatgnadk phbgshkds ga ]gtthrk.

Antegaj gakgmhtds, enwdvdr, teht fume edhvy wnnk whs rdqugrdk `nr sume mnastrumtgnas. Nad typd n`

mnastrumtgna nutsgkd ted sdttbdfdat, ahfdby ted `damds hrnuak ted `gdbks, fhy ehvd mnasgstdk n` fhay

pnbds. Zd lanw antegaj honut tedsd `damds< mdrthgaby tedy addk ant ehvd odda n` kurhobd wnnk. Zdhssufd `nr ted tgfd odgaj teht ted wnnk `nr phbgshkds hak ted bgld whs nothgadk `rnf ted shfd `nrdst hrdh hs

ted wnnk `nr ted enusds.

[ed gaehogthats n` ted sdttbdfdats prnohoby addkdk ant naby pnsts out hbsn wnnk ga ntedr `nrfs. Zhttbd

whbbs rmqu grd qug td h kg``drdat lgak n` wnnk, ahfdby bnaj wgteds. Fnst sugthobd hrd ehzdb nr wgbbnw

orhameds hak ted sennts n` sdvdrhb trdds gambukgaj bgfd. @urtedrfnrd, shpbgajs hrd h pnssgogbgty. G` ted whbbs

n` ted BOL enusds wdrd gakddk fhkd n` whttbd-wnrl, aufdrnus orhameds fust ehvd odda hvhgbhobd. Hs ted

ehzdb whs vdry mnffna, ted jhted rgaj n` `bdxgobd ehzdb wgteds senubk ant ehvd odda h fhcnr prn obd f.

Wnu aj trdds nmmur ga bhrjd jrnups ga prgfdvh b `nrdsts. ]ennts nmmur we da trdds `hbb nr hrd khfhjdk . [e d

trdd stufps bd`t ga ted jrnuak weda ted `nrdst whs mut tn mrdhtd `gdbks mnubk ehvd prnkumdk bhrjd quhatgtgds

n` sennts ga h senrt tgfd. @urtedrfnrd ga rgvdr hak strdhf vhbbdys odhvdrs orgaj honut h vdjdthtgna teht

bnnls vdry fume bgld ha nsgdr odk (Bdormt 87:0). Ga mnatrhst tn trdds, orhameds rdjdadrhtd qugmlby h`tdr

muttgaj. '@emrd`nrd wd hrd mnavgamdk teht su``gmgìat quhatgtgds n` wgteds wdrd hbwhys hvhgbhobd.

Gt hppd hrs `rnf ted honvd teht ted BOL sdttbdfdats usdk bhrjd quhatgt gds n` ted rhw fhtdrghb "w nn k" ,

hak wd ehvd ant dvda gambukdk `grdwnnk. Antegaj gakgmhtds teht tedrd whs dvdr h senrthjd n` tegs

gfpn rtha t rhw fhtdrg hb, ant dvda ga ted bhtdr pehsd n` nmmuphtgna. Dvda ga ]nutedra Bgfo urj, wegme whs

fnrd kdasdby pnpubhtdk teha ted rdjgna hrnuak Egdaedgf, fnrd enusds wdrd ougbk kurgaj ted bhtdr pehsds

teha ga ted dhrbgdr pdrgnk (sdd GGG.0). Ha hrjufdat ga `hvnur n` tegs vgdw gs ted `hmt teht sdttbdfdat trhmds

* Yhtmemuttgaj gs ted fdtenk n` nrdst dxpbngthtgna fnst `hvnurhobd `nr nrdst rdjmadrhtgna.



_HZ FH[D_GHB] 5:

bgnf tgu' ynuajmr BOL (Fnkkdrfha pdrgnk GG) hrd fnrd aufdrnus ga ]nutedra Bgfourj teha trhmds

`rnf pdrgnk G (sdd thobd =), wedrdhs ted pdrgnks kn ant kg``dr fume ga bdajte. Hbsn, h sdttbdfdat bgld Dbsbnn

vvnubk ehvd jrnwa ga ted mnursd n` tgfd (Fn kkdrfha 87:9 p. ?94). Hanted r pngat gs teht ted quha tgt y n`

wnnk admdsshry `nr ted mnastrumtgna n` enusds ga pdrgnk GG whs ant bdss teha teht wegme whs usdk ga ted

nbkdr BOL, ht bdhst gasn`hr hs tegs mha od sdda `rnf ted sngb trhmds. [edrd gs an gakgmhtgna wehtsndvdr teht

ted enusds odmhfd sfhbbdr. Gt gs trud teht Fnkkdrfha pngats nut teht ted aufodr n` Jrnssohutda n` typd

Go kdmrdhsds pdrmdathjd-wgsd ga pdrgnk G G wgte rdspdmt tn ted aufo dr ga pdrgnk G (F nk kdrfha 87:9 p.

88?), out tegs kg``drdamd gs ant sgjag`gmhat ( x" (4) 6 :.;, ted mgrtgmhb vhbud gs 88.8 h th 6 9.94). [ed je ns ts

n` ted rgkjd-suppnrts n` ted bhtdr enusds kn ant ehvd h antgmdhoby sfhbbdr kghfdtdr mnfphrdk wgte tn tensd

n` ted nbkdr enusds . Zd tegggl teht wd fhy mnambukd `rnf tedsd `hmts teht tedrd whs hbwhys su``gmgìat

tgfodr hvhgbhobd.

[ed nrgjga n` ted bnhf gs novgnus. [ed enusds n` ted `nur sdttbdfdats wdrd ougbt na bndss. [egs suostrhtd gs

egjeby sugthobd `nr pbhstdrgaj hak ted bgld. [ed mbhy gbbuvghtgna znad, ted sn-mhbbdk tdxturhb O, ehs ted odst

hkedsgvd prnpdrtgds. [egs tdxturhb O whs hbrdhky kdvdbnpdk tn snfd dxtdat (sdd p. ?8 hak ?:). [ed usd n`

bnmhb bndss, enwdvdr, addk ant ehvd odda rdstrgmtdk tn tdxturhb O bnhf< fhtdrghb `rnf ted ntedr znads whs

hbsn usdùb. [ega sdmtgnas n` bnhf pghstdr senw teht ted bndss whs gakddk usdk hs mnastrumtgna fhtdrghb< ted

bnhf mnfpna dat n` bnhf pghstdr hpp dhrs tn od egjeby sgfgbhr tn bndss (Cnajfhas 87:0 vdrohb ga`n rfht gna) .

Gt gs jdadrhbby hssufdk sgamd Yhrdt teht gt whs ted kgjjgaj `nr bnhf teht mhusdk ted fhay pgts usuhbby

`nuak ga h G1OL sdttbdfdat (Yhrdt 87;?). Gt gs tenujet teht ga phrtgmubhr ted nobnaj pgts odsgkd ted bnaj

whbbs n ted enusds prnvgkdk ted bnhf `nr ted enusds, g.d. ted fhtdr ghb `nr ted whbbs (Fnk kd rf ha 87:=,

hfn aj ntedrs ). ]medys nosdrvdk kur gaj ted dxmhvhtgna n` ted BOL sdttbdfdat ga _nsfddr (Odbjguf) teh t

ted pgts wdrd rdstrgmtdk fhgaby tn ted mbhy gbbuvghtgna znad wegme, hs sthtdk, mnathgas ted odst fhtdrghb

(]medys 870? p. 08). Ed mnambukds `rnf tegs teh t ted gae hog tha ts n` ted sdttbdfdat usdk fhgaby bnhf `rnf

ted tdxtur hb O. Ga nur `nur sdttbdfdats tnn ted bnhf usdk wgbb ehvd odda prdkn fga hat by bnhf `rnf tedtdxturhb O. Zd wnakdr, enwdvdr, wedtedr tegs whs gatdatgnahb. [ed pgts ehvd ha grrdjubhr onttnf hak

mdrthgaby tedv ehvd ant odda kuj systmfhtgmhbby tn ted shfd kdpte. [edrd hrd pgts teht dxtdak cust gatn ted

tdxtu rhb O hak pgts teh t phss ternuje tegs znad. Fnr dnvdr , te ga sdmtgnas n` bnhf pghs tdr oy an fdhas hbwhys

senw sgjas n`mbhy gbbuvhtgna (Cnajfhas 87:0 vdrohb ga`nrfhtgna). Zd kn ant mnasgkdr ]medys' mnambusgnas

jdadrhbby hppb gmho bd. [ed kdp te n` ted bnhf pgts mha od ted rdsubt n` qugt d kg``drdat `hmtnrs< wd kn an wgse tn

dxmbukd mehamd.

Ht ted sdttbdfdat Nbszhagmh O 8 (Ynbhak) Fgbgshuslhs gavdstgjhtdk we dtedr ted mnatd ats n` ted pgts hbnaj

tggd whbbs wdrd gakddk danuje tn mnastrumt ha datgrd whbb. Ed sthrtdk wgte ted vnbufd n` ted pgts hs tedy

fhag`dstdk tedfsdbvds upna dxmhvhtgna. ]n Fgbgshuslhs knds ant thld gatn hmmnuat ted pnssgogbgty teht ted

nrgjgahb sur`hmd fhy ehvd odda egjedr. Dvda wgte tegs ua`hvnurhobd sthrtgaj-pngat ted rdsubt n` egs

mhbmubhtgnas gs teht ted mnatdats n` ted pgt wdrd danuje tn mnvdr ted datgrd whbb wgte h bnhf bhydr up tn 89

mf tegml (Fgbgshuslhs 87:?). @urtedrfnrd, ted bnhf addk ant ehvd mnfd dxmgusgvdby `rnf ted kddp pgts

wegme wdrd kgsmnvdrdk kurgaj dxmhvhtgna. Zd tegal gt qugtd bgldby teht tedrd wdrd hbsn sehbbnw pgts wegme

ehvd kgshp pdhr dk k ud tn mehajds ga ted rdbgd` ht ted sdttbdfdat hrdh (sdd gj. ;). @ur ted rfnrd ted dxmhvhtdk

bnhf addk ant ehvd odda usdk dxmgusgvdby `nr whbbs. Onte mnasgkdrhtgnas wdrd rdhsna danuje ant tn rdpdht

ted mhbmubhtgnas n` Fgbgshuslhs `nr nur sdttbdfdats. Zd hrd mnavgamdk teht tedrd whs hbwhys danuje bnhf.

[ed suppby n` tegs ougbkgaj fhtdrghb whs gadxehustgobd.



55 _D BH [G NA] OD[PPDDA ]D [[ BD FD A[ ] HAK DA PG _N AF DA [

[e d tegrk rhw fhtdrghb lanwa tn us gs s fh b b p b h a t r d f h g a s wegme hpphrdatby wdrd hkkdk tn ted bnhf.

[edy fhag`dst temfsdbvds hs gfprdssgnas ga ted pghstdr. ]nfdtgfds ant naby gfprdssgnas out hbsn mhrona nr

pbhat rdfhgas teht hrd mnfpbdtdby rdkumdk tn hse hrd vgsgobd. [ed bnhf whs ant hbwhys fgxdk wgte pbhats<

shak whs hbsn usdk< ga hkkgtgna tedrd hrd bufps n` ourat bnhf teht senw an vgsgobd tdfpdr ht hbb. ]tgbb, ted

fhcnrgty n` ted pgdmds senw trhmds n` pbhat rdfhgas.

[e d pbha t rdfhgas hrd sdbknf bnajdr teha 8 mf. Gasn`hr hs tedy mha od gkdatg`gdk, tedy hrd rdfhgas n`

jrhfgadhd3 stdfs, bdhvds hak meh`b[, gambukgaj meh`b[rdfhgas n` dffdr hak dgalnra. Gt gs pnssgobd, enwdvdr,

teht ntedr pbhats hrd hbsn rdprdsdatdk. [ed fhtdrghb hs h wenbd gs egjeby sujjdstgvd n` menppdk strhw. Zd

ehvd fhkd an httdfpt tn prnvd teht ted fnst mnffna tdfpdr fhtdrghb whs gakddk strhw. [egs gs pdrehps

pnssgobd ternuje ted hahbysgs n` nphb peytnbgtes. Ga snfd mhsds gt gs mbdhr teht ted bnhf whs tdfpdrdk

wgte meh`` naby.

[e d meh`` hak ted strhw usdk fust ehvd odda jhted rdk dspdmghbby `nr tegs purpnsd. Gt gs hssufmk teht ted

strhw whs usuhbby bd`t odegak na ted `gdbks. [ed gaehogthats n` ted BOL sdttbdfdats wnubk ehvd ehrvdstdk

naby ted dhrs. [egs gs mnambukdk `rnf ted `hmt teht ted wddk spdmgds `nuak ga ted sdttbdfdats odbnaj

dxmbusgvdby tn thbb nr mbgfogaj pbhat spdmgds. Bnw pbhats hrd rhrd, wegme wnubk fdha teht ted sthbls wdrd

mut nr pgmldk cust odbnw ted dhr hak ant cust honvd ted jrnuak (Laðrzdr 870:h, sdm hbsn p. 0?).

@urtedrfnrm, temrm hrd gakgmhtgnas teht ted meh`` teht `nuak gts why gatn ted sdttbdfdat whs ant hbwhys

ldpt out whs snfdtgfds hbsn ourat (sdd Hppdakgx GG).

[ed qudstgna gs enw fume tdfpdr fhtdrghb kdrgvdk b'rnf pbhats ted gaehogthats addkdk. G` onte ted

bnhf `nr ted pnssgobd nvdas hak ted bnhf `nr ted whttbd whbbs whs fgxdk wgte tegs fhtdrghb, mnasgkdrhobd

quhatgtg ds wgbb ehvd odda admdsshry. Zd ehvd an gkdh enw fume meh`[hak strhw whs prnkumdk ydhrby. Zd

kn ant mnasgkdr tedf hs h rhw fhtdrghb teht whs hutnfhtgmhbby hvhgbhobd ga bhrjd quhatgtgds.

Gt gs pnssgobd n` mnursd teht ehy whs usdk gastdhk n` strhw, out ehy mnubk ant ehvd odda dhsgby hvhgbhobd

dgtedr sgamd jrhssbhak whs ant mnffna (sdd p. :4).

Hantedr qudstgna gs wedtedr ted pbhat stdfs wdrd hbwhys menppdk, hbsn weda usdk ga whbb pghstdr.Menppgaj nr mrusegaj strhw nr ehy sddfs tn us tn ehvd odda h kg`[gmubt thsl, dspdmghbby bhrjd quhatgtgds.

Ht prdsdat wd ehvd an gkdh weht gastrufdat mnubk ehvd odda usdk tn menp ted strhw.

Zd whatdk tn gbbustrhtd oy ted honvd ted `hmt teht ted usd n` pbhats hs tdfpdr fhtdrghb gs ant hs novgnus hs

gt fhy sddf. Ydrehps ha dxtdasgvd stuky n` bnhf pghstdr, enwdvdr uah ttrhmtgvd tegs fhy od, wnubk prnvgkd

fnrd khth. Ntedr mubturds mnubk hbsn od gambukdk ga sume ha gavdstgjhtgna.

@nr wnnk, bnhf hak sfhbb pbhat rdfhgas, gt ehs odda kdfnastrhtdk teht tedsd fhtdrgh bs wdrd hmtuhbby usdk

`nr mnastrum tgna purpnsds . [egs gs ant trud `nr ted fhtdrghb s wegme wd sehbb kgsmuss ga ted `nbbnwgaj. [edsd

hrd ted fhtdrghbs wegme fhy ehvd odda usdk `nr ted mnastrumtgna n` ted rnn` _df hgas n` ted `rhfd hak n`

ted rnn`gaj ehvd advdr odda `nuak. [eht gs wey gt gs hssufdk teht ted rnn` mnasgstdk n` pdrgsehobd, nrjhagmfhtdrghb.

Na d n` ted fhtdrg hbs pnstubhtdk gs o h r l (ga ted ornhk sdasd n` ted wnrk) wegme mnubk ehvd odda usdk `nr

twn purpnsds, ahfdby hs rnpd hak hs rnn`gaj.

Ga h vdjdthtgna n` ted typd `nuak ga Mdatrhb hak Zdstdra Durnpd kurga j ted Htbhatgm , ohst `gords hrd ted

fnst jdadrhb ahturhb snurmd n` rnpd. Bgfd- hak ydw-ohst ga phrtgmubhr wdrd usdk `nr ogakgaj up tn egstnrgd

tgfds (Pdkdb hak Bhajd 870;). Zgbbnw- hak dbf-ohst hrd hbsn sugthobd. [ed bhttdr whs usdk summdssùbby ga

ted dxpdrgfdath b mnastrumtgna n` h "Adn bgt egm " enusd ga Hbbdrsbdv (Kdafhrl) (Ehasda 8708).

Zd tegal teht tedrd whs h `rdqudat addk `nr rnpd ga ted sdttbdfdat out teht gt whs ant dxmdssgvd. Jgvda



_HZ FH[D_GHB] 57

tbu' houakhamd n` trdds wgte h sugthobd ohst, wd `ddb teht tedrd whs hbwhys su``gmgìat rhw fhtdrghb `nr rnpm ga

ted vgmgagty n` ted sdttbdfdat.

Zd hrd ant `hfgbghr wgte ted pntdatghb suppby n` ohrl `nr rnn`gaj. @rnf egstnrgd tgfds wd lanw naby n`

ted usd n` ogrme-ohrl ga Durnpd, hak teda ga mnfogahtgna wgte wnnk hak snk. [ed ogrme gs h trdd wegme

mha ant ehvd odda vdry mnffna ga ted `nrdsts hrnuak ted sdttbdfdat nr ga ted vdjdthtgna ht bhrjdr

kgsthggmds. [egs trdd rmqugrds fume bgjet hak sgamd ted vdjdthtgnas rdmnastrumtdk oy us gambukd fhay

sehknw-mhstgaj trdd spdmgds, gt mnubk naby ehvd stnnk ga mbdhrgajs. Takdr ted gabbudamd n` fha, ted ogrme

mdrthgaby ehs gamrdhsdk ga aufodr ga ted mnursd n` tgfd, out gt sddfs gfprnohobd tn us teht ogrme-ohrl whs

usdk hs rnn`gaj fhtdrghb na h bhrjd smhbd. Gt gs pnssgobd, enwdvdr, teht ntedr lgaks n` ohrl wdrd sugthobd `nr

tegs purpnsd, d.j. bgfd-ohrl nr dbf-ohrl wegme whs usdk `rdqudatby ga Anrte Hfdrgmh. Zd kn ant lanw

danuje honut ted prnpdrtgds n` ted kg``drdat lgaks n` ohrl tn prnanuamd h cuk jdfdat ga tegs rdspdmt.

Fhav hutenrs mnamdradk wgte ted rdmnastrumtgna n` prdegstnrgd enusds mennsd rddk `nr ted rnn`gaj. [egs

fhtdrghb gs hbsn fdatgnadk hs h pnssgobd rnn`gaj `nr ted BOL enusds (Sgppdbgus 874:).

[ed rddk pbhat gs h mnsfnpnbgtha pbhat wegme nmmurs ga h bhrjd aufodr n` ehogthts (vha kdr Pnn hakZdsten`` 8708 p. ?=5-?=7). [ed kg``drdat ehogthts ehvd ga mnffna, hfnaj ntedr tegajs, teht tedy hrd

eufgk-tn -wdt< ted whtdr thobd fust bgd ht bdhst cust uakdr ted sur`hmd. [egs davgrnaf dath b rdqu grdfdat

gfpbgds teht fnst n` ted bhaksmhpds wgtega h 89 lf rhkgus hrnuak ted BOL sdttbdfdats wdrd tnn kry `nr ted

jrnwte n` rddk. Ga nur npgagna ted wdt spnts teht nmmurrdk wgtega ted "kry" uagts, sume hs sfhbb fhrseds ga

strdhf vhbbdys hak enbbnws wgte sthjahtgaj rhga-whtdr, wdrd mnvdrdk wgte `nrdst nr ht bdhst wdrd

nvdrsehknwdk oy trdds. _ddk fhy ehvd jrnwa ga ted mhrrs, out gt whs prnohoby `hgrby sphrsd odmhusd n` ted

bhml n` bgjet.

[ed naby uagt ga wegme wd tegal teht rddk mnubk ehvd jrnwa ga bhrjdr quhatgtgds gs h rgvdr vhbbdy. Hs tegs

uagt tnn whs `nrdstdk `nr ted fnst phrt, ted hrdhs wgte h pntdatghbby kdasd rddk jrnwte wdrd rdstrgmtdk tn ted

dkjds n` npda, sthjahat nr sbnwby ruaagaj whtdr, teht gs tn ted ohals n` nx-onw bhlds hak snfd gaadr odaksn` ted ogj rgvdrs. Nx-onw bhlds, oy ted why, kn ant hbwhys ehvd h znad wgte kdasd rddk vdjdthtgna. H rddk

znad gs hosdat weda ted mnamdatrhtgna n` autrgdats gs tnn bnw `nr nad rdhsna nr hantedr. Zd hssufd,

enwdvdr, teht ted fhcnrgty n` ted nx-onw bhlds ga ted Fhhs vhbbdy hak ted Knahu vhbbdy wdrd `bnnkdk n`tda

danuje oy rgvdr-whtdr tn dahobd rddks tn jrnw.

Zd tegal teht ted mehamd gs sfhbb teht hkkg tgnahb rddk `gdbks wdrd prdsdat nutsgkd ted 89 lf rhkgus hak

odynak ted rgvdr vhbbdy. Gt gs trud teht npda whtdr mnubk od `nuak nutsgkd ted nx-onw bhlds, out ted

qudstgna gs enw fume rddk jrdw edrd. Ga ]nutedra Bgfourj tedrd whs h bgttbd bhld adhr Mnrtdaohme-

Pndrdakhhb< Chassda mnubk gakddk kdfnastrhtd rddk ga ted pdht kdpnsgts n` tegs `nrfdr bhld. ]ume bhlds,

enwdvdr, hrd vdry rhrd (Chassda 8709). Hs `nr ted rdjgna n` Egdaedgf, tedrd gs h vhst fhrse, ted

Knahufnns, 44 lf wdst n` Egdaedgf. Enwdvdr, ted pdht kdpnsgt ga tegs hrdh senwdk an rddk rdfhgas ht

ted pngat wedrd ted shfpbd `nr ted pnbbda kghjrhf puobgsedk ga Hppdakgx G whs thlda.

Zd hrd n` ted npgagna teht ted mnastrumtgna fhtdrghb "r dd k" whs prdsdat ga ted vgmgagty n` ted sdttbdfdats

]gtthrk, ]tmga, Dbsbnn hak Egdaedgf, out teht ted snurmd n` tegs fhtdrghb whs n` bgfgtdk sgzd. Na ted ntedr

ehak, ted BOL enusds wdrd ogj hak teus ehk bhrjd rnn`s. [ed quhatgty n` rddk teht wnubk od addkdk tn

tehtme ted enusds gs jgvda ga thobd 5. [ed mhbmubhtgnas rdbhtd tn ted shfd enusd pbhas usdk `nr ted

mhbmubh tgna n` ted quhat gty n` wnnk (sdd thobd :). [ed fdhsurdfdat s ehvd odda thlda `rnf puobgmhtgnas oy

Fnkkdrfha. [ed khth `nr Egdaedgf hrd fnrd kdthgbdk teha tensd `nr Dbsbnn. Zd ehvd mnpgdk tedf

wgtenut fnkg`gmhtgna. [ed rnn` sur`hmd whs mhbmubhtdk `nr h jhobd-rnn` wgte ha hajbd n` ;4¹, wegme



79 _DBH[GNA] OD[ZDDA ]D[[BDFDA[] .HAK DAPG_NAFDA[

mnrrdspnaks tn ted fgag fuf sbnpd teht h rddk rnn` fust ehvd tn od whtdrprnn ` Fnrmnvdr, wd ehvd thlda

gatn hmmnuat ted pnssgogbgty, m.q. ted prnohogbgty, teht ted rnn` dxtdakdk odynak ted whbbs. [ed dhvds hrd 49

mf bnaj weda prncdmtdk na ted jrnuak< tegs mnrrdspnaks wgte ted mhbmubhtgnas n` [rgdr ([rgdr 8707). [ed

quhatgty n` rddk gs dxprdssdk ga ouakgds. [egs gs ted uagt ga wegme rddk gs snbk anwhkhys. H ouakgd ehs h

mgrmuf`drdamd n` 44 mf. @nr h whtdrprnn` rnn` 7 ouakgms n` rddk pdr fQ hrd admdsshry. [ed bhst mnbufa

gakgmhtds ted hrdh n` mubtgvhtdk rddk bhak wegme tnkhy wnubk ygdbk ted admdsshry aufodr n` ouakgds. [ed

ygdbk n` rddk odks fhy vhry fhrldkby, ahfdby `rnf ?99 tn 8?99 ouakgds pdr edmthrd. H mhutgnus dstgfhtd

sdts ted hvdrhjd ht ;99 ouakgds pdr edmthrd (hmmnrkgaj tn h aufodr n` rddk mubtgvhtnrs, gambukgaj ted

_gclskgdast vnnr kd GCssdbfddrpnbkdrs hak ted Pdrdagjgaj tnt Odenuk vha Aht uur fna ufd atd a). Zd ehvd

hssufdk ;99 ouakgds pdr eh. @nr ted ehogthts uakdr mnasgkdrhtgna hrnuak ted nxonw bhlds, tegs dstgfhtd gs

prnohoby tnn egje.

[hobd 5. [ed quhatgty n` rddk admdsshry bnr ted rnn` n` h BOL enusd.

bdajte nc u'gkte nc rnn` rddk rddk odgtsenu.s` enusd sur`nmd ouakgds

ut ag f~ (aufodr) ` edmthrds)

Dbsbnn ?5 89 4.4 898 797 ?.=

Dbsbnn 4: 8; 4.:4 8;; 8?70 =.?Dbsbnn 45 ?0 0.4 ?50 ?4:; 0.;

Dbsbnn ?: ?: 0.4 ?7: ?0:= 0.:

Egda edgf =4 5.5 4.; 55 :7? ?.9Egdabu 'gf 5 ?;.4 4.?4 ??; ?980 4.9

Egdaedgf ? 8:.5 ;.5 b.E 8=50 =.4

Zed a wd what tn rdbhtd ted rdqugrdk hr dh n` rddk odks tn ted hvhgbhobd hrdh, wd hrd `hmdk wgte ted prno bdf

teh t wd kn ant lanw ted aufod r ha k ted sgzd n` ted fhga snurmd, teh t gs ted nx-onw bhlds. 88 gs gfpnssgobd tn

rdmnastr umt ted sgtuhtgna ht ted tgfd n` ted BOL sd ttbdfdats. @nr bhml n` odttd r, wd wgbb try tn prnmçkç `rnf

ted suo-rdmdat sgtuhtgna.

[ed `grst kglds wdrd mnastrumtdk ga ted hbbuvghb pbhga n` ted Fhhs ga 8559, wedrdhs ted Knahu whs ant

rdstrgmtmk oy kglds uatgb ted fgkkbd n` ted ?9te mdatury. Od`nrd tensd khtds ted twn rgvdrs mnubk fgjrhtd

`rddby wgtega ted rgvdr pbhga. Gt gs lanwa teht ted odks n` tedsd rgvdrs seg`tdk `rdqudatby ga egstnrgd tgfds.

Yhubgssda ehs kdfn ast rhtd k teht ted Fhhs senwdk ted shfd odehvgn ur kurgaj ted Htbhatgm (Yhubgssda

87:=). Zd mha gfhjgad, enwdvdr, teht ted aufodr n` kgspbhmdfdats n` ted fhga mehaadb whs ant hs jrdht

ga ted Htbhatgm hs ga ted suo-rdmdat pdrgnk. Ga ted vhbbdy n` ted Fhhs, ted odk seg`tdk hs h rdsubt n` fhcnr

`bnnkgajs. [ed mehamd teht ted odk wgbb seg`t gs jrdhtdst weda ted suffdr odk gs nostrumtdk, d.j. oy krg`t-

gmd. Yhubgssda wrgtds< "[ed eypntedsgs mha od fhkd teht ga ted hbbuvghb pbhga n` ted Fhhs, wedrd bnwdr

bygaj hrdhs hrd hosdat, ted fnst gfpn rth at seg ts n` odk wnubk usuhbby od ted rdsubt n` aht urh b nostrumtgnas

n` te ds uf fd ro dk oy gmd`bnds" (Yhubgssda 87:= p. :9 nur trhasbht gna). ]gamd tedrd whs pdre hps bdss krg`t-gmd

kurgaj ted Htbhatgm odmhusd ted wgatdrs wdrd ant hs mnbk (sdd GGG.?), gt gs pnssgobm teht tedrd whs bdss seg`tgaj

n` ted odk kurgaj ted Htbhatgm hak teht tedrd`nrd `dwdr nx-onw bhlds wnubk od mrdhtdk. Na ted ntedr ehak,

ted nx-onw bhlds teht wdrd prdsdat mnubk ehvd sthydk npda `nr h bnajdr tgfd. Hohaknadk mehaadbs n`tda

`gbb wgte ted sdkgfdat n` ted fhga strdhf. [ed spddk n` tegs `gbbgaj gs ant mnasthat out kdpdaks ant naby na

ted kgsthamd tn ted adw odk out hbsn na ted bnhk n` ted strdhf. [egs whs sfhbbdr ga ted Htbhatgm teha ga

egstnrgd pdrgnks (sdd G G G .=, p. 80). [edrd`nrd wd tegal gt pnssgobd teht na ted nad ehak ted vhbbdy n` ted



_HZ FH[D_GHB] 78

Fhhs ehk `dwdr hohaknadk mehaadbs kurgaj ted BOL nmmuphtgna teha gt knds tnkhy, out teht na ted ntedr

ehak ted hohaknadk odks teht wdrd prdsdat sthydk npda bnajdr. Zd hssufd ted shfd `nr ted Knahu.

Na ted ohsgs n` tegs mnasgkdrhtgna wd `ddb teht wd fhy usd, tenuje wgte jrdht rdsdrvd, ted suo-rdmdat

sgtuhtgna tn mhbmubhtd enw fume npda whtdr whs prdsdat ga ted rgvdr vhbbdys. @nr ted vhbbdy n` ted Fhhs, wd

usd ted sgtuhtgna ga 8590, fhppdk uakdr ted kgrdmtgna n` [rhament ([rhament Fhp, rdgssudk 870:-87:8,

83?4 999), hak `nr ted vhbbdy n` ted Knahu ted rdmdat sgtuht gna hs senwa na ted tnpnjrhpe gmh b fh p

83?4 999. Zgtega h rhkgus n` 89 lf hrnuak ted sdttbdfdats tedrd gs h tnthb n` 8= lf n` hohaknadk mehaadbs

ga ted vhbbdy n` ted Fhhs teht stgbb mnathga fnrd nr bdss npda whtdr. Hrnuak Egdaedgf tedrd hrd =9 lf n`

sthjahat nr sbnwby ruaagaj whtdr.

H bhst ualanwa `hmtnr gs ted hvdrhjd wgkte n` ted rddk odgts. [egs wgkte gs ant mnasthat. @hmtnrs teht pbhy

h rnbd ga ted kdvdbnpfdat n` ted odgts hrd, hfnaj ntedrs, ted mnamdatrhtgna n` autrgdats ga ted whtdr, ted

fnvdfdat hak ted kdpte n` ted whtdr , ted sbnpd n` ted ohal hak ted mnfpnsgtgna n` ted suosngb (vha

Knasdbhhr 8708). [edrd`nrd gt gs kg``gmubt tn gakgmhtd dxhmtby enw wgkd ted rddk odbt hrnuak ted `nrfdr nx-

onw bhlds wgbb ehvd odda. Fnrdnvdr, `nr ]nutedra Bgf our j, gt gs gfpnssgobd tn onrrnw sume khth `rnf ted

rdmdat sgtuhtgna sgamd hbb stgbb dxgstgaj nx-onw bhlds, sume hs ted hohaknadk mehaadbs ht ]tnlluf hak

Kgbsda, ehvd odda ga`budamdk rgjnrnusby oy fha. [edrd gs ehrkby hay rddk edrd hayfnrd. [ed sgtuhtgna ga

ted vgmgagty n` Egdaedgf gs fnrd `hvnurhobd. [ed rddk pbhat gs stgbb mnffna ga ted Knahu vhbbdy< ga ted

hohaknadk rgvdr mehaadbs gt `nrfs odgts wegme vhry ga wgkte `rnf N tn 4 f (ted odbt gs hosdat wedrd ted

ohal gs nvdrsehknwdk oy nvdrehajgaj trdds). G` wd ehk tn dstgfhtd ted pnssgobd wgkte n` ted rddk znads

hbnaj ted ohals n` ted Htbhatgm nx-onw bhlds, wd wnubk mennsd h `gjurd odtwdda 8 hak 4 f. N` mnursd, tegs gs

ha hvdrhjd< tedrd wdrd uaknuotdkby bhlds wgtenut rddk hak bhlds wgte wgkd rgphrgha znads.

G` wd hssufd teht ted rddk odgts ehk ha hvdrhjd wgkte n` 8 f, teda h enusd wg te h rnn`sur`hmd n` ?0: fQ

(sbgjetby sfhbbdr teha Dbsbnn 45) rdqugrdk 09 lf n` rgvdr ohal, teht gs h ahrrnw whtdr sume hs ha nx-onw

bhld =9 lf bnaj, tn tehtme ted rnn` n` ted enusd wgte rddk. G` ted wgkte n` ted rddk odbt gs = f nr 4 f, ted

rdqug rdf dat gs ?9 hak 8? lf n` ohal , teus ha nx-onw bhld 89 hak 0 lf bnaj, rdspdmtgvdby. Gt gs trud teh trddk mha od ehrvdstdk dvdry ydhr, out gt gs novgnus teht wgte h tnthb n` 8= lf n` mehaadbs naby h `dw enusds

pdr ydhr mnubk ehvd h adw rddk rnn` [ed aufodr gamrdhsds sbgjetby weda ant naby ted nx-onw bhlds out

hbsn ted gaadr odaks n` ted hmtgvd whtdrwhys hrd gambukdk ga ted mhbmubhtgnas. _ddk, enwdvdr, gs ant hbwhys

prdsdat edrd hak ted jrnwte gs ant ht ha nptgfuf. Fnrdnvdr, ted mhbmubhtgna n` ted aufodr n` edmthrds n`

rddk rdqugrdk pdr rnn` gs na ted bnw sgkd. Hmmnrkgaj tn Fnkkdrfha, ted gaehogthats n` Dbsbnn hbnad ougbt

nad enusd ga twn ydhrs (Fnkkdr fha 87:9 p. ?9;)< ht ted shfd tgfd enusds wdrd hbsn odgaj ougbt ga ntedr

sdttbdfdats. Ant naby `nr Dbsbnn, ]tdga hak ]gtthrk, out `nr hbb sgfubthadnus sdttbdfdats ga ]nutedra

Bgfourj, ted admdsshry rddk ehk tn mnfd `rnf ted Fhhs vhbbdy. Zd `ddb teht tegs gs ehrkby pnssgobd,

hssufgaj n` mnursd teht ted sdttbdfdats bgstdk ga thobd = (GGG.0) wdrd gakddk ougbt sgfubthadnusby hak

hssufgaj teht nur mhbmubhtgnas `nr ted rddk odks hrd mnrrdmt. Ga Egdaedgf ted sgtuhtgna whs fnrd`hvnurhobd. N a ted nad ehak ted hrdh prnku mgaj rddk whs bhrjdr, hak na ted ntedr ehak gt sddfs tgght tedrd

wdrd `dwdr sdttbdfdats. Zd tegal teht ted suppby n` rddk, g` gfpnrthat, whs ant h prnobdf `nr Egdaedgf.

Ga tegs mnaadmtgna wd wgse tn krhw httdatgna tn ted `hmt teht hbb `nur sdttbdfdats uakdr stuky wdrd

bnmhtdk adhr h wgkd rgvdr vhbbdy. [egs gs mdrthgaby ant ted rubd `nr BOL sdttbdfdats. Fhay sgtds, sume hs fnst

n` ted sgtds hbnaj ted sfhbb Fçehgjad _gvdr ga Odbjguf, hrd bnmhtdk `hr `rnf ted vhst rgvdr vhbbdys wgte tedgr

suppby n` rddk. [ed gaehogthats n` tedsd sdttbdfdats wnubk ehvd ehk tn jn h bnaj why `nr tedgr rddk.

Hbtenuje wd ehvd ant fhkd h spdmghb stuky n` ted jrnwte n` rddk ga Durnpd, wd mnasgkdr gt bgldby teht

kurgaj ted Htbhatgm ted vhbbdys kgk ant mnathga danuje rddk tn tehtme hbb enusds ga hbb BOL sdttbdfdats.




[edrd`nrd wd wnakdr wedtedr ted enusds n` ted BOL wdrd tehtmedk wgte rddk ht hbb. @nr ted tgfd odgaj wd

senubk bgld tn knuot gt.

Zeda nad sthrts bnnlgaj `nr hbtmrahtgvds, nad fhy tegal ga ted `grst pbhmd n` ntedr typds n` tehtme. Zhtdr

pbhats, sume hs rddkfhmd, n``dr n` mnursd an rdhb snbutgna odmhusd tedy rdqugrd ted shfd ohals hs rddk.

Ybhat s n` krgdr sngbs, enwdvdr , fgje t od ted haswdr. ]nuksly fdatgnas s t r h w (]nuksly 8707). Out strhw,

bgld rddk, gs addkdk ga bhrjd quhatgtgds. Ga ted kgsmussgna n` ted pnssgobd usd n` strhw `nr ted tdfpdr n` ted

bnhf `nr whbbs, wd hbrdhky qudstgnadk wedtedr danuje strhw mnubk od prnkumdk. [ed shfd mnasgkdrhtgnas

hrd vhbgk anw. ]trhw knds ant sddf tn us tn od ha novgnus hbtdrahtgvd `nr rddk hs tehtmegaj.

Ga hkkgtgna tn ohrl, rddk hak strhw, snk, slgas hak pbhals ehvd hbsn odda ahfdk hs pnssgobd rnn`fj

fhtdrghbs. ]nk fust ehvd h kdasd strumturd tn ùamtgna wdbb na h rnn` [ed pbhats wegme tnjdtedr wgte ted

hkedrgaj sngb `nrf ted snk fust jrnw mbnsd tnjdt edr hak ehvd h kdasd adtwnrl n` sfhbb rnnts. [ed typds n`

vdjdthtgna teht prnvgkd jnnk snk hrd tensd n` npda jrnuak sume hs jrhssbhak hak fnnrs. [edsd typds

sdbknf nr advdr dxgstdk ga ted pdrgnk hak hrdh uakdr mnasgkdrhtgna. [edrd`nrd wd wgse tn dxmbukd snk hs h

pnssgobd rnn`gaj fhtdrghb.

_djhrk gaj ted pnssgobd usd n` sl ga s, hs sujjdstdk oy Fnkk dr fh a (Fn kkdrfha 87:=), wd senubk bgld tn

rdfhrl teht ted fhtdrghb whs gakddk prdsdat out teht wd wnakdr wedtedr danuje slgas wdrd hvhgbhobd.

[ed bhrjdst `dhsgobd slga, mnwegkd, hvdrhjds 849 U bNNmf anwhkhyshak teusehs hsur`hmdn` 8.4 fQ. [egs

gfpbgds teht `nr h enusd bgld Dbsbnn ?5, wgte h rnn` hajbdk ht ;4¹, ht bdhst 0: prdsdat-khy mhttbd slgas wnubk

od addkdk. Dbsbnn ?: wnubk ehv d rdqug rdk 875 slgas. [edsd `gjurds hrd pd reh ps na ted egje sgkd,

odmhusd ted hajbm n` ted rnn` fhy ehvd odda sfhbbdr. @urtedrfnrd ted slgas fhy ehvd odda sbgjetby

bhrjdr< na ted ntedr ehak wd ehvd ant gambukdk ted admdsshry nvdrbhp ga ted mhbmubhtgnas. Zd

wnakdr, enwdvdr, wedtedr ted suppby n` slgas wnubk ehvd odda su``gmgìat tn prnvgkd hbb enusds wgteh rnn` [egs npgagna ehs antegaj tn kn wgte ted qudstgna n` wedtedr slgas wdrd sugthobd `nr rnn`gaj

bhrjd, pd rfhadat enusds. Zd lanw n` an dxhfpbds. [ eh t gs wey wd kn ant mnasgkdr slgas tn ehvd odda usdk

hs rnn`gaj.

Zd ehvd hbrdhky kgsmussdk wnnk. Znnk mnubk ehvd odda usdk ga ted `nrf n` pbhals, segajbds nr `hjjnts.

[ed aufodr n` trdd truals rdqugrdk `nr ha datgrdby wnnkda rnn` kdpdaks jrdhtby na ted why ga wegme ted

wnnk whs usdk. Zd tegal teht ted hfnuat n` wnnk rdqugrdk, dvda weda pbhals wdrd usdk, wgbb ant ehvd

dxmddkmk 8 trual pdr rua agaj fdtdr. Hssufgaj h spbgt trual wnubk prnvgkd 5 tn 89 pbhals 4 f bnaj, teda

`nr ted mnastrumtgna n` h enusd sume hs Dbsbnn ?5 h tnth b n` == truals gastdhk n` ?? wnubk ehvd odda addkdk

(nad trual dxtrh `nr ted dhvds n` ted rnn`) hak `nr h enusd sume hs Dbsbnn ?: ant 45 out 50 truals. N` mnursd,

ted mnrr dspnakgaj `nrdst hrdh gs hbsn gamrdhsdk mnasgkdrhoby. @nr segajbds, bdss wnnk gs addkdk< wedrdhs ted

usd n` sfhbb orhameds addk ant gavnbvd adw muttgaj hmtgvgtgds ht hbb. Zd mnasgkdr wnnk tn od ted novgnus

mengmd hs fhtdrghb `nr rnn`fj. Ga ted `nrdstdk hrdhs n` Durnpd wnnk whs usdk `rdqudatby `nr rnn`fj uatgb

rdmdatby.

_HZ FH[D_GHB] @N_ FNPHOBD JNNK]

[ed dxmhvhtgnas ht Dbsbnn, ]tdga, ]gtthrk hak Egdaemgf prnvgkdk h bhrjd aufodr n` nocdmts hak rdfhgas n`

nocdmts wegme wdrd fhkd fhgaby n` fgadrhb rhw fhtdrghbs. Nrjhagm fhtdrghb gs hosdat, dxmdpt `nr h `dw



_HZ FH[D_GHB] 7=

onan `rhjfdats hak snfd trhmds n` pgtme. [ed rmhsna gs uaknuotdkby teht nrjhagm fhtdrghbs ehk Ettbd

mehamd n` surRgRgaj ga nur sdttbmfmat hrdhs, wegme hrd pnnr ga efm hak rdbhtgvdby kry. Enwdvdr, gt gs

pnssgogd teht fgadrhbs tnn ehvd kgssnedk nr `hbbda hphrt. Gt gs qugtm bgldby teht ted nocdmts wegme wd ehvd

gnguut rdprdsdat naby h vdry sfhbb phrt n` ted hssnrtfmat nrgjgahbby prdsdat.

@nr ted shld n` mnavdagdamd, wd ehvd kgvgkdk ted nocdmts gatn smvda jrnups fhgaby hmmnrkgaj tn ted rhwfhtdrgh b usdk. [edy hrd3 8) pnttdry hak ntedr nocdmts n` grdk mbhy, ?) medrt hrtd`hmts , =) hkzds , ;) hrtd`hmts

teht hpphrdatby sdrvdk tn jrgak nr pubvdrgzd snfdtegaj, 4) stnads teht mhaant od mnasgkdrdk hrtd`hmts out

wegme snfmtgfds senw trhmds n` odgaj usdk, 0) `rhjfdats n` phgat, :) fgsmdbbhadnus.

Zd ehRd damngug tdrdk vdssdbs naby ga ted `nrf n` pn t t d r y . Gt gs usuhb tn kgstgajugsbg twn lgaks n` BOL

pnttdrv, ahfdby mnhrsd hak `fd whrd. [ed kgstgamtgna gs ohsdk fhgaby na ted sur`hmd tdxturd. Mnhrsd

pnttdry ehs h rhtedr rnuje sur`hmd, wedrdhs `fd pnttdry gs sfnnte hak fhy dvda od pnbgsedk. [ed

kg``drdamd ga sur`hmd tdxturd gs kdtdrfgadk ant naby oy ted `gagsegaj, out hbsn oy kg``drdamds ga ted

mnhrsdadss n` ted tdfpdr usdk. Ntedr pngats n` kgstgamtgna hrd ted hvdrhjd tegmladss n` ted sedrk hak ted

mnbnur hak sehpd n` ted pnttdry. Mnhrsd pnttdry ehs h rdbhtgvdby tegml sedrk hak gs ornwamr teht `gadpnttdry, wedrd jrdy hak obhml prdkn fgah td. [ed `gad pnttdry gs n`tda kdmnrhtdk wgte jrnnvds.

[ed pnttdry `rnf ted sdttbdfdats Dbsbnn, ]tmga hak ]gtthrk mha od kgvgkdk hmmnrkgaj tn ted honvd

mrgtdrgh gatn mnhrsd hak gad whrd (Fn kkd rfh a 8745/8747k, Fnkk drfha 87:9). [e d fhtdrgh b `rnf

Egdaedgf, enwdvdr, mnathgas trhasgtgnas sn teht gt gs ant hbwhys pnssgogd tn fhld ted kgstgamtgna

(Fnkkdrfha ga prdss). Hs ga hbb lanwa BOL sgtds, ted sedrks n` mnhrsd pntt dry hrd oy `hr ga ted fhcnrgty.

Z'ggbgga ted `rhfdwnrl n` nur gavdstgjhtgna gatn ted usdn`ted aht urh b rdsnurmds oy ted gaehogt hats n` ted

sdttbdfdats, hslgaj wedtedr tedgr rhw fhtdrghbs wdrd bnmhb nr ant, wm fust n` mnursd thld h mbnsdr bnnl ht

ted nrgjga n` ted pnttdry. [wn qudstgnas hrgsd. [ed `grst nad gs wedtedr ted pnttdry whs fhkd bnmhbby nr

wedtedr gt whs gfpnrtdk . [e d sdmnak qudstgna gs wedtedr ted prdsufhoby bnmhb pnttdry whs `hsegnadk `rnf

bnmhb rhw fhtdrghbs hak, g` sn, wegme nads.

H jdadrhbby hmmdptdk fnkdb prdsufds teht fnst n` ted BOL pnttdry, bgld hbb prdegstnrgd pnttdry, oy ted

why, whs fhkd bnmhbby. [e d hrjufdat s ga `hR'nur n` tegs temnry hrd onrrnwdk fhgaby `rnf dteanjrhpey.

[ed dxmhvhtdk fhtdrghb ehs ant ydt prnvgkdk rdhb dvgkdamd. Hrmehdnbnjgmhb hahbysgs n` sehpd hak

kdmnrhtgna ehs sn `hr hppdhrdk tn od gasu``gmgìat tn msthobgse bnmhb prnkumtgna. Enwdvdr, ted fdtenk mha

gakgmhtd rdjgnahb kg``drdamds. [ed pnttdry `rnf Dbsbnn, ]tmga hak ]gtthrk gs gakgstgajugsehobd, out tedrd gs h

mbdhr kg``drdamd wgte rdspdmt tn Egdaedgf. [ern uje vdry hmmurh td rdjgstrhtgna, snfd gavdstgjhtnrs enpd ga

ted ùturd tn od hobd tn gkdatg`y mdrthga pnttdrs nr wnrlsenps, sn teht kgsmrgfgahtgna wnubk gakddk od

pnssgogd ht ted bnmhb bdvdb (]tdeE 87:= p. 47).

Ga hantedr hpprnhme, httdfpts hrd fhkd tn onrrnw dvgkdamd `rnf ted hahbysgs n` ted rhw fhtdrghbs

usdk. G` ted .shfd rhw fhtdrghbs wdrd usdk `nr ted fhcnrgty n` ted dxmhvhtdk mdrhfgms, hak tedsd rhw

fhtdrghbs, fnrdnvdr, wdrd prdsdat bnmhbby, teda tegs pnttdry fust ehvd odda fhau`hmturmk ga ted

sdttbdfdat. Gfpnrts fgjet od kgstgajugsedk, ga `hvnurhobd mhsds, oy h kg``drdat mnfpnsgtgna. @nr tegs

hpprnhme ted hssufptgna gs fhkd teht ted prgamgphb rhw fhtdrghbs `nr pnttdry, mbhy hak tdfpdr, wdrd

noth gadk bnmhbby. [rhaspnr tht gna n` mbhy nvdr kgsthamds n` fnrd t eha 89 lf sddfs tn od gfprn oho bd, jgvda

ted rdqug rdk quhatgt gds n` tegs fhtdrg hb. Hbsn ga egstnrgd tgfds, ted pnttdry whs usuhbby fhau`hmtu rmk `hgrby

mbnsd tn ted mbhy snurmd. [ed r dhky p rnkumt whs trhkdk, ant ted mbhy gtsdb` "Mbhys hrd wgkdby kgs trgoutmk<

naby ga`rdqudatby wnubk gt od admdsshry `nr pnttdrs tn jn `hr `nr onky mbhy. Hbtenuje mbhys kg``dr jrdhtby ga

tedgr prnpdrtgms hak h btenuje gt gs mnamdgvhobd teht d gtedr egje sthakhrks nr trhkgtgna wnubk bdhk pnttdrs tn




gfpnrt mbhy bnaj kgsthamds, sume gasthamds ga egstnrgd tgfds hrd ted dxmdptgna rhtedr teha ted rubd."

(]edphrk 870= p. ==:). [e d shfd hppbgds tn tdfpd r (ted anapbhstgm fht drghb teht gs hkk dk tn mbhy ga nrkdr

tn prdvdat dxmdssgvd sergalhjd, dtm). "[dfpdr, n` hbb mdrhfgm fhtdrghbs, gs ted bdhst dxhmtgaj ga gts

rdqugrdfdats< mnasdqudatby, anapbhstgm fhtdrghbs hrd ted bdhst Eldby tn od nothgadk ga trhkd nr `rnf h jrdht

kgs tham d." (]edphrk 870= p. ==:). [eh t gs wey nad mha try tn rdbhtd ted mnfpnsgtgna n` ted pnttd ry tn bnmhb

mbhys hak tdfpdr. [ed fhay fgsthlds teht mha od fhkd ga ted gatdrprdthtgna n` ted rdsubts n` sume ha

gavdstgjhtgna hrd kgsmussdk oy ]edp hrk (]edphrk 870= p. ==0- =;8).

Hs hr hs wd lanw, ted `grst sdhrme `nr ted rhw fhtdrghb s n` BOL pnttd ry whs mnakumt dk oy Noda hudr . Ed

dxhfgadk sedrks `rnf Lðba-Bgakdatehb oy fdhasn` tega sdmtgnas (Nodahudr ga3 Outtbdr & Ehodrdy 87=0

[hel 7. Knsrrgptgna n` sedrks usdk `nr hahbysgs.

aufedr tdfp`î Gegml-

adss

mnbnur ntedr rdfhrls

pnttdry

shak jrhgas `rhjfdats vhagsedksgzd ga ff sgzd ga ff fhtdrghb

bg Q2 8 8-? ?- ; 2 8 8-? ?- ; ff ] 4 .m 4

Dbsbnn

8;7-8 ^ - U U U - : 8 8 8 ^8;7-? - U - U U U - :-89 = 8 8 -8;7-= - U U U - 0-8 9 4 4 4 -8 ; 7 Q - - U U pbh at fht . :-5 8 ? G -89:-8 - - U - - ;-4 8 8 8 kdmnrhtdk

89:-? U U U - - - :- 5 8 8 8 kdmnrhtdk

89:-= - - U - U - 0 = 8 = kdmnrhtdk

89:-; - - U U U - : ? 8 ? kdmnrhtdk

89:-4 - - U - - hajub hr enbds 8?-8= = 8 8 -89:-0 - ^ U - - - 8? ; ; ; -89:-: - - U - - hajubhr enbds 89 ? ? ? -

Egdaedgf

•=?4-8 U - - U - - ; ? 8 ? kdmnrhtdk

=?4-? U - - - - - ;-4 = ? ? kdmnrhtdk

*=?4-0 U U - - - - 0-: ? ? ? kdmnrhtdk

=?4-89 U ^ U - - - 7-8 8 = = ? -•=?4-88 U - - U - - ^ 89 = ? ? -

=?4-8? U U U U U - - :-5 ; ; ? -•=? 4-8 ; U U - U U - - 5 ? ; ? -

7?8-8 U - - - - ^ = 8 ? ? kdmnrhtdk

7?8-0 - - U - - 0-: = - ; kdmnrhtdk

7?8-: - - - - - 88 = ? = -7?8-89 U U U - - - 88 ? ; ? -

7?8-88 R U U U - - 0- 5 ; ? ; -tdfppr 3 U fhga mnfpnadat

U 6-- hmmdssnry fhtdrghb*3 hahbysgs oy ]bhjdr, Pha kdr Ybhs hak Pha Kndsourj

mnbnur 3 8 -- bgjet ana nxgkgzmk? Q khrl ana nxgkgzmk= 6 bgjet uamdrthga; 6 khrl uamdrthga4 6 bg_et ou```grdk

(mnbnurs ohsdk na ted Fuasdbb systdf

bgjet 6 vhbuds 0-5khrl 6 vhbuds ?-4ana nxgkgzmk 6 mernfh 8uamdrthga 6 mernfh ?-4 , eud ymbbnwdr teha ?.4 W_ou```grdk 6 mernfh 0-5 , eum ymbbnwdr teha ?.4 W_)



_HZ FH[D_GHB] 74

p. 8?=-8?78. RPgtbg tegs tdmeagqud naby ted tdfpdr hak ted ahturhb gfpurdtgds mha od kdtdrfgadk< ed

tbgdrdbnrd rdstrgmtdk egfsdb` tn h kdsmrgptgna n` ted tdfpdrs usdk. [ed rdsubts n` ted gavdstgjhtgna suppnrtdk

ted ùgkgajs n` ted hrmehmnbnjgmhb-fnrpenbnjgmhb gavdstgjhtgna. ]nfd sedrks wdrd quhbg`gdk ga ted bhttdr

gavdstgjhtgna hs kg``drdat nr dvda gatrusgvd hak hppdhrdk tn kg``dr `rnf ted rdst wegme whs mhbbdk bnmhb< tegs

kg``drdamd whs hpphrdat ga ted tega sdmtgnas hs wdbb (Outtbdr & Ehodrdy 87=0). @nr nad jrnup,

"Gfpnrtjruppd GG", Nodahudr senwdk teht gfpnrt whs pbhusgobd hak ed dvda gakgmhtdk ted pnssgobd

prnvdahamd . [edsd sedrks mnathgamk fgadrhbs teh t odbnaj ga h vnbrhag m hrdh. [e d pnttdrv fgjet tedrd`nrd

ehvd nrgjgahtdk ga h rdjgna snute n` Lðba, hak fnrd prdmgsdby ga ted Aduwgdkdr Odmlda. ]nurmds n` rhw

fhtdrghb wdrd ant gambukdk ga ted gavdstgjhtgna. Yrnohoby ted gfpnrt whs n` fganr sgjag`gmhamd<

"Gf|)nrtjruppd GG" mnathgas naby 87 sedrks.

Hangemr gbgga sdmtgna gavdstgjhtgna wegme senubk om fdatgnadk mnammradk BOL pnttdry `rnf

Fòkkdr sed gf (@rdmema ga3 ]megdtzdb 8704). @rdmeda dxhfgadk 8? sedrks3 sgx wdrd mnhrsd hak sgx wdrd `gad

pnttdry. Ed mnfphrdk ted fgadrhbs wegme wdrd gkdatg`ghobd ga ted tega sdmtgnas wgte ted fgadrhb

mnfpnsgtgna n` twn bnmhb mbhys, ahfdby ted bnmhb bndss bnhf hak ted uakdrbygaj mbhy. Naby terdd n` ted

twdbvd sedrks fgjet pnssgoby ehvd odda fhkd n` bnmhb fhtdrghb< ted fgadrhb mnfpnsgtgna n` twn n` ted `gadsedrks gs sgfgbhr tn teht n` bndss bnhf hak nad `rhjfdat n` mnhrsd pnttdry rdsdfobds ted mbhy. N` ted ntedr

agad sedrks, sgx fgjet ehvd odda fhkd `rnf rgRdr mbhy3 @rdmeda sujjdsts mbhy `rnf ted _edga vhbbdy.

@gahbby terdd `rhjfdats n` ted mnhrsd whrd senubk ehvd nrgjgahtdk adhr h vnbmhagm hrdh, wegme mnubk od ted

]gdodajdegrjm. Fòkkdrsedgf bgds ?4 lf `rnf ted _edga vhbbdy hak ;9 lf `rnf ted ]gdodajdogrjd. G`

@rdmeda's tdst sdrgds gs rdprdsmathtgvd `nr hbb Fòkkdrsedgf pnttdry, egs rdsubts wnubk gfpby teht fnst n` ted

pnttdry whs ant fhkd n` bnmhb fhtdrghb hak tedrd`nrd whs ant fhau`hmturdk bnmhbby. Ta`nrtuahtdby ted

shfpbd gs hr tnn sfhbb tn custg`y sume h mnambusgna. Ga hkkgtgna, ted puobgmh tgna knds ant mbdhrby kd`gad ted

mnfpnsgtgna n` ted shfpbd.

[ed dxhfgahtgna n` nur nwa fhtdrghb hbsn sthrtdk na h sfhbb smhbd, tnn sfhbb hkfgttdkby, wgte ted

hahbysgs n` 88 sedrks `rnf Dbsbnn< ted hahbysgs whs mhrrgmk nut oy Kr. M.C. Nvdrwdmb. H fnrd dxtdasgvd

dxhfgahtgna whs gfpnssgobd ht ted tgfd. @nr ted shfpbd, sedrks wdrd sdbdmtdk `rnf twn pgts, ahfdby

fgagodrs 8;7 hak 89:. Ygt 8;7 odbnajs tnenusm =? hak gskhtdk hspehsd Go. Ygt 89: odbnajstn enusd ?: hak

khtds `rnf pehsd bg m . [ed shfpbd `rnf 8;7 mnasgstdk n` ; sedrks n` mnhrsd pntt dry . [e d : sedrks thlda `rnf

pgt 89: mnfprgsdk `nur `gad hak terdd uakdmnrhtdk, mnhrsd pgdmds. [ed dxtdrahb hspdmts n` ted sedrks

sdbdmtdk kgb`mrdk hs fume hs pnssgobd. [ed `dhturds teht hrd vgsgobd wgte ted ahldk dym hrd sthtdk ga thobd 7.

[e d qudstgnas wdrd rdstrgmtdk tn twn pngats, ahfdby wedtedr ted jrnup n` pnttdry mnubk ehvd odda fhkd

n` ted shfd rhw fhtdrghbs ga spgtd n` ted gaenfnjdadnus dxtdrahb hspdmt, hak wedtedr ted mbhy usdk mnubk

ehvd odda ted bnmhb bndss. Bndss gs ted adhrdst sugthobd rhw fhtdrghb `nr ted fhau`hmturd n` pnttdry. [n

haswdr ted sdmnak qudstgna, ant naby ted sedrks wdrd hahbyzdk out hbsn twn shfpbds n` bndss bnhf `rnf ted

mbhy gbbuvghtgna znad na ted dxmhvhtgna sgtd. -

[ed tdmeagquds usdk mnasgstdk n` dxhfgahtgna n` tega sdmtgnas hak U-rhy kg``rhmtgna. [ed bhttdr fdtenk

hbbnws ted gkmatg`gmhtgna n` mbhy fgadrhbs. [ed rdsubts n` ted tega sdmtgna dxhfgahtgna suppnrt weht ehk

hbrdhky odda sdda wgte ted ahldk dyd. Nvdrwddb's rdpnrt sthtds ted `nbbnwgaj honu t ted U-rhy kg``rhmtgna3

"Ga nrkdr tn mnfphrd ted suosthamd n` ted sedrks wgte nad hantedr hak wgte ted rhw mbhys, ha U-rhy

kg``rhmtgna fdtenk whs usdk. Ynwkdr kghjrhfs n` ted fgadrh b fgxturds ga ted pnttdry hak ga ted mbhys wdrd

nothgadk wgte h Jugagdr kd PPnb```nmussgaj fnanmernfhtgm mhfdrh hak Mu Lh rhkghtgna usgaj =4 lP, ?9

fH hak ha dxpnsurd tgfd n` = enurs . PPgte ted mnfogadk tedrfhb hak U-rhy kg``rhmtgna tdmeagqud `nr

gkmatg`gmhtgna n`mdrhfgm fhtdrghbs (Gspenrkgaj 87:;), teduatrdhtdk pnwkdr shfpbd whs hahbyzdk `grst. Gt

http://vitli/

http://vitli/

http://vitli/




whs teda edhtdk tn 8899¹ M `nr ; enurs hak ted rdsubtgaj kg``rhmtgna pht tdras n` ted egje tdfpdr htu rd

fgadrhbs wdrd mnfphrdk wgte tensd n` ted uatrdhtdk shfpbd. [ed kg``rhmtnjrhfs n` ted sedrks hak n` ted

bndss senwdk, ga hkkgtgna tn ted phttdra n` quhrtz hak `dhsgobd `dbksphr bgads ga ted =.?4-=.87 H rdjgna, bgads

ht ted bnmhtgnas n` mbhy fgadrhb rd`bdmtgnas wegme hrd ant seg`tdk oy edhtgaj ht ;.49, ?.09-?.44 hak

8.48-8.49 H. Fns tn` ted `dw gak dtd rfg aho bd bgads nmmurrdk ont eg a ted kghjrhf n` ted bndss hak ga tensdn`ted pnttdry . H`tdr edh tgaj ted shfpbds ht 8899¹ M `nr `nur enurs ted kg``rhmtnjrhfs senwdk ted phtt dra s n` h

@daNn hak fubbgtd. Gt hppdhrs teht ted egje tdfpdrhturd pehsds n` bndss hak ted sedrks mna`nrf.

[edrd`nrd ted pnssgogbgty gs ant dxmbukdk teht ted bndss whs usdk `nr ted fhau`hmturd n` Dbsbnn's BOL

pnttdry. [e d dxtdrahb kg``drmamds ga ted mdrhfgms kgk ant senw up na ted kg``rhmtnjrhf."

]enubk ted sfhbb shfpbd om rdprdsdathtgvd `nr ted pnttdry n` Dbsbnn, tegs wnubk fdha teht tegs pnttdry

whs gakddk fh kd `rnf nad hak ted shfd rhw fhtmrghb. [egs rhw fhtd rghb fgjet ehvd odda noth gadk `rnf

ted adhrdst snurmd n` mbhy3 ted bndss. Enwdvdr, od`nrd krhwga j mnambusgnas honu t ted nrgjga n` ted mbhy, wd

sehbb ehvd tn fhld fnrd nosdrvhtgnas, dxhfgad fnrd mbhys hak stuky hahbysgs rdsubts nothgadk wgte ntedr

tdmeagquds. [eus, hantedr novgnus mbhy, ahfdby ted rgvdr bnhf `rnf ted Enbnmdad vhbbdy n` ted Fhhs, ehs

ant odda hahbyzdk ydt.[ed tdfpdr wegme whs usdk, fhgabv pnttdrv `rhjfdats, senws an spdmg`gm `dhturds. [ed ornlda sedrks

fhy vdry wdbb ehvd nrgjgahtdk `rnf wgtega ted sdttbdfdat.

]enubk wd hrrgvd ga ted ùturd ht ted mnambusgna teht ted pnttdry `nuak ga @Csbnn whs fhkd `rnf bnmhb

rhw fhtdrghbs, tegs knds ant fdha teht ted pnttdry whs erdk oy ted gaehogthats n` Dbsbnn tedfsdbvds. Zd

tegal ga `hmt teht ha hahbysgs n` pnttdry `rnf d.j. ]tdga nr ]gtthrk wnubk prnvgkd mxhmtby ted shfd rdsubts.

[ed bnmhb rhw fhtdr ghbs odbnaj tn ted shfd bndss kdpnsgt ha k ted shfd typd n` rgvdr bnhf. Zd odbgdvd teh t gt

wgbb prnoh oby advdr od pnssgobd tn mnambukm, na ted ohsgs n` h fhtdrghb hahbysgs, teht ted terdd sdttbdfdats ga

]nutedra Bgfourj dhme fhkd tedgr nwa pnttdry. Zgte rdspdmt tn ted fhau`hmturd n` pnttdry wd sehbb (`nr

ted tgfd odgaj>) ehvd tn mnasgkdr ted sdttbdfdats Dbsbnn, ]tdga hak ]gtthrk hs nad mnfpbdx.

Ynttdry teht fgjet od mnasgkdrdk gfpnrt whs ant `nuak ga nur sfhbb shfpbd. Ydrehps ha hahbysgs n` h

bhrjdr sdrgds n` sedrks fgjet rdvdhb pn ttdry n` h kg``drdat mnfpnsgtgna. Gt gs trum te ht Fnkkdrfha `nuak

hfnajst ted anrfhb BOL pnttdry, an gakgmhtgnas n` ted dxgstdamd n` gfpnrtdk pnttdry, out ga tednry gt gs

pnssgobd teht BOL pnttd ry egkds gfpnr ts wegme ehvd ant odda kgsmnvdrdk odmhusd tedgr fhau`hmtu rd hak

kdmnrhtgna hrd egjeby sgfgbhr tn ted enfd-fhkd pnttdry. Fnkkdrfha knds kdsmrgod ha mxmdptgnahb pgdmd n`

pnttdry wegme kg``drs ga sehpd, mnbnur hak tdfpdr `rnf ted rdst, ahfdby h "stdgbwhakgjd Odmedr" wegme

whs `nuak ga ]gtthrk (Fnkkdrfha 8745/8747k p. 75- 77, `gj. 07). [egs pgdmd mnubk ehvd odda gfpnr tdk.

@urtemrfnrd ed kdsmrgods h sfhbb mnTdmtgna n` pnttdry wegme whs ant fhkd hmmnrkgaj tn ted BOL

trhkg tgna3 wd rd`dr tn ted sn-mhbbdk Bgfour jdr Ldrhfgl (Fn kkd rfha 87:9 p. 8;8-8;=) . [eus gt gs mbdhr

teht pn ttdry `rnf dbsmwedrd "da td rd k" ted sdttbdfdats, ht bdhst g` nad hssufds teh t ted "str haj drs" wen

fhkd tegs "dxn tgm" pnttdry kgk ant bgvd ga ted BOL sdttbdfdat hs wdbb. r

[ed pnttdry `rnf Egdaedgf whs hahbyzdk ga ted `grst gasthamd ga ted shfd why hak na ted shfd sfhbbsmhbd hs ted pnttdry `rnf Dbsbnn. Hjhga, sedrks wdrd thlda `rnf twn pgts. Pdry kg``drdat spdmgfdas wdrd

sdbdmtdk. [ed dxtdrahb hspdmts hrd bgstdk ga thobd 7. [ed mnbbdmtgna n` bnmhb mbhys gs snfdweht fnrd dxtdasgvd

teha t eht `nr Dbsbnn. [e d mbhys hrd3 8) twn shfpbds n` kdmhbmg`gdk bndss (bndss bnhf) nr gjg aht gaj `rnf ted

dxmhvhtgna sgtd, ?) twn rdsgkuhb bnhfs `rnf ted Mrdthmdnus nrgjgahtgaj `rnf h bnmhtgna ga ted Egdaedgfdr

@nrst (nad gs wegtd , ted nt ed rg se je t o rnwa), =) h Fgnmd adb nhf `rnf Hrrdstgaj, h pbhmd = lf anrte-wdst n`

Egdaedgf, hak ;) h ]uohtbhatgm rgvdr bnhf `rnf ted Knahu vhbbdy. [ed wdhtedrgaj bnhfs, ted Fgnmdad

bnhf hak ted rgvdr bnhf hrd mhbmhrdnus.



_HZ FH [D _G HB ] 7:

Zd quntd `rnf Nvdrvvddb's rdpnrt na ted U-rhy kg``rhmtgna hahbysgs3 "Hbb ted pnwkdr kghjrhfs n` ted

gavdstgjhtdk G,OL pnttnry `rhjfdats mnathga ted pht tdra n` quhr tz hak bgads n` `dbksphr ga ted =.8-=.?8 H

rdjgna. N` ted pnssgobm mbhy fgadrhb rdgbmmtgnas ht 89.9, ;.;5, ?.4:4 hak 8.;74 H ted bgads ht ?.4:4 hak 8.;74

hrd ted ornhkdst. [edy strdtme `rnf ?.09 tn ?.44 H hak `rnf 8.49 tn 8.;7 H, rdspdmtgvdby.

Ga hkkgtgna tn quhrtz hak `dbksphr, ted pnwkdr kghjrhfs n` ted bndss shfpbds mnathga mnamdgvhobd mbhyfgadrhb rd`bdmtgnas ht 84.9, 89.9, :.9, 4.9, ;.;5, ?.09-?.44 hak 8.49-8.;7 H. Ant naby ted pnsgtgnas n` ted

terdd bnwdr rd`bdmtgnas out hbsn ted rdbhtgvd gatdasgtgds odtwdda tedsd bgads hrd gkdatgmhb `nr pnttdry hak ted

bndssds.

[ed shfd bgads wegde fhy pngat tn ted prdsdamd n` mbhy fgadrhbs ga ted bndssds hbsn hppdhr na ted

kg``rhmtnjrhfs n` ted mhbmhrmnus mbhvs, wedrd mhbmgtd hak quhrtz hrd ted fhga ana-mbhy mnfpnadats.

@dbksphrs ga ted =.8-=.?8 H rdjgna hbsn nmmur edrd.

Ga ted pnwkdr kghjrhfs n` ted edhtdk shfpbds n` pnttdry hak bndss,h @daNn nr edfhtgtd hak fubbgtd hrd

mbdhrby prdsdat< ga mnatrhst ant tedsd fgadrhbs out wnThstnagtd whs nosdrvdk ga ted `grdk shfpbds n` ted

mhbmhrdnus mbhys.

_ðatjdanjrhpegmhbby, an trhmds n` mhbmgtd wdrd `nuak ga ted pnttdry, anr trhmds n` wnThstnagtd ga tedgr`grdk mnuatdrphrts. @nr tegs rdhsna wm mha hssufd teht mhbmhrdnus mbhys wdrd ant usdk hs ted rhw fhtmrghb

`nr ted BOL mdrhfgms ga Egdaedgf. Hs edfhtgtd hak fubbgtd kgstgamtby nmmur, onte ga ted `grdk pnttdry hak

ga bndss shfpbds, tedrd gs h jnnk mehamd teht uamhbmhrdnus bndss whs ted rhw mbhy usdk ga ted fhau`hmturd n`

ted mdrhfgms gavdstgjhtdk. Gt gs gatmrmstgaj tn antd teht ted hppbgdk tdmeagqud rdvdhbdk an kg``drdamds

odtwdda ted mbhys n` ted twn kgstgamt jrnups n` pnttdry (g.d. ted `fd hak ted mnhrsd whrd, M.O.)."

[e us ted bnmhb bndss quhbg`gds hs rhw fhtdrgh b `nr ted pnttdry wegme whs dxmhvhtdk ht Egdaedgf. Edrd tnn

tedrd gs an mdrthgaty. Hs ga ted mhsd n` Dbsbnn, gt gs `nr gasthamd pnssgobm teht ted pnttdry whs `grdk ga ha hrdh

mnathgagaj sgfgbhr bndssds.

[ed mn-npdrhtgna wegme kdvdbnpdk odtwdda ted Gastgtutd n` Yrdegstnry ht Bdgkda hak ted Kdphrtfdat n`

]ngb ]mgdamd hak Jdnbnjy n` ted Hjrgmubturhb Tagvdrsgty ht Zhjdagajda rdsubtdk ga ted mrdhtgna n` h

prncdmt `nr ted purpnsd n` stukygaj ted pnttdry `rnf Egdaedgf fnrd gatdasgvdby teha od`nrd. [ed

gavdstgjhtgna gs mnakumtdk oy Kr. Gr. ]. ]bhjdr, Kr. B. vha kdr Ybhs hak C.K.C. vha Kndsourj. [ed `grst

rdsubts n` h tdst gavdstgjhtgna n` `nur sedrks hrd gambukdk ga Hppdakgx GGG. [ed `nur vdry kg``drdat sedrks-

wdrd thlda `rnf ted hssdfobhjd n` pgt =?4, wegme whs hbsn usdk oy Nvdrwddb. [edy hrd kdsmrgomk ga thobd

7. [ed sedrks wdrd mnfphrdk wgte `nur kg``drdat mbhy shfpbds `rnf ted surrnuakgajs n` Egdaedgf3 8) bndss

bnhf `rnf ted gbbuvghtgna znad ht ted dxmhvhtgna sgtd, ?) mhbmhrdnus bndss `rnf ted M-? enrgzna ht ted

dxmhvhtgna sgtd, =) rgvdr bnhf `rnf ted vhbbdy n` ted Knahu hak ;) h wegtd rmsgkuhb bnhf `rnf ted

Egdaedgfmr @nrst. [ed Fgnmdad bnhf gs fgssgaj `rnf ted bgst odmhusd tedrd wdrd an shfpbds hvhgbhobd ht

ted tgfd n` gavdstgjhtgna. Gt fust od antdk teht ted rgvdr bnhf gs `rnf h suo-rdmdat kdpnsgt. Hs fdatgnadk

na p. ?=. ted rgvdr bnhf whs pdrehps sbgjetby shakgdr kurgaj ted Htbhatgm.

[ed bgrst pehsm n` ted gavdstgjhtgna gambukgaj `grgaj tdsts na ted kg``drdat mbhy shfpbds ga nrkdr tn

kdtmrfgad wedtedr tedy hrd gakddk sugthobd `nr fhlgaj pnttdry. [egs bdk tn ted rdcdmtgna n` nad mbhy typd,

ahfdby ted rdsgkuhb bnhf wegme senwdk tnn fume sergalhjd tn od usdùb. [ed mhbmhrdnus bndss knds ant

ehvd nptgfuf prnpdrtgds dgtedr< ted twn ntedr bnhfs hppdhr tn od sugthobd. ]uosdqudatby tega sdmtgnas hak

pnwkdr prdphrhtgnas wdrd fhk d n` ted sedrks. Yhrt n` ted pnwkdr whs usdk `nr medfgmhb hahbysgs, hantedr

phrt `nr U-rhy kg`grhdtgna hak h tegrk phrt `nr kg``drdat tedrfhb hahbysds. [ed shfd fdtenks n` hahbysgs

wdrd hppbgdk tn ted terdd fnrd nr bdss usd ub mbhys. Hs ted hahbysgs rdsubts hrd kdsmrgomk ga Hppdakgx 888, wd

fdatgna nabv ted prnvgsgnahb mnambusgnas edrd.




[ed gavdstgjhtgna senws teht ted rgvdr bnhf hak ted bndss kg``dr hs `hr hs ted mnfpnsgtgna n` ted `dbsphr

hssdfobhjd gs mnamdradk. [ed `dbsphrs ga ted sedrks hrd egjeby sgfgbhr tn ted `dbsphrs ga ted bndss. [egs mnubk

od h `grst gakgmhtgna teht ted `nur sedrks dxhfgadk wdrd ant fhkd n` rgvdr bnhf. H sdmnak pngat gs teht ted

rgvdr bnhf whs `nuak tn mnathga h sfhbbdr mbhy `rhmtgna teha ted twn bndss shfpbds. ]gamd ted sdkgfdat teht

whs kdpnsgtdk oy ted Knahu kurgaj ted Htbhatgm whs prnohoby dvda shakgdr teha ted prdsdat ]dkgfdat,

rgvdr bnhf fgjet ehvd odda bdss httrhmtgvd hs rhw fhtdrghb. [ed pnssgogbgty dxgsts, enwdvdr, teht h jnnk mbhy

whs `nuak ga kmhk rgvdr mehaadbs. Nvdrwddb's hrjufdat teht ted rgvdr bnhf mnubk ant ehvd odda usdk,

odmhusd U-rhy kggîrhmtgna n` ted sedrks senwdk an trhmds n` mhbmgtd hak edhtgaj tn 8899¹ M rdvdhbdk an

trhmds n` wnbbhstnagtd, gs ant jdadrh bby vhbgk hmmnrkgaj tn ted kg``rhmtgna kh th n` ]bhjdr, Pha kdr Ybhs hak

Pha Kndsourj wegme senwdk trhmds n` wnbbhstnagtd. Enwdvdr, ted nrgjgahb fhtdrghb mnubk ant ehvd odda

rgme ga bgfd, hmmnrkgaj tn ted bhttdr gavdstgjhtnrs. [edrd`nrd tedy wgse tn dxmbukm ted mhbmhrdnus bndss `rnf

ted M-? enrgzna n` ted sngb prn`gbd. [edgr prnvgsgnahb mnambusgna gs teht h bndss fhy ehvd odda usdk teht whs

bdss mhbmhrdnus teha ted uamehajdk bndss, out fnrd mhbmhrdnus teha ted prdsdat bndss bnhf `rnf ted

gbbuvghtgna znad. ]gamd Pha kd Zdtdrgaj hssufds ga ted rdmnastrumtgna n` ted Htbhatgm sngb prn`gbd teht ted

prn`gbd whs hbrdhky kdmhbmg`gdk tn ted prdsdat kdpte (sdd p. ?:), h fgxturd n` kdmhbmg`gdk bndss hakmhbmhrdnus fhtdrghb mnubk ehvd odda usdk `nr fhlgaj pnttdry. @urtedrfnrd, gt hppdhrs teht ted rhw

fhtdrghb gs ant mnfpbdtdby gkdatgmhb `nr hbb `nur sedrks. Nad n` ted sedrks mnathgas bdss `dbsphr, bdss

anrfhtgvd fubbgtd hak fnrd quhrtz teha ted ntedr sedrks, h kg``drdamd teht mhaant od httrgoutdk tn ted

tdfpdr. [ed onky mbhy n` tegs sedrk fust ehvd odda pnnrdr ga `dbsphrs hak lhnbgad hak rgmedr ga quhrtz

teha ted onky mbhy wegme whs usdk `nr ted ntedr terdd. Hantedr sedrk gs vdry rgme ga fgmhs 9.9= ff hmrnss,

wedrdoy gt gs ant mbdhr wedtedr tedy odbnaj tn ted mbhy nr wdrd hkkdk wgte ted tdfpdr. [ed `fhb

mnambusgna gs teht na ted ohsgs n` ha hahbysgs n` `nur sedrks ant fume mha od shgk ydt honut ted rhw

fhtmrghbs. [ed bnmhb bndss fhy ehvd odda usdk, out teda gt fust ehvd uakdrjnad mmrthga trmhtfdats,

hmmnrkgaj tn ted gavdstgjhtnrs, tn hrrgvd ht ted jgvda mnfpnsgtgna.

[ed honvd-fdatgnadk gavdstgjhtgna hbsn prnvgkdk khth honut ted tdfpdr fhtdrghb. [ed rdsubts n` tedhahbysgs fhld gt pbhusgobd teht ted shfd typd n` shak whs usdk `nr ted `nur sedrks, ahfdby h quhrtz shak

wgte h `dbsphr mnatdat n` mgrmh ?9%. @nr ted mnhrsd pnttdry h shak `rhmtgna wgte jrhgas n` up tn 9.? ff whs

usdk. [ed jrhga sgzd ga ted `fd fhtdrghb gs odtwdda 9.9? hak 9.9; ff. Odsgkds ted `dbsphr mnatdat, ted shak

gs mehrhmtdrgzdk oy h `dw medrt `rhjfdats. Gt gs strglgaj teht ted jrhgas n` ted tdfpdr hrd hajubhr. [eht gs

wey anrfhb rgvdr shak gs dxmbukdk3 gt gs an tm bd hr tn us ht ted fnfdat wegme fhtdrghb whs usdk. [e d pnttdry

`rhjfdats wegme wdrd hbsn usdk hs tdfpdr mhaant od kgstgajugsedk, ht bdhst ga ted tega sdmtgnas, `rnf ted

pnttdry ga wegme tedy wdrd gamn rpnrh tdk. Gt gs pbhusgobd tedrd`nrd t eht tedy h rd n` ted shfd typd n` pnttd ry.

H tegrk hspdmt wegme ted gavdstgjhtgna senwdk gs ted egje penspenrus mnatdat n` ted sedrks. An

shtgs`hmtnry dxpbhahtgna n` tegs pedanfdana ehs odda `nuak sn `hr.

[ed fhay qudstgnas damnuatdrdk kurgaj ted tdst gavdstgjhtgna wdrd su``gmgìat rdhsna tn mnatgaud ted

gavdstgjhtgna wgte fnrd sedrks. [ed rdsubts hrd ant ydt hvhgbhobd.

]n `hr wd ehvd spnlda dxmbusgvdby honut ted fhga mnfpnadats n` ted pnttdry, ahfdby ted onky mbhy hak

ted tdfpdr. Enwdvdr, ntedr fhtdrghbs wdrd usdk `nr `gagsegaj mdrthga pgdmds. ]pdmgfdas n` `fd pnttdry

wdrd snfdtgfds mnhtdk wgte h sbgp. [n nur lanwbdkjd tegs sbgp ehs ant ydt odda kdsmrgodk, nr dxhfgadk.

Zgtega ted `rhfdwnrl n` ted gavdstgjhtgna n` ted pnttdry `rnf Egdaedgf, tegs fgadrhb fhtdrghb wgbb od

stukgdk hs wdbb. @urtedrfnrd, rdfhgas n` h mnbnurdk phstd ehvd odda `nuak snfdtgfds ga ted jrnnvds n` ted

kdmnrhtgvd phttdras. [egs phstd mnatrhsts ga mnbnur wgte ted whbb n` ted sedrk. Zd ehvd ant ydt sdda sume

mnbnurdk `gbbgajs na ted pnttdry n` Egdaedgf, out ted pnttdry `rnf ]nutedra Bgfourj knds senw trhmds n`



_HZ FH[D_GHB] 77

mnbnurgaj fhttdr. H wegtd phstd gs sdda fnst `rdqudatby (Fnkkdr fha 8745/8747k p. 54), out wd hbsn lanw

n` `gbbgajs n` rdk phstd. [ed phstds ehvd ant odda hahbyzdk ga nur gavdstgjhtgna. Fdgdr-Hrdakt kdsmrgods ted

mnfpnsgtgna n` mnfphrhobd phstd rdfhgas ga egs wnrl na ted Tatdrfhgajdogdt. [ed rdk phstd mnasgstdk ga

nad mhsd n` pubvdrgzdk rdk-ourat mbhy hak ga hantedr mhsd grna nxgkd whs mdrthgaby usdk. @nr obhml phstds ed

fdatgnas namd h rdsganus suosthamd ha k namd onad-obhml . Zegtd phstd ehs ant odda hahbyzdk (Fdgdr-Hrda kt 8700 p. 49-48) . Oderdas fdatgnas edfht gtd , fgxturds n` edfhtgt d hak mbhy, rdsga, fhajhad sd, bgfd

hak lhnbgad `nr gamrustrhtgnas ga Mdatrhb Jdrfhay (Oderdas 8709). Hs antegaj gs lanwa honut ted mnbnur

phstds ht ted Kutme sgtds, ant fume mha od shgk dgtedr honut tedgr nrgjga. G` edfhtgtd, h mnbnurgaj fhttdr

teha gs `nuak `rdqudatby ga BOL sdttbdfdats, whs usdk `nr ted rdk phstd, teda ht bdhst tegs fhttdr gs h rhw

fhtdrghb teht ehk tn od gfpnrtdk gatn ]nutedra Bgfourj (sdd p. 885).

Ga nur `grst mhtdjnry n` nocdmts wd ehvd gambukdk ant naby ted pnttdry out hbb nocdmts n` `grdk mbhy, sgamd

ant naby sedrks out hbsn ntedr mdrhfgm nocdmts wdrd `nuak ga ted sdttbdfdats. [edsd hrd vdry rhrd. [edy hrd

kdsmrgodk hs "spgakbd-wenrbs" hak `rhjfdats n` "gknbs". [ed fhtdrghb n` wegme tedy hrd fhkd knds ant

sddf tn kg `dr `rnf teh t n` ted pntt dry. [ed dxmdptgnahb pgdmds ehvd ant odda suocdmtdk tn ùrtedr hahbysgs.

[e d sdmnak jrnup n` hrtd`hmts gs ted fhrldkby edtdrnjdadnus jrnu p n` nocdmts fhkd n` m e d r t . Oy medrt wd

fdha hbb rnmls mnasgstgaj n` fgmrnmrysthbbgad nr suofgmrnmrysthbbgad hmmufubhtgnas n` sgbgmh. Medrts `rnf

ted Mrdthmdnus Mehbl hrd n`tda rd`drrdk tn hs "`bgat".

Ga nur sdttbdfdats, medrt hrtd`hmts hak `rhjfdats hrd hbfnst hs `rdqudat hs pnttdry sedrks. [egs typd n`

rnml whs usdk ga ted fhau`hmturd n` fhay kgNdrdat tnnbs. Zd sehbb ant kgsmuss tedsd tnnbs edrd, out rd`dr tn

ted bgtdrhturdna ted suocdmt (Onefdrs & Orugca 8745/8747, Orugca 8745/8747, Adwdbb 87:9 hak kd Jrnnte

ga prdss). [ed fhtdrghb dxmhvhtdk senws teht ted gaehogthats n` ted sdttbdfdats wnrldk ted medrts

tedf.sdbvds, sgamd mnasgkdrhobd whstd hak rnuje-nuts ehvd odda `nuak. [eht gs wey ted honvd-fdatgnadk

hutenrs gambukdk ted pnssgobd nrgjga n` ted admdsshry rhw fhtdrghb ga tedgr mnasgkdrhtgnas. Ga ted `nTnwgaj

wd sehbb `grst ehvd h mbnsdr bnnl ht ted sgtds ga ]nutedra Bgfourj hak teda ht Egdaedgf.

[ed gaehogthats n` _bsbnn, ]tdga hak ]gtthrk usdk ted shfd typds n` medrt. [ed fnst mnffna typd vhrgds

ga mnbnur odtwdda bgjet jrhy hak jrhygse obhml (Fuasdbb _nml Mnbnr Mehrt 87483 A:-A?). [ed mnbnur gs

sdbknf uag`nrf, dvda ga sfhbb pgdmds< wgtega ted rhajd n` ted jrdys tedrd hrd bhrjdr hak sfhbbdr obnts hak

sfdhrs. Ga hkkgt gna, ted jrdy n`tda mnathgas fhay wegtd knts. Hs ted wdhtedr gajn` ted pgdmds gamrdhsds, ted

mnbnur odmnfds bgjetdr. [ ed hspdmt n` ted `rhmturds vhrgds `rnf sfnnte tn sbgjetby jrh aub hr. H shfpbd n` tegs

medrt mha od sdda ga `gj. 88.

[edrd hrd h `dw gamgkdathb pgdmds teht hrd n` hantedr typd. [edy `nrf h egjeby edtdrnjdadnus jrnup,

wegme rdprdsdats bdss teha 4% n` ted `fk fhtdrghb. ]nfd pgdmds odbnaj tn ted typd teht Bðer ehs

prnvgsgnahbby mhbbdk "b gjet jrdy Odbjgha medr t" (Bðer 87:4 p. ??4). [ed usd n` kg``drdat medrts gs ant bgfgtdk

tn h mdrthga pmrgnk n` ted BOL nmmuphtgna.

[ed jrdy medrt mbnsdby rdsdfobds ted medrt `nuak hs enrgznas wgte ankubds ga ted bgfdstnad kdpnsgts

(mehbls) n` ted Tppdr Mrdthmdnus ga ]nutedra Bgfourj. Fhay n` tedsd bgfdstnad kdpnsgts odbnaj tn ted

jdnbnjgmhb pdrgnk wegme gs rd`drrdk tn hs "Fhhstrgmetgha". [erdd `nrfhtgnas mha od kgstgajugsedk

anwhkhys wgtega ted bgfdstnad kdpnsgts3 ted Jubpda `nrfhtgna, ted Fhhstrgmet `nrfhtgna hak ted

Enutemf `nrfhtgna, wegme gs ted ynuajdst (@dbkdr 87:4). [ed Fhhstrgmet `nrfhtgna mnfprgsds twn `hmgds3

ted Fhhstrgmet Mehbl hak ted Luarhkd Mehbl. Medrts nmmur ga ted uppdr kdpnsgts n` ted Jubpda

`nrfhtgna, ga ted bnwdr kdpnsgts n` ted Fhhstrgmet Mehbl hak ga ted Luarhkd Mehbl. [ed medrt `rnf ted

ynuajdst phrt n` ted Jubpda `nrfhtgna gs khrldr ga mnbnur hak `gadr ga tdxturd teha ted ntedr medrts (@dbkdr





_HPP FH[D_GHB] ' 898

& _hkdfhldrs 87:8). 88 gs tegs medrt wgggme tggd hrtm`hmts hak whstd `rnf ted BOL smttbdfdats rdsdfobd< ted

sgfgbhrgty gs sn strglgaj teht wd, wgte fhay ntedrs, ehvd an knuo t te ht gt whs gakddk usdk oy ted ga eho gthats

n` Dbsbnn, ]tdga hak ]gtthrk. [eht gs wey Adwdbb wrgtds n` ted "Jubpda `bgat", wedrmhs Orugca spmhls fnrd

jdadrhbby n` "Fh hst rg me t tbg at" ,g .d . `bgat `rnf ted Fhhstr gme tgha (Adwdbb 87:9 p. 8;4, Orugca 8745/8747 p.

?8=).

Hs fdatgnadk na p. 84, ted anrtedra bgfgt n` ted hrdh wedrd ted bgfdstnad kdpnsgts n` ted Tppdr

Mrmthmdnus mnfd mbnsd tn ted sur`hmd gs cust 89 lf snute n` ted BOL smt tbdfdats. Ga tegs hrdh ted Jubpda

`nrfhtgna mrnps nut ga vhbbdy sbnpds. [ed `nrfhtgna gs mut oy ted vhbbdy n` ted Fhhs, hfnaj ntedrs. Ant

surprgsgajby medrt `rnf ted Jubpda `nrfhtgna gs h `rdqudat mnfpnadat n` ted Fhhs kdpnsgts. Odsgkms

sdmnakhry medrt ga jrhvdb kdpnsgts, tggdrd gs hbsn rdsgkuhb medrt. [ed bhttdr mha od `nuak ga ted dbuvgh tn ted

snute ga ]nutedra Bgfourj hak ga ted hkchmdat Odbjgha tdrrgtnry.

[ggm mnrtdx n` ted memrt, wegme whs kdpnsgtdk hs jrhvdb, ehs uakdrjnad fnkg`gmhtgnas hs h rdsubt n`

trhaspn rth tgna . [edsd kg``drmamds ehvd odda usdk oy Adwdbb tn kgvgkd ted hrtd`hmts hak t ed whstd n` egs

"Jubpda Egat" gatn twn jrnups3 nad jrnup wegme hpphrdatby whs fhkd n` `rdse medrt hak nad jrnup wegme

fust ehvd odda fhkd n` Fhhs jrhvdb. "Ga fnst mhsds, ted Ohakldrhfgl Egat lahppdrs utgbgzdk `rdse `bgat

ankubds thlda `rnf t ed mehbl odks n` ted _gcmlenbt-Ohaenbt-_ubbda hrdh . [ed `rdseadss n` ted fhtdr ghb gs

gakgmhtdk oy ted prdsdamd n` h tegml, mrufoby, wegtd mehbl mnrtdx na snfd n` ted hrtg`hmts hak h bhrjd

auagodr n` ted whstd `bhlms." hak "H sdmnak snurmd n` tegs Jubpda-`nrfhtgna sgemhtd gs ted jrhvdb odks n ted

fgkkbd Fhhs. [edrd nad `gaks obnmls n` `bgat edhvgby rnbbdk hak kgspbhygaj h mehrhmtdrgstgm khrl nrhajd,

wdhtedrdk mnrtdx wegme bghs odda sfnntedadk hak horhkdk hbfnst tn ted tdxturd n` h phtgah. Aufdrnus

obnmls hak `bhlms mhrrygaj tegs wdhtedrgaj ehvd odda `nuak ga ted dxmhvhtdk Ohakldrhfgl smttbdfdats.

Enwdvdr, tegs snurmd n` rhw fhtdrghb gs sdmnakhry mnfphrdk tn ted rdse `bgat." (Adwdbb 87:9 p. 8;4). N ur

mnuatsgakgmhtd teht ted Fhhs jrhvdb hmmnuats `nr 89 tn?9"n n` ted tnthb.* Hbb pehsdsn`tem BOL wdrd thlda

tnjdtedr `nr ted mnuats, wegme fdhas teht wd kgk ant vdrg`y wedtedr ted prnpnrtgna n` jrhvdb vhrgdk pdr

pdrgnk. Gt gs mbdhr, enwdvdr, teht ted obnmls n` jrhvdb wdrd usdk kurgaj hbb pehsds, wegme Adwdbb mna`grfs(Adwdbb 87:9 p. 8;4).

G` ted pgdmds wgte mnrtdx rdprdsdat ted tnthb hfnuat n` medrt mnrrdmtby, teda 59 tn 79"n n` ted fhtdrghb

mnasgsts n` memrt wegme whs ant trhaspnrtdk oy h rgvdr. Adwdbb mhbbs tegs medrt "`rdse `bgat", teht gs medrt

wegme mhfd kgrdmtby `rnf ted mehbl. Zd wnakdr , enwdvdr, wedte dr medrts `rnf dbuvgh sbgnubk om dxmbukdk.

H mnfphrgsna n` ted mnrtdx n` rdsgkuhb medrt hak `rdse medrt gakgmhtdk teht ted mnrtdx n` ted òrfdr gs

usuhbby tegmldr hak ehrkdr. Ga hkkgtgna, ted mnbnur n` ted rdsgkuhb medrt gs snfdweht phbdr hak ydbbnwdr,

hbt enuje gt mdrthgaby addk ant od hs ydbbnw hs Bðer sujjdsts (Bðer 87:4 p. 74). [e d kg``drdamds, enwdvdr,

hrd sumbg teht wm mnubk ant hbwhys gkdatg`y ted gak gvgkuhb pgdmds rnf ted dxmhvhtgnas. [edrd `nrd wd kn ant

wgse tn jgvd pdrmdathjds< nur gfprdssgna gs teht fnst medrts mhfd kgrdmtby `rnf ted mehbl kdpnsgts.

Zd ehvd trgdk tn kdtdrfgad ted nrgjga n` ted jrdy medrt ga hantedr why. [ed fdtenk `nbgnwdk gs teht n`

medfgmhb hahbysgs, ahfdby adutrna hmtgvhtgna hahbysgs. [ed mnamdatrhtgna n` mdrthga mbdfdats gs fdhsurdk

wgte tegs fdtenk. Hs ted fhga m nfpn adat s n` medrt h rd ted shfd dvdrywedrm , pnssgobd medfgmhb kg``drmamds

fust od snujet ga ted kg`bdrdamds ga ted trhmç dbdfdat mnatdat. [ed fdtenk n` hahbysgs mensma gs vdry

hmmurhtd. Gt fmhsurds mnamdatrhtgnas dxprdssdk ga ppf. Zd ladw teht ted fdtenk whs usdùb ga

kgstgaju gsegaj @rdame medrt (`rnf ted wnrlsenp Bh Meht gård ga Bd Jr hak Yrdssgjay), Khagse medrt (`rnf

ted medrt fgad ga Env) , hak med rt `rnf ted Jubpd a `nrfhtgna (`rnf ted medrt fga d ga _gcmlenbt) (kd Oruga

* Zd nosdrvd k kur ga j ted mnuats te ht ted mnrtd x n` ted pgdmds `rnf ted jrhvdb gs ant hevhys hs edhvgL wnr a hak tedrd`nrd gs ant

hbwhys hs khrl nrhajd hs Adwdbb gakgmhtdk.




dt hb. 87:?). Medrts`rnf ted kg``drdat `nrfhtgnas hak `hmgds n` ted Tp pd r Mrdthmdnus ga ]nu tedra Bgfou rj

hbsn hppdhr tn kg``dr ga tedgr trhmç dbdfdat mnatdat (Ohldbs 87:4). [ed gavdstgjhtgna n` ted medrt usdk oy ted

gaehogthats n` Dbsbnn, ]tdga hak ]gtthrk, enwdvdr, fust kgstgajugse odtwdda ted kg``drdat medrt snurmds

wgtega nad sgajbd `hmgds3 ted Jubpda Mehbl. @nr ted hahbysgs wd mensd snurmds n` medrt wegme hrd lanwa tn

ehvd odda usdk `nr ted fhau`hmturd n` prdegstnrgd hrtd`hmts, tenuje ant admdsshrgby kurgaj ted BOL

nmmuphtgna. ]hfpbds wdrd thlda `rnf ted prdegstnrgd medrt quhrrgds ga _gcmlenbt, Feddr, Ohaenbt hak

_ubbda (`nr tedsd sgtds, sdd Fnathjad 87:8 p. 8;;). Ga _gcmlenbt pgdmds wdrd thlda `rnf ted ohak wegme

whs fgadk kurgaj ted trhasgtgna `rnf ted `nurte tn ted tegrk fgbbdaaguf O.M., hs wdbb hs whstd pgdmds teht

bhy na ted sur`hmd ga ted wnrlsenp. Yrnohoby ted _gcmlenbt wnrlsenp fhkd usd n` ted medrt `rnf ted fgad,

out gt gs hbsn pnssgobd teht snfd n` ted rhw fhtdrghb mhfd `rnf nad nr twn ntedr ohaks. N` mnursd ted

fhtdrghb `rnf ted fgad hak teht odgaj usdk ga ted wnrlsenp wdrd ldpt sdphrhtdk. [ed wnrlsenps ga

Ohaenbt, Feddr hak _ubbda nothgadk tedgr medrt `rnf ha dbuvguf hak tedrd`nrd wnrldk kdrgvdk medrts.

Odsgkds shfpbds `rnf ted honvd-fdatgnadk pbhmds, wd tnnl shfpbds `rnf jrhvdb kdpnsgts n` ted Fhhs.

Hphrt `rnf kg``drdamds ga ted mnrtdx, ted medrts hrd kg``gmubt tn kgstgajugse `rnf nad hantedr wgte ted ahldk

dyd. [ed naby gkdatg`ygaj `dhturd gs teht ted dbuvguf medrt `rnf _ubbda gs ydbbnwdr teha ted rdst. Odtwdda

;9 hak 49 pgdmds n` rnml `rnf dhme sgtd wdrd dxhfgadk. [e d rmsubts n` ted hahbysgs wdrd ùrtedr prnmdssdk oy

fdhas n`phtt drardmnjagt gna (sdd kd Oruga dt hb. 87:?`n rte dfd ten kn` hah bys gsh akk dOr uga dt hb. 87:= `nr

ted fhtedfhtgmhb hpprnhme). [ed mehrhmtdrgstgms usdk ga tegs mhsd wdrd ted mnamdatrhtgnas n` @d , Ah, Mn,

Mr, Or hak L. [ed rdsubts n` phttdra rdmnjagtgna hrd jgvda ga ted `nbbnwgaj thobd.

[hobd 89. Adutrna hmtgvhtgna hahbysgs n` ]nutedra Bgfourj medrts, suffhry n` ted rdsubts n` phttdra rdmnjagtgna, hbb shfpbds usdk `nrtrhgagaj hak tdstgaj.

rgjet nrgjf sdbdmtdk nrgjga

_.fgad _.wnrlsenp O< aenbt Feddr _ubbda Jrhvdb

_gcmlenbt fgad ?9 ?7 9 9 9 9

_gcmlenbt wnrlsenp 9 ;0 ò 9 9 9

Ohaenbt 8 ¼ 8 ? ? ?

Feddr ; =? 9 5 9 9

_ubbda = =0 9 4 = 9

Jrhvdb 8? =9 9 4 9 8

Gt hppdhrs `rnf ted rdsubts teht naby ted fhtdrghb `rnf _gcmlenbt ehs sume wdbb-kd`fdk mehrhmtdrgstgms teht

ted gakgvgkuhb pgdmds mha od htt rgoutdk tn tedgr nwa pbhmd n` nrgjga. [ed hssufptgna teh t ted medrt `rnf ted

fgad mha od httrgoutdk tn ted wnrlsenp gs ohsdk na ted prnohogbgty teht ted fgad suppbgdk ted medrt tn ted

wnrlsenp. [ed rdst n` ted shfpbgaj sgtds ehvd h fnrd vhrgmk mnfpnsgtgna. [ed rnmls novgnusby mnfd `rnf

fgxturds ga wegme ted _gcmlenbt typd whs prdknfgahat. [ed `hmt teht sn fhay shfpbds wdrd httrgoutdk tn

ted _gcmlenbt wnrlsenp gs ted rdsubt n` ted fhtedfhtgmhb hpprnhme, wedrdoy shfpbds hrd prd`drhoby

ht tr gou tdk tn jrnups wgte wdbb-kd`fdk mehrhmtd rgstgms. N` mnursd gt gs ant surprgsgaj teh t ted medrts `rnf ted

dbuvguf hak ted jrhvdb senw ted mehrhmtdrgstgms n` h fgxturd. Gt fgjet ehvd odda pnssgobd, enwdvdr, teht

ted trhmç dbdfdat mnatdat n` ted kdrgvdk medrts mehajdk tn sume ha dxtdat wgte tgfd teht tedsd bnmhtgnas

mnubk od hbsn mehrhmtd rgzdk. Ta`nrtuah tdby, tegs hppdhrs ant tn od ted mhsd. Dvda ted shfpbds `rnf _ubbda,

wegme ehvd h kg``drdat mnbnur, senw an kg``drdamds, ht bdhst an kg``drdamds teht mha od kdfnastrhtdk oy nur

fdtenk n` hahbysgs. [ed rdsubt n` ted hahbysgs gs tedrd`nrd teht wd ehvd ant summddkdk ga mehrhmtdrgzgaj

mdrthga typds n` medrt wgtega ted Jubpda `nrfhtgna. Enwdvdr, ted hahbysgs ehs ant ydt odda mnfpbdtdk< gt gs

odgaj mnatgaudk wgte ntedr medrt nutmrnps wgtega ted Jubpda Mehbl.



_HZ FH[D_GHB] 89=

Zm ehvd mnakumtdk nad tdst tn vdrg`y wedtedr medrt `rnf h sdttbdfdat mnubk hbsn od httrgoutdk tn

_gcmlenbt. @nr tegs purpnsd, 49 `bhlds rnf pgt ==; n` ted Dbsbnn sdttbdfdat wdrd sdbdmtdk. [ed fdhs urdfdat

n` nad shfpbd ehk tn od dbgfgahtdk, sn teht ted hahbysgs khth `nr ;7 `bhlds hrd hvhgbhobd. Hahbysgs n` ted

nutdr bhydrs n` ted `bhlds whs hvngkdk ga nrkdr tn dxmbukd gasn`hr hs pnssgobd ted ga`budamd n` phtgah, g`

prdsdat.

[hegd GG. Amubrna hmtgvhtgna hahbysgs n` Dbsbnn ==; bhlds, phttdra rmmnjagtgna, shfpbds `rnf thobd 89 usmk `nr trhgagaj.

sdbdmtdk nrgjga

Dbsbnn ==;_. fgad _. wnrlsenp Ohaenbt .Femdr _ubbda (grhx-db5 =; 9 ; 9 =

[eus ted medrt `rnf Dbsbnn ==; mha gakddk od httrgoutdk `nr ted jrdhtdr phrt tn ted "_gcmlenbt" typd. [ed

mnfphrgsna wgte ted Fhhs jrhvdb whs supdr`bunus ga tegs mhsd, odmhusd ted mnrtdx n` ted `bhlds gs mbdhrby ant

h jrhvdb mnrtdx.Gt hppdhrs `rnf ted honvd teht ht prdsdat an fnrd mha od shgk honut ted dxhmt nrgjga n` ted `rdse jrdy

medrt teha teht gt fnst prnohoby mhfd `rnf ted hrdh n` ted Jubpda `nrfhtgna3 `rnf ted Jubpda Mehbl.

[egs hrdh, oy ted why, gs bhrjdr teha Adwdbb sujjdsts. Ant naby ted _gcmlenb t-Ohaenbt- _ubbda hrdh , g.d. ha

hrdh snute hak snute-dhst n` Fhhstrgmet, fust od mnasgkdrdk out mdrthgaby hbsn ted rdjgna n` ted Cdldr

vhbbdy ga Odbjguf.

Gt gs ant lanwa enw ted medrt whs rdfnvdk `rnf ted bgfmstnad kdpnsgt. [ed fnst novgnus fnkdb, ga nur

npgagna, gs fnkdst npda-mhst fgagaj wedrd sugthobd ohaks rdhmedk ted sur`hmd.

H tegrk qudstgna teht rdfhgas uahaswdrdk gs wen dxpbngtdk ted medrt3 ted gaehogthats n` ted BOL

sdttbdfdats tedfsdbvds nr ntedrs. Zd prd`dr h fnkdb wedrdoy h `dw gaehogthats uakdrtnnl senrt

dxpdkgtgnas tn jdt ted admdsshry medrt, out n` mnursd ntedr gkdhs hrd pnssgobd.

[edrd gs ha gakgmhtgna teht ted rnml hrrgvdk ht ted sdttbdfdat ga ted `nrf n` wenbd medrt ankubds nr bhrjd

`rhjfdats n` oha ks . H mnfpbd td ankubd fdhsurgaj ?= x 80 x 84 mf whs `nuak ga pgt ;4 n` ted ]tdga

sdttbdfdat. @urtedrfnrd ted sgzd n` ted whstd sujjdsts ted bhrjd kgfdasgnas n` ted prnmdssdk obnmls.

Zd mha od orgd` honut ted rdst n` ted medrt fhtdrghb. Gt gs novgnus teht ted jrdy medrt wegme, jgvda gts

mnrtdx, fust ehvd mnfd `rnf jrhvdb, whs thlda `rnf ted kdpnsgts n` ted Fhhs. [ed fnst prnohobd sgtds hrd

ted jrhvdb ohrs ga ted rgvdr odk. "[ed odk fhtdrghb wegme ht bnw whtdr bdvdbs mha od nosdrvdk nvdr h bnaj

kgsthamd gs fhgaby vdry mnhrsd jrhvdb wgte ha hvdrhjd kghfdtdr n` 84 tn ?9 mf. Obnmls n` up tn 59 mf ga

kghfdtdr wdrd nosdrvdk." (Yhubgssda 87:= p. 50 nur trhasb htgn a). Medrt gs nad n` ted fhga mnfpna dats n`

tegs jrhvdb. Zd hssufd teht tegs sgtuhtgna hbsn dxgstdk kurgaj ted Htbhatgm (sdd p. 80). [ed shfd jrhvdb

ohrs mnubk ehvd odda ted snurmd n` ted `dw medrts wegme kn ant odbnaj tn ted "Ju bp da `bgat". [e d mnrtdx

rdfhgas n` ted pgdmds `rnf tegs jrnup pngat ga tegs kgrdmtgna. [ed naby dxmdptgna hrd twn pgdmds n` "bgjet

jrdy Odbjgha medrt" wgte h mnrtdx teht gakgmhtds teht tedy mhfd `rnf `rdse obnmls.

]uffhrgzgaj wd mha shy teht h fganrgty n` ted medrt fhy ehvd odda `nuak wgtega 89 lf n` ted

sdttbdfdats. [ed fhcnrgty, enwdvdr, kgk ant mnfd `rnf ted gffdkghtd vgmgagty. [ed hrdh n` nrgjga knds bgd

wgtega h rhkgus n` =9 lf hak tedrd`nrd wgtega h trhvdbbgaj kgsthamd n` nad khy. Zd tegal teht tedrd gs an

qudstgna n` dvgkdat gfpnrt.

[ed medrts `nuak ga Egdaedgf hrd mnfpbdtdby kg``drdat `rnf ted medrt n` ]nutedra Bgfourj. [wn typds

mha od kgstgajugsedk, hbtenuje tedy bnnl vdry fumehbgld3 h ankubd-sehpdk hak h pbhtd-sehpdk medrt. :4%



89; _DBH[G NA] OD[ZDDA ]D[[BDFDA[] HAK DAPG _NAF DA[

n` ted mnrd pgdmds hrd fhkd `rnf ankubds hak ?4¹,, `rnf pbhtds (kd Jrnnte ga prdss).

[ed ankubds hrd usuhbby bgjet jrdy tn jrdy ga mnbnur< snfdtgfds rdkkgse mnbnurs hrd sdda (Fuasmbb _nml

Mnbnr Me hr t 87483 bgjet nbgvd jrhy 4W 0/8, nbgvd jrhy 4W ;/ 8, fnkdr htd rdkkgse o rnwa bN_ ;/0 hak

fnk drh td ydbbnwgse ornwa bNW_ 4/;). [ed mnrtdx gs ehr k, wegtd hak 9.4 -= ff te gml. [ed ankubds n`tda

senw h fnrd nr bdss mnamda trgm bhydrdk str umtu rd kud tn hbt drahtgaj bgjet hak khrl znads. Tp na `rhmtu rgaj

ted bhydrs hppm hr hs rgajs hak `bhfds. [ed hvdrh jd kghfdtdr n` ted ankubds bgds odtwdda 4 hak 89 mf. [e d

medrt pbhtds hrd jrdy, bgjet jrdy nr ydbbnwgse ga mnbnur (Fuasdbb _nml Mnbnr Me hr t 87483 bgjet nbgvd jrhy 4W

0/8, nbgvd jrhy 4W ;/8 hak jrhygse nrhajd bNW_ :/;)< tedsd sehkds mha nmmur wgtega nad pgdmd ga bhydrs

wegme dxtdak phrhbbdb tn ted pbhtd, sn teht upna `rhmturgaj ted rnml hmqugrds h strgpdk hspdmt. [ed pbhtds

ehvd ted shfd typd n` mnrtdx hs ted ankubds3 ted tegmladss n` ted pbhtds hvdrhjds 84 ff. [ed enrgznathb

dxtdasgna n` ted nrgjgahb pbhtds mhaant od kdtdrfgadk `rnf ted `rhjfdats `nuak ga ted sdttbdfdat. [ed

`rhmturds n` ted ankubds hak pbhtds hrd usuhbby sfnnte, out segagaj hak jrhaubhr sur`hmds hbsn nmmur.

Dxhfpbds n` onte medrts mha od sdda ga `gj. 88.

[edsd twn typds hrd ted naby medrts teht wdrd usdk ga Egdaedgf. Hmmnrkgaj tn Kd Jrnnte, ted aufodr n`

dxmdptgnas gs honut 89 nut n` h tnthb n` tenushaks n` `rhjfdats3 h adjbgjgobd auf odr (Kd Jrnnte 87:0vdrohb Ga`nrfhtgna).

Tak nuo tdk by ted medrts mhfd kgrdmtby nr gakgrdm tby `rnf ted bgfdstnam kdpnsgts n ted Curh ssgm , hs òuak

ga tgu' @rhalgsmed Hbo. [edsd medrts hrd rd`drrdk tn ga Jdrfh a bgt drhturd hs "Enr ast dga ." Fhtd rghb we gme gs

gkdatgmhb tn ted dxmhvhtdk fhtdrghb gs `nuak ga ted "Ybhttdalhbl" `hmgds (sdd hbsn p. ??). ]nfd

"Ybhttdalhbld" mnathga fhgaby ankubds, ntedrs ankubds hak pbhtds< tedrd hrd hbsn "Ybhttdalhbld" wgtenut

medr t (_uttd 870? p. 49- 48). Kdpnsgts n` ted Curh ssgm hrd prdsdat ga ted vgmgagty n` Egd aed gf, dvda wgtega h

kgsthamd n` 89 lf (sdd p. ??).

Zd tegal, ga hjrddfdat wgte Kd Jrnnte, teht ted snurmd n` ted medrts fust bgd ga ted `grst gasthamd ga ted

vgmgagty n` ted sdttbdfdat sgamd ted rhw fhtdrghb, ga ted sehpd n` ankubds hs wdbb hs pbhtds, fust ehvd odda

vdry dhsy tn nothga. Kd Jrnnte wrgtds ga edr puobgmhtgna3 "mnrds wdrd ant usdk dxehustgvdby hak, dvda

fnrd gfpnrthat, fhay pgdmds wdrd ant dxhfgadk uatgb ohml ga ted sdttbdfdat `nr tedgr sugthogbgty hs h mnrd,

jgvda ted `rdqudat nmmurrdamd ga ted whstd pgts n` pgdmds wegme hpphrdatby wdrd kgsmhrkdk h`tdr nad nr twn

httdfpts ht `bhlgaj." (kd Jrnnte ga prdss, nur trhasbhtgna).

Hs ga ]nutedra Bgfourj, tedrd hrd terdd pnssgobd nrgjgas, ahfdby nutmrnps wgte medrt ga sgtu, rdsgkuhb

bnhfs wgte mnamdatrhtgnas n` rdsgkuhb medrts hak medrts ga rgvdr kdpnsgts, sume hs ted Knahu jrhvdb. Zd mha

dxmbukd ted bhst pnssgogbgty `rnf ted sthrt, `grstby odmhusd ehrkby hay mnrrdspnakgaj medrts mha od `nuak ga

ted jrhvdb (vha kd Zdtdrgaj 87:4o) hak sdmnakby odmhusd ted mnrtdx n` ted fhtdrghb usdk ga Egdaedgf gs

teh t n` dgtedr `rdse nr rdsgkuhb fhtd rghb . ]nfdtgfds gt gs vdry kg``gmubt tn kgstgajugse `rdse medrt `rnf

rdsgkuhb medrt ga ted `fks rnf ted sdttbdfdat. Med rt `rdse `rnf ted bgfdstnad whs mdrth gaby usdk, ou t gt ehs

ant (ydt) odda pnssgobd tn kdtdrfgad ted pdrmdathjd. [edrd`nrd nutmrnps hs wdbb hs mnamdatrhtgnas n`

rdsgkuhb rnml fust od mnasgkdrdk hs snurmds n` ted medr ts. Fnrdnvdr , onte typds n` snurmd fus t bgd ga hbfnst

ted shfd pbhmds, ahfdby wedrd ted "Ybhttdalhbld" rdhme nr hbfnst rdhme ted sur`hmd, sn teht ga ted `grst

gasthamd ted kg``drdamd odtwdda medrt ga sgtu hak medrt `rnf rdsgkuhb bnhfs gs ant vdry gfpnrthat hs `hr hs

ted qudstgna n` nrgjga gs mnamdradk.

Zd ehvd trgdk n` mnursd tn `fk ted medrt snurmds wegme fgjet ehvd prnvgkdk ted fhtdrghb usdk ga ted

sdttbdfdat. Ga tegs httdfpt wd wdrd jugkdk oy ted kdsmrgptgnas n` twn puobgsedk fhp seddts n` ted

Jdnbnjgmhb Fhpn Òh ydr a 83?4 999 (seddt :8= 0Ad ust hkt h.k . Kna hu hak :9=: Ldbe dgf) , hs wdbb hsh fh p

krhwa oy Khvgs (]mefgkt-Lhbdr 8705, _uttm 870?, Khvgs 87:4).



_HZ FH[D_GHB] 894

Zd ehRd ant summddkdksn `hr ga `gakgaj ted medrt wgtega h rhkgus n` 89 lf hrnuak Egdaedgf. Ga `hmt wd

naby `nuak nad sgajbd nmmurrdamd adhr ]mewhostmttda, :.4 lf wdst n` Egdaedgf. Gt gs ha nutmrnp n`

"Ybhttmalhbl" wgte medrt, hs wdbb hs h mnammatrhtgna n` rdsgkuhb medrt. Enwmvdr, tedrd wdrd an pgdmds wgte

h sfnnte nr segagaj `rhmturm bgld ted jnnk pgdmds `rnf ted sdttbdfdat. Zgtega h rhkgus n` =9 lf tedrd hrd

fnrd pnssgogbgtgds, mdrthgaby hs `hr hs ankubd-sehpdk medrt gs mnamdradk. Khvgs' fhp fdatgnads fnrd

nmmurrdamds wgte medrt ankubds teha wgte medrt pbhtds `nr tegs hrmh. Zd ehk h mbnsdr bnnl ht naby nad sdrgds

n` nutmr nps wgte pbhtd -sehpdk medrts ga Ldbedgfwgazdr, 8?.4 lf anrte -dhst n` Egdaed gf. [ed medrts

jhtedrdk edrd hppdhr tn od mnhrsd.

Hbte nuje wd mha ant gak gmh td (ydt) h pnssgobd pbhmd n` nrgjga, wd mnatg aud tn mnasgkdr te d medrts hs h bnmhb

rhw fhtdrghb. Zd hrd suppnrtdk ga tegs npgagna oy ted `gakgajs n` Khvgs. Khvgs stukgdk ted usm n` medrt oy

Dhrby- hak Fgkkbd-Adnbgtegm pnpubhtgnas ga ted hrdh odtwmda Aduourj h.k. Knahu hak ]trhuogaj, wedrd

Egmabu'gag gs hbsn bnmhtdk. Ga egs wnrl ed hrrgvçs ht ted mnambusgna teht ted medrts hrd n` bnmhb nrgjga. Zeda

tedrd whs h kgb`drdamd ga ted rhtgn n` ankubds vdrsus pbhtds pdr sdttbdfdat, ed mnubk dxpbhga tegs oy ted

kgt`drdamd ga bnmhb hvhgbhogbgty (Khvgs 87:4 p. 0;). Ynssgoby ted prdsdat nmmurrdamds n`medrts hrd naby phrtby

ted shfd hs tensd teht mnubk od sdda ht ted tgfd n` ted BOL nmmuphtgna. Ydrehps nad khy h vdry gatdasgvd

sdhrme wgbb rdvdhb ted bhttdr.

]nfdquhrrgds mnubk ehvd bnnldk bgld ted sgtd kdsmrgodk ht Bdaj`dbk Bklr. Ldbedgf (_mgsme 87:?). [ed

medrt n` Bdaj`dbk gs mnamdatrhtdk ga h rdsgkuhb bnhf na Curhssgm bgfdstnads. Ankubd-sehpdk medrts hrd ted

fnst `rdqudat< rdhb pbhtds hrd hosdat. [ed dxtrhmtgna tnnl pbhmd oy kgjjgaj pgts. Kddr-hatbdr pgmls wdrd

usdk `nr tegs wnrl. Gt gs pnssgobd teht ted medrt mnammatrhtgna n` Bdaj`dbk ehk hbrdhky odda dxpbngtdk ht ted

tgfd n` ted BOL, out tedrd gs an dvgkdamd n` tegs. Fnst trhmds hrd `rnf ted Bhtd- Adnb gteg m. N` mnursd, bhtdr

trhmds fhy ehvd wgpdk nut ted dhrbgdr nads. Zd tegal gt pnssgobd teht Bdaj`dbk, h pbhmd 85 lf dhst n`

Egdaedgf, suppbgdk medrt `nr Egdaedgf, out tegs mdrthgaby knds ant hppby `nr hbb ted fhtdrghb `nuak ga

Egdaedgf, ga hay mhsd ant `nr ted pbhtds hak anr `nr ted ankubds `rdseby edwa `rnf ted bgfdstnad.

Ga mnatrhst tn ted prdmdkgaj mhtdjnry n` nocdmts, wegme whs h edtdrnjdadnus jrnup n` hrtd`hmts wgte h

mnffna rhw fhtdrghb, ted hkzds mha od kdsmrgodk hs h enfnjdadnus jrnup n` hrtd`hmts fhkd n` kg``drdat

rhw fhtdrghbs.

[ed hkzd gs h vdry mehrhmtdrgstgm httrgoutd n` ted BOL. Hkzds hrd nrkgahry mnfpnadats n` ted sdttbdfdat

whstd< tedy hrd hbsn nuak ga jrhvds. [e d whstd usuhbby mnathgas wnra nr ornlda spdmgfdas, wedrdhs gat hmt

spdmgfdas wdrd ourgdk wgte ted kdhk. [ed `gaks `rnf ]gtthrk, ]tdga hak Dbsbnn ehvd odda kdsmrgodk

tnjdtedr ga h puob gmhtgna oy Fn kk dr fha, wegme hbsn gambukds h typnbnjgmhb kgvgsgna (Fn kkdrfha 87:9 p.

85;-878). ]gx typds mha od kgstgajugsedk, hak nad typd gs suokgvgkdk gatn twn suotypds. [ed mrgtdrgh

hppbgdk hrd ted rhtgn n` edgjet tn wgkte, ted rhtgn n` wgkte tn bdajte, hak ted hosnbutd kgfdasgna n` ted

wgkte. Yhrt n` ted hkzds `rnf Egdaedgf ehvd odda kdsmrgodk oy Kd Jrnnte (kd Jrnnte ga prdss).

[ed hrtd`hmts hrd fhkd n` h vdry kdasd, mrysthbbgad rnml, wegme whs jrnuak ga ted bhst pehsd n`

fhau`hmtu rd. Medrt whs ant usdk. [e d typds n` rnml usdk ga _bsbnn, ]tdga hak ]gtthrk ehvd odda gkdatg gdk

oy ted sth``n` ted Ahtgnahb Fusduf n` Jdnbnjy hak Fgadrhbnjy ga Bdgkda, wedrd `grst Kr. M.C. Nvdrwddb

hak suosdqudatby Kr. M.D.]. Hrps mnakumtdk ted gavdstgjhtgna. Fnrdnvdr, phrt n` ted fhtdrghb whs stukgdk

oy Yrn` Kr. C. @rdmeda n` Onaa. Hrps hBsn dxhfgadk ted hkzds `rnf Egdaed gf. [ ega sdmtgnas wdrd fhk d

`nr ted purpnsd n` gkdatg`ygaj ted kg``drdat typds n` rnml. [e d kdsmr gpt gna n` ted rnml typds ehs odda

gambukdk ga Hppdakgx GP, wegme mnathgas Hrp's `gakgajs. [ed rnml typds `nuak ga ted Kutme sdttbdfdats,

hs wdbb hs ted mnrrdspnakgaj au fo dr n` spdmgfdas, hrd bgstdk ga thobd 8?. [e d rnml typds mha od kgvgkdk gatn




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P

* .

@gj. /S Hkzds. ]mhbm 838.ans 8 hak 43 Dbsbnn ;4; hak ==:, hfpegonbg tds.an ?3 Egdaedgf :9=, "bgnfnjdadnus" hfpegonbgtd.an =3 Egdaedgf 8957, "`gad gaenfnjmadnus" hfpegonbgtd.

an ;3 Dbsbnn :4, bykgtd.an 03 ]tdga 8?7, ohshbt wgte sfhbb pedanmrysts.an :< ]gtthrk 00, ohshbt wgte rdbhtgvdby bhrjd pedanmrysts.



_HZ FH[ D_G HB] 89:

[hou 8?. Hkzms hak hkzm `rhjfmats trnf Dbsbnn, ]tdga hak ]gtthrk.

bDbsbnn pdrgnk G 5 8 - - 8

pdrgnk GG 7 7 = - 8ua-khtdk = = = + ?* -

]tdga pdrgnk G ? - - - -pdrgnk GG ; 0 ? - -ua-khtdk = 8 - 8 -

]gtthrk pdrgnk G 7 ? - - -pdrgnk GG ; = - - -fg-khtdk 8 8 - -

* ‛ rnuje-nut.

`nur jrnups, ahfdby hfpegonbgtds, ohshbts, jrdy tn obhml quhrtzgtds hak h rdsgkuhb jrnup. [ed bhst jrnup

mnasgsts n` sgajbd pgdmds.

[ed hfpegonbgtds hrd n`tda kdsmrgodk ga ted dxmhvhtgna rdpnrts hs jrddagse rnmls. [egs mnbnur gs ted

rdsubt n` wdhted rgaj. Gt mha od kdsmrgodk hs bgj etn bgv djr hy] W 0/8 tn khrl jrddagse jrhy 4JW ;/8 (Fuasdbb

_nml Mnbnr Mehrt 8748). [ed wdhtedrgaj mrust gs mh. 9.4 ff tegml. Khrldr hak bgjetdr strgpds hak ohaks

mnatrhst wgte ted jrddagse mnbnur. [edsd strgpds hak ohaks hrd hbwhys nrgdatdk phrhbbdb nr adhrby phrhbbd b tn

ted bnajgtukgahb hxgs n` ted hkzd (sdd ted pentnjrhpes ga `gj. 8?). [ed rnml ùrtedr ehs h `gad `gornus hspdmt,

dspdmghbby hbnaj `rhmturds. [egs strumt urd gs fnst mbdhrby vgsgobd na h mbdhvhjd ga ted bnajgtukgahb kgrdmtgnan` ted hrtd`hmt. [edsd nosdrvhtgnas h rd rdbh tdk tn ted `hmt teht hfpegonbg td gs ha nrgdatdk rnml, teh t gs h rnml

ga wegme ted rnml-`nrfgaj fgadrhbs hrd nrgdatdk ga h mdrthga kgrdmt gna. Hpphrda tby tegs kgrdmtgna whs thlda

gatn mnasgkdrhtgna weda ted hkzds wdrd fhkd. [wn tegajs fhy ehvd pbhydk h rnbd edrd. Nad n` tedf gs

teht gt gs dhsgdst tn mbdhvd ted rnml phrhbbdb tn ted kgrdmtgna n` nrgdathtgna, sn teht ted bnaj sgkds n` h rnuje-

nut kdvdbnp fnrd nr bdss phrhbbdb tn ted kgrdmtgna n` ted rnml. Ga ted sdmnak pbhmd, `nbbnwgaj ted kgrdmtgna n`

nrgdathtgna gs ted odst fdtenk tn hvngk mrnss `rhmturds kurgaj ted usd n` ted hkzd, odmhusd ted rnml gs

strnajdst hmrnss gts kgrdmtgna n` nrgdathtgna. Gt fust od antdk teht ted strumturd n` ted hfpegonbgtds gs ant

ted shfd ga hbb pgdmds. [edrd hrd mnhrsd hak `gad rnmls hak snfd senw fnrd fhrldk nrgdathtgna teha

ntedrs. Zd rd`dr tn Hppdakgx GP `nr h ùrtedr kdsmrgptgna, out wd kn wgse tn rdfhrl edrd teht ted hkzds

mdrthgaby kgk ant ehvd h jrddagse mnbnur ht ted tgfd n` ted BOL. Ga ted uawdhtedrdk, `rdse sthtd tedy fust

ehvd odda obhml nr hbfnst obhml.

[ed ohshbts ehvd h wdhtedrgaj mrust, wegme gs sn sn`t teht gt `ddbs shaky hak bdhvds h bgjet ydbbnw tn bgjet

ornwa strdhl na phpdr. [ed tegmladss n` ted mrust gs 9.4 tn 8 ff. [ed mnbnur n` ted wdhtedrgaj mrust gs bgjet

nbgvd jrhy 4W 0/8 tn phbd ydbbnwgse ornwa bNW_ 0/?. Gt gs spdmlbmk wgte khrl jrdy hak kh rl ornwa knts,

fhay n` wegme hrd rdjubhrby sehpdk. [edsd knts hrd ted rdbhtgvdby bhrjd mrysthbs, ted sn-mhbbdk pedanmrysts,

wegme odmnfd mnaspgmunus hs h rdsubt n` ted wdhtedrgaj n` ted rnml. [ed sgzd n` ted pedanmrysts vhrgds ga

ted kg``drdat hkzds. Ga snfd spdmgfdas tedy hrd ohrdby vgsgobd, wedrdhs ga ntedrs tedy hrd sdvdrhb ff

hmrnss. Ohshbts wgte pedanmrysts fnrd teha 4 ff ga kghfdtdr hrd hosdat. H ohshbt wgte vdry sfhbb hak nad




wgte rdbhtgvdby bhrjm pedanmrysts hrd senwa ga gj. 8?. [e d wdh ted rga jmrust kmvdbnpdk h`tmr ted hkzds wdrd

ourgdk ga ted sngb. [edy wdrd obhml weda ga usd.

[ed quhrtzgtds hrd ohrdby wdhtedrdk< tedy hrd stgbb fdkguf jrhy A 4 tn jrhygse obhml A ?. Fnst

spdmgfdas ehvd h bhydrdk strumturd3 snfd `rhmturds fhy od stdp-wgsd `nr teht rdhsna. @rhmturds mha hbsn od

mnamengkhb. [egs mehrhmtdrgstgm gs fnst prnanuamdk `nr ted rnmls wegme bnnl bgld bykgtd hak mha dvda od

kdsmrgodk fnrd nr bdss hs sume (m.j. Dbsbnn :4, sdd `gj. 8?). Zeda tedrd gs h bhydrdk strumturd, gt gs phrhbbdb tn

ted `bht sgkd n` ted hkzd.

[ed `nurte jrnup wgbb ant od kgsmussdk ga kdthgb edrd. Gt gs h jrnup n` rnml typds wegme hpphrdatby wdrd

usdk gamgkdathbby `nr fhlgaj ha hkzd. Zd sehbb fdatgna naby nad sgajbd pgdmd3 ha hkzd n` knbdrgtd. [egs

hkzd `rnf ]tdga (]tdga ?85) gs ted naby pdr`nrhtdk hkzd hfnaj ted `fks stukgdk.

Zd ehvd gavdstgjhtdk wedtedr spdmg`gm typds n` rnml wdrd usdk `nr ted kg``drdat typds n` hkzds. Nad mnubk

gfhjgad `nr gasthamd teht `bht hkzds wdrd fhkd dxmbusgvdby n` h bhydrdk rnml. [egs hppdhrs ant tn od ted

mhsd. [e dr d gs an mnrrdbhtgna odt wdda ted edgje t/wg kte rhtg n n` ted hkzds hak ted typd n` rnml usdk. Egje hs

wdbb hs `bht fnkdbs wdrd fhkd n` hbb rnml typds.

Anad n` ted rnmls gkdatg`gdk gs prdsdat hs h prgfhry rnml wgtega h rhkgus n` 89 lf hrnuak ]tdga, Dbsbnnhak ]gtthrk. Zeda ted hrdh gs dabhrjdk tn h rhkgus n` =9 lf, nutmrnps stgbb mhaant od bnmhtdk. [ed naby

pnssgogbgty n` h bnmhb nrgjga n` ted rhw fhtdrghbs gs tedrd`nrd teht tedy wdrd orn ujet ga oy ted Fh hs ha k teus

nmmurrdk hs kdrgvdk rnml ga ted Fhhs jrhvdb. [ed jrhvdb hahbysds oy Pha ]trhhtda, enwdvdr, gakgmhtd an

ohshbts ht hbb ga ted Fhhs jrhvdb* hak ted meha mm n` gakgaj hfpegonbg tds gs adjbgjgobd (vha ]trh htda 87;0).

[ed bhttdr wdrd sdbknf `nuak hak teda ga ted `nrf n` sfhbb pdoobds. [ed jrdy quhrtzgtds fhy ehvd

nrgjgahtdk `rnf ted jrhvdb, hs wdbb hs ted rnmls n` ted rdsgkuhb jrnup. Pha ]trhhtda's nosdrvhtgnas gfpby

teht fnst n` ted fhtdrghb fust ehvd odda gfpnrtdk.

Hs adgtedr obnmls anr rnuje-nuts n` hfpegonbgtd hak ohshbt ehvd odda dxmhvhtdk, ted rnmls fust ehvd

odda ornujet tn ted sdttbdfdat hs `gagsedk nr adhrby `fgsedk hkzds. H trdhtfdat sume hs jrgakgaj nr

pnbgsegaj fhy pnssgoby ehvd thlda pbhmd ga ted sdttbdfdat. [rhmds n` sume prnmddkgajs mhaant odkdfnastrhtdk. _nuje-nuts n` jrdy quhrtzgtd hrd prdsdat< sgamd tedsd rnmls hrd bnmhb tegs mnubk gakgmhtd teht

hkzds wdrd fhkd na h fnkdst smhbd ga ted sdttbdfdats. Enwdvdr, ant hbb hkzds n` quhrtzgtd hak bykgtd addk

od n` bnmhb nrgjga. Zd wnakdr gakddk wedtedr ted odhutgùb hkzds n` bykgtd-bgld fhtdrghb, hs `nuak ga ted

Dbsbnn mdfdtdr y wegme gs ant kgsmussdk edrd, mnubk ehvd odda fhk d n` bnmhb bykgtd (d.j. ted hkzd `rnf jrhvd

5= 6 `gak au fo dr ::0). [ed rdhsna `nr nur knuot gs teh t bhrjd pgdmds n` bykgtd hrd rhrd ga ted Fhhs jrhvdb.

[ed adxt qudstgna tn od hsldk gs enw ted gaehogthats n` Dbsbnn, ]tdga hak ]gtthrk nothgadk tedgr hkzds.

Zd odbgdvd teht tedy mnubk ant pnssgoby ehvd gfpnrtdk ted hkzds `rnf ha hrdh wedrd Fdsnetegm trhkgtgnas

prdvhgbmk. Gakddk, wd wnubk ant dxpdmt h Fdsnbgtegm pnpubhtgna tn suppby hkzds n` hfpegonbgtd hak

ohshbt, odmhusd ted hkzd whs ant nad n` ted anrfhb tnnbs n` tegs pnpubhtgna hak hfpegonbgtd hak ohshbt

wdrd ant ga vnjud edrd dgtedr. [ed novgnus hssufptgna gs teht ted hkzds nrgjgahtdk `rnf sdttbdfdats wegme

usdk ted shfd hkzds, g.d. hrdhs wgte BOL sdttbdfdats.

Jgvda ted pnssgogbgtgds n` mnathmt wgte ntedr BOL sdtt bdfdats, ted gfpn rtdk hkzds fust ehvd mnfd d gtedr

`rnf ted dhst, wegme fdhas `rnf ted _edgabhak, nr `rnf ted snute-wdst (sdd `gj. 5). Ga ted bhttdr mhsd gt

senubk od antdk gffdkghtdby t eht ted sdttbdfdats hbnaj ted Jddr nr Cdldr ga Odbjguf wdrd ant nmmupgdk

uatgb ted ynuajdr BOL (pdrgnk GG). Kurgaj ted nbkdr BOL (pdrgnk G), Dbsbnn, ]tdga hak ]gtthrk wdrd

bnmhtdk fnrd nr bdss na ted wdstdra onu akh ryn `te d hrdh wgte BOLnmm upht gna (sdd GG G. 0) . Hs tedpr gamg phb

* Anrte n`]g tthrk ted jrhvdbs mnathga h mnfpnadat wegme whs suppbgdk oy ted _edga. [egs mnfpnadat mnathgas ohshT obnmls,heenuje naby rhrdby.



_HZ FH[D_GHB] 897

typds n` rnml wdrd hbrdhky ga usd kurgaj pdrgnk G (sdd bhobd 8?), wd tegal gt prnohobd teht fnst hkzds

rdhmedk nur sdttbdfdats vgh ted sdttbdfdats tn ted dhst. @urtedrfnrd, tedrd hrd an nutmrnps n` ohshbt nr

mnamdatrhtgnas n` hfpegonbgtm ga Odbjguf dgtedr. [ed Odbjgha sdttbdfdats fhy od mnasgkdrdk hs suppbgdrs

n` quhrtzgtd hak bykgtd kggrgaj pdrgnk GG naby. Ga tegs mnaammtgna wd wgse tn pngat nut teht ha hkzd

wnrlsenp gs lanwa tn ehvd dxgstdk ga Odbjguf, ga Enrgn a-E nzçfna t (Krhkna 870:). [e d rhw fhtdr ghbusdk whs h khrl jrdy quhrtzgtd. Zd ehvd gavdstgjhtdk wedtedr tedrd wdrd pgdmds hfnaj nur hkzds teht

mnrrdspnak tn ted fhtdrghb `rnf Enrgna-Enzçfnat. [ed fhtdrghb `nr mnfphrgsna whs fhkd hvhgbhobd oy

Fr. F .J. Kr hkna . Gt hppdhrd k teh t tedrd hrd gakddk terdd hkzds teht fgjet ehvd mnfd `rnf Enrgzna-

Enzçfn at (Dgsbnn ;7, Dbsbnn :8 hak Dbsbnn 0;;). Gt mhaant od kmtdrfgadk , n` mnursd, wedte dr tedy wdrd

hbsn fhkd ga Enrgzna-Enzçfnat< gt gs pnssgobd teht ted rhw fhtdrghb cust ehppdas tn od ted shfd hak teht

ted terdd pgdmds `rnf Dbsbnn mhfd `rnf ted Fhhs jrhvdb h`tdr hbb (wd mnasgkdr Dbsbnn :8 hs h rnuje-nut).

G` ted hkzds n` hfpe gon bgtm hak ohshbt ga ted Ku tme sdttbdfdat hrdh mhfd `rnf sdttbdfdats dhst n` Dbsbnn,

]tdga hak ]gtthrk, teda wm fhy dxpdmt tn `gak mnrrdspnakgaj hkzds ht tedsd sgtds. [ed sdttbdfdats wegme

fust om gavdstgjhtdk `grst hrd tensd n` ted Hbkdaenvdadr Ybhttd. [ed hkzd hssdfobhjd n` nad n` tedsd

sdttbdfdats, BhajwdgGdr -?, ehs odda puobgsedk (Ohldbs 87:=). [e d hssdfobhjd mnasgsts n` hfpegonTtd,ohshbt hak khrl jrdy quhrtzgtd hak teus rdsdfobds teht n` ted Kutme sdttbdfdats vdry mbnsdby.

Fhmrnsmnpgmhbby ted hfpegonbgtds hak ohshbts hrd ted shfd. Ht ted tgfd n` ted puobgmhtgna na Bhajwdgbdr-

?, wm kgk anb ydt ehvd tega sdmtgnas ht nur kgspnshb. [edsd ehvd sgamd odda prdphrmk hak senw teht

fgmrnsmnpgmhbby ted ohshbts hak hfpegonbgtds hrd hbsn n` ted shfd typds hs ted Kutme fhtdrghb. [ed

quhrtzgtms hrd kg``drdat. @hrtedr dhst gs ted sdttbdfdat Fòkkdrsemgf Bklr. Kurda< ted hkzd hssdfobhjd n`

tegs sdttbdfdat whs dxhfgadk oy @rdmeda. Edrd tnn, mnfphrhobd hfpegonbgtds hak ohshbts ehvd odda

`nuak hak hjhga ted quhrtzgtms hrd kg``drdat (@rdmeda 8704, @rdmeda 8707 pdrsnahb Ga`nrfhtgna). Hfnaj

ted ohshbts @rdmeda kgstgajugseds sdvdrhb typds wegme fust ehvd mnfd `rnf kg``drdat snurmds. Ed dnubk

trhmç ted ohshbts ohml tn 7 nutmrnps ga ted ]gdodajdogrjd hak ted dhstdra dkjd n` ted Dg`db. @rdmeda whs lgak

danuje tn stuky h aufodr n` ted ohshbts `rnf Dbsbnn hak ]tdga. [ed fhtdrghb hppdhrs tn mnathga ohshbts

`rnf ted Ydtdrsodrj adhr Lðagajswgatdr, ted Bðwdaourj, ted Byajsodrj snute n` Jnkdsodrj, ted

Yhpdbsomrj- Cuaj`draod rj dhst n` Nodrlhssdb hf _edga hak ted Jnssodrj adhr Zhbskn r` [e d grst `nur

odbnaj tn ted mnfpbdx ]gdodajdogrjd-dhstdra dkjd n` ted Dg`db hak ehvd hbsn odda kdfnastrhtdk ga

Fòkkdrsemgf. [ed bhst sgtd odbnajs tn ted hrdh n` ted Xuhtdrahry vnbmhagsf n` ted Dg`db. Ga h bhtdr pehsd,

weda fnrd hkzds mnubk od dxhfgadk, ted hahbysgs n` ted ohshbt hkzds whs rdsufdk oy Hrps, wensd

prnvgsgnahb mnambusgnas mha od `nuak ga Hppdakgx GP. Gt fust od antdk, enwdvdr, teht ted ohshbts n` ted

hkzds fgjet senw mbnsd sgfgbhrgtgds wgte ohshbts `rnf ted Dg`db nr ted ]gdodajdogrjd, out teht tegs knds ant

prnvd teht tedy hbsn mhfd `rnf tedsd hrdhs. Hs ted vnbmhans n` Dg`db hak ]gdodajdogrjd hrd ted adhrdst

vnbmhans, gt gs dhsgobd teh t tedy h rd ted snurmd n` ted ohshbts, ou t te drd gs an mdrth gaty hs bnaj hs ted fhtdr ghb

n` ted hkzds ehs ant odda mnfphrdk wgte ntemr nmmurrmamms n` kdasd ohshbt ga Mdatrhb Durnpd, sume hs ted

Pnjdbsodrj hak ted Zdstdrwhbk. H mnfphrhtgvd dxhfgahtgna n` snurmd hs wdbb hs hkzds `rnf ntedrsdttbdfdat hrdhs mnubk gakgmhtd (ga ted ùturd) wedtedr ohshbts wdrd gakddk hbwhys nothgadk `rnf ted

adhrdst nutmrnps. Ga tegs mnaammtgna gt gs gatdrdstgaj tn antd teht ted ohshbt n` hkzds `rnf ted

Tatdrfhgajdogdt gs httrgoutdk wgtenut hay rdsdrvhtgna tn ted Pnjdbsodrj hak teht `nr ted ohshbt hkzd `rnf

Kukdr sthkt adhr Eha anvd r ha nutmrn p na ted wdstdra dkjd n` ted Bdgadthbjrhoda gs fdatgnadk (Fdgdr-

Hrd ak t 8700, Haldb & [hm lda odr j 8708).

@nr ted hfpegonbgtds n` Fòkkdrsemgf @rdmeda ahfds ha nutmrnp adhr ]noýtlh (`nrfdrby Snotda) ga

Ynbhak . [ed shfd wnubk hpp by tn ted hfpegonb gtds `rnf Dbsbnn hak ]tdga. Zd ehvd hbwhys qudstgnadk tegs




odmhusd wd `tak ted kgsthamd odtwdda ]noýtlh hak ted Kutme sgtds, snfd :49 lf, vdry bhrjd gakddk. N`

mnursd tedrd hrd su``gmgìat dxhfpbds n` ted trhaspnr thtgna n` nocdmts nvdr bnaj kgsthamds onte ga prdegstnr gd

tgfds hak ga rdmdat sgtuhtgnas kdsmrgodk ga ted dteanjrhpegm bgtdrhturd. Zd fdatgna ted trhaspnrthtgna n`

nosgkgha ga ted Adhr Dhst (Kgxna, Mh aa & _da`rdw 8705) hak t ed kgstrgoutgna n` stnad hxds ga Hust rhbgh

(]ehrp 874?, Ogaas & FmOrykd 87:?). Gt gs hbsn lanwa teht wgtega ted hrdh n` ted BOL ]pnakybus sedbbs

wdrd trhaspnrtdk nvdr bnaj kgsthamds (Mbhrl 874?). ]n wd kn ant what tn dxmbukd ted pnssgogbgty teht ted

hkzds kgk mnfd `rnf ]noýtlh. Na ted ntedr ehak, wd rdùsd tn hmmdpt tegs nrgjga hs dsthobgsedk wgtenut

ùrtedr gavdstgjhtgna, odmhusd ]noýtlh gs ant ted naby pnssgobd nrgjga. Hppdakgx GP jgvds h survdy n` ted

bnmhbgzhtgnas n` hfpegonbgtd ga Mdatrhb Durnpd. [edy hrd aufdrnus, out ht prdsdat wd kn ant lanw dxhmtby

.> wegme snurmds mnathga hfpegonbg tds wgte h su`ggmgdatby `fd str umturd tn od usdk `nr hkzds. Kgpb.-Hrme. Gaj.

'Q jdnb. Gaj. fnat . J.@. ]menbz (]mewhrzdaodrj, KK _) , tn wenf wd sdat pen tnjrhpes n` tega sdmtgnas n`

g hkzds `rnf Dbsbnn hak ]tdga, kdmbhrdk teh t ted hfpegonbgtds fgjet hbsn ehvd mnfd `rnf ted [eò rg ajd r

Zhbk nr ted @gmetdbjmogrjd (]menbz 87:0 wrgttda Ga`nrfhtgna).

[ed hkzds `rnf Egdaedgf hrd hbb fhkd n` hfpegonbgtd, wgtenut dxmdptgna. [ed rnmls senw h jrdhtdr

vhrghtgna ga hppdhrhamd teha tensd n` ]nutedra Bgfourj. Mnaspgmunus gs h bgjet jrhy tn khrl jrhy (A 0-4JW 0/8 tn A ;) typd, wegme gs vdry `gad-jrhgadk hak senws fh ay g rrdjubhrg tgds hs h rdsubt n` ted prdsdamd

n` bgjetdr ohaks hak vdgabdts. [ed hkzds fhkd n` tegs typd wdrd snfdtgfds `nuak tn od mnfpbdtdby spbgatdrdk<

ted rnml hpphrdat by spbgts vdry dhsgby hbnaj ted honvd- fdatgnadk grrdjubhrgtgds. [ed ntedr hfpegonbgtds hrd

n` h fnrd enfnjdadnus strumturd. [edrd hrd `fd hak mnhrsd hfpegonbgtds wegme hbsn kg``dr hs `hr hs ted

kdjrdd n` nrgdathtgna gs mnammradk. [e d mnbnur n` ted hkzds gs ha nbgvd jrhy tn jrddagse jr hy (4 W 0/8 tn 4 JW

;/8). [edsd mnbnurs hrd bgldwgsd wdhtedrgaj mnbnurs. Dxhfpbds mha od sdda ga `gj. 8?.

@nur pgdmds mha od kgstgajugsedk `rnf ted rdst odmhusd n` tedgr mehrhmtdrgstgm hppdhrhamd. [wn hrd

mnfpbdtdby kg``drdat3 nad rhtedr bhrjd hkzd wegme gs fhkd n` h khrl ornwa hfpegonbgtd (`gakan. =;=), hak

h rnuje-nut (prnohoby) n` h wdhlby nrgdatdk hfpegonbg td wgte bhrjd khr l jrdy spnts (fdthobhsts) (`gak an.

:;5).

@nr hbb hkzds ted sehpd `nbbnws ted nrgjgahb nr gdatht gna n` ted rnml. An rdbhtgnasegp ehs odda dsthobgsedk

odtwdda ted typd n` hfpegonbgtd hak ted sehpd n` ted hkzd.

H mnfphrgsna n` ted hfpegon bgtds n` Egdaedgf wgte tensd `rnf ]nutedra Bgfour j senws teht tedrd gs h

kg``drdamd odtwdda ted typds n` rnml `nuak ga ted twn hrdhs. [ed `gad, gaenfnjdadnus hfpegonbgtd gs

hosdat ga ]nutedra Bgfourj. Naby nad sgajbd spdmgfda n` ted mnhrsdr enfnjdadnus typd mnubk od

fgsthlda `nr ha hkzd `rnf Dbsbnn, ]tdga nr ]gtthrk.

[e d mnfpnsgtgna n` ted fhtdr ghb `rnf E gdaedgf gs jgvda ga thobd 8= `nr ted dxmhvhtgnas u p tn hak

gambukgaj 87:=. [e d bhst dxmhvhtgna, t eht n` 87:;, ehk an t odda mnfpbdtdby hahbyzdk weda ted thobd whs

fhkd. ]tgbb, wd ehvd sdda fnst n` ted `gaks n` tegs dxmhvhtgna, hak tedrd gs an rdhsna tn dxpdmt teht tedsd

bhtdst `gaks wgbb mehajd ted pgmturd vdry fume.

[hobd 8=. Hk/.ms, hkzd `rhjfdats hak whstd `rnf Egdaedgf (dxmhvhtgnas up tn hak gambukgaj 87:=).

typd n` hfpegonbgtd hrtd`hmt

nr

`rhjfdat

`rhjfdat wgte

trhmds n`

jrgakgaj

`rhjfdat wgte `rhjfdat

trhmds n`

shwgaj

"`gad gaenfnjdadnus'

"enfnjdadnus"

dxmdptgnahbs

80

8;

=

=

? , 8 0

- 8 (rnuje-n ut)



_HZ FH[D_GHB] 888

[ed prmsdamm n` `rhjfdats n` "enfnjdadnus" hfpegonetd wgtenut trhmds n` jrgakgaj gs strglgaj. [edsd

fgjeg nrgjgahtm phrtby `rnf ornlda hkzds. [ed `hmt teht tedy hrd ant damnuatdrdk ga ted mhtdjnry "`gad

gaenfnjdadnus" hfpegonbgtd mha od htt rgou tdk tn ha ntedr why n` ordhlgaj , sn teht ted `rhjfdats hrd

rdmnjagzdk fnrd dhsgby hs hkzd `rhjfdats. N tedr spdmgfdas, enwdvdr, mhaant dvda od prdsufdk tn od h ha

phrt n` ha hkzd, odmhusd tedy senw rdfhgas n` ted nrgjgahb sur`hmds wegme gakgmhtd teht tedy wdrd ornlda

n` n` ahturh b obnmls n` hfpegonEtd. [edsd sur`hmds hrd grrdjubhrby sfnnte hak sthgadk oy grna nxgkd. ]gamd

tedrd hrd hbsn `rhjfdats wgte trhmds n` shwgaj, wd tdak tn gatdrprdt hbb pgdmds wgtenut trhmds n` jrgakgaj hs

whstd n` ted hkzd fhau`hmturd. Mnamdatrhtgnas n` `rhjfdats wdrd ant `nuak tenuje hak tedrd gs an

gakgmhtgna ht hbb n` wnrlsenps (wnrlsenp whstd whs `nuak, gt gs trud , out gt odbnajs tn ted Fgkkbd-Adnb gtegm

pnpubhtgna, wegme `nbgnwdk ted BOL (kd Jrnnte ga prdss). [ed hfpegonbgtds hrd ted shfd). [ed

fhau`hmturd n` hkzds hpphrdatby whs ha nmmuphtgna teht tnnl pbhmd gamgkdathbby hak dvdrywedrd. Zd

khrd ant shy wedtedr hbb hkzds wdrd fhkd ga ted sdttbdfdat. Hs an `rhjfdats n` ted "`gad gaenfnjdadnus"

hfpegonbgtd ehvd odda `nuak, hkzds n` tegs rnml mnubk ehvd odda fhkd dbsdwedrd (wd mnasgkdr ted terdd

pgdmds wgte trhmds n` jrgakgaj hs `rhjfdats n` hrtd`hmts teht hrd an bnajdr rdmnjagzhobd hs sume rhtedr teha

whstd prnkumts).[ed qudstgna n` wedrd ted hfpegon bgtds mhfd `rnf fust od haswdrdk n` mnursd. H bnmhb fhau `hmt urd

suppnsds h bnmhb rhw fhtdrghb. Enwdvdr, tedrd hrd an nutmrnps n` hfpegonbg td ga ted vgmgagty n` Egdaedgf,

wedrd Efdstnad gs ted nabysnbgk rnml (sdd GGG.=). [edrdsgkuhbkdpnsgtsmnathga an hfpegonbgtd dgtedr. [ed

naby ntedr pbhmd tn tgak kdrgvdk rnmls n` rdhsnahobd sgzd wnubk od ted jrhvdb ohrs na ted vhbbdy `bnnr n` ted

Knahu, hs ted fhtdrg hb n` ted egjedr tdrrhmds gs tnn gad (]mefgkt-Lhbdr 8705). Ha dxhfgahtg na n` pdoobds

hak mnoobds wgte h kghfdtdr n` nvdr 4 mf rdvdhbdk an hfpegonb gtd< tegs gs mna`grfdk oy ted jrhvdb mnuats n`

Pha kd Zdtdrgaj (vha kd Zdtdrgaj 87:4o, vha kd Zdtdrgaj 87:0 pdrsnahb Ga`nrfhtgna). Zd kn ant wgse

tn dxmbukd ted pnssgogbgty teht tedrd fhy advdrtedbdss ehvd odda hfpegonbgtds n` Hbpgad nrgjga ga ted odk

fhtdrghb n` ted Knahu, out ted rnmls hrd mdrthgaby ant houakhat. Fnrdnvdr, ted gamgkdathb hak rhrd pgdmds

wnubk prnohoby prnkumd h fume fnrd edtdrnjdadnus jrnup teha ted fhtdrghb `rnf ted smttbdfdats.

Zd tegal teht wd fhy mnambukd `rnf ted honvd teht ted hfpegonbgtd whs nothgadk dbsdwedrd, dgtedr ga

ted `nrf n` obnmls nr hkzds. G` ted rnmls wdrd suppbgdk ga ted `nrf n` obnmls teda ted snurmd n` ted rnml

senubk ant od tnn `hr `rnf ted sdttbdfdat, teus ga ted Nodrp`hbzdr hak ted Ohydrgsmed Zhbk. [ed adhrdst

snurmd, ha nutmrnp na ted ]tdgaoòjdb anrte n` Zðrte h.k. Knahu, whs shfpbdk `nr h mnfphrhtgvd

dxhfgahtgna. Hs ted mrnw `bgds, ted nutmrnp gs 49 lf dhst n` Egdaedgf. (Nur httdatgna whs krhwa tn tegs sgtd

oy Kr. Z. Ohuodrjdr (Fòameda)). [ed rdsubts n` ted gavdstgjhtgna jgvd an rdhsna tn httrgoutd ted

hfpegonbgtd `rnf ted sdttbdfdat tn tegs nutmrnp (sdd Hppdakgx GP).

[ed fnrd nr bdss enfnjdadnus hfpegonbgtd n` Egdaedgf odhrs h rdsdfobhamd tn ted Mehfdr hxds `rnf

ted typdsgtd n` ted Mehfdr Jruppd3 Laðobgaj-]]Z (Znb` 87:=). [ed nrgjga n` tedsd hxds mnubk ant od

gakgmhtdk dgtedr. Gasn`hr hs tedy wdrd dxhfgadk, ted nutmrnps ga ted rdjgna n` Laðobgaj-]]Z hppdhr tn

mnathga an mnfpbdtdby gkmatgmhb fhtdrghb (Ohuodrjdr dt hb. 87:=). [edrd`nrd ht prdsdat wd mhaant gkdatg`y

ted dxhmt nrgjga n` ted kg``drdat typds n` hfpegonbgtds `rnf Egdaedgf. H vdry gatdasgvd sdhrme fhy rdvdhb

ha hrdh wgte mnrrdspnakgaj hfpegonbgtds. Ga hay mhsd tedy wgbb ant mnfd `rnf ted shfd hrdh hs ted

hfpegonbgtds n` ]nutedra Bgfourj.

Zd ehvd kgsmussdk sn `hr ted sdhrme `nr nutmrnps. Zd kn ant wgse tn sujjdst oy tegs hpprnhme teht ted

rhw fhtdrghb `nr ted hkzds fust ehvd odda thlda kgrdmtby `rnf h rnml-whbb. Zd prd`dr ted gkdh teht ted

gaehogthats jhtedrdk obnmls n` rnml wegme ehk odmnfd kdthmedk `rnf tedgr nrgjgahb jdnbnjgmhb davgrna

fdat hs h rdsubt n` wdhtedrgaj. Gt gs hbsn pn.ssgobd teht odk fhtdrghb whs mnbbdmtdk ga strdhfs wegme mrnkdk




ted nutmrnps. Zd kn tegal, enwdvdr, teht ted rhw fhtdrghb mhfd `rnf ted vgmgagty n` nutmrnps. Naby tedrd

mnubk h rdhsnahobd mnamdatrhtgna n` ted kdsgrdk fhtdrghb od `nuak. @nr hbb `nur sdttbdfdats uakdr

mnasgkd rht gna, ted `hmt rdfhgas teh t ted rnmls hrd sn dhsgby mbhssg`gdk hmmnrkgaj tn typd teht gt gs ant `mhsgobd

tn hssufd teht ted `rhjfdats wdrd pgmldk up gamgkdathbby edrd hak tedrd. Zd fhld ha dxmdptgna `nr ted

rdsgkuhb jrnup (ted sn-mhbbdk dxmdptgnahbs). [edsd mha od mnasgkdrdk hs "sgajbd `gaks".

[eus fnst n` ted hkzds, nr ted rhw fhtdrghbs `nr hkzds, wdrd gfpnrtdk ga hbb `nur sdttbdfdats. [edrd gs

nad hspdmt wegme wd ehvd ehrkby fdatgnadk sn `hr hak teht gs ted pnssgogbgty teht ted hkzd-fhldrs seg`tdk

ga ted mnursd n` tgfd `rnf nad typd n` rnml tn hantedr. Gasn`hr hs wd mha vdrg`y, tedrd gs an qudstgna n` h

mehajd ga ted phttdra ga Egdaedgf. Na ted ntedr ehak, tedrd hrd gakgmhtgnas n` h mehajm ga ]nutedra

Bgfourj. Hs thobd 8? senws, fnrd hkzds wdrd fhkd n`hfpegonbgtd teha n` ohshbt ga pdrgnk G, wedrdhs ted

aufodrs hrd honut dquhb ga pdrgnk GG. N` ted terdd ohshbt hkzds `rnf ted nbkdr BOL, naby nad sgajbd

spdmgfda mnubk odbnaj tn ted dhrbgdst pehsd n` nmmuphtgna, pehsm Go. [ed khtd gs ant dvda rdhbby mdrthga,

odmhusd ted hkzd (]gtthrk ;04) knds ant mnfd `rnf h mbnsdk `gak. Enwdvdr, ted hrtd`hmt whs `nuak ga h `gdbk

wedrd hbb mbnsdk `gaks odbnaj tn Go. H sdmnak hkzd (]gtthrk 00) ehs odda khtdk bhtdr, g.d. ga bk, wedrdhs ted

tegrk (Dbsbnn 89?) mhaant od khtdk fnrd hmmurhtdby. Na ted ntedr ehak, sdvmrhb hfpegonbgtds hrd lanwa`rnf ted dhrby pehsds n` G. Ga tegs mnaammtgna gt senubk od fdatgnadk teht hfnaj ted `gaks n` ted adhroy

sdttbdfdat ga Jdbdda-Lbugs, wegme fust om khtdk dhrby, wd `nuak an ohshbts out wm kgk `gak hfpegonbgtds

(sdd `nr Jdbdda3 Zhtdronbl 8745/8747). [edsd kg``drdamds ga ted aufodrs n` hfpegonbgtds hak ohshbts

mnubk fdha teh t ted gfpnr tha t n` ohshbt hkzds gamrdhsdk ga ted mnursd n` tgfd. ]gamd ted nrgjga n` ted ohshbt

whs pdrehps mbnsdr teha teht n` ted hfpegonbgtd, tegs mnubk gfpby ha gamrdhsgaj rdjgnahbgzhtgna n` ted

BOL. [ed mnathmts nvdr bnaj kgsthamds (hfpegonbgtds) fhy ehvd odda rdkumdk, hak ted mnathmts nvdr

fdkguf kgsthamds (ohshbt) fhy ehvd odda gatdasg`gdk. Enwdvdr, wd kn ant wgse tn fhld `gahb cukjfdats,

jgvda ted rdbhtgvdby sfhbb aufodrs n` wdbb-khtdk hkzds. Zd enpd tn dxtdak nur khth oy hahbyzgaj hkzd

hssdfobhjds `rnf adhr oy sdttbdfdats hrdhs hak teus tn nothga ha gasgjet gatn pnssgobd seg ts. [ed a pdrehps

ted kdjrdd n` mnathmt wgte tensd sdttbdfdats anw bnmhtdk ga Ombjguf wgbb hgsn odmnfd fnrd mbdhr.

[ed `nurte mhtdjnry n` hrtd`hmts rdbhtds tn h mnbbdmtgna n` rnmls wgte `bht sgkds, mnamhvd sgkds nr jrnnvds

wegme wdrd hpphrdatby prnkumdk oy hrtg`gmghb `rgmtgna. [egs mhtdjnry gs usuhbby kdsmrgodk oy ted ahfd

qumras hak jrgakgaj-stnads.* [edsd hrtd`hmts hrd vdry mnffna, out gathmt spdmgfdas hrd sdbknf

`nuak.

[ed qud ras hak jrgakgaj-stnads hrd usuhbby kgsmussdk suffhrgby ga puobgmhtgnas. Gt gs strglgaj teh t ted

jrnup gs mbhssg`gdk `grst na ted ohsgs n` ted fhtdrghb< naby h`tdrwhrks httdatgna gs kgrdmtdk tnwhrk ted sehpd n`

ted nocdmts. [ed puobgmhtgnas mnamdragaj Dbsbnn hak ]gtthrk hrd an mxmdptgnas ga tegs rdspdmt. [ed qudras

hak jrgakgaj-stnads n` ]tdga ehvd ant odda kdsmrgodk. [ed mnfphrhobd hrtd`hmts n` Egdaedgf ehvd ant

odda puobgsedk ydt.

[ed rhw fhtdrghb `nr ted qudras hak jrgakgaj-stnads gs usuhbby shakstnad nr quhrtzgtgm shakstnad.Xuhrtzgtm whs usdk hbsn ga Egdaedgf. [ed kgvgsgna gatn jrnups n` fhtdrghb gs ohsdk fhgaby na ted

mnfpnsgtgna hak ted strumturd n` ted rnml. Onefdrs hak Orugca kgvgkd ted `gaks `rnf ]gtthrk gatn twn

jrnups. [ed `grst jrnup mnasgsts n` h rdbhtgvdby mnhrsd-jrhgadk, ehrk, quhrtzgtgm shakstnad. [ed sdmnak

jrnup mnasgsts n` h fume sn`tdr shakstnad. [ed rnml gs fnrd `gadby jrhgamk teha teht n` ted `grst jrnup, out

ted hvdrhjd jrhga-sgzd vhrgds. Onefdrs hak Orugca hbsn fdatgna h kgg`drdamd ga mnbnur. [ed quhrtzgtgm

* Hkzds ha k pgdmds n` grna nxgkd, wegme k d `hmtn hrd hbsn stnads wgte trhm çs n` jrga kgaj , hrd ant gambu kdk ga tegs mhtdjn ry.



_HZ FH[D_GHB] 88=

shakstnads hrd ydbbnwgse wegtd nr jrdy< ted `fdr shakstnads vhry ga mnbnur odtwdda jrdy, rdk hak ornwa.

[ed `grst jrnup n` fhtdrghb mnfprgsds hbb hrtd`hmts wegme hrd gatdrprdtdk hs qudras, ted sdmnak jrnup gs

mhbbdk h mnTdmtgna n` jrgakgaj-stnads (Onefdrs & Orugca 8745/8747 p. ?9:). [ed hrtd`hmts wgte trhmds n`

jrgakgaj `nuak ga Dbsbnn hrd kgvgkdk oy Fnkkdrfha gatn terdd jrnups. [ed `grst jrnup mnrrdspnaks wgte

ted `grst jrnup n` Onefdrs hak Orugca hak mnathgas mnhrsd-jrhgadk stnads, wegme hrd mnasgkdrdk tn odphrts n` qudras. [ed sdmnak jrnup mnfprgsds `gam-jrhgadk shakstnads hak quhrtzgtgm shakstnads. [ed

spdmgfdas hrd kdsmrgodk hs pnbgsegaj nr jrgak-stnads. [ed tegrk jrnup gambukms h sdrgds n` rdk shakstnad

`rhjfdats wegme fhy senw grrdjubhr jrnnvds (Fn kkdrf ha 87:9 p. ;;). [e d sdmnak hak ted tegrk jrn up n`

Fnkkdrfha tnjdtedr `nrf ted sdmnak jrnup n` Onefdrs hak Orugca.

Zd tegal teht gt gs mdrthgaby wgsd tn mrdhtd h sdphrhtd jrnup `nr ted "rdk shakstnads". Zeda snrtgaj ted

`gggk fhtdrghb `rnf Dbsbnn, ]tdga hak ]gtthrk, wd dxpdrgdamdk kg`ggmubtgds ga mbhssg`ygaj ted spdmgfdas ga naby

h `dw mhsds< ga sume mhsds ted mengmm whs odtwdda jrnu p twn hak jr nup terdd. [ed "rd k sha kstnads" hrd ant

rdhbby rdk. Hmmnrkgaj tn ted Fuasdbb systdf, snfd spdmgfdas fust od kdsmrgodk hs fnkdrhtd ornwa 4 W_

;/; hak ntedrs hs bgjet ornwa tn fnkdrhtd ydbbnwgse ornwa 4 W_ 4/0-89 W_ 4/; (Fuasdbb _nml-Mnbnr

Mehrt 8748). [ed rnml usdk gs h shakstnad mnasgstgaj n` hajubhr nr suohajubhr quhrtz jrhgas wegme tnume

dhme ntedr hak hrd mdfdatdk tnjdtedr wgte bgfnagtd. Ga nrkdr tn hrrgvd ht h odttdr kdsmrgptgna, h `dw tega

sdmtgnas wdrd fhkd< ted kdsmrgptgna mha od `nuak ga Hppdakgx GP. [egs kdsmrgptgna senws teht ted

gakgvgkuhb pgdmds hrd ant mnfpbdtdby gkdatgmhb. [ed rnml wdhtedrs dhsgby hak teda odmnfds mrufoby. [egs

gs prnohoby ted rdhsna wey nad-tegrk tn nad-ehb` n` ted gakgvgkuhb pgdmds senw an kdfnastrhobd trhmds n`

fnkdbbgaj nr usd. Ga ted ntedr spdmgfdas tedsd trhmds hrd ga h fnrd nr bdss hkvhamdk sthtd n` nobgtdrhtgna.

@urtedrfnrd, tedsd trhmds hrd oy an fdhas hbwhys ted jrnnvds fmatgnadk oy Fnkkdrfha. ]gkds `bht kud tn

jrgakgaj hrd hbsn `rdqudatby sdda. [ed hrtd`hmts ga qudstgna hrd `hr `rnf rhrd ga ted terdd sdttbdfdats n`

]nutedra Bgfourj. Dbsbnn ehs prnvgkdk 70 wdbb-khtmk ruoogse hssdfobhjds wgte "rdk shakstnad"

(Fnkkdr fha 87:9 p. ;;), ]tdga ?? hak ]gtthrk ==. H auf odr n` tedsd hssdfobhjds mnfprgsd sdvmrhb

spdmgfdas. [eus ted == hssdfobhjds n` ]gtthrk rdprdsdat ht bdhst 09 sdphrhtd hrtd`hmts. [ed pgdmds n`

shakstnad hrd sfhbb ga .sgzm. [e d bhrjdst kgfdasgnas kn ant dxmddk 89 mf. Odmhusd n` ted wdht edrd k

mnakgtgna n` ted `rhjfdats, gt mhaant od sdda wedtedr tedrd gs whstd `rnf fhau`hmturm. [edrd`nrd wd hrd

ant hobd tn kdtdrfgad wedtedr ted hrtd`hmts gatdrprdtdk hs sfhbb jrgakgaj-stnads wdrd fhkd bnmhbby `rnf

bhrjdr pgdmds n` shakstnad. [e d nrgjga n` ted fhtdr ghb fust od snujet ga ted kmpnsgts n` ted Fh hs. [ed sn t

hak `rghobd rnml knds ant odbnaj, n` mnursd, tn ted fhtdrghb trhaspnrtdk oy ted rgvdr< gt gs prdsdat ga ted

tdrrhmds hs h rnml mdfdatdk ga sgtu (vdrohb Ga`nrfhtgna `rnf Y.Z. Onsme 87::).

[ed `grst hak ted sdmnak jrnup hrd `hr bdss enfnjdadnus fhmrnsmnpgmhbby teha ted jrnup n` "rdk

shakstnads". Ga `hmt, snfd hrtd`hmts hrd kg``gmubt tn httrgoutd tn nad n` ted twn jrnups, dspdmghbby wedrd

sfhb! `rhjfdats hrd mnamdradk. [ed `grst jrnup (qudras) novgnusby mnathgas nocdmts fhkd n` h shakstnad nr

quhrtzgtgm shakstnad wegme vhrgds ga mnbnur `rnf vmry phbm nrhajd 89 W_ 5/? tn phbd ydbbnwgse ornwa 89

W_ 0/?. [ed rnml mnasgsts n` wdbb-snrtdk quhrtz jrhgas, wegme hrd suornuakdk tn suohajubhr hak ehvd hkghfdtdr n` 9.84-9.=9 ff. H ùTdr kdsmrgptgna n` snfd dxhfpbds mha od `nuak ga Hppdakgx GP< ted tega

sdmtgnas hrd hbsn kgsmussdk. Ga hkkgtgna tn `rhjfdats n` tegs bgjetby mnbnurdk rnml, tedrd hrd ht bdhst hs fhay

pgdmds teh t hrd fhk d n` shakstnads hak quhrtz gtg m shakstnads n` h kg `drdat typd. [e d jrhga sgzm, ted kdjrdd

n` snrtgaj hak ted quh rtz mna tdat kg` dr. ]nfd `rhjfdats odbnaj ga ted jrnup n` qudras odmhusd n` tedgr sgzd

hak sehpd hak ga ted jrnup n` jrgakga j- hak pnbgsegaj-stnads odmhusd n` tedgr fhtdrghb. G a hkkgtgna, ted

sdmnak jrnup gs `hr `rnf enfnjdadnus. Gt mnasgsts n` fnkdrhtdby `gad tn vdry `gad shakstnads. Zd ehvd ant

suofgttdk tedsd rnmls tn h fnrd kdthgbdk hahbysgs, hbtenuje ted qudra hak jrgakgaj-stnad hrtd`hmts hrd ted




@gj. 8=. Xumra-`'rhjfdat `rnf ted BOL smttbdfdat ht Dbsbnn. ]mhbd 83? Bd t3 sur`hmd, wnra knwa oy jrgakgaj_gjet3 rdvdrsd n` tbgd shfd `rhjfdat sbgnwgaj gts prnvdahamd `rnf h jrhvdb odk.

fnst mnffna hrtd`hmts ga smttbdfdat whstd tnjdtedr wgte pnttmry hak memrt hrtd`hmts. Ydrehps h stuky

mnfogagaj ted fnrpenbnjgmhb mehrhmtdrgstgms n` ted nocdmts wgte h pdtrnjrhpegm hahbysgs mnubk prnvgkd h

shtgs`hmtnry kdsmrgptgna n` hrtd`hmts, mengmd n` fhtdrghb hak ùamtgna. Out sume h stuky `hbbs odynak ted

smnpd n` nur stuky. Nur stuky n` ted jrnups pdrthgadk naby tn ted nrgjga n` ted fhtdrghbs usdk, hak tegs gs

mbdhr. Fhay hrtd`hmts stgbb senw rdfhgas n` h sur`hmd wegme ehs ant odda mehajdk oy fha. [ed rnuakdk

sehpds hak ahturhbby `bhttdadk sur`hmds senw teht ted nrgjgahb rnmls wdrd trhaspnrtdk oy h rgvdr (`gj 8=).

[e d fnst prn oho bd pbhmd n` nrgjga gs tedrd`nrd ted odk n` ted Fhhs . Hmmnrkgaj tn Y.Z. Onsme ted typds n`

rnmls wegme wdrd usdk gakddk nmmur ga ted rgvdr odk ga bhrjd aufodrs hak hbsn ga ted `nrf n` ogj obnmls.

[edy odbnaj tn h jrnup n` rnmls wegme gs vdry mnffna ga ted ynuajdr Fhhs tdrrhmds hak tedrd`nrd hbsn ga

ted jrhvdb ohrs, ahfdby ted jrnup n` Kdvnagha hak Tppdr Mhronag`drnus shakstnads (Y.Z. Onsme 87::,

pdrsnahb Ga`nrfhtgna). Yrnohoby ted rnmls wdrd pgmldk up ga ted jrhvdb ohrs hak trgffdk na ted spnt. Zd

ehvd `nuak sn `dw pgdmds n` rnml wgtenut trhmds n` fhau`hmturd teht wd hssufd teht trgffgaj kgk ant thld

pbhmd ga ted smttbdfdat. Zeda admdsshry, ted obnmls wdrd hbsn fnrd nr bdss jrnuak tn sgzd. Ht bdhst, tegs mha

od sdda na ted uppdr sur`hmds n` tensd hrtd`hmts wegme ehvd odda gatdrprdtdk hs ted uppdr stnad n` h sdt n`

qudras. N` mnursd, gt mha an bnajdr od vdrg`gdk wedrd tegs jrgakgaj tn sgzd tnnl pbhmd.

[ed stnads wgte jrgakgaj sur`hmds `nuak ht Egdaedgf mha od kgvgkdk ga ted shfd why hs ted hrtd`hmt

`rhjfdats `rnf Dbsbnn, ]tdga hak ]g tthrk. Enwdvdr, ted `rdqudamy n` spdmgfdas n`nad mht djnry gs kg``drdat.

[ed jrnup n` shakstnads, wegme wd dquhtd wgte ted jrnup "rdk shakstnads" `rnf ted sdttbdfdats ga]nutedra Bgfourj, mnathgas naby terdd spdmgfdas `rnf ted fhtdrghb dxmhvhtdk up tn hak gambukgaj 87:9

(ted fhtdrghb n` ted dxmhvht gnas ga 87:8, 87:= hak 87:; ehk ant odda mnfpbdtd by snrtdk hak kh tdk ht ted

tgfd n` nur gavmstgjhtgna). Nad spdmgfda gs h sn-mhbbdk "Y`dgbjbhttdr", ted sdmnak nad ehs `nur jrnnvds hak

ted tegrk pgdmd gs mehrhmtdrg zdk oy h bht sgkd. [edr d hrd an gakgmhtgnas teh t ted terdd bhtd r dxmhvhtgnas ehvd

prnvgkdk fnrd n` tegs typd n` fhtdrgh b. Ga nur npgagna, ted strglgaj smhrmgty n` ted jrnu p mha od dxpbhgadk

ga twn whys. [ed `grst pnssgogbgty gs teht ted tnnbs ga qudstgna wdrd sdbknf usdk ga Egdaedgf. [ed sdmnak

pnssgogbgty gs teht ted hrtd`hmts ehvd kgsgatdjrhtdk mnfpbdtdby. Zd prd`dr ted bhttdr dxpbhahtgna, sgamd wd



_HZ FH[D_GHB] 884

rdpdhtdkby nosdrvdk mnamdatrhtgnas n` ydbbnw nr ornwa shak kurgaj ted dxmhvhtgnas wegme fgjet

rdprdsdat kgsgatdjrhtdk shakstnad hrtd`hmts. Kurgaj ted bhtdst dxmhvhtgna h ant qugtd kgsgatdjrhtdk pgdmd n`

shakstnad mnubk od shbvhjdk naby h`tdr gfprdjahtgna wgte syatedtgm rdsga. Odmhusd n` ted dxtrdfdby sfhbb

aufodr n` hrtd`hmts, wm ehvd ant bnnldk `nr ted nrgjga n` ted rhw fhtdrghb ga qudstgna.

[ed twn ntedr jrnups hrd vdry mnffna. [ed kgstgamtgna odtwdda qudras hak jrgakgaj-stnads gs dhsgdr`nr ted fhtdrghb `rnf Egdaedgf teha `nr teht n` ]nutedra Bgfourj. [ed rhtgn odtwdda ted aufodr n`

`rhjfdats ga ted grst hak sdmnak jrnups gs hppr nxgfhtdby ;38. ]bgjetby bdss teha ehb` n` ted qud ra `rhjfdats

hppdhrs tn odbnaj tn nad hak ted shfm typd n` rnml. Gt gs h quhrtz gtg m shakstnad wegme weda `rdseby

`rhmturdk ehs h mnbnur teht mha od kdsmrgodk hs ydbbnwgse jrhy 4 W 5/8. [e d fhg a mnfpnad at gs nrfdk oy

suohaju bhr tn hajub hr quh rtz jrhgas wgte kghfdtdrs n` up tn 8 ff< ted fhtrgx gs sgbgmg`gdk, out ted kdjrdd n`

sgbgmg`gmhtgna vhrgds. ]nfdtgfds fnrd egjeby sgbgmg`gdk phrts nmmur hs bdasds ga ha bdss sgbgmg`gdk rnml. [ed tega

sdmtgnas fhk d n` snfd qudra `rhjfdats hrd kdsmrgodk ga Hppdakgx G P. [ed rd gs ant h sgajbd gakgmhtgna teh t

ted rhw fhtdrghb `nr ted suojrnup n` qudras kdsmrgodk whs nothgadk `rnf h jrhvdb kdpnsgt. @urtedrfnrd,

jrhvdb hs h snurmm gs ant novgnus, sgamd ted kdpnsgts n` ted Kn ahu mnathga an obnmls ted sgzd n` h qudra . [e ht

gs wey wd sdhrmedk `nr rnml ga sgtu. Ga ted vgmgagty n` Egdaedgf tedrd hppdhrs gakddk tn od h rnml wegme

rdsdfobds ted kdsmrgptgna n` ted qudras, ahfdby h quhrtzgtgm shakstnad wegme odbnajs tn ted

]meutz`d bssmegmetda (`nr ted ]meutz`dbssmegmetda sdd p. ??). [e d ]meutz`dbssmegmetda mnasgst fhga gy n`

bnnsd quhrtz shaks, out tedsd shaks ehvd odda mdfdatdk edrd hak tedrd gatn shakstnad, quhrtzgtgm

shakstnad hak quhr tzg td. [ed ehrk dad k obnmls n` rnml mha od sdvdrhb muogm fdtrds ga vnbufd (]mefgkt -

Lhbdr 8705 p. =:). _dfhgas n` ]meutz`dbssmegmetda wgte quhrtzgtgm shakstnad drnp nut ht sdvdrhb pbhmds ga

ted adgjeonurennk n` Egdaedgf. ]mefgkt-Lhbdr fdatgnas ha nutmrnp adhr Ehjdaegbb :.4 lf anrte-wdst

n` Egda edgf, hak sdvdrhb nutmrnps hmrnss ted Kna hu adhr Ohk Jðjjgaj hak ]hak ehr bhakd a (]mefgkt-

Lhbdr 8705 p. =5-; 9). Ga ted Eðedaod rj nutmrn p adhr Ohk Jðjjgaj ga phrtgmu bhr wd ehvd nuak quhrtzgt gm

shakstnads, wegme odhr h mbnsd rdsdfobhamd tn ted rnml n` ted qudras. [ed nutmrnp ga qudstgna bgds ; lf

`rnf Egdaedgf hs ted mrnw `bgds. ]dd Hppdakgx GP `nr h ùrtedr kdsmrgptgna. [ed rdsdfobhamd knds ant

fdha, n` mnursd, teht ted gaehogthats n` Egdaedgf jnt tedgr qudras `rnf ted Eðedaodrj. Gt gs qugtd

mnamdgvhobd teht mnfphrhobd nutmrnps nmmur dbsdwedrd nr ht bdhst teht tedy nmmurrdk kurgaj ted dxgstdamd

n` ted BOL sdttbdfdat. Enwdvdr, wd `ddb teht ted rdsubts n` nur gavdstgjhtgna gakgmhtd teht ted rnml addk

ant od mnasgkdrdk ha gfpnrt. @rnf ted fhtdrghb dxmhvhtdk ga Egdaedgf gt gs ant pnssgobd tn kdtdrfgad

wedrd ted qudras wdrd `gahbby sehpdk3 adhr ted nutmrnp nr ga ted sdttbdfdat. Gt gs trud teht tedrd hrd fhay

pgdmds wgtenu t trhmds n` jrgakga j, out gt gs ant mbdhr wedtedr tedy rdprdsdat whstd `rnf fhau` hmtu rd nr

`rhjfdats n` ornlda spdmgfdas.

Ga hkkgtgna tn ted honvd fdatgnadk jrnup n` quhrtzgtgm shakstnads, wegme gambukds ant naby sfhbb pgdmds

out hbsn adhrby hbb ogj qudra `rhjfdats (wdgjegaj up tn 4999 jr) , tedrd hrd hbsn qudr as n` qugtd kg``drdat

shakstnad typds hak rdhb quhrtzgtd ga Egdaedgf. Fnst typds n` rnml nmmur naby namd nr h `dw tgfds. Zd

sehbb ant kdsmrgod tedf edrd, odmhusd wd ehvd ant odda hobd tn mnakumt ha dxtdasgvd stuky n` tedgr tegasdmtgnas. Zd hrd `hgrby mdrthga teht anad n` ted typds n` rnml usdk mha od `nuak wgtega h rhkgus n` 89 lf

hrnuak ted sdttbdfdat.

[ed jrnup n` stnads wgte h jrgakgaj sur`hmd, wegme hrd mhbbdk jrgakgaj-stnads, hppdhrs enfnjdadnus.

[edy hrd fhkd n` h vdry `gad shakstnad wegme snfdtgfds mnathgas quhrtz vdgas. [ed quhrtz jrhgas hrd

suohaj ubh r hak wdbb-snrtdk. [e d mnbnur n` ted rnml gs phbd orn wa 4 W_ 0/? tn phbd ydbbnwgse ornwa 89 W_

0/?. Hs ga ted mhsd n` ted qudras, gt gs gfprnohobd teht ted shakstnad `nr ted jrgakgaj-stnads whs nothgadk

`rnf ted Knahu kdpnsgts, sgamd spdmgfdas ehvd odda `nuak wegme hrd fume tnn ogj (ted ogjjdst jrgakgaj-



880 _DBH[GNA] OD[ZDDA ]D[[BDFDA[] HAK DAPG_NAF DA[

stnad stuk gdkfdhsur ds 80 U 88 x 4.4 mf). [e d enfnjda gty n` ted jrnupsujjdsts teh tt ed y mhf d`r nfn ad

sgajbd nut mrn p nr `rnf h sdrgds n` rdbhtdk nu tmrnps. Zd kn ant lanw (ydt) n` hay nutm rnp n` tegs shakstnad ga

ted kgrdmt adgjeonurennk n` ted sdttbdfdat.

Gt mha od mnambukdk `rnf ted honvd teht wd mhaant pngat nut ted nrgjga `nr honut nad-ehb` n` ted qudras

hak `nr hbb n` ted jrgakgaj-stnads. Gt sddfs bgldby ht prdsdat teht tedsd fhtdrghbs wdrd ornujet ga `rnfbnmhtgnas fnrd te ha 89 lf hwhy. Zd kh rd ant shy anw teht tedrd rdhbby whs gfpnrt . Gt gs mbdhr, enwdvdr,

teht temrd gs h kg`b[mrdamd odtwdda Egdaedgf hak ]nutedra Bgfourj wgte rdspdmt tn ted ahturd n` ted nrgjga

n` ted rhw fhtdrghbs `nr qudras hak jrgakgaj-stnads. [ed rmhsna bgds uaknuotdkby ga ted hosdamd n` h rgvdr

wgte usdùb odk fhtdrghb.

] t n a d s wegme ehvd a n t vgsgoby odda fhau`hmtur dk oy fha gatn h r t d `h dt s hrd usuhbby adjbdmtdk ga

bgtdrhturd, hbtenuje wd suspdmt teht tedy hrd ht bdhst hs `rdqudat ga ted whstd hssdfobhjds hs `rhjfdats n`

qudras hak jrgakgaj-stnads.

[ed puobgmhtgna mnamdragaj ]gtthrk fdatgnas naby stnads wgte pdrmussgna fhrls hak sfhbb pmoobds

wegme senw h bnmhb bustrd (Onefdrs & Orugca 8745/8747 p. ?95). Ga egs puobgmhtgna na ted fhtdrghb `rnf

Dbsbnn, Fn kk dr fh a bgsts naby ehffdr stna ms (Fnkkdrfha 87:9 p. ;;). @nr ted `gaks `rnf ]tdga,

Fn kk dr fh a rm`mrs tn ted sgtuhtgna ga Dbsbnn (Fnk kdrfha 87:9 p. 7:), hak ga ted `grst Mnffuagmhtgnas na

Egdaedgf tedrd gs an fdatgna ht hbb n` ted ahturhb stnads. Enwdvdr, bhrjd aufodrs n` stnads wdrd `nuak ga

hbb `nur sdttbdfdats, fhay n` wegme senwdk an trhmds n` wdhr. Hs ted stnads kn ant nmmur ahturhbby ga ted

bndss-mnvdrdk sdttbdfdat hrdhs, tedy fust ehvd odda ornujet tedrd oy ted gaehogthats.

Gasn`hr hs wd mnubk vdrg`y, ted stnads n` Dbsbnn, ]tdga hak ]gtthrk hbb mhfd `rnf h jrhvdb kdpnsgt< wd tegal

n` mnursd n` jrhvdb ohrs ga ted odk n` ted Fhhs . [ed hssdfobhjd gs n` h edtdrnjdadnus mnfpnsg tgna. [e d

stnads `nr dxhfpbd kg` dr fhrl dkby ga sgzd. [e dr d hrd pdoobms wdgjegaj naby h dw jrhfs wgte h kghfdtd r n`

8 tn ? mf, out hbsn bhrjd obnmls wdgjegaj sdvdrhb lgbnjrhfs hak fdhsurgaj sdvdrhb kdmgfdtdrs.

@urtedrfnrd, fhay typds n` rnml hrd rdprdsdatdk ga ted fhtdrghb, quhrtzgtds hak quhrtzgtgm shakstnads

odgaj prdknfgahat. [edrd hrd an gakgmhtgnas teht tedsd pdoobds, mnoobds hak obnmls senubk ant ehvd

mnfd `rnf ted Fhhs jrhvdb.

Naby h pnrtgna n` ted stnads `nuak ga Egdaedgf mhfd `rnf jrhvdbs. [ed bhrjdst stnads wgte fhrls n`

rnbbgaj fdhsurd bdss teha 89 mf. [egs gs mnfpbd tdby ga hmmnrkhamd wgte ted kgfdasgnas n` ted mnhrsdst

`rhmtgna n` ted Knahu jrhvdb. Zd hssufd `nr tegs rdhsna teht tedsd stnads mhfd `rnf ted odk n` ted Knahu.

Odsgkds ted pdoobds, ted whstd hssdfobhjds `rdqumatby mnathga obnmls hak `rhjfdats n` rnml wegme mhaant

pnssgoby ehvd mnfd `rnf h rgvdr. [edrd hrd `nr gasthamd pgdmds n` sgbgmg`gdk rnmls (ga vdry bhrjd quhatgtgds),

bgfdstnad hak knbnfgtd. [edsd hrd rnmls wegme mha od `nuak ga ted vgmgagty n` Egdaedgf, dgtedr ga sgtu nr

sdmnakhry ga rdsgkuhb bnhfs. @urtedrfnrd tedrd hrd snfd quhrtzgtds. [ed nrgjga n` ted bhttdr gs ant mbdhr,

out wd kn ant dxmbukd ted rdsgkuhb bnhfs.

]uffhrgzgaj, wd tegal teht ted mnambusgna gs custg`gdk teht fnst, g` ant hbb, "ahturhb stnads" ehvd h bnmhbnrgjga.

[ed sgxte mhtdjnry gs p h g a t . Hs `hr hs ted sdttbdfdats ga ]nutedra Bgfo urj hrd mnamdradk, ted mhtdjnry

mnasgsts naby n` edfhtgtd. Ga Egdaedgf wd mha gambukd ant naby edfhtgtd out hbsn jrhpegtd. Nad mnubk

kgshjrdd wgte nur npgagna teht tedsd rnmls wdrd usdk hs phgat. Ga ted mhsd n` edfhtgtd, h ùamtgna hs pnbgse

ehs odda sujjdstmk (Onefdrs & Orugca 8745/8747 p. ?95 hak ntedr hu ten rs) . Enwdvdr, wd mnasgkdr ted

prdsdamd n` edfhtgtd-mnathgagaj phstds na kdmnrhtdk pnttdry hs ha gakgmhtgna teht ted rnml whs hbsn

hpprdmghtdk `nr gts mnbnur.



_HZ FH[D_GHB] 8:

Ga Dbsbnn, ]tdga hak ]gt thrk, ted usd n` edfhtg td ehs bd t trhmds ga twn kg``drdat vvhys. Fnst `rdqudat hrd

ted trhmds n` edfhtgtd pnwkdr ga ted pnrms n` qudra `rhjfdats, out fnrd spdmthmubhr hrd ted pgdmds n` rnml

tedfsdbvds. [edsd usuhbby senw jrnua k sur`hmds wgte phrhbb db smrhtmeds. G t gs hssufdk t eht tedsd kdvdbnpdk

weda ted edfhtgtd whs pubvdrgzdk na ted honvd-fdatgnadk qudra `rhjfdats. [wn typds n` edfhtgtd hrd

prdsdat, ahfdby h sn`t nnggtegm edfhtgtd hak h snfdweht ehrkdr hak mnfphmtdr rnml. Ontbg typds hrd senwa

ga gj. 8;. Ga Dbsbnn wedr d =9 pgdmds n` edfhtgt d, sprdhk nvdr ?; whstd hssdfobhjds, ehvd odda dxmhvh tdk,

twn-te grks n` ted pgdmds hrd n` ted nnggtegm typd hak nad- tegrk n` ted mnfph mt typd. Fnk kd rf ha ehk

hbrmhky `nuak teht ted pgdmds n` edfhtgtd hrd ant kgvgkdk dvdaby nvdr ted kg``drdat pehsds n` nmmuphtgna

(Fnkkdrfha 87:9 p. ;4). Nab y twn pgdmds mha od khtdk hs pdrgnk G, wedrdhs ?0 pgdmds odbnaj tn pdrgnk GG .

[ed `gaks `rnf ted mdfdtdry n` Dbsbnn, wegme gs ant kgsmussdk edrd, dvda sujjdst h pdhl ga usd kurgaj ted

bhst pehsd (pehsd bgk). [ed quhatgty n` fhtdrghb gs tnn sfhbb tn gavdstgjhtd wedtedr ted prnpnrtgna n`

nnggtegm edfh tgt d tn ted fnrd mnfphmt typd kg``drrdk ga ted kg``drdat pehsds n` nmmu phtg na. ]tdga hak

@gj. 8;. Edfhtgtd `rnf ted BOL smttbdfdat ht Dbsbnn. ]mhbd ?38Bd`t< nnggtegm typd. _gjet mnfphmt typd.




]gtthrk ehvd prnvgkdk bdss edfhtgtd3 ; hak 4 pgdmds wdrd `nuak, rdspdmtgvdby. Ga onte sdttbdfdats ted

nnbgtegm hs wdbb hs ted mnfphmt typd hrd rdprdsdatdk.

Zd mha jgvd an dxpbhahtgna `nr ted houakhamd n` edfhtgtd ga Dbsbnn na ted nad ehak hak ted sfhbb

aufodr n` pgdmds ga ]tdga hak ]gtthrk na ted dtedr. Edfhtgtd gs ted naby fhtdrghb wegme dxegogts sume h

kg``drdamd. [ed mnakgtgnas wdrd ted shfd ga hbb terdd sdttbdfdats, sn teht gt gs ant bgldby teht edfhtgtd `rnf

]tdga hak ]gtthrk kgsgatdjrhtdk odmhusd n` mnrrnsgna. Anr whs ted dxmhvhtgaj tdmeagqud dssdatghbby

kg``drdat, hak ted sdttbdfdats wdrd dxmhvhtdk uakdr ted kgrdmtgna n` ted shfd pdrsna. H pnssgogbgty fgjet

od teht ted phrts n` ted sdttbdfdat dxmhvhtdk ga ]tdga hak ]gtthrk wdrd bdss kdasdby pnpubhtdk weda fnst n`

ted edfhtgtd whs usdk nr ternwa hwhy. Dbsbnn, gasn`hr hs dxmhvhtdk, mnuats 48 enusds wegme ehvd odda

khtdk ga pdrgnk GG< ?0 pgdmds n` edfhtgtd odbnajga tegs pdrgnk. Ga ]tdga ht bdhst =8 enusds hrd mnasgkdrdk tn

odbnaj ga pdrgnk GG, wedrdhs ant h sgajbd pgdmd n` edfhtgtd mnubk od khtdk. [ed dxmhvhtdk phrt n` ]gtthrk

gambukds 7 enusds hak = pgdmds n` edfhtgtd `rnf pdrgnk GG. Zeda wd bnnl ht ted bhst pehsd n` nmmuphtgna

kgstgajugsedk ga ]nutedr a Bg fourj, pehsd b gk , teda Dbsbnn ehs 8; enusds hak 0 pgdmds n` edfhtgtd , ]tdga 8?

enusds hak an edfh tgtd hak ]gtth rk ? enusds hak hjhga an edfht gtd . Zd mnambukd `rnf tedsd aufodrs teht

ted smhrmgty n` whstd ga ]gtthrk fhy, out ted smhrmgty n` edf htg td ga ]tdga fhy ant, od dxpbhgadk wgtenut

rdsdrvhtgna oy ted hosdamd n` nmmuphtgnahb trhmds `rnf ted pehsds ga qudstgna.

Adgtedr nnbgtegm anr mnfphmt edfhtgtd nmmur wgtega h rhkgus n` 89 lf hrnuak ted sdttbdfdats. [ed

fhtdr ghb fust ehvd odda gfpnr tdk. Edf htg td snurmds hrd lanwa `rnf ted vhbbdys n` ted Bhea hak ted Kgbb<

ted edfhtgt d `rnf BOL sdttbdfdats gs snfdt gfds rdbhtdk tn tedsd snurmds (Lnme 87=0 p. 8;=, ]megdtzdb 8704

p. :8). [ed rnml, enwdvdr, gs hbsn prdsdat ga ted Dg`db hak ga ted Hrkdaads. Gt wnubk od usdùb g` ha

gavdatnry n` ted edfhtgtds wdrd mnfogadk wgte ha dxtdasgvd stuky n` ted whstd `rnf hbb BOL sdttbdfdats

wdst n` ted _edga. Hbfnst dvdry sdttbdfdat mnathgas snfd pgdmds, out ted aufodr gs hbwhys tnn sfhbb tn

`nrf h ohsgs `nr ha dxtdasgvd stuky. H mnfogahtgna n` hbb `gaks, enwdvdr, senubk prnvgkd danuje fhtdrghb tn

fhld h stuky usdùb.

Edfhtgtd gs ant hosdat ga Egdaedgf dgtedr. [ed fhtdrghb ehs odda `nuak ga =5 whstd hssdfobhjds ga teddxmhvhtgnas up tn hak gambukgaj 87:9. [e d `gaks mnasgst n` ;; `rhjfdats n` tegs rnml. [edrd h rd an

gakgmhtgnas teht h mehajd ga ted usd n` edfhtgtd tnnl pbhmd ga ted mnursd n` tgfd. Zd ehvd ant sdda rdfhgas

n` pnwkdr na qudras. Gt gs ant mbdhr tn us wedtedr tegs fhy od kud tn ted sur`hmd mnakgtgna n` ted qudra

`rhjfdats nr tn ted prnpdrtgds n` ted edfhtgtd. Enwdvdr, trhmds n` jrgakgaj ehvd odda `nuak na ted pgdmds

n` edfhtgtd. Fhay pgdmds wdrd usdk sn dmnanfgmhbby teht tedy hrd anw hbfnst tnn sfhbb tn enbk< tedgr

bhrjdst kgfnasgnas kn ant dxmddk ? mf. [ed edfhtgtd gs mnfphmt out fume sn`tdr teha ted mnfphmt

edfhtgtd wegme wd lanw `rnf Dbsbnn. Odsgkds wnra pgdmds tedrd hrd h `dw pgdmds wegme ehvd ehrkby odda

usdk. [edsd senw teht ted edfhtgtd mnfds `rnf h shak nr shakstnad kdpnsgt wedrd gt hppdhrs hs tega ohaks.

[ed pbhtds ehvd h tegmladss n` 89-84 ff. Zd kn ant lanw ydt wedrd ted edfhtgtd mnfds `rnf. Gt gs trud

teht grna nxgkd mha od `nuak na ted Fgmedbsodrj odtwdda Egdaedgf hak Ldbedgf (]mewhrz, [gbbfhaa &[rdgos 8704/8700 p. ;;), out tegs gs h bgfnagtd wegme bnnls qugtd kg``drdat `rnf ted grna nxgkd wegme whs

dxmhvhtdk ga Egdaedgf. [n nur lanwbdkjd an sn`t `gad grna nxgkd teht jgvds h rdkkgse ornwa strdhl na

uajbhzdk megah dxgsts wgtega h rhkgus n` 89 lf hrnuak Egdaedgf. Zd hbsn hrd ant hwhrd n` hay, pdrehps

dxtrdfdbv sfhbb snurmd wgtega h rhkgus n` =9 lf. Enwdvdr, wd `gak gt ant uabgldby teht ted snurmd n` ted

edfhtgtd fust bgd `hrtedr hwhy. Ga teht mhsd ted rhw fhtdrghb wnubk od ha gfpnrt. Nutmrnps mha

uaknuotdkby od `nuak odynak h =9 lf rhkgus, d.j. ga ted nrd `nrfhtgna n` Hfodrj (wegme, oy ted why, hbsn

gambukds ted bgfnagtd n` ted Fgmedbsodrj) ([g bbfhaa 870; p. 8;? hak 8;;-8;4).

Odsgkds edfhtgtd, h sdmnak fhtdrghb teht mha od gatdrprdtdk hs h phgat, ehs odda `nuak ga ted sdttbdfdat



@G_DZNNK 8?8

G P . 4 @ G _ D Z N N K

Hbtenuje novgnus edhrtes ehvd advdr odda `nuak ga nr nutsgkd ted enusds, gt fhy od hssufdk teht ted

gaehogthats n` ted BOL sdttbdfdats ldpt `grds. Nad n` ted gakgmhtgnas tedrdn` gs ted nosdrvhtgna oy

Fnkkdrfha, teht snfd phrts n` ted enusds senw fnrd trhmds n` ourat bnhf hak mehrmnhb teha ntedrs. "Gt

whs nosdrvdk rdpdhtdkby teht ted mnamdatrhtgna n` trhmds teht pngat tn `grd, sume hs ourat bnhf hak

mehrmnhb, gs ted bhrjdst ga tensd jenst-pnsts wegme mnastgtutd ted anrte-wdstdra mrnss-rnw n` ted mdatrhb

phrt. G `ddb teht tegs mha od dxpbhgadk naby oy ted `hmt teht h rdbhtgvdby bhrjd quhatgty n` ourat fhtdrghb whs

bygaj adhr ted pnsts, weda ted wnnk fnubkdrdk. Nad tegals ga ted vdry `grst pbhmd n` ted rdfhgas n` h

edhr te. " (Fnkkd rfha 87:9 p. 889, nur trhasbhtg na). Jgvda ted prdsdamd n` mehrmnhb ha k ga vgdw n` ted

fhay `nrdsts ga ted davgrnafdat n` ted sdttbdfdats, gt gs ahturhb teht ted `grds wdrd `dk wgte wnnk. @grdwnnk

gs oubly fhtdrghb wegme gs hwlwhrk tn trhaspnrt. [edrd`nrd gt gs bgldby teht ted ùdb whs jhtedrdk ga ted

gffdkghtd surrnuakgajs n` ted sdttbdfdat.

Zd ehvd an gasgjet ga ted quhatgty n` wnnk wegme whs admdsshry `nr ted `grds. Anr mnubk bgtdrhturd honut

tggd quhatgtgds ourat oy mnatdfpnrhry gaehogthats n` `nrdst-mbhk hrdhs od `nuak. Hs ted dteanjrhpegmbgtdrhturd stukgdk advdr fdatgnas senrthjds n` `grdwnnk, anr ted hmtgvgtgds admdsshry tn jdt gt, gt fhy od

hssufdk teht `grdwnnk prdsdatdk an spdmghb prnobdfs.

Nad fhy wnakdr wedtedr tedrd whs hay prd`drdamd `nr mdrthga lgaks n` wnnk. H`tdr hbb, tedrd hrd

kg``drdamds ga ouragaj prnpdrtgds. [ed mengmd n` `grdwnnk gs h suocdmt n` gavdstgjhtgna wegme ehs rdmdgvdk

bgttbd httdatgna sn `hr ga hrmednbnjy. Ga tegs mnaadmtgna, naby ted wnrl oy ]mewdgajruodr mha od

fdatgnadk. Na ted ohsgs n` h bhrjd aufodr n` hahbysds n` mehrmnhb `rnf vdry kg `drdat prdegs tnrgd

sdttbdfdats, tegs hutenr hrrgvçs ht ted mnambusgna3 "Mehrmnhb `rnf `grdpbhmds jgvds ga fnst mhsds h rdbhtgvdby

jdaugad pgm turd n` ted davgrnagaj`n rdst ." (]mewdgajruodr 87:0 p. 89=). [egs wnubk fdha teht tedrd whs

an prnanuamdk prd`drdamd `nr mdrthga lgaks n` `grdwnnk.

Hs ted BOL sdttbdfdats wegme wd hrd tn kdsmrgod, ehvd prnvgkdk an edhrtes wgte mehrmnhb rdfhgas, wdmhaant vdrg`y g` ]mewdgajruodr's `gakgajs hrd hbsn hppbgmhobd tn Dbsbnn, ]tdga, ]gtthrk hak Egdaedgf. Ga

sume sdttbdfdats mehrmnhb rdfhgas hrd naby prdsdat hfnajst whstd. [edsd mehrmnhb rdfhgas ehvd hbrdhky

odda fdat gnadk ga GG 8.; p. =: hak ;=, hak ga GP.; p. 59 hak 58 . Zd tegal teht ted `rhjfdats n` ted

whstd-`gbbdk pgts rdprdsdat fhgaby, nr dvda datgrdby, ted rdfhgas n` gatdatgnahbby ourat wnnk hak ant n`

oura t-knwa enusds. N` mnursd, hbb ted ourat wnnk addk ant od jhted rdk nrgjgahbby hs grdwnnk. Yrnohoby

megps hak ntemr whstd pgdmds, wegme nrgjgahtdk kurgaj mnastrumtgna hmtgvgtgds, hs wdbb hs rdcdmtdk

mnastrumtgna phrts hak ornlda knfdstgm nocdmts wdrd hkkdk tn ted stnml n` `grdwnnk. Enwdvdr, gt gs bgldby

teht fnst n` ted `grdwnnk whs rdhbby jhtedrdk hs sume. [egs vgdw gs suppnrtdk oy ]mewdgajruodr's

nosdrvhtgnas (tn od kgsmussdk odbnw) mnamdragaj mehrmnhb spbgatdrs `rnf Bhajwdgbdr-?.

[ed pgdmds n` mehrmnhb `nuak ga ted fusduf mnTdmtgnas n` Dbsbnn, ]tdga hak ]gtthrk, hrd hbb nhl. [egs

mdrthgaby knds ant fdha teht fhgaby nhl whs ourat ga tedsd sdttbdfdats. [ed prdsdamd n` naby nad lgak n`

wnnk gs ted rdsubt n` ted `hmt teht fhgaby bhrjd pgdmds `nr ted purpnsd n` M8; khtgaj wdrd jhtedrdk kur gaj

ted dxmhvhtgnas. [edrd`nrd gt gs odttdr tn tura tn ted sdttbdfdat Bhajwdgbdr-? Bklr Kurda (O_K) gastdhk n`

ted terdd sdttbdfdats ga ]nutedra Bgfourj . Bhajwdg bdr-? gs sgtuhtdk h t =9 lf dhst n` ]gtth rk. [ed mehrmnh b

`rnf tegs sdttbdfdat whs dxhfgadk oy ]mewdgajruodr (]mewdgajruodr 87:=). Ga 54 whstd hssdfobhjds, ed

gkdatg`gdk ted `nbbnwgaj wnnk spdmgds (thobd thlda `rnf ]mewdgajruodr 87:0).



8?? _DB H[G NA] OD[ZDDA ]D[ [BD FDA [] HAK DA PG _N AF DA [

[hobd 8;. Mehrmnhb g'rnf 54 whstd hssdfobhjds `rnf ted BOL sdttbdfdat Bhajwdgbdr-?.

aufodr nc 9 `rdqudamv ga hssdfobh!<ds

`rhjfdats ga % (54 6 899)

Ynfngkdh dxmb. ]nrous (hppbd dtm.) =:= ?: 0:Tbfus sp. (dbf) ;=9 =8 =;Xumrmus sp. (nhl) ?0: 87 =4Mnrybus hvdbbhah (ehzdb) 807 8? ?7@rhxgaus dxmdbsgnr (hse) 8?= 7 ==Yruaus spgansh m . (obhmltenra) ;= = 89

Hmdr sp. (fhpbd) ? 9.8 8

Zd `ddb teht ]mewdgajruodr ehs kdfnastrhtdk mnavgamgajby teht ted mehrmnhb fust ehvd mnfd gakddk

`rnf `grdwnnk. Ed ehs dxhfgadk 49 pgdmds `nr ted prdsdamd n` ùajhb eypehd< tedgr prdsdamd gakgmhtds teht

ted wnnk whs kdhk hak fnubkdrdk weda gt jnt ourat. Fnubkdrdk wnnk mha ehvd odda usdk naby hs

`grdwnnk. 88 n` ted 49 dxhfgadk pgdmds senwdk ùajhb eype hd. Ga vgdw n` ted mnakgt gna ga wegme ted

mehrmnhb ehs odda mnasdrvdk, tegs aufodr gs su``gmgìat tn mnambukd teht ted jrdhtdr phrt n` ted wnnk fust

ehvd odda fnubkdrdk. Odsgkds, ted mehrmnhb `rhjfdats nrgjgahtd phrtby `rnf ynuaj, bgjet orhameds, wegme

hjhga pngats tn `grdwnnk. Gt senubk, enwdvdr, od pngatdk nut kgrdmtby, teht ted bgst n` spdmgds mhaant od

mnfpbdtd, odmhusd mehrmnhb n` sn`t wnnks gs hosdat. [edy mnubk ehvd kgshppdhrdk oy drnsgna. [ed stgbb

gkdat g`ghobd spdmgds hbb ehvd odda noth gadk `rnf ted bnmhb vdjdth tgna< sn ted rdsubts n` ted Gkdatg`gmhtgna hrd

ant ga mnatrhkgmtgna wgte ted gkdh teht ted `grdwnnk ehs h bnmhb nrgjga. [ed wnnks ga qudstgna hrd `rnf ted

Hban-Yhkgna, ted "Mhrpgagna odtubg" nr `rnf sdvdrhb sdrhb sthjds n` tedsd `nrdsts (sdd GGG.; p. =:).

Enwdvdr, ted prnpnrtgn a ga wegme ted spdmgds wdrd `nuak, gs ant ted prnp nrtg na wegme nad wnubk dxpdmt na

ted ohsgs n` ted rdmnastrumtdk vdjdth tgna. Dspdmghbby ted sehrd n` ted jrnup n` ted Ynfngkdh hak Yrua us

spgansh gs dxmdptgnahbby bhrjd (ted Ynfngkdh mnfprgsd hppbd, pdhr hak ehwtenra). ]mewdgajruodr tegals

teht ted egje `rdqudamy mha od dxpbhgadk `rnf h `hr-jngaj kdjrhkhtgna n` ted bnmhb `nrdsts hs h rdsubt n`hjrgmubturd (swgkkda mubtgvhtgna). [edrdoy fha odmhfd gamrdhsgajby kdpdakdat na ted wnnk n` pbhats

wegme odbnaj ga ted kg``drdat sdrhb sthjds n` h rdjdadrhtgaj `nrdst. [ed honvd-fdatgnadk pbhats hak seruos

(wgte ehzdb>) gakddk odbnaj tn sdrhb sthjds. Zd wnakdr, enwdvdr, g` h jdadrhb hak mnfpbdtd kdjrhkhtgna n`

ted `nrdsts gs ted naby pnssgobd dxpbhahtgna. Gt gs dquhbby pnssgobd teht phrts n` `nrdsts wegme wdrd jngaj

ternuje h sdrhb sthjd, wdrd sdbdmtdk `nr jhtedr gaj `grdwnnk. G` ted gkdhs n` Lað rzd r hak Jr ndafha-Pha

Zhhtdrgajd hrd mnrrdmt, ted `grdwnnk fgjet hbsn ehvd mnfd `rnf ted `nrdst dkjds hbnaj ted `gdbks (sdd GP.?

p. 07). [edsd hutenrs hssufd teht ted `gdbks wdrd ga pdrfhadat usd< ga teht mhsd h edkjd-bgld vdjdthtgna

kdvdbnpdk hrnuak ted `gdbks, ga wegme jrdw prdmgsdby tensd pbhats wegme hrd nvdrrdprdsdatdk ga ted

mehrmnhb . @gahbby, gt gs hbsn pnssgobd teht ted gaeh ogthat s n` Bhajwdgbd r-? e hk h prd`drdamd `nr `grdwnnk `rnf

Ynfngkdh. Znnk `rnf tegs jrnup n` pbhats gs fume hpprdmghtdk `nr gts jnnk ouragaj prnpdrtgds

(Enutzhjdrs & Kd Lnagaj 87=5).

[ed honvd mnasgkdrhtgnas sujjdst mhutgna ga hmmdptgaj wgtenut hay rdsdrvhtgna teht ted ourat wnnk ga

Bhajwdgbd r-? jgvds h rdbhtgvdby jdaugad pgmtur d n` ted davgrnagaj `nrdst, g.d. n` h kdjrhkdk kdmgkunus `nrdst.

Gt gs dquhbby pnssgobd teht fha fhkd h mengmd `rnf weht whs bnmhbby hvhgbhobd.

[ed mehrmnhb `gaks `rnf Egdaedgf sujjdst h prd`drdamd `nr nhl-wnnk. Enwdvdr, wd rdmlna wgte ted

pnssgogbgty teh t ted prdkn fga hamd n` nhl-wnnk gs ted rdsubt n` h sdbdmtgvd mnrrnsgna (sdd Hppdakgx GG ). G` t ed

sdbdmtgvd mnrrnsgna ehk gakddk ha dvda strnajdr ga`budamd ga Egdaedgf teha gt fust ehvd ehk ga

Bhajwdgbdr-?, gt gs n` mnursd gfpnssgobd tn krhw mnambusgnas honut h eufha mengmd. ]gamd gt gs ehrkby



_HZ FH[D_GHB] 887

n` Egdaedgf, ahfdby jrhpegtd. @rnf ted phrts n` ted sdttbdfdat wegme wdrd dxmhvhtdk up tn hak gambukgaj

87:9, nur buf psn `tegs fh tdr ghb hrd lanwa. [ed bhrjdst pgdmd, `fk an. =09, fdhs urds;.4 U ?.4 U 8.4 mf<

ted shfd pgdmd gs pgdrmdk ehb`-why ternuje. [ed fhtdrghb whs uaknuotdkby gfpnrtdk< ted adhrmst snurmds

n` jrhpeg td hrd ted sgtds ga ted Yhsshudr PPhbk adh r Yhsshu (Lhppdb 8707 p. ?5 hak ;9 , Ohuodrjdr &

[dusmedr 870; p. 88). Hs ted jrhpegtd `rnf Egdaedgf ehs h mnhrsd tdxturd hak fume jrhpegtd `rnf ted

Yhsshu hrdh sddfs tn od mnhrsd hs wdbb (Lhppd b 8707 p. =5), ted rnml fhy ehvd gakddk mnfd rnf tedsd

snurmds. Enwdvdr, wd ehvd hosnbutdby an prnn` `nr sume ha nrgjga.

[e d bhst mhtdjnry gs mhbbdk f g s m d b b h a d n u s , hak whs gatrnkum dk n` mnursd n` mnvdr hbb fhtdrghbs teht wdrd

ant gambukdk ga ted prdmdkgaj sgx mhtdjnrgds. Ga ted mhsd n` nur sdttbdfdats, gt mnfprgsds twn typds n`

fhtdrghb, ahfdby ona d hak pg tm e.

Onad tnnbs ehvd odda `nuak naby ga Egdaedgf. Hs prdvgnusby fdatgnadk, tegs fhtdrghb ehs kgshppdhrdk

mnfpbdtdby .`rnf te d sdttbdfdats ga ]nuted r Bg fou rj (sdd p. ;;).* Ga ted dxmhvhtgnas u p tn hak

gambukgaj 87:9, ; onad hrtd`hmts, g.d. onads wgte trhmds n` fhau`hmturd, wegme fust odbnaj tn ted BOL

nmmu phtg na, wdrd `nuak ga Egd aed gf. [edy hrd h `rhjfdat n` ha hwb, h `rhjfdat n` ha ualanwa hrtd`hmt

hak twn whstd pgdmds `rnf wegme megps ehvd odda mut. Hmmnrkgaj tn Kr. H.[. Mbhsna, ted `grst nocdmt gs

fh kd `rnf ted bnaj onad n` h sfhbb hagfhb (h seddp, h jnht, nr ha dvda sfhbbdr wgbk hagfhb) . Antega j ht hbb

mha od shgk honut ted ntedr gtdfs (H.[. Mbhsna 87::, pdrsnahb Ga`nrfhtgna). ]gamd, hmmnrkgaj tn Mbhsna,

hbb onads `nuak ga Egdaedgf p rnohoby mnfd `rnf ha gfhbs wegme bgvdk ga ted vgmgagty n` ted sdttbdfdat (sdd

p. ;5), wd hssufm teht ted onad usdk `nr hrtd`hmts whs h bnmhb fhtdrghb. [edrd gs an rdhsna wehtsndvdr tn

hssufd gfpnrt.

[ed pgtme rdfhgas fdatgnadk honvd mha od sdda hs sfhbb obhml mrusts na snfm medrt hrtd`hmts. Zd ehvd

ant dxhfgadk tedsd rdfhgas ga kdthgb. @rnf ted hahbysgs oy @uald gt gs lanwa teht sgfgbhr pgtme trhmds na

Dhrby-Adnbgtegm hrtd`hmts `rnf Hrfdhu (Wnaad, @rhamd) mnasgstdk n` ogrme pgtme (@uald 8707). [egs gs

prnohoby hbsn ted mhsd `nr ted fhtdrghb `rnf Dbsbnn, ]gtthrk, ]tdga hak Egdaedgf. [n nur lanwbdkjd, ogrmepgtme gs ted fnst novgnus pgtme. Ogrmeds wdrd phrt n` ted bnmhb kdmgkunus `nrdst ht ted tgfd n` ted BOL,

hbtenuje tedy wdrd ant prdknfgahat. [ed pgtme mha mdrthgaby ehvd odda wna `rnf bnmhb ogrme-ohrl.

_HZ FH[D_GHB]< H ]T_PDW

Ga ted honvd wd kgsmussdk fhgaby tensd rhw fhtdrghbs wegme wd lanw `nr mdrthga tn ehvd odda usdk oy ted

gaehogthats n` ted sdttbdfdats. [edy mnasgst n` terdd lgaks n` ougbkgaj fhtdrghb, ahfdby wnnk, bnhf hak

sfhbb pbhat rdfhgas, hs wdbb hs twdbvd typds n` fhtdrghb `nr fnogbd jnnks, ahfdby mbhy (nr bnhf), shak,

medrt, hfpegonbgtd, ohshbt, khrl jrdy quhrtzgtd (nr bykgtd), shakstnad (nr quhrtzgtgm shakstnad hak

quhrtzgtd), h mhtdjnry teht fust od kdsmrgodk hs "fgsmdbbhadnus rnmls" (wegme hbsn gambukds ted rhw

fhtdrghbs `nr hkzds ntedr teha hfpegonbgtd, ohshbt nr khrl jrdy quhrtzgtd), edfhtgtd, jrhpegtd, onad hak

pgtme. Yrnohoby ted bnhf bgstdk hs h ougbkgaj fhtdrghb gs ted shfd mbhy usdk `nr fnogbd jnnks, teht gs `nr

pnttdry. [egs whs ted mhsd ga hay dvdat g` ted pnttdry gakddk whs fhkd n` bndss. Zd te da ehvd `nurtdda typds

n` rhw fhtdrghb. N` tedsd `nurtdda, twn hrd prdsdat dxmbusgvdby ga Dbsbnn, ]tdga hak ]gtthrk, ahfdby ohshbt

hak khrl jrdy quhrtzgtd nr bykgtd. Nad rhw fhtdrghb gs rdstrgmtdk tn Egdaedgf, ahfdby jrhpegtd. [eus ted

* Gt fust od fdatgnadk teht nam onad hrtd`hmt gs lanwa `rnf ted mdfdtdry n` Dbsbnn. Ga jrhvd :8 ted pngat n` h onad addkgd nr hwbwhs nuak (Fnkkdrfha 87:9 p. 4:).



8?9 _D BH[ GNA ] OD[PPDDA ]D [[ BDF DA[ ] HAK DA PG _N AF DA [

sdttbdfdats ehvd dbdvda rhw fhtdrghbs gf mnffna, wegme knds ant fdha teht ted rhw fhtdrghbs hrd

gkdatgmhb ga hbb `nur sdttbdfdats. [egs gs trud, enwdvdr, hs `hr hs Dbsbnn, ]tdga hak ]gtthrk hrd mnamdradk.

[ed gaehogthats n` tedsd terdd sdttbdfdats usdk dxhmtby ted shfd rhw fhtdrghbs. Zd lanw n` an fhtdrghb

teht whs usdk dxmbusgvdby ga nad nr twn n` tedsd sdttbdfdats hak, pdrehps wgte ted dxmdptgna n` edfhtgtd,

wd ehvd sdda an quhatgt htgv d kg``drdamds. [ ed r hw fhtdrgh bs ga Egdaedgf hrd ant dxhmtby ted shfd hs tensd

ga ]nutedra Bgfourj, ht bdhst ant ted fgadrhb fhtdrghbs eut tedy hrd hbwhys dqugvhbdats. [ed

kg``drdamm odtwdda Dbsbnn, ]tdga hak ]gtthrk na ted nad ehak hak Egdaedgf na ted ntedr ehak gakg-

mhtds teht ted rhw fhtdrghbs ehvd h kg``drdat nrgjga. Hs ted twn sdttbdfdat hrdhs hrd bnmhtmk 499 lf

hphrt, wd ehk n` mnursd dxpdmtdk tegs rdsubt n` ted rhw fhtdrghb hahbysgs. Dbsbnn, ]tdga hak ]gtthrk hrd

vdry mbnsd tnjdtedr. [ed bnajmst kgsthamd odtwdda tedf, teht odtwdda Dbsbnn hak ]gtthrk gs 5 lf. Gt gs

pnssgobd teht tedsd sdttbdfdats gakddk sehrdk snurmds n` rhw fhtdrghb, hbtenuje ted `hmt teht ted rhw

fhtdrghbs n` Dbsbnn, ]gtthrk hak ]tdga hrd gakgstgajugsehobd knds ant admdsshrgby gfpby teht ted snurmds n`

ted rhw fhtdrghbs wdrd dxhmtby ted shfd. G t gs pnssgobd teht ted gaehogt hats kgk nothga mdrthga r hw fhtdrgh bs

`rnf kg``drdat snurmds out teht wd hrd uahobd tn kdfnastrhtd hay kg``drdamd odtwdda tedsd fhtdrghbs. Gt gs

gfpnssgobd `nr dxhfpbd tn httrgoutd gakgvgkuhb rnmls tn spdmg`gm jrhvdb ohrs n` ted Fhhs.[ed sthrtgaj pngat n` nur stuky ehs hbwhys odda teht ted gaehogthats n` ted BOL sdttbdfdats trgdk tn

nothga tedgr rhw fhtdrghbs hs mbnsd tn enfd hs pnssgobd. Nur `fkgajs kn ant mnatrhkgmt nur sthrtgaj pngat. 88

sddfs ht prdsdat teht ted snurmd n` fnst n` ted rhw fhtdrghbs whs ga ted gffdkghtd vgmgagty n` ted

sdttbdfdats. Naby twn rhw fhtdrghbs mbdhrby kn ant ùb`gbb ted dxpdmtdk phttdra. [ed `grst gs rnml `nr hkzds nr

ted hkzds tedfsdbvds. Hpphrdatby tedsd hrtd`hmts ehk tn fddt sume egje sthakhrks teht bnmhb fhtdrghb, wgte

h `dw dxmdptgnas, whs ant sugthobd. [ed sdmnak gs phgat. Yhgats hrd hbsn ant bnmhbby hvhgbhobd. Odmhusd ted

hfpegonbg td hak ohsh bt `nr hkzds hs wdbb hs ted edfht gtd hak jrhpeg td `nr phgats mnubk ant od `nuak dvda

wgtega h rhkgus n` =9 lf, teht gs ted hrdh teht mha od vgsgtdk wgtega nad khy, wd rd`dr tn tedsd fhtdrghbs hs

gfpnrts. Zd rd`rhga `rnf fhlgaj hssufptgnas honut ted mnursd n` dvdats wgte rdspdmt tn tegs 'gfpnrt".

Odsgkds hkzds hak phgat, ntedr "`nrdgja" nocdmts hbsn `nuak tedgr why gatn ted sdttbdfdats, sume hs ted"Bgfourjdr" mdrhfgms n` Dbsbnn hak ]tdga (Fnkkdrfha 87:9 p. 8;?).

[ed medrt suppby gs sgtuhtdk odtwdda bnmhb hak gfpnrt. [edrd hrd an gakgmhtgnas teht ted fhcnrgty n`

tegs rhw fhtdrghb nrgjgahtdk ga ted gffdkghtd vgmgagty n` ted sdttbdfdats, out ted rnml mha od rdhmedk

wgtega nad khy, ht bdhst `rnf ted vgdwpngat n` ted jdnjrhpegmhb sgtuhtgna. Zd kn ant lanw wedtedr ntedr

pnpubhtgna jrnups fhkd kgrdmt hmmdss tn ted medrt snurmds gfpnssgobd. H sgfgbhr rdsdrvhtgna hbsn enbks `nr

ted rhw fhtdrghbs prdsdat wgtega h rhkgus n` 89 lf. Hs wgbb om sdda ga mehptdr P, gt gs ant bgldby teht ted

jrhvdb ohrs n` ted Fhhs, `nr gasthamd, wedrd sn fume rnml fust ehvd mnfd `rnf, wdrd gambukdk wgtega ted

rdhb tdrrgtnry n` ]gtthrk nr dvda Dbsbnn. ]ume mnasgkdrhtgnas, enwdvdr, bdhk us gatn ted `gdbk n` snmghb

mnathmts, wegme `hbb nutsgkd ted smnpd n` tegs stuky.

Zd ehvd ted gfprdssgna teht ted sgtuhtgna hs kdsmrgodk ga ted prdmdkgaj phr hjr hpes gs jdadrhbby vhbgk `nr

BOL sdttbdfdats, out tegs mhaant od fnrd teha ha gfprdssgna hs ydt odmhusd wd kn ant ehvd ht nur kgspnshb

danuje khth `nr ntedr sdttbdfdats. Gt wnubk od gatdrdstgaj `nr gasthamd tn gavdstgjhtd wedrd ted rhw

fhtdrghbs `nr ted qudras , ted medr t hrtd`hmts hak ted hkzds ga h bhrjd aufodr n` sdttbdfdats mhfd `rnf. Zd

prdsufd teht `nr dhme n` tedsd terdd mhtdjnrgds tedrd wgbb od kg``drdamds ga ted kgsthamd odtwdda ted

sdttbdfdat hak ted pbhmd n` nrgjga. [ed rdhsna gs teht wd tegal teht fhtdrghbs `nr qudras wdrd trhaspnrtdk

naby nvdr senrt kgsthamds, medrt nvdr fdk guf kgsthamds, hak hfpegonbgt d `nr hkzds nvdr bnaj kgsthamds. Zd

enpd teht gt wgbb od pnssgobd ga ted ùturd tn tdst tegs fnkdb na ted ohsgs n` fhay nosdrvhtgnas.



GA@BTDAMD N@ GAEHOG[HA[] NA DAPG_NAFDA[ 8?=

mrdkgobd teht hbfnst naby nhl-wnnk whs ourat, gt gs odtt dr tn rd`rhga `rnf ùrtedr mnffdat.

Ta`nrtuahtdby an fnrd hahbysds n` mehrmnhb hssdfobhjds `rnf BOL sdttbdfdats hrd hvhgbhobd, sn teht gt

gs gfpnssgobd tn cukjd weht ted rdhb mnursd n` h b hgrs whs. Odsgkds, gt gs knuotùb wed tedr t ed `grdwnnk

qudstgna wgbb dvdr od snbvdk mnfpbdtdby. [ed gavdstgjhtgna wgbb od ehfpdrdk ga fhay pbhmds oy ted

nmmurrdamd n` sdbdmtgvd mnrrnsgna, sgamd ted bhttdr gs rdbhtdk tn ted typd n` sngb na wegme ted sdttbdfdats wdrd

ougbt. [ed mbuvghtgna n` mbhy phrtgmbds `rnf ted bndss hak ted suosdqudat gbbuvghtgna n` tedsd phrtgmbds gatn

ted mehrmnhb fhy bdhk tn ted tnthb kdstrumtgna n` ted strumturd n` ted mehrmnhb phrtgmbds. H mnfpbdtd

quhatgthtgvd gavdstgjhtgna gs gfpnssgobd ga sume mhsds. Ht ted fnst, ted kg``drdat lgaks n` rdsgsthat mehrmnhb

mha od mnfphrdk wgte dhme ntedr ga ted why gt whs knad ga Bhajwdgbdr-?.

G P . 0 [ E D G A @ B T D A M D N @ [ E D G A E H O G [ H A [ ] N @ [ E D ] D [ [ B D F D A [ ] N A

[ E D G _ D A P G _ N A F D A [

[ed gaehogthats n` Dbsbnn, ]tdga, ]gtthrk hak Egdaedgf uakdrtnnl fhay hmtgvgtgds ga tedgr davgrnafdat.

Zd ehvd odda hobd tn rdmnastrumt h aufodr n` tedf. [ed fnst gfpnrthat n` tedsd hrd3 `dgbgaj trdds, bhygaj

nut `gdbks, `ddkgaj mhttbd hak jhtemrgaj rnmls. [ed hmtgvgtgds uaknuotdkby mehajdk ted surrnuakgajs

n` ted sdttbdfdats. Gt fhy od hsldk enw rgjnrnus ted mehajds wdrd. Hantedr, rdbhtdk qudstgna gs

wedtedr hak tn weht dxtdat bg`d ga ted sdttbdfdats whs ga`budamdk oy ted mehajds ornujet honut oy fha.

Ga mehptdr GGG ted davgrnafdat whs kgvgkdk gatn `gvd mnfpnadats, ahfdby mbgfhtd, suostrhtd,

vdjdthtgna, `huah hak adgjeonurgaj pnpubhtgnas. Zd sehbb bdhvd ted bhst mnfpnadat nut n` mnasgkdrhtgna.

N` mnursd ted gaehogthats n` h sdttbdfdat mha dxdrt ha ga`budamd na ted dxgstdamd n` ntedr pdnpbd, out wd kn

ant mnasgkdr nursdbvds mnfpdtdat tn kgsmuss ted hmtgvgtgds mnamdradk. [eus, `nur mnfpnadats rdfhga tn od

kdhbt wgte. [ed nrkdr n` mehptdr GGG wgbb ant od `nbgnwdk3 ted ga`budamd n` fha na ted vdjdthtgna wgbb od

kdhbt wgte `grst, odmhusd ga nur npgagna ted ga`budamd na tegs davgrnafdathb mnfpnadat whs ted fnstgfpnrthat nad.

[ed ahturhb vdjdthtgna su``drdk `rnf hbfnst hbb hmtgvgtgds n` ted gaehogthats n`-ted sdttbdfdats. Gt fust

ehvd odda rdfnvdk `nr ted `gdbks, gt sdrvdk hs `nnk `nr ted mhttbd, gt prnvgkdk rhw fhtdrghbs hak gt sdrvdk hs

ùdb. Zd mhaant gfhjgad teht ted `nrdsts wegme wd ehvd rdmnast rumtdk ga G G 8.;, wdrd ant h``dmtdk oy tegs

dxpbngthtgna. Enwdvdr, ted d``dmt fhy ehvd odda kg``drdat ga ted kgstgamt bhaksmhpd uagts hs sehbb od

dxpbhgadk ga ted `nbbnwgaj.

Ga GP.? h bnmhtgna n` ted `gdbks ga ted bndss bhaksmhpds nr ga ted ant tnn wdt phrts n` ted rgvdr-vhbbdys whs

sujjdstdk. G` ted `gdbks wdrd gakddk bhgk nut ga tedsd bhaksmhpds, gt gs edrd teht ted bhrjdst mbdhrgajs

nmmurrdk. [ed rdhb mbdhrgajs hpphrdatby rmfhgadk n` sfhbb sgzd, sgamd ted kdfnastrhtmk wddk `bnrh pngats

tn nvdrsehknwdk `gdbks (sdd GP.? p. 05). Gt kdpdaks na ted hjrgmubturhb fdtenks weht ehppdas tn sume`gdbks. ted sfhbb mbdhrgajs fhy rdfhga npda `nr h bnaj tgfd nr, na ted ntedr eh ak, h`tdr ho hakna fdat, od

nvdrjrnwa qugmlby. [eht gs wey kg``drdat sujjdstgnas mha od ornujet `nrwhrk hs tn ted dvdatuhb d``dmt n`

ted `gdbks na ted vdjdthtgna. G` ted `gdbks wdrd ga pdr fha dat usd, wegme Laðr zdr hak Jrn dafha-P ha

Zhhtdrgajd sujjdst ga nur mhsd (sdd GP.? p. 07), teda ted `nrdst wnubk `nr h bnaj tgfd rdthga ted hspdmt n` h

thbb kdmgkunus `nrdst wgte sfhbb mbdhrgajs, wedrd ted sua mha pdadtrhtd tn ted jrnuak. H spdmg`gm, edkjd-òld

vdjdthtgna kdvdbnps na ted onuakhry n` ted `gdbks hak ted `nrdst. G`, na ted mnatrhry, ted `gdbks hrd usdk `nr h

senrt tgfd naby, teda ted `nrdst mha rd-dsthobgse gtsdb`. Hs ehs odda fdat gnadk ga GGG .; , ted spddk ht wegme h

`nrdst rdjdadrhtds, kdpdaks na ted ahturd n` ted muttgaj hmtgvgtgds (GGG.; p. =:). Bhygaj nut sfhbb `gdbks



8?; _DBH[GN A] OD[ZDDA ]D[[BDFDA[] HAK DAPG_NAFDA [

mnubk od mnfph rdk wgte pht memutt gaj , teht gs, ted ehrvdst n` bnmhb jrnups n` trdds wegbd bdhvgaj h bhrjd hrdh

n` uamut `nrdst hrnuak tedf. Hmmnrkgaj tn Enra, tegs fdtenk rdsubts ga ted `hstdst pnssgobd rdtura n` ted

nrgjgahb vdjdthtgna (Enra 87:4). Enwdvdr, gt kdpdaks na ted bdajte n` ted `hbbnw pdrgnk wedtedr ted

nrgjgahb kdmgkunus `nrdst mha rd-dsthobgse gtsdb` mnfpbdtdby. G`, ahfdby, ted sdrhb sthjds hrd hbsn mut `nr adw

`gdbks, h tnthb rdjdadrhtgna mhaant nmmur, ted ahturhb vdjdthtgna odgaj rdpbhmdk ga ted bnaj rua oy

sdmnakhry jrnwte, g.d. oy nad nr sdvdrhb sdrhb sthjds. Dvda ted sthjd n` h sdmnakhry jrnwte n` seruos hak

trdds fhy ant od rdhmedk g` ted hohaknad k `gdbks hrd usdk `nr ted gatdasgvd jrhzgaj n` mhtt bd. [e d bhaksmhpd

mehajds ga sume mhsds gatn h phrl bhaksmhpd n` jrhzgaj bhak wgte snfd thbb trdds, wegme wdrd sphrdk weda

ted `gdbks wdrd bhgk nut, hak wgte seruos wegme hrd ant dhtda oy mhttbd. Gt gs ant ht ted fnfdat pnssgobd tn

mennsd odtwdda ted honvd-fdatg nadk pnssgogbgtgds, hbtenuje gt gs uabgldby teh t ted sthjd n` h phrl bhaksmhpd

whs rdhmedk (sdd hbsn GP.; p . 50).

[ed jrhzgaj n` mhttbd na hohaknadk `gdbks ehs odda fdatgnadk, out `gdbks hrd ant ted naby pnssgobd

jrhzgaj jrnuaks. Ga GP.? rd`drdamd whs fhkd tn mbdhrgajs ga ted wdttdr phrts n` ted rgvdr-vhbbdys.

Fnrdnvdr, ted mhttbd pdrehps rdmdgvdk hkkgtgnahb `ddkgaj n` trdd `nbghjd, sume hs dbf-bdhvds. [ed dbf whs

phrt n` `nrdsts na rgmedr bnhf sngbs hak fnrd prdmgsdby n` ted "Mhrpgagna odtubg" kdsmrgodk ga GGG.;, hak n`

ted Hban-Yhkgna. Gt gs tn od dxpdmtdk teht, jgvda ted mnfpnsgtgna n` ted prdsdat `nrdsts wegme odbnaj tn

tedsd jrnups, ted dbf whs dspdmghbby mnffna ga ted Hban-Yhkgna hak tedrd`nrd ga ted rgvdr-vhbbdys. [ed

prdsdamd n` h rhtedr egje pdrmdathjd n` dbf pnbbda ga ted pnbbda kghjrhfs n` Fhhsdgl hak n` ted

Edgbgjdasthktdr Fnns gakgmhtds teht dbf whs gakddk houakhat ga ted bhrjd rgvdr-vhbbdys, ht bdhst ga ted

odjgaagaj (sdd GGG.; p. =0 hak p. ;=). Enwdvdr, ted kghjrhfs `rnf ted sfhbbdr vhbbdys ga ]nutedra

Bgfourj senw surprgzgajby bgttbd dbf (GGG.; p. =9) hak gts sehrd ga ted vdjdthtgna edrd gs uambdhr. Odsgkds,

ted gfpnrthamd n` ted rnbd n` ted dbf ga ted dmnanfy n` ted sdttbdfdats mhaant ydt od dstgfhtdk dgtedr. H

`grst gakgmhtgna mnubk bgd ga ted nosdrvhtgna, teht ted dbf ga ted Edgbgjdasthktdr Fnns gs rdkumdk ga aufodrs

ht h tgfd mngamgkgaj wgte ted prdsdamd n` h BOL sdttbdfdat ga Egdaedgf. [n weht dxtdat tedrd gs qudstgna

n` h rdhb mnrrmbhtgna mhaant, ht ted fnfdat, od dsthobgsedk. Zd rd`dr tn GP.? p. :0 `nr ted kgsmussgna. Gtfhy od surfgsdk teht rgvdr-vhbbdys ehk h spdmg`gm gfpnrthamd `nr mhttbd-orddkdrs, sn teht ant naby ted

vdjdthtgna ga ted bndss bhaksmhpd hak ted kry ph rts n` ted vhbbdys, out hbsn ted vdjdthtgna n` ted wdt j rnuaks

hbnaj ted rgvdrs wgbb ehvd uakdrjnad mehajd ht ted ehaks n` ted gaehogthats n` ted sdttbdfdats.

Hs wnnk whs ha gfpnrthat rhw fhtdrghb, wegme whs addkdk ga bhrjd quhatgtgds, ted mnasufptgna n`

wnnk fust hbsn ehvd bd`t trhmds ga ted vdjdthtgna (sdd GP.; p. 50). [ed snurmd n` ted wnnk mhaant od

bnmhtdk `nr mdrthga, out odmhusd n` ted oubly fhss n` trdd-truals, h fhcnr phrt n` ted mnastrumtgnahb

fhtdrghb wgbb uaknuotdkby ehvd mnfd `rnf ted kgrdmt surrnuakgajs n` ted sdttbdfdats. Jgvda ted pnsgtgna

n` ted sdttbdfdats, tegs fdhas teht ted mnastrumtgnahb fhtdrghb whs suppbgdk prgfhrgby oy ted bndss

bhaksmhpd hak ga ted sdmnak pbhmd oy ted strdhf-vhbbdys (`nr ted bnmhtgna n` ted sdttbdfdats sdd `gjurd ?, =,

80 hak 8:). [n h mdrthga dxtdat wnnk wgbb ehvd odmnfd hvhgb hobd oy bhygaj nut `gdbks, out ted gfp nrt ham d

n` tegs sehrd rdfhgas spdmubhtgvd.

[ed dxtrdfdby smhrmd khth na `grdwnnk fhld gt gfpnssgobd tn shy wegme wnnk-bhaks wdrd usdk `nr teht

purpnsd. Hs `grdwnnk gs mbufsy tn eha kbd , wd tegal teht ted fhtd rghb whs `dtmedk prd`drhoby `rnf ted

vgmgagty n` ted sdttbdfdat.

Gt gs dvgkdat `rnf ted honvd teht bgttbd gs lanwa mnamdragaj ted ahturd hak dspdmghbby mnamdragaj ted

gfp nrt hamd n` ted d``dmt teht ted prdsdamd n` sdttbdfdats ehk na ted ahturh b vdjdthtgna . [ed gfp hmt gs bgldby

tn ehvd odda ted jrdhtdst ga ted kgrdmt surrnuakgajs n` ted sdttbdfdats bdssdagaj hs ted kgsthamd gamrdhsdk.

]gamd ted surrnuakgajs n` ted sdttbdfdats wdrd phrt n` ted bndss bhaksmhpds hak hbsn, tenuje tn h bdssdr



GA@BTDAMD N@ GAEHOG[HA[] NA DAPG_NAFDA[ 8?4

dxtmat, n` ted rgvdr-vhbbdy bhaksmhpds (sdm hbsn P), ted vdjdthtgnas tedrd wnubk ehvd dxpdrgmamdk ted

jrdhtdst ga`budamm n` eufha hmtgvgtgds. [ed ntedr bhaksmhpd uagts kgstgajugsemk ga GGG.= wdrd sgtuhtdk ht h

jrdhtdr kgsthamd `rnf ted sdttbdfdats< prnohoby tedy wdrd ant h``dmtdk nr ehrkby sn. Enwdvdr, wd mha out

judss ga nur mnasgkdrhtgnas mnamdragaj ted ga`budamd na ted vdjdthtgna, odmhusd tegs ga`budamd ehs advdr

odda fdhsurdk mnavgamgajby. Hs sthtdk ga GP.? p. 07, ted prdsdamd n` `gdbks, `nr dxhfpbd, mhaant odnosdrvdk ga ted pnbbda kghjrhfs `rnf ted hrdhs wegme wd stukgdk. [egs fhy od kud tn ted `hmt teht ted

hpprnprghtd kghjrhfs mhfd `rnf pbhmds wegme hrd tnn `hr hwhy `rnf ted BOL sdttbdfdat hrdhs. Gt gs hbsn

pnssgobd teht ted gatdr`drdamd whs tnn sfhbb tn om fdhsurdk wgte ted prdsdat tdmeagquds. Enwdvdr, nad

tegaj gs mdrthga, ahfdby teht ted ga`budamd n` nmmuphtgna advdr bdk tn h mnfpbdtd kd`nrdsthtgna. Fhay trdds

fust ehvd rdfhgamk, hbsn ga ted bhst pehsds n` ted nmmuphtgna egstnry. Zd rdbdr tn GP.; p. 5: `nr nur

hrjufdats.

[ed vdjdthtgna ehs odda kgsmussdk `grst, odmhusd tegs whs prnohoby ted davgrnafdathb mnfpnadat, na

wegme ted ga`budamd whs ted jrdhtdst hak ted fnst kgrdmt. [ed ga`budamd na ted rdfhgagaj mnfpnadats gs

rdbhtdk bhrjdby tn mehajds ga ted vdjdthtgna.

[ed ga`budamd na ted mbgfhtd mha ehvd odda out vdry fnkdst. Mnamdragaj ted pnwdr n` fha tn ga`budamdted mbgfhtd , [en ratewh gtd ehs wrgttda < " . . . . f ha' s jrdhtdst pntdatghbgtgds ga meha jgaj ted mbgfhtd bgd ga

mehaj gaj ted mehrhmtdrgstgms n` ted dhrte' s sur`hmd nvdr h mnasgkdrhobd kgs thamd. Jdadrhbby ted ga`budamd n`

fha upna mbgfhtd gs kgspbhydk nvdr anrfhbby sfhbb hrdhs wedrd snfd novgnus mehajd ehs odda fhkd na

ted sur`hmd." ([e nra tew hgt d 8740 p. 405). Zd ddb teht tegs sthtdfdat gs mdrthgaby hppbgmho bd tn sgtuhtgnas

ga ted phst. [ed fnst gfpnrt hat mehajd wegme ted gaehog thats n` ted BOL sdttbdfdats mhusdk tn ted dh rte's

sur`hmd, whs ted rdfnvhb n` vdjdthtgna. [ed gfpnrthamd n` tegs prnmdss whs uabgldby tn od sume teht gt mnubk

orgaj honut mehajds ga ted mbgfhtd. [ed prnmdss ht ted fnst ga`budamdk ted fgmrn-mbgfhtm h bgttbd. Hs h

pnssgobd d``dmt, nad mnubk tegal n` ted bnmhb kgshppdhrhamd n` h wgak ordhl.

[ed gfphmt n` fha na ted suostrhtd mha thld sdvdrhb sehpds. Mehajds ga eykrnbnjy, rdbgd` hak sngb fhy

om fdatgnadk. [ed muttgaj n` trdds hak ted bhygaj nut n` `gdbks mha od ted odjgaagaj n` kd`nrdsthtgna hak, hs

whs hrjudk ga GGG.= p. 87, kd`nrdsthtgna ehs h prn`nuak d` dmt na ted eykrnbnjy. [e d ruan``gamrdhsds h`tdr

kd`nrdsthtgna, dspdmghbby ga ted suffdr sdhsna, wegme fhlds ted kgsmehrjd n` whtdrmnursds fnrd grrdjubhr.

Zd `ddb, enwdvdr, teht hbsn ga tegs rdspdmt ted rdfnvhb n` vdjdthtgna oy ted gaehogthats n` BOL sdttbdfdats

whs ant dxtdasgvd danuje tn ehvd fume ga`budamd. [edrd mha od an qudstgna n` bhrjd smhbd kd`nrdsthtgna

hak ted d`gdmt na ted tnthb eykrnbnjy wgbb tedrd`nrd ehvd odda fgagfhb.

[ed rdbgd` fhy mehajd hs h rdsubt n` ted drnsgna gakumdk oy fha. Fha egfsdb` hmts hs ha drnkgaj hjdat

weda ed rdfnvds rnmls `rnf tedgr nrgjgahb mnatdxt. Hs ted gaehogthats n` ted sdttbdfdats kgk gakddk

kgspbhmd rnmls, tedy mehajdk ted dxgstgaj sgtuh tgna, out ted quhatg tgds teht wdrd `nuak n` ted kg``drdat rnmls

ga ted sdttbdfdats, hrd rdbhtgvdby sfhbb. [ed d``dmt n`, `nr dxhfpbd, bnhf kgjjgaj hak quhrrygaj na ted rdbgd`

fust tedrd`nrd ehvd odda adjejdhobd. Ha gakgrdmt d`gdmt na ted rdbgd` nmmurs oy sngb drnsgna hs h rdsubt n`

kd`nrdsthtgna. Hbtenuje ted kdstrumtgna n` ted vdjdthtgna knds ant sddf tn ehvd odda gf pnrt hat kurgaj ted

BOL nmmuphtgna, gt hppmhrs teht advdrtedbdss snfd drnsgna whs hbrdhky prdsdat ga tegs pdrgnk. Zd rdfgak

ted rdhkdr n` ted nosdrvhtgna oy Pha kd Zdtdrgaj, wen ga Egdaedgf `nuak h pgt, wegme ehk odda kuj

ternuje h bhydr n` kgspbhmdk bndss (mnbbuvguf) (GGG.= p. ?4). Egs mnambusgna gs teht ted drnsgna hak ted

mnbeahtgna rdsubtgaj tedrd`rnf fust ehvd sthrtdk hbrdhky od`nrd nr kurgaj ted BOL nmmuphtgna. Gt gs

pn.ssgobd teht ted drnsgna ga qudstgna whs ga `hmt mhusdk oy ha dvdat wegme tnnl pbhmd od`nrd ted `nuakhtgna

n` ted BOL sdttbdfdats. Gt gs fnrd bgldby, enwdvdr, teht ted mnbbuvghtgna nmmurrmk kurgaj ted nmmuphtgna,

`nr gasthamd hs h rdsubt n` ted kdvdbnpfdat n` phtes. N` mnursd ted d`gdmt fhy ehvd odda rdstrgmtdk tn ted sgtd



8?0 _DBH[GNA] OD[ZDDA ]D[[BDFDA[] HAK DAPG_NAFDA[

gtsdb`. [ed qudstgna gs vdry fume we dtedr ted prnmdss hbrdhky dxdrtdk h rdhb ga`budamd na ted rdbgd`.

[ed ga`budamd n` fha na ted sngb mha mnasgst n` h mehajd n` ted sngb prn`gbd oy fdmehagmhb prnmdssds (d.j.

ted drnsgna rd`drrdk tn), hs wmbb hs n` h mehajd hs ted rdsubt n` ted dxtrhmtgna nr hkkgtgna n` mdrthga

suosthamds. [ed mubtgvhtgna n` pbhats fhy gfpnvdrgse ted sngbs usdk. Ga GP.? p. :8 ted pnssgogbgty n` ha

dxehustgna n` hjrgmubturhb sngbs ehs hbrdhky odda fdatgnadk, odmhusd t ed prnmdss ga`budamds ted ygdbk n` ted`gdbks. Ta`nrtuahtdby wd lanw antegaj honut ted dxtdat n` dxehustgna nr honut ted fhaurgaj tn

mnuatdrhmt gt. Nur npgagna gs teht tgbbgaj ted bhak kgk orgaj honut snfd mehajds n` ted sngb. [ed d``dmts

prnohoby rdfhgadk rdstrgmtdk tn tensd bhaksmhpds wedrd ted sngb whs gakddk tgbbdk. Hs `nr ted ntedr

bhak.smhpd uagts, wd mha gfhjgad an ga`budamd na ted sngb teht gs wnrte fdatgnagaj, Hantedr mhsd n`

ga`budamd na ted sngb gs ted d``dmt n` fha na ted sngb ga ted sdttbdfdat gtsdb` [ed whstd kdpnsgtdk tedrd

uaknuotdkby ehk h `drtgbgzgaj d``dmt. Ga ted vdry `grst pbhmd ha gamrdhsd ga ted mnatdats n` penspenrus,

agtrnjda, mhrona hak mhbmguf fhy od mnasgkdrdk (Mnnl & Edgzdr 8704), out ted dxtdat n` hmmufubht gna n`

tedsd suosthamds mha an bnajdr od dsthobgsedk. Ant naby wdrd ted sdttbdfdat hrdhs nmmupgdk h`tdr ted BOL

pdrgnk, ou t tedy hrd hbsn suocdmt tn seddtdrnsgna hak bdhmegaj. [ed `gbbgaj n` pgts, `nuakhtgna trdameds, pnst-

enbds hak jenst-pnsts (g.d. ted fhrls bd`t oy ted pnsts tedfsdbvds) gs mnasgkdrdk snfdtgfds hs h rdbgm n` ted

nrgjgahb sngb, ou t tegs gs gamnrrdmt. [ ed `gbbgaj n` ted pgts gs ga `hmt sngb fgxdk wg te h bhrjd quhat gty n` whstd. Ga

hkkgtgna tn fhtdrghb `rnf ted enusd-`bnnrs, ted jenst-pnsts mdrthgaby hbsn mnathga rdfhgas n` ted wnnkda

pnsts tedfsdbvds (ted sehpd n` ted jenst-pnsts prnfpts ted hssufptgna, teht ted pnsts nr pnst-stufps rnttdk

ga ted jrnuak, sdd G P.; p . 5;). [ed `gbbgaj n` ted pnst-enbds hak `nuakhtgna trdameds fgjet pnssgoby prnvgkd

ted fnst rdbghobd fdhsurdfdats, out ted mnamdatrhtgna n` penspehtd, `nr dxhfpbd, fust stgbb ehvd odda

ga`budamdk oy ted bhtdr nmmuphtgna. Enwdvdr, ted mnbnur n` ted `gbbgaj n` pnst-enbds hak `nuakhtgna

trdameds fhlds gt mbdhr ga nad mhsd, teht pnbbutgna gamrdhsdk ga ted mnursd n` tgfd3 ht h pbhmd wedrd kg``drdat

enusd-pbhas gatdrsdmt ga Egdaedgf, ted mnbnur n` ted nbkdr sngb trhmds gs bgjetdr teha teht n` ted bhtdr nads

(Fnkkdrfha ga prdss).

Ga GG 8.4 ted rdbhtgnasegp odtwdda ted vdjdthtgna hak ted `huah whs fdatgnadk3 edrd ted dfpehsgs whs

pbhmdk na ted kg``drdamd ga jhfd pnpubhtgna odtwdda h kdasd hak ha npda vdjdthtgna. [ed jhfd pnpubhtgna

gamrdhsds hs h bhaksmhpd senws fnrd mbdhrgajs, Mnasdqudatby, hs h rdsubt n` `dgbgaj trdds hak bhygaj nut `gdbks

ga h `nrdst, ted kddr pnpubhtgna, `nr dxhfpbd, fh y ehvd gamrdhsdk, pdrehps dvda tn sume ha dxtdat hs tn

mhusd h augshamd tn hjrgmubturd. Gt gs pnssgobd t eht ted khfhjd tn ted drnp bdk tn ha gatdasg`gmhtgna n` ted

euatgaj. Ta`nrtuahtdby ted khth na euatgaj hrd `hr `rnf su``gmgìat tn haswdr ted qudstgna wedtedr euatga j

odmhfd fnrd gfpnrthat ga ted mnursd n` ted nmmuphtgna pdrgnk. Ga ted hrdh wedrd ted fnst ehs odmnfd

lanwa honut hagfhb rdfhgas, ahfdby Mdatrhb Jdrfhay, ha gamrdhsd n` ted euatgaj mnubk ant od

kdfnast rhtdk (Fubbdr 870; p. 08). Jgvda ted bnw pdrmdathjds n` wgbk hagfhbs h fnaj t ed dxmhvhtdk onads,

euatgaj advdr odmhfd rdhbby gfpnrthat (sdd GP.? p. :;). Zedtedr fha whs, ht tegs pngat, ha gastrufdat

ga ted dxtdrfgaht gna n` mdrthga hag fhb spdmgds ga egs surrnuakgajs gs dquhbby kg``gmubt tn kdtdrfgad.

Ga mnambusgna, gt fhy od shgk teht bgttbd gs lanwa hon ut ted ga`budamd n` ted gaeh ogthat s n` Dbsbnn, ]tdga,]gtthrk ha k Egdaedgf na tedgr davgrnafdat. [ed prgamgp hb kgrdmt ga`budamd whs fnst prnohoby dxdrtdk na

ted vdjdthtgna, dspdmghbby na teht n` ted bndss hak ted strdhf-vhbbdys. [ed bhml n` gasgjet ga ted mehajds n`

ted davgrnafdat fhlds gt gfpnssgobd tn shy haytegaj honut ted prnobdfs wegme tedsd mehajds fgjet ehvd

dvnldk. [ed kgshppdhrhamd n` ted BOL pnpubhtgna `rnf ]nutedra Bgfourj gs snfdtgfds rdbhtdk tn

davgrnafdathb prnobdfs. [egs hrdh, wegme stgbb mnuatdk h bhrjd aufodr n` sdttbdfdats ga pehsd bgk (sdd

thobd = na p. 49), sddfs tn ehvd odda hohaknadk rhtedr sukkdaby. [ed sdttbdfdats ga weht gs anw

Odbjguf, snute-wdst n` ted hrdh wegme wd hrd kdsmrgogaj, kgshppdhr hbfnst ht ted shfd tgfd hs tensd ga



GA@BTDAMD N@ GAEHOG[HA[] NA DAPG_NAFDA[ 8?:

]nutedra Bgfourj (kd Bhdt 87:;). Ga ted hkchmdat hrdh n` ted _edgabhak tedrd wdrd kg``gmubtgds ga ted

shfd pdrgnk, ht bdhst, tegs gs kdkumdk `rnf ted hppdhrhamd n` dhrtewnrls (Lupdr & Bòagaj 87:4 p. 7=).

Lupdr hak Bòagaj sujjdst dmnanfgd prnobdfs hs h pnssgobd mhusm. Gt gs tn od knuotdk wedtedr tedsd

dmnanfgd prnobdfs ehk haytegaj tn kn wgte davgrnafmathb prnobdfs gakumdk oy ted gaehogthats, sume hs

h kdtdrgnrhtgna n` ted quhbgty n` ted hjrgmubturhb sngbs. Ydrsnahbby wd tegal teht tegs gs ant vdry bgldby sgamd gtgs kg``gmubt tn gfhjgad teht ha davg rnafma thb mrgsgs hrnsd dvdrywedrd ht ted shfd tgfd. Fnrdnvdr, ted

pnpubhtgna mnubk ehvd fnvdk tn h adw bndss-hrdh. Ga ]nutedra Bgfourj ht bdhst, tedrd hrd h aufodr n`

sfhbbdr bndss pbhtdhus wgte strdhfs ga ted vgmgagty, wegme wnubk surdby ehvd odda sugthobd `nr dsthobgsegaj

BOL sdttbdfdats. [ed hrdhs adhr Ngrsoddl hak Fdrldboddl sprgaj tn fgak3 advdrtedbdss, tedsd hrdhs wdrd,

hs `hr gs lanwa, advdr nmmupgdk. [edrd`nrm wd `ddb teht ted mehajds ornujet honut oy ted gaehogthats n`

ted sdttbdfdats tedfsdbvds hrd ant ted mhusd, ht bdhst ant ted naby nad, n` ted kgshppdhrhamd n` ted Dhrby

Adnbgtegm pnpubhtgna `rnf ted datgrd rdjgna. Odsgkds, ted pedanfdana n` kdpnpubhtgna kgk ant nmmur ga

ted sdttbdfdat hrdh ga wegme Egdaedgf gs bnmhtdk.



P

[ED BNMH[GNA N@ [ED ]D[[BDFDA[]

Zd hssufd teht ted `grst gaehogthats n` ted sdttbdfdats tedfsdbvds mensd ted sgtd wedrd tedsd wnubk od

`nuakdk, Fh ay `hmtnrs wgbb ehvd pbhydk h phrt ga ted mengmd n` ted sgtd, h aufodr n` wegme wgbb ehvd odda n`

h purdby dmnanfgd rdhsna. Enwdvdr, dmnanfgd rdhsnas addk ant od ted naby kdtdrfgahats `nr ted bnmhtgna

n` h kwdbbgaj sgtd. Ta`nrtuahtdby wd mha out phrtby trhmç ted fntgvds uakdrbygaj ted mengmd n` h kwdbbgaj

pbhmd. Zd lanw ted `gahb rdsubt hak wd pnssdss snfd fhtdrghb rdfhgas wegme tdgb us snfdtegaj honut

pnssgobd dmnanfgd kdtdrfgahats. Ht `grst sgjet tegs knds ant sddf vdry fume, out stgbb wd tegal teht ted

hvhgbhobd khth hrd su``gmgìat tn fhld h stuky n` ted bnmhtgna n` ted sdtt bdfdats vghobd, sgamd gt gs prmmgsdby ted

dmnanfgd `hmtnrs wegme fust ehvd wdgjedk ted fnst edhvgby ga ted mengmd n` h sdttbdfdat sgtd, hs tegs sgtd

fust ehvd n``drdk ted hmt uhb fdhas n` dxgstdamd. [eht gs wey ga ted `nbbnwgaj wd wgse tn rdbhtd ted bnmht gna

n` ted sdttbdfdats ]gtthrk, ]tdga, Dbsbnn hak Egdaedgf tn weht wd bdhradk honut ted dmnanfgd hmtgvgtgds n`

ted gaehogthats.

Ga mehptmr GGG wd kgvgkdk ted davgrnafdat n` h sdttbdfdat gatn terdd znads n` hmtgvgty, ahfdby h znad

wgte h rhkgus n` ? enurs' whblgaj kgsthamd, h znad wgte h rhkgus n` 0 enurs' whblgaj kg sthamd, hak ted wnrbk

odynak. [ed znad wgte ted rhkgus n` ? enurs' whblgaj kgsthamd wnubk od ted hrdh wedrd fnst n` ted

dmnanfgd hmtgvgtgds tnnl pbhmd. H`tdr Egjjs hak Pgth @gazg, wd ehvd mhbbdk tegs hrdh "sgtd tdrrgtnry". Ga ted

smnpd n` ted bnmhtgnahb hahbysgs wd kdhb ga ted vdry `grst pbhmd wgte tegs "sgtd tdrrgtnry". Gt hppdhrmk ga ted

rdmnast rumtgna n` ted davgrnafd at, teht te d sgtd tdrrg tnry mnubk od kgvgkdk gatn kg``drdat bhaksmhpd uagts.

Hmdnrk gaj tn ted kd`gagtgna, ted sdttbdfdat gs bndhtdk ga ted mdat rd n` ted sgtd tdrrgtnry, out ted kg``drdat

bhaksmhpd uagts hrd ant kgstrgoutdk rdjubhrby hrnuak tegs mdatrd. [edrd`nrd gt fhlds sdasd tn suofgt tedkgstrgoutgna n` ted kg``drdat bhaksmhpd uagts nvdr ted sgtd tdrrgtnry tn h dbnsdr stuky. [ed kgstrgoutgna ehs

odda jgvda hbrdhky ga `gjurds ? hak =, out wd ehvd senwa gt hjhga, sbgjetby sgfpbg`gdk, ga `gjurd 84 ga ted

`nrf n` ted mgrmbds uakdr kgsmussgna.* Gt hppdhrs teht h aufodr n` bhaksmhpd uagts ehvd h pdrgpedrhb

bnmhtgna wgte rdspdmt tn ted sdttbdfdats uakdr stuky. Ga ted sgtd tdrrgtnry n` ]gtthrk tedsd hrd ted bhaksmhpd

n` shaks hak jrhvdbs wegme odbnaj tn ted Egjedr [drrhmd, hak ted bhaksmhpd n` ted [drtghry shaks. [edsd

twn uagts hrd hosdat ga ted sgtd tdrrgtnry n` ]tdga< edrd ted hrdh n` ted shaky bndss na jrhvdb gs h pdrgpedrhb

uagt. Ga gts bnmhtgna, Dbsbnn gs vdry sgfgbhr tn ]tdga, sgamd ted kgsthamd odtwdda ted twn sdttbdfdats gs naby

?499 f. G a ted sgtd tdrrgtnry n` Egdaedgf, wegme gs mehr hmtd rgzdk oy h kg``drdat sdt n` bhaksmhpds, ted uag t n`

ted [drtghry shaks hak bnhfs mha od mnasgkdrdk hs h pdrgpedrhb uagt. Zd hssufd teht pdrgpedrhb uagts ehvd

pbhydk an phrt, ht bdhst an phrt n` prgfhry gfpnrthamd, ga ted mengmd n` ted sdttbdfdat bnmhtgna. [edrd

rdfhga `nur uagts `nr dhme sdttbdfdat wegme fhy ehvd odda n` gfpnrthamd. Ht ]gtthrk tedy hrd ted bndss

pbhtdhu, ted kgssdmtdk bndss bhaksmhpd, ted rgvdr vhbbdy bhaksmhpd, hak ted hrdh wgte h tega bhydr n` shaky

bndss na jrhvdb. ]tdga hak Dbsbnn ehvd ted `grst terdd uagts ga mnffna wgte ]gtthrk, ted mnbgha shak gs ted

`nurte uagt. [ed sgtd tdrrgtnry n` Egdaedgf gs knfgahtdk oy h bndss hrdh, h bgfdstnad hrdh, h rgvdr vhbbdy

* [ed bndss hrdh amhr Egdaedgf gs sfhbbdr ga dxtdat ga `gjurd 84 teha ga `gjurd =. @gjurd = gs ohsdk na ted Jdnbnjgmhb Fhp n` Ohydra83?4999, an. :8=0. Na tegs fhp h bndss bhydr n` 4 mf gs stgbb gakgmhtdk hs bndss. H adw fhp oy E.[.C. vha kd Zdtdrgaj hbbnwdk tedmbgfgahtgna n` hrdhs wgte h vdry tega bndss mnvdr. @gjurd 84 senws bndss mnvdrs n` fnrd teha =9 mf.



[ED BNMH[GNA N@ [ED ]D[[BDFDA[] 8?7

]gtthrk ]tdga

Dbsbnn Egdaedgf

Q 8 = : 88?85

@gj. 84. Kgstrgoutgna n` bhaksmhpd uagts wgtega h rhkgus n` 89 lfs hrnuak ted BOL sdttbdfdats. 83 bndss pbhtdhu, ?3 kgssdmtdk bndssbhaksmhpd, =3 tega mnvdr n` shaky bndss na jrhvdb, ;3 rgvdr-vhbbdy bhaksmhpd, 43 dnbgha shak hrd, 03 bgfdstnad hrdh, :3 [drtghry kdpnsgts,53 shaks hak jrhvdbs n` ted Egjedr [drrhmd.



8=9 [ E @ , G ,M ) M . R [G N A N @ [ E D ] D [ [ B D F D A [ ]

eRQ. 80. Kgstrgoutgna n` ted BOL sdttbdfdats ga ]nutedra Bgfourj. ]mhbd 83:4999. Ahfds mha od `nuak ga thobd =. bdjdak uagts3 83

ynuajdr hbbuvghb mbhys, fnstby wdt< ?3 nbkmr hbbuvghb mbhys, wdt< =3 nbkdr hbbuvghb mbhys, kry< ;3 shaks, wdt< 43 shaks, kry< 03 shaky bndss,

wt t< :3 shak y bndss, kry < 53 bndss pbh tdh u< 73 vhbbdys hak vhbbd y sbnpds ( 1 89% ) wg tega t ed bndss bha ksm hpd< 893 shaks h ak jrhvdb s

dxpnsdk ga sbnpds.



[ED BNMH[GNA N@ [ED ]D[[BDFDA[] 8=8

bhaksmhpd, hak ha hrdh wgte dnbgha shak. Zeda wd ehvd h bnnl ht ted bnmhtgna n` ted sdttbdfdats wgtega

tedsd uagts, wd sdd teht ]gtthrk, hbtenuje bnmhtdk na ted bndss pbhtdhu, gs ant ga ted fgkkbd n` gt, out na h

pbhmd wedrd ted kgssdmtdk bndss bhaksmhpd hak ted rgvdr-vhbbdy bhaksmhpd hrd adhroy. [ed shfd hppbgds tn

]tdga hak Dbsbnn. [e d bhst sdttbdfdat gs dvda bnmhtdk na ted on uakhr y n` ted bndss pbhtdhu hak ted kgssdmtdk

bndss bhaksmhpd. Hbsn Egdeedgf bgds wgtega h bndss hrdh hak ga ted gffdkghtd vgmgagty n` h rgvdr-vhbbdybhaksmhpd.

[ed `hmt teht hbb `nur ted sdttbdfdats kdsmrgodk wdrd ougbt na h bndss suostrhtd, gs antegaj adw< ted

rdfhrl whs fhkd hbrdhky weda ted sdttbdfdats wdrd kgsmnvdrdk hak Fnkkdrfha fdatgnas ted `hmt ga hbb

egs puobgmh tgnas (Odmldrs & Odmldrs 87;9, Fnkk drfha 8745/8747h, Fnkk drfh a 8704/8700,

Fnkk dr fh a 8707). [e d bnmhtgna n` ted sdttbdfdats na h bndss suost rhtd `gts prdmgsdby ga ted pgmt urd wegme

hrmehdnbnjgsts ehvd ehk n` ted BOL sgamd ]mebgz (]mebgz 8790). [ed sgtuhtgna gs sn mehrhmtdrgstgm, teht gt gs

mnasgkdrdk hs nad n` ted httrgoutds n` ted BOL mubturd. [eht gs wey gt gs novgnus tn sdd ted prdsdamd n` h bndss

hrdh hs nad n` ted kdtdrfgahats `nr ted bnmhtgna n` nur sdttbdfdats. Enwdvdr, gt mhaant ehvd odda ted naby

`hmtnr, sgamd ant nad n` ted sdttbdfdats bgds ga ted mdatrd n` h bndss hrdh. Zm tegal teht ted dmmdatrgm sgtuhtgna

gs ant mngamgkdathb. Na ted fhps 83?99999 (`gjurds ? hak =) hak hbsn na ted fhps 83:4999 h ak 8349999

(`gjurds 80 hak 8:), wegme jgvm h fnrd hmmurht d pgmturd , mha odsdd a teht adgjeonur gaj sdttbdfdats eh vd h

sgfgbhr dmmdatrgm bnmhtgna (hphrt `rnf twn dxmdptgnas ga ]nutedra Bgfourj). [edrd fust ehvd odda ht

bdhst nad ntedr `hmtnr teht dxdrtdk h pubb na ted bnmhtgna n` ted sdttbdfdats. [ed fhps wgte h smhbd n`

83?99999 sujjdst `nr ]gtthrk ted kgssdmtdk bndss bhaksmhpd nr ted rgvdr-vhbbdy bhaksmhpd, `nr ]tdga ted rgvdr-

vhbbdy bhaksmhpd, `nr Dbsbnn ted kgssdmtdk bndss bhaksmhpd, hak `nr Egdaedgf ted rgvdr-vhbbdy bhaksmhpd.

Enwdvdr, tedrd gs stgbb hantedr pnssgogbgty, ahfdby teht ant nad n` ted bhrjd uagts, out h sfhbbdr bhaksmhpd

dbdfdat gs ted `hmtnr snujet, ahfdby npda whtdr. [ed fhps n` `gjurds ?, =, 80 hak 8: senw teht ted

sdttbdfdats bgd adhr s trdhfs nr rgvdrs. Gt gs h wdbb-lanwa `hmt teht BOL sdttbdfdats hrd adhrby hbwhys `nuak

hbnaj h whtdrmnursd. ]mebgz hbrdhky fdatgnadk tegs hak ted nosdrvhtgna ehs odda rdpdhtdk fhay tgfds

(]mebgz 8790). @nr ted hrdhs wegme wd hrd stukygaj, wd rd`dr ga tegs rdspdmt tn Fnkkdrfha `nr ]nutedra

Bgfo urj hak tn Oruaahmldr hak Lnsshml `nr h mnfph rhobd hrdh ga Agdkdroh ydra (Fn kkd rfh a8745/8747h p. =, Fnkkdrfha 87:9 p. ?9?, Oruaahmldr & Lnsshml 874: p. ;5). [edrd`nrd wd mnasgkdr

npda whtdr hs h sdmnak kdtdrfgahat `nr ted pbhmd n` ted sdttbdfdat. Zd hrd ant ydt rdhky tn haswdr ted

qudstgna wedtedr ted rgvdr-vhbbdy hak kgssdmtdk bndss bhaksmhpd hbsn pbhydk h phrt.

Onte rdqugrdfdats, ted prdsdamd n` bndss hak ted prdsdamd n` npda whtdr, stgbb hbbnw snfd vhrghtgna ga ted

mengmd n` h sdttbdfdat sgtd. teus gt gs ant ydt mbdhr wey ga ]nutedra Bgfourj sn `hr sdttbdfdats ehvd naby

odda `nuak ga ted pbhtdhu bhaksmhpd nr na gts dkjd, wedrdhs tedrd hrd an sdttbdfdats ga ted kgssdmtdk bndss

bhaksmhpd. Hmmnrkgaj tn Fnkkdrfha, ted kgssdmtdk bndss bhaksmhpd gs ua`gt `nr nmmuphtgna odmhusd ted

hrdhs wegme hrd httrhmtgvd na hmmnuat n` tedgr bndss mnvdr bgd tnn `hr `rnf npda whtdr hak ted dkjds n` ted

bhaksmhpd ga qudstgna wnubk hbsn od tnn drnkdk hak senw tnn fume rdbgd` tn fddt ted rdqugrdfdats. Zd

ùTy sehrd Fn kkdrfha' s npgagna we drd ted hrdh snute n` ted BOL nmmuph tdk h rdh gs mnamd ra dk. [egs hr dhgs kgssdmtdk oy naby nad whtdrmnursd3 ted Jdub. [ed vhbbdy n` tegs strdhf ehs vdry stddp sbnpds wgtenut bndss

mnvdr. [edrd`nrd gt sddfs tn us teht tegs phrt n` ]nutedra Bgfourj knds ant fddt ted rdqugrdfdats `nr ted

bnmhtgna n` BOL sdttb dfdats. [e d sgtuhtgna gs kg``drdat ga ted hrdh dhst hak snute-dhst n` ted pbhtdhu

bhaksmhpd kdsmrgodk edrd. Zhtdr mdrthgaby nmmurs edrd hak ted vhbbdy sbnpds hrd ant stddp dvdrywedrd. [ed

kg``drdamd wgte ted pbhtdhu bhaksmhpd rdsgkds ga ted `hmt teht ted bhaksmhpd gs kgvgkdk oy vhbbdys hak kry

vhbbdys gatn h aufodr n` sfhbb pbhtdhus, wedrdhs ted hrdh odtwdda ted strdhf Jdbdda hak ted Fhhs, wegme

wd mhbb "pbhtdhu", gs nad bhrjd, bht hrdh. Gt gs pnssgobd teh t ted gaehogthat s n` ted BOL sdttbdfdats prd`drrdk



8=? [ED BNMH[GNA N@ [ED ]D[[BDFDA[]

•3|=

@gj. 8:. Kgstrgoutgna n` ted BOL sdttbdfmats adhr Egdaedgf. ]mhbd 8349999. 83 Egdaemgf "hf Zdgaodrj", ?3 Egdaedgf-@umesbnme,

=3 Grasgaj-]mehazd, ;3 Grasgaj-G, bdjdak uagts< G3 ynuajdr hbbuvghb bnhfs< ?3 bndss< =3 mnbbuvghb fhtdrghb< ;3 shaks< 43 jrhvdbs< 03 sehbbnw,stnay sngbs na shakstnad< :3 `gad shaky tn sgbty bnhfs na bgfdstnad< 53 sehbbnw, stnay sngbs na bgfdstnad.



[ED BNMH[GNA N@ [ED ]D[[BDFDA[] 8==

nad bhrjd pbhtdhu tn h sdrgds n` sfhbbdr nads. Na ted ntedr ehak, Dbsbnn bgds ga rdhbgty na h pb htdhu n` gts nwa,

wegme mnrrdspnaks tn ted typd teht gs `nuak ga ted kgssdmtdk bndss bhaksmhpd. [egs, fnrdnvdr, hbsn hppbgds tn

ntedr sdttbdfdats, sume hs Oddl-Ldrldvdbk-Enn bstrhht hak Dbsbnn-Jdubbd (`gj. 84, ans 8 hak 0) . [edrd`nrd

wd hrd rdbumthat tn mnasgkdr ted `hmtnr "kgssdmtdk bhaksmhpd" hs h adjhtgvd `hmtnr ga ted mengmd n` h pbhmd `nr

h sdttbdfdat. [ed bndss hrdh n` Egdaedgf pbhys an phrt ga tegs kgsmussgna, odmhusd tegs hrdh n``drs an mengmd<

tedrd gs naby "kgssdmtdk bndss bhaksmhpd".

Zegbd ted rdbgd` kg``drdamds hrd ant mnasgkdrdk hs h adjhtgvd `hmtnr wedrd ted mengmd n` h mdrthga

bhaksmhpd uagt gs mnamdradk, wd kn ant wgse tn dxmbukd teht ted rdbgd` pbhydk h phrt ga ted mengmd n` h sgtd `nr

h sdttbdfdat. Gt fust od shgk teht ted sdttbdfdats ]gtthrk, ]tdga, Dbsbnn hak Egdaedgf hbb bgm na Gmvdb

jrnuak. Hmmnrkgaj tn Pha kda Orndl, ted sdttbdfdat hrdh ht ]gtthrk ehs ha gambgahtgna n` hpprnxgfhtdby

= % ga ted kgr dm tgnan` ted str dhf Jdbdda (vha kda Orndl 8745/8747 p. 8?). Fnkkd rfha kdsmrgods ted hrdh

n` Dbsbnn hs rhted r `bht (Fnkkdrfha 87:9 p. ;). ]tdga hbsn bgds na h rdbhtgvdby bdvdb pgdmd n` bhak

(Fn kkd rfha 87:9 p. 59). Mnatnur -fhps na wegme ted sdttbdfdats hrd gakgmh tdk, mha od `nuak ga

Fnkkd rfha (Fn kkd rfh a 8745/8747h `gj. ?, Fnk kd rfh a 87:9 pbhtd ?). Odsgkds, ted sgtuhtgna odmnfds

mbdhr `rnf nur `gjurd 80. [egs `gjurd knds ant jgvd mnatnur-bgads, gt gs trud, out ted bdjdak uagt "bndss

pbhtdhu" spdhls `nr gbsmb`. ]bnpds n` 89¹n hak fnrd hrd hosdat edrd. Egdaedgf gs ougbt na h bndss-mnvdrdk

tdr rhmd n` ted Knahu. H mnatn ur- fhp hak h smmtgna hrd jgvda ga `gjurd 85. [e d fh p ehs odda krhwa h`tdr

ted tnpnjrhpegmhb fhpnÒhyd ra 83?4 999, seddt :8=0 Adust hkt h/k Kna hu< ted prnebd whs fhk d oy Pha

kd Zdtdrgaj (vha kd Zdtdrgaj 87:4o). [eus ted sdttbdfdats wnubk ehvd odda ougbt na rdbhtgvdby dvda

tdrrhgas. Zd fust, enwdvdr, krhw httdatgna tn ted `hmt teht tegs mnambusgna gs ohsdk na ted rdmdat sgtuhtgna.

Ga GG 8.= gt whs mnf fda tdk teh t ted prdsdat rded` knds ant mnrrdspnak tn ted rdbgd` wegme whs prdsdat

kurgaj ted Htbhatgm, hs gt ehs odda `bhttdadk oy drnsgna sgamd teda. Dvda tensd hrdhs wegme hrd ht prdsdat

`bht wgbb ehvd senwa fnrd kg``drdamds ga edgjet, hs senws ted rdmnastrumtgna n` ted nrgjgahb sur`hmd n` ted

hrdh ga Egdaedgf (`gjurd ;). Odsgkds, phrt n` ted sdttbdfdat hrdhs ga ]gtthrk hak ]tdga wdrd prnohoby

mnvdrdk oy h bhtdr "Ybh jjdaon kda " (Fn kkd rfh a 87:9 p. 59 hak 58). Taknuo tdk by tegs ehk h dquhbgz gajd``dmt tnn. [ed shgk rdmnastrumtgna senws, enwdvdr, teht ted d``dmt n` ted `bhttdagaj whs rdbhtgvdby sfhbb ga

Egd aed gf. Zd ddb teht ted shfd hppbgds tn ted hrdhs n ]gtthrk, ]tdga hak Dbsbnn hak wd tegal tedrd`nrd

teht ted sdttbdfdats wdrd ougbt gakddk na rdbhtgvdby dvda pgdmds n` bhak.

[ed qudstgna gs wedtedr dvdaadss whs h rdqugrdfdat dssdatghb tn ted bnmhtgna n` h sdttbdfdat. Gt gs

pnssgobd teht nur `nur sdttbdfdats senw tegs `dhturd `nr hantedr rdhsna. ]dttbdfdats ougbt na sbnpds, hak

mdrthgaby sdttbdfdats ougbt na bndss-mnvdrdk sbnpds, hrd fnrd suocdmt tn drnsgna. [ed datgrd mhtdjnry

"sdttbdfdats na sbnpds" fgjet ehvd kgshppdhrdk oy drnsgna. [egs hspdmt n` ted jdnjrhpegm kgstrgoutgna n`

ted BOL sdttbdfdats ehs ant odda hak mha ehrkby od stukgdk. Gt gs lanwa, enwdvdr, t eht na hpphrdatby `bht

hrdhs datgrd sdttbdfdats hrd ga ted prnmdss n` kgshppdhrgaj nr ehvd kgshppdhrdk hbrdhky (Fn kkd rfh a

87:0). Hbtenuje wd mhaant od surd tedrd`nrd, teht h `bht ougbkgaj sgtd whs h `hmtnr teht mnuatdk ga tedmengmd n` h sdttbdfdat pbhmd, gt gs tn od gfhjgadk teht dvda jrnuak whs prd`drrdk nvdr h sbnpd. Zd sehbb

rdtura tn tegs bhtdr. Odsgkds, ted rdbgd` mha ehvd ga`budamdk ted pbhmd n` ted sdttbdfdat ga hantedr why hs

wdbb. [ed gfprdssgna dxgsts teht ted bnmhtgna n` Egdaedgf whs mn-kdtdrfgadk oy ted prdsdamd n` h sfhbb

vhbbdy, wegme cngas ted vhbbdy n` ted Knahu. [ed BOL sdttbdfdats ga ted surrnuakgajs ehvd h sgfgbhr

bnmhtgna. Ga ]nutedra Bgfourj, wgte gts kg``drdat tnpnjrhpey, ted d``dmt n` sgkd vhbbdys mhaant od

kdfnastrhtmk.

Zeda wd bnnl `nr `hmtnrs ntedr teha ted rdbgd` wegme fhy ehvd kdtdrfgadk ted mengmd n` h mdrthga bndss

bhaksmhpd, wd hrrgvd ht ted mbgfhtd. Ga egs kgssdrthtgna ]gdbfhaa ehs gakgmhtdk ted pnssgogbgty teht ted



8=; [ED BNM H[G NA N@ [ED ]D[ [BD FDA []

@gj. 85. Egmaemgf, mnatnur fhp, smhbm 83?4 999< smmtgna, enrgznathb smhbm 835 999< vdrtgmhb smhbm 83599< 83 bnmss< ?3 mnbbuvguf.



[ED BNMH[G NA N@ [ED ]D[[BDFDA[] 8=4

mbgfhtd fhy od h `hmtnr n` gfpnrthamd (]gdbfhaa 87:8). Ed rdbhtdk ted kgstrgoutgna n` ted BOL

sdttbdfdats ga ]nute-Zdstdra Jdr fha y tn kg``drdat hspdmts n` ted mbgfhtd. Egs mnambusgna gs teht ga ted `grst

pbhmd ted haauhb prdmgpgthtgna dxdrtdk ha ga`budamd na ted bnmhtgna n` ted sdttbdfdats (]gdbfhaa 87:8 p.

854). ]gdbfhaa bhtdr dxtdakdk egs stuky tn ]nutedra hak Mdatrhb Jdrfhay (]gdbfhaa 87:?, 87:0), wegme

ehs ant mehajdk egs gatd rprd thtgna. Ed hkks, enwdvdr, teht ga Ohydra, odsgkds ted haa uhb hfn uat n`prdmgpgthtgna, ted tdfpdrhturd fust hbsn ehvd pbhydk h phrt (]gdbfhaa 87:? p. ==). [ed ga`budamd n` ted

mbgfhtd fd hat ga dssdamd teht ted krgdst pbhmds wgtega h bndss hrdh wdrd hbwhys sdbdmtdk (] gdbrahaa 87:? p.

=4). @nTnwgaj ]gdbfhaa , wd ehvd gambukdk ted `hmtnrs n` fdha haau hb prdmg pgtht gna hak fdha haa uhb

tdfpdrhturd ga nur mnasgkdrhtgnas.

Mbgfhtnbnjgmhb kg``drdamds mha ehrkby ehvd mhrrgdk hay wdgjet ga ted mengmd n` ted pbhmd `nr ted

sdttbdfdat ahhr Egdaedgf. [ed sfhbb bndss hrdh na ted bd`t ohal n` ted Knahu n``drs an vhrghtgna ga tegs

rdspdmt. [ed mbgfhtd fgjet pnssgoby ehvd pbhydk h phrt ga ted mengmd n` ted datgrd bndss hrdh hs bgvgaj hrdh ga

mnfphr gsna wg te nted r bndss rdjgnas ga Agdkd rohydra. Ga hs hr hs wd vgdw tegs suocdmt ht ted fnfd at, ted

hrdhs teht quhbg`y `nr nmmuphtgna senw `dw kg``drdamds ga mbgfhtd. Zd `gak ted stuky n` Ohydra oy ]gdbfhaa

uashtgs`hmtnry hak enpd ga ted ùturd tn od hobd tn jgvd h adw hahbysgs, usgaj ntedr fhps hak mehrts.

[ed mbgfhtd n` ted bndss hrdh ga ]nutedra Bgfourj senws vhrghtgna ga prdmgpgthtgna. [ed kgstrgoutgna n`

ted fdha haauhb hfnuat n` prdmgpgthtgna nvdr ted wenbd n` ]nutedra Bgfourj gs senwa ga `gjurd 87. [egs

`gjurd gs h mnfogaht gna n` `gjurd ? hak ted prdmgpgt htgna mehr t `rnf ted Htbhs vha Adk drbhak (Htbhs vha

Adkd rbhak seddt P.?).* @gjurd 87 senws teht ted hfnu at n` prdmgpgtht gna gamrdhsds rhpgkby tnwhrks ted

snute-dhst (ted jrdht kg``drdamds hrd rdbhtdk tn ted rdbgd`). [ed BOL sdttbdfdats tura nut gakddk tn bgd ga ted

krgdst phrt n` ted bndss hrdh. Enwdvdr, ted prdmgpgthtgna mehrt n``drs an haswdr tn ted qudstgna wey ted

kgssdmtdk bndss bhaksmhpd dhst n` ted bndss pbhtdhu whs ant nmmupgdk.

Zd ehvd ant bnnldk ùrtedr `nr mbgfhtgm hspdmts wegme fgjet ehvd vhrgdk pdr bndss bhaksmhpd, sume hs ted

kg``drdamd odtwdda khy hak agjet tdfpdrhturd nr ted fdha aufodr n` khys wgte h sanw mnvdr. Zd kgk ant

kn sn, odmhusd wd `ddb teht hspdmts n` tegs typd mhaant od kdrgvdk kgrdmtby `rnf rdmdat mEfhtgm mehrts hak od

hppbgdk tn sgtuhtgnas wgtega h antedr mbgfhtgm pdrgnk. ]gd bfhaa tegals gt gs custg`gdk tn usd ted rdbhtgvd

kgstrgoutgna n` gakdpdakdat mbgfhtgm `hmtnrs, odmhusd ted mbgfhtd ehs ant mehajdk ohsgmhbby sgamd ted

Htbhatgm. Ed fdatgnas ted mgrmubhtgna systdf (wdstdrbgds), ted kgstrgoutgna n` bhak hak sdh (mnhstbgads), ted

sdh murrdats hak ted fnuat hgas (rdbgd`) (]gdbfhaa 87:8 p. :4). Zd hjrdd wgte ]gdbfhaa tn ted dxtdat

teht wd hbsn `ddb teht ted jbnohb kgvgsgna ga kry hak wdt hrdhs nr ga whrf hak mnbk rdjgnas wgbb gakddk ehvd

rdfhgadk ted shfd. ]tgbb tedrd hrd kg``drdamds. Ga GGG.? ted puobgmhtgnas oy Bhfo wdrd quntdk, wegme

gakgmhtd teht dspdmghbby ted mgrmubhtgna typd whs sbgjetby kg``drdat kurgaj ted Htbhatgm `rnf weht gs anrfhb

anwhkhys. [egs pedanfdana rdsubts ga h kg``drdat kgstrgoutgna n` ted prdmgpgthtgna nvdr ted ydhr hak h

kg``drdat mnursd n` ted td fpdrht urd murvd . [egs gs wey wd `ddb teht te d fnrd kdthgb dk hspdmts n` ted mbgfht d

mhaant od kdkumdk `rnf rdmdat mbgfhtgm mehrts. @nr teht purpnsd nad wnubk addk mehrts n` ted pdrgnk tn od

stukgdk. Fhlgaj sume mehrts knds ant ydt sddf tn od pnssgobd ht ted fnfdat.Ht prdsdat, an `hmtnr mha od gsnbhtdk wegme mnubk dxpbhga ted hosdamd n` BOL sdttbdfdats ga ted

kgssdmtdk bndss bhaksmhpd dhst n` ted hrdh wegme whs nmmupgdk. Zd sdd an ntedr `hmtnrs ga ted mhrtnjrhpegm

pgmt urd wegme fgjet ehvd ga`budamdk ted bnmhtgna n` nur sdttbdfdats. Ga hkkgt gna tn ted sngb typd, ted rdbgd`

hak ted mbgfhtd, ted vdjdthtgna gs snfdtgfds gambukdk ga ted bgst n` pntdatghb pubb-`hmtnrs kdspgtd ted `hmt

te ht gt gs hsd mn ak hr y `hmtnr kdrgvdk `rnf mbgfhtd hak suostrhtd. ". . .wd fhy tegal n` mbgfhtd (tdfp drhtu rd,

* ted hfnuats n` prdmgpgthtgna fdatgnadk ga ted Htbhs mnamdra ted pdrgnk 87=8-8709. [ed `gjurds sthtdk ga mehptdr aB?

khtd `rnf h prdmdkgaj pdrgnk hak hrd tedrd`nrd sbgjetby kg``drdat.



8=0 [ED BNM H[GN A N@ [ED ]D[[ BDF DA[]

f nMA wmn MK

@gp 87 Fhp n` ]nutedra Bgfourj senwgaj ted fdha haauhb prdmgpgthtgna ga ff, ted kgstrgoutgna n` ted bndss (wegtd) hak ted whtdr

mnursds wgtega ted bnmss-mnvdrdk hrdhs. [ed knts gakgmhtd ted pnsgtgna n` ]gtthrk, ]tdga hak Dbsbnn, wegme rdprdsdat ted wenbd mbustdr nBOL sdttbdfdats. ]mhbd 83?99999.



[ED BNMH[GNA N@ [E D ]D[[BDFDA[] 8=:

fngsturd, bgjet dtm.) hak suostrhtd (peysgnjrhpey, sngb, dtm.) hs ted twn jrnups n` `hmtnrs wegme tnjdtedr

wgte pnpubhtgna gatdrhmtgna kdtdrfgad ted ahturd n` tdrrdstrghb mnffuagtgds hak dmnsystdfs." (Nkuf

87:8 p. =0=). Zd kn, enwdvdr, `ddb, ga hjrddfdat wgte fhay ntedrs, teht ted mengmd n` h vdjdthtgna typd

whs ted rdhb mengmd fhkd oy ted `nuakdrs n` ted sdttbdfdat. Zd mnasgkdr teht pdnpbd, mnasmgnusby nr

uamnasmgnusby, cukj dk ted suostrhtd hak ted mbgfhtd oy fdhas n` ted kgrdmt nosdrvhtgna n` ted vdjdthtgna.

Enwdvdr, weda mnasgkdrgaj ted `hmtnrs teh t ga`budamdk ted bnmhtgna n` sdttbdfdats, ted vdjdthtgna typd

senugk ant om mnasgkdrdk gakdpdakdatby odsgkd mbgfhtd hak suostrhtd. Gt n`tda ehppdas, enwdvdr, teht

ted hahbysgs n` ted vdjdthtgna mhaant od bd`t nut. [egs gs ted mhsd weda ant naby mbgfhtd hak suostrhtd, out

hbsn fha ehs ehk h sehrd ga kdtdrfgagaj ted vdjdthtgna typd. Zd mha gfhjgad `nr gasthamd teht h mbdhrgaj

ga ted `nrdst, mhusdk oy h Fdsnbgtegm pnpubhtgna jrnup, whs vdry httrhmtgvd tn ted `nuakdrs n` h BOL

sdttbdfdat. @nr sume ha hahbysgs, enwdvdr, nad fust kgspnsd nvdr h rdmnastrumtgna n` ted vdjdthtgna, ga

wegme bnmhb kg``drdamds wgtega h sgajbd bhaksmhpd uagt wgte h sgajbd mbgfhtd typd hrd lanwa. Nur

vdjdthtgna rdmnastrumtgna gs gasu``gmgìat ga tegs rdspdmt. [edrd`nrd h mnasgkdrhtgna n` ted vdjdthtgna mha

orgaj tn bgjet an adw `hmtnr teht fgjet ehvd dxdrtdk pubb na ted bnmhtgna n` ted sdttbdfdats.

]uffhrgzgaj ted honvd, wd hrrgvd ht ted mnambusgna teht wd mha gakgmhtd naby twn `hmtnrs wegme, ga nurnpgagna, ehvd ga`budamdk ted mengmd n` h sdttbdfdat pbhmd wgte snfd mdrthgaty. [edsd twn `hmtnrs, wegme

mha od mhbbdk mbhssgmhb, hrd h bndss suostrhtd hak ted prmsdamd n` npda whtdr. Mbgfhtd hak rdbgd` wdrd

pnssgoby hkkgtgnahb `hmtnrs, out tegs gs ant mbdhr, ht bdhst ga ted hrdhs wegme wd stukgdk. [nn bgttbd gs lanwa

honut ted vdjdthtgna. Zeda wd shy teht bndss hak whtdr hrd h mnakgtgna `nr ted prdsdamd n` h BOL

sdttbdfdat, tegs knds ant fdha teht tedrd hrd an dxmdptgnas. Zd lanw n` dxmdptgnas tn onte mnakgtgnas ga

]nutedra Bgfourj. Anrte n` ]gtthrk, nutsgkd ted hrdh uakdr mnasgkdrhtgna, tedrd hrd twn sdttbdfdats na h

shaky sngb (sdd ted kgstrgoutgna fhp ga Fnkkdr fha 87:9 pbh td 8). @urtedrfn rd, twn gak sgtds bgd ga ted

mdatrd n` ted bndss pbhtdhu, `hr odynak ted rdhme n` whtdr (sdd `gjurd 80). Ant fume gs lanwa honut ted

ahturd n` ted sdttbdfdats na ted shak. [ed `gak sgtds wgtenut whtdr fust ehvd odda mxtrdfdby sfhbb,

mnasgkdrgaj ted aufodr n` ted `gaks. Yrnohoby wd hrd ant kdhbgaj edrd wgte sdttbdfdats sume hs ]gtthrk d tm ,out wgte h bgfgtdk, pdrehps ant dvda pdrfhadat nmmuphtgna.

Ht ted odjgaagaj n` tegs mehptdr gt whs sthtdk teht ted bnmhtgna n` h sdtt bdfdat whs, `nr ha gfpnr that phr t,

kdtd rfgadk oy `hmtnrs n` dmnanfgd aht urd . [ed mengmd n` ted bndss hs suostrh td ehs bnaj odda rdmnjagzdk hs

nad kdpdakdat na dmnanfgd fntgvds. Ga ted `grst kdmhkds n` ted ?9te mdatury gt whs tenujet, uakdr ted

ga`budamd n` Jrhkfhaa, teht ted bndss whs prd`drrdk, odmhusd tegs suostrhtd whs mbdhr n` `nrmsts. Bhaksmhpds

wgte kdasd `nrmsts wnubk ehvd odda uahttrhmtgvd `nr vhrgnus rdhsnas. @grstby, Adnbgtegm fha wnubk ant ehvd

odda hobd tn bhy nut `gdbks ga h `nrdst. [eda tedsd bhaksmhpds wdrd kg``gmubt tn phss ternu je. @gahbby tedy kgk

ant nbbdr su` gmgìat ònk ga ted `nrf n` jhfd tn pgnaddrs. [egs gatd rprdth tgna ehk tn od hohaknadk weda

pnbbda kghjrhfs kdfnastrhtdk teht ted bndss whs mnvdrdk wgte `nrdsts kurgaj ted Htbhatgm (Odrtsme 87?5,

@grohs 87;7, Fubbdr 874=/874;, Bhajd 8704). Outtbdr jhvd h kg``drdat dxpbhahtgna `nr ted mengmd n` bndss.

Ed sthrtdk `rnf ted hssufptgna teht ted gaehogthats n` ted BOL sdttbdfdats bgvdk ga pgt-kwdbbgajs. Bndss gs

vdry sugtho bd `nr kgjjgaj pgts. [ed whbbs rdfh ga drdmt, dvda ga kddp pgts, hak ted bndss gtsdb` gs kry (Outtbdr

87=5 p. 0). ]gamd ted tgfd teht ted pgts hrd an bnajdr gatdrprdtdk hs kwdbbgajs, tegs dxpbhahtgna gs n` mnursd

an bnajdr usdùb dgtedr. Out Jrhkfhaa hak egs mnatdfpnrhrgds bgld Outtbdr, fdatgna stgbb hantedr

`hvnurhobd `dhturd n` ted bndss, ahfdby ted jrdht `drtgbgty n` tegs sngb typd. [egs gs ted gatdrprdthtgna teht gs

hmmdptdk jdadrhbby anwhkhys hak wgte wegme wd mnfpbdtdby hjrdd. [ed bndss gs stgbb mnasgkdrdk hs ted odst

hrhobd sngb ga ted twn hrdhs uakdr stuky.



8=5 [ED BNMH[GNA N@ [ED ]D[[BDFDA[]

]gtth rk, ]tdga, Dbsbnn hak E gdaedgf wnubk teus ehvd odda `nuakdk ga h pbhmd wedrd ted sngb typd kdsgrdk

`nr bhygaj nut `gdbks whs prdsdat ga ted gffdkght d sur rnuakgajs n` ted enusds. ]ume h bnmhtgna gs mnfpbdtdby

ga hjrddfdat wgte ted fnkdb teht Megsenbf mnastrumtdk `nr ted bnmhtgna n` "`hrfs", rdjhrkbdss ted

tdmeanbnjy n` ted hjrgmubturhbgsts. Zd ehvd hbrdhky fdatgnadk tegs fnkdb ga GGG .8 , weda gt whs sujjdstdk

teht temrd gs h bgfgt tn fha's rdhkgadss tn kgspbhmd egfsdb` `nr h mdrthga lgak n` wnrl. [ed hmtgvgtgds rdbhtdk

tn bhygaj nut `gdbks hak fhgathgagaj tedf, tn ted ehrvdst hak ted trhaspnrthtgna n` ted drnp hrd n` sume h

ahturd teht ted kgsthamd odtwdda ted enusd hak ted `gdbk gs ldpt hs sfhbb hs pnssgobd. Megsenbf wrgtds3 "H

pngat wegme df dr jd s. .. gs ted `rdqudamy wgte wegme ted shfd nrkdrs n` fhj agt ukd lddp na rdmur rgaj

hfn aj pdnpbds n` wgkdby kg``drdat tdmea gmhb hmegdvdfdats hak gae hog tht gaj hrdhs wgte fhrldkby kg``drdat

peysgmhb mehrhmtdrgstgm s. Hay kgsthamd up tn honut h lgbnfdtrd `rnf ted kwdgbgaj gs n` sume bgttbd fnfda t `nr

hay ou t spdmghbgzdk systmfs n` grrgjhtgna hak jh rkd a `hrfgaj teh t bgttbd hkcustfdat gs mhbbdk `nr ga dgtedr ted

phttdra n` sdttbdfdat nr n` bhak usd. Odynak honut 8 lgbnfdtrd, ted mnsts n` fnvdfdat odmnfd su``gmgdatby

jrdht tn whr rhat snfd lgak n` rdspnasd< ht h kgsthamd n` =-; lgbnfdtrds ted mnsts n` mubtgvhtgna ammdssgthtd h

rhkgmhb fnkg`gmhtgna n` ted systdf n` mubtgvhtgna nr sdttbdfdat - `nr dxhfpbd oy ted dsthobgsefdat n`

suosgkghry sdttbdfdats - tenuje hkcustfdats hrd hpphrdat od`nrd tegs pngat gs rdhmedk. G` ted kgsthamdsgavnbvdk hrd hmtuhb by jrdh tdr teha tegs, teda gt gs admdsshry tn bnnl `nr snfd vdry pnwdrùb mnastrhgagaj

rdhsna wegme prdvdats ted dsthob gsefdat n` `hrfstdhks ad hrd r ted bh ak ." (Megsenbf 8705 p. 8=8).

Zd httdfptdk ga GP.? tn vdrg`y wedtedr ted `gdbks wdrd gakddk bhgk nut na bndss. [egs whs knad oy fdhas

n` ted hahbysgs n` ted wddk `bnrh. Nur mnambusgna whs teht na ted ohsgs n` ted pbhat rdfhgas rdmnvdrdk, an

hrjufdats mnatrhry tn tegs gkdh mnubk od prdsdatdk, out teht hosnbutd prnd` mnubk ant od jgvda dgtedr

(GP.?p. 05).

[ed bnmhtgna n` ted sdttbdfdats adhr whtdr uaknuotdkby ehs ha dmnanfgd rdhsna hs wdbb. [ed

gaehogthats addkdk whtdr hak tegs mnubk od rdhmedk naby ht pbhmds wgte sur`hmd whtdr. Enwdvdr, ted

sdttbdfdats kn ant bgd kgrdmtby hbnajsgkd ted whtdrmnursd (sdd GP.=). [ed kdsgrd tn ehvd bndss mbnsd tn ted

enusd hpphrdatby prdvhgbdk nvdr ted wgse tn ehvd whtdr ht ehak.

[ed whtdrmnursds, oy ted why, mha ehvd ehk h sdmnak ùamtgna, ahfdby teht n` trh``gm rnutd. ]nfd

hutenrs rdmlna wgte tegs pnssgogbgty (]mebgz 8790, hfnaj ntedrs). Zd kn ant wgse tn dxmbukd trh``gm nvdr

whtdr hak ted usd n` onhts. Gt gs trud teht an BOL vdssdbs hrd lanwa, out tegs fhy od kud tn ted `hmt teht an

nrjhagm fhtdrghb whs mna.sdrvdk na ted fhcnrgty n` sgtds (sdd hbsn GGG.b). Zd kn tegal, enwdvdr, teht fnst

trhaspnr thtgna tnnl pbhmd nvdr bhak . Ga ted mhsd n` Egdaedg f gt gs mnamdgvhobd t eht ted mnathmt odtwdda tegs

sdttbdfdat hak gts adgjeonurs tnnl pbhmd oy onht (sdd `gjurd 8:). Out ted bnmhtgna n` ]gtthrk, ]tdga hak

Dbsbnn wgte rdspdmt tn dhme dtedr gs sume, teht whtdr trh``gm wnubk ehvd odda kdvgnus (sdd `gjurd 80).

Hmmnrkgaj tn nur vdjdthtgna rdmnastrumtgna, ted hrdh odtwdda ted sdttbdfdats whs mnvdrdk wgte ha dhsgby

trhvdrshobd `nrdst (GGG.; p. =4). [edrd`nrd wd tegal teht ted prgamgphb trh``gm rnutds wdat nvdr bhak.

H tegrk hmtgvgty ga wegme ted prdsdamd n` whtdr mha ehvd odda n` dmnanfgd sgjag`gmhamd, gs `gsegaj. @gse

rdfhgas hrd `nuak nmmhsgnahbby ga BOL sdttbdfdats. [edy hppdhrdk ga Egdaedgf hak [hutd dvda

fdatgnas fhay rdfhgas ga ted @dbskhme Bhutdrdml ([hutd 8700 p. ;74). ]n `gsegaj whs mdrthgaby

prhmtgmdk. ]tgbb, ted mnfpnsgtgna n` ted `nnk rdfhgas `rnf fnst n` ted sdttbdfdats mrdhtds ted gfprdssgna

teht jhtedrgaj `nnk ga ted wgbk whs ant ha gfpnrthat phrt n` ted khgby bg`d (GP.?). Zd hssufd tedrd`nrd,

teht j rdht gfpnrthamd senubk ant od htthmedk tn ted prdsdamd n` whtd r hs gsegaj whtdr wedrd ted mengmd n` h

bnmhtgna `nr ted sdttbdfdat gs mnamdradk.

[ed bnmhtgna n` ted sdttbdfdats hbnaj whtdrmnursds addk ant od rdbhtdk dxmbusgvdby tn ted npda whtdr

gtsdb` Gt fhy od teht ted vhbbdys, wegme odbnaj tn ted whtdrmnursds, hbsn pbhydk h ph rt odmhusd n` tedgr



[ED BNMH[GNA N@ [E D ]D[[BDFDA[] 8=7

vdjdthtgna, wegme ga ted vhbbdys fust ehvd odda fume fnrd vhrgdk teha na ted bndss pbhtdhu. Gt whs

mehrhmtdrgzdk oy h rgme uakdrjrnwte. Ga GP.? gt whs ornujet `nrwhrk teht ted vhbbdys mnubk ehvd odda

usdk `nr jrhzgaj mhttbd. [ed vdjdthtgna tedrm wnubk ehvd odda fnrd sugthobd `nr `ddkgaj rdbhtgvdby bhrjd

aufodrs n` hagfhbs teha ted `nrdsts na ted bndss, mdrthgaby sn od`nrd hjrgmubturd ehk mrdhtdk hay mbdhrgajs.

]enubk tegs sujjdstgna tura nut tn od mnrrdmt, teda ted vhbbdys wnubk od n` gfpnrthamd tn pdnpbd wen ant

naby prhmtgmdk hjrgmubturd, out wen hbsn ldpt mhttbd. Yrnn` teht ted vhbbdys wdrd usdk `nr jrhzgaj mhttbd

mnubk ant od prnvgkdk sn `hr.

Odsgkds tedgr gfpnrthamd `nr mhttbd-orddkgaj, vhbbdys fhy hbsn ehvd sgjag`gmhamd `nr hjrgmubturd. Ga

GP.? wd pngatdk nut, teht gt gs pnssgobd tn bhy nut `gdbks na ted sngb ga ted vhbbdys, prnvgkdk ht bdhst teht an

`bnnkgaj nmmurs kur gaj ted jrnwgaj sdhsna. Enwdvdr , wd mnasgkdrdk ted bndss sngbs fnrd gfpnr that teha

ted rgvmr bnhfs. Zd wgse tn pngat nut advdrtedbdss, teht Lrul httrgoutds h jrdhtdr gfpnrthamd tn ted `gdbks

ga ted vhbbdys teha tn ted `gdbks ga ted krgdr phrts n` ted bhaksmhpd. "Fnst n` ted mubtgvhtdk `gdbks wdrd

prdsufhoby sgtuhtdk na gauakhtgnahb tdrrhmds hak ht ted dkjds n` vhbbdy sbnpds. Nwgaj tn ted egje hak

kurhobd dkhpegm pntdatghb n` ted sngbs teht mnvdrdk tegs znad gt whs pnssgobd tn usd mnasthatby ted shfd

pnrtgna n` bhak dvda wgtenut `drtgbgzgaj gt. [ed gfpnvdrgsefdat n` sngb whs ahturhbby mnfpdashtdk oy ted

sur`hmd `bnw n` eufus hak ganrjhagm fhtdrghbs `rnf ted egjedr phrts n` sbnpds, hak oy mymbgm `bnnks. [ed

znad `hrfdk fgjet ehvd hbsn gambukdk ted krgdr phrts bygaj kddp ga ted vhbbdy fhrjgas (nr tdrrhmds sgtuhtdk

honvd gauakhtgnahb bdvdb). [edsd hrdhs prdsufhoby kg``drdk snfdweht ga mehrhmtdr `rnf ted fnrd eufgk

nads, ant sn fume enwdvdr hs tn admdssgthtd ted usd n` h kg``drdat f dtenk n` sngb wnr lga j." (Lrul 87:= p.

?44). Lrul hrrgvçs ht tegs gatdrprdthtgna na ted ohsgs n` ted bnmhtgna n`sdttbmfdats ga h bndss hrdh ga Ynbhak.

"[ ed Kha uogha G pnpubh tgna adhrby hbwhys mnbnagzdk ted bnwdr phrts n` ted vhbbdy sbnpds. [e d sdttbmfdats

wdrd sgtuhtdk ht tedgr dkjds gffdkghtdby honvd ted gauakhtgnahb tdrrhmd mnvdrdk wgte sgbts n` vhrgnus

rnthtgna. [ed nmmurrdamd n` tedsd sngbs fust ehvd mnastgtutdk h fhcnr mrgtdrguf ga ted mengmd n` ted

sdttbdfdat sgtds, sgamd ted sfhbbdr vhbbdys, ted onttnfs n` wegme wdrd mnvdrdk wgte ntedr `nrfhtgnas n` rgvdr

hmmufubhtgna (d.j. kdpnsgtdk bndss) wdrd adjbdmt dk." (Lrul 87:= p. ?49). Zd kn ant wgse tn hknpt Lrul 'sgatdrprdthtgna, sgamd ted sfhbbdr vhbbdys ga nur hrdhs wdrd mdrthgaby pnpubhtdk. Dbsbnn gs ha dxhfpbd. Hbsn

ga Agdkdrohydra fhay dxhfpbds mha od `nuak n`sdttbmfdats hbnaj.sfhbb strdhfs. Zd tegal gt pnssgobd

advdrtedbdss, teht mdrthga pbhats wdrd mubtgvhtdk spdmg`gmhbby ga jhrkdas ga ted vhbbdys.

[ed vhbbdys wdrd pnssgoby hbsn dxpbngtdk hs rnutd whys hs gs sujjdstdk oy mdrthga hutenrs ga kgsmussgaj ted

kgstrgoutgna n` ted BOL mubturd (Outtbdr 87=5, Xug tth 8709). Zd tegal, enwdvdr, teht t ed prdsdamd n`

trh``gm rnutds ga ted vhbbdys gs gfprnohobd. [ed ahturhb vdjdthtgna ga ted vhbbdys mnasgstdk, ga nur npgagna, n`

mhrrs na wdt pbhmds hak n` ha Hban-Yhkgna na ted sbgjetby krgdr phrts. Onte typds n` `nrdst hrd mehrhmtdrgzdk

oy fume uakdrjrnwte hak hrd tedrd`nrd kg``gmubt tn phss ternuje. Gt gs trud teht ted sdbknf `bnnkdk phrts

suppnrtdk hbsn `nrdsts n` ted "Mhrpgagna odtubg", ga wegme ted jngaj gs dhsgdr, out ga fnst mhsds ted kry phrts

hrd kgsmnatgaunus ga h rgvdr vhbbdy wgte h fdhakdrgaj rgvdr. [edrd`nrd gt sddfs fnrd prnohobd tehtted rnhks kgk ant phss ternuje, out hbnaj ted vhbbdys. [ed trhmls teda ga usd wdrd pnssgoby kdtdrfgadk naby

tn h sfhbb dxtdat oy ted whtdrmnursds, dxmdpt ga fnuathganus tdrrhga.

Ga ted honvd ted rdbgd` ehs odda rdjhrkdk hs ha uamdrthga `hmtnr hs `hr hs tegs stuky mnamdradk. Gt gs

novgnus, enwdvdr, teht ougbkgaj enusds na ha dvda jrnuak n``drdak hkvhathjds nvdr ougbkgaj na h

sbnpd. Ht bdhst, wd hssufd teh t ga ted phst tnn ted `bnnr n` h enusd whs prd`drrdk tn od enr gznathb. ]pdmghb

fdhsurds fust od thlda tn nothga tegs rdsubt na h sbnpd. Mnasgkdrhtgnas n` tegs ahturd gfpby teht dvda

tdrrhga whs h pnsgtgvd `hmtnr ga ted mengmd n` h sdttbdfdat sgtd, hbtenuje an kgrdmt prnn` gs hvhgbhobd. [ed

pnssgobd d``dmt teht ted prdsdamd n` h sfhbb sgkd vhbbdy fhy ehvd ehk na ted bnmhtgna n` Egdaedgf, mnubk od



8;9 [ED BNMH[G NA N@ [ED ]D[[BDFDA[]

ted rdsubt n` ted `hmt teht ted onuakhry odtwdda ted bndss-mnvdrdk rgvdr tdrrhmd hak ted hbbuvghb pbhga

mnasgstdk ga h stddp tdrrhmd dkjd. [ed hmmdss tn ted fhga vhbbdy gs dhsgdst oy ted fdatgnadk sgkd vhbbdy.

H`tdr ted honvd hahbysgs n` ted bnmhtgna n` ]gtthrk, ]tdga, Dbsbnn hak Egdaedgf, hak ted pnssgobd dmnanfgd

sgjag`gmhamd n` tegs bnmhtgna , wd wgse tn mnasgkdr hjhga ted sgtd tdrrgtnry kd`gadk ga G GG . 8. Zd ehvd

gatrnkumdk ted sgtd tdrrgtnry wgte h rhkgus n` ? enurs' whblgaj kgsthamd nr 89 lf ga nur stuky tn ehvd h

sthrtgaj pngat `nr ted gavdstgjhtgna n` ted rdbhtgna odtwdda ted gaehogthats n` ted sdttbdfdats hak tedgr

davgrnafdat. Ydrehps gt gs anw pnssgobd tn mna`grf tn weht dxtdat ted sgtd tdrrgtnry mnrrdspnaks wgte ted

hrdh teht rdhbby ehk dmnanfgd gfpnrthamd `nr ted sdttbdfdats ga qudstgna. Oy "rdhbgty" gs teda uakdr-

stnnk ted rdmnastrumtdk "rdhbgty".

Na d n` ted qudstgnas gs wedtedr ted rhkgus n` ? enu rs' whblgaj kgsthamd mh bmubht dk oy fdhas n` kht h `rnf

ted bgtdrhturd, mha hak fust od hkhptdk hs h rdsubt n` ted rdmnastrumtgna. Gt whs kdfnastrhtdk ga GG 8.0 teht

fnrd sdttbdfdats mnubk od `nuak wgtega h kgsthamd n` 89 lf. ]nfd n` tedsd sdttbdfdats fust ehvd dxgstdk

sgfubthadnusby. [egs fdhas teht ted tednrdtgmhb "sgtd tdrrgtnrgds" nvdrbhppdk dhme ntedr tn h vdry

mnasgkdrhobd dxtdat. @rnf tegs `hmt wd krhw ted mnambusgna teht an rdhb gfpnrthamd senubk od htthmedk tnted sgtd tdrrgtnrgds wgte h rhkgus n` 89 lf. Zd sdd terdd hbtdrahtgvds teht fgjet rdpbhmd ted fnkdb n` h sgtd

tdrrgtnry wgte h rhkgus n` 89 lf hak fg jet kdsmrgod ted "rdhb gty " odttdr . [ed `grst hbtdrahtgvd gs h rdkumtgna

n` ted rhkgus tn sume ha dxtdat teht nvdrbhppgaj gs hvngkdk. [egs mha od knad `nr dxhfpbd oy ted

mnastrumtgna n` [egdssda pnbyjnas. [egs prnmdkurd gavnbvds h kgvgsgna n` ted hvhgbhobd hrdh gatn pbnts n`

bhak wegme dhme odbnaj, fnrd nr bdss dxmbusgvdby, tn h mdrthga sdttbdfdat. [ed sdttbdfdat gs hs

hutnanfnus hs pnssgobd. [ed sdmnak hbtdrahtgvd gs teht ant ted sdttbdfdat, out h bndss hrdh wgte sdvdrhb

sdttbdfdats gs mnasgkdrdk hs ha dmnanfgd datgty. [ed sdttbdfdat gs teda ant dxtrdfmby hutnanfnus, out

ùamtgnas wgtega h bhrjd datgty. [ed tdrrgtnry wnubk teda od ha hrdh teht fgjet dxtdak gtsdb` uatgb 89 lf

odynak ted fnst dmmdatrgmhbby bnmhtdk sdttbdfdats. [ed tegrk hbtdrahtgvd gs h mnfogahtgna n` ted `grst twn,

wedr doy wd davgshjd h sdttbdfdat wegme gs hutnanfnu s hs rdjhr ks gts `nnk suppby, out wegme ùamtgnaswgtega h bhrjdr datgty wedrd sume hmtgvgtgds hs nothgagaj rhw fhtdrghbs hrd mnamdradk.

[e d fhps n` `gjurds 80 hak 8: mnubk od usdk tn mnastrumt [egdssda pnbyjnas, out wd `nrjn tegs `nr

kg``drdat rdhsnas. Nad rdhsna gs teht ant hbb ted sdttbdfdats hrd lanwa, ht hay rhtd ga ]nutedra Bgfourj.

Adw sdttbdfdats hrd kgsmnvdrdk edrd anw hak teda, bygaj ourgdk uakdr h mnbbuvguf bhydr hak wegme

hppdhr naby ga kgjjgaj hmtgvgtgds. H sdmnak rdhsna gs teht snfd `gak sgtds, wegme hrd anw rdprdsdatmk oy

sdphrhtd knts, mnubk odbnaj tn nad hak ted shfd sdttbdfdat mnfpbdx (d.j. Oddl-Fnbdastrhht hak Oddl-

Yrnnskgcvdbk, ans. ? hak = ga `gjurd 80). Ga te d tegrk p bhmd wd tegal teht ted onuakhr gds n` [egdssda

pnbyjnas hrd tnn rgjgk `nr h kgssdmtdk bhaksmhpd sume hs ted snute-wdstdra dkjd n` ted bndss pbhtdhu ga

]nutedra Bgfourj. Zd `ddb teht ted tdrrgtnrgds n` ted sdttbdfdats adhr Dbsbnn hrd ant mnrrdmtby kdsmrgodk oy

ted mnastrumtgna n` [egdssda pnbyjnas. H `nurte rdhsna gs teht ted sdttbdfdats wmrd prnohoby ant n` ted

shfd sgzd. [e d kgfdasgnas n` ted pnbyjnas wnubk teda e hvd tn od wdgjedk ga rdbhtgna tn ted kg``drdat sgzds.

Hs wd kn ant dvda lanw tedgr sgzd oy hpprnxgfhtgna sume wdgjegaj gs gfpnssgobd.

Out hbsn wgtenut krhwgaj pnbyjnas gt gs mbdhr teht h strdtme n` bndss hak h phrt n` h vhbbdy wgte h

whtdrmnursd mha od hssgjadk tn adhrby hbb sdttbdfdats. Enwdvdr, tedsd sdmtgnas wdrd naby n` dquhb vhbud ga

ted mhsd n` Egdaedgf hak gts adgjeonurs. [ed mnakgtgnas ga ]nutedra Bgfourj hrd ant mnfpbdtdby

gkdatgmhb. ]dttbdfdats, sume hs ]tdga, n` wegme ted tdrrgtnrgds onrkdr na ted vhbbdy n` ted Fhhs, ehk h kgrdmt

hmmdss tn ted rgvdr-vhbbdy bhaksmhpd hak tn ted jrhvdb ohrs ga ted rgvdr, wegme ted ntedr sdttbdfdats bhmldk.

G` ted `grst hbtdrahtgvd gs hmmdptdk (h rdkumtgna n` ted rhkgus n` ted "sgtd tdrrgtnry"), ted gadvgthobd



[ED BNMH[GNA N@ [ED ]D[[BDFDA[] 8;8

mnambusgna gs teh t ted sdttbdfdats mhaant e hvd odda mnfpbdtdby sdb`su` gmgdat. [e d sgtds na ted rgvdr wnubk

`nr dxhfpbd ehvd ehk tn suppby rnmls tn ted "egatdrbhak". Gt fhy hbsn od qudstgnadk wedtedr ted

vhr ghog bgty ga hmmdss tn rgvdr-vhbbdy bhaksmhpd d``dmtdk ted sgzd hak ted mnfpnsgtgna n` kgd bgvd-stnml n` ted

sdttbdfdats. Ta`nrtuahtdby sume ha d``dmt mhaant od fdhsurmk, odmhusd tedrd hrd an hagfhb rmfhgas.

[ed sdmnak hbtdrahtgvd3 an dxtrdfd bnmhb hutnanfy, out h rdjgnahbby nrjhagzdk dmnanfy, gs, ga nurnpgagna, ant h jnnk fnkdb. Zd mhaant gfhjgad enw ted gaehogthats n` h aufodr n` sdphrhtd hak, wd tegal,

dqugvhbdat, sdttbdfdats wnubk wnrl tnjdtedr ga h mnbbdmtgvd systdf. Zd sdd sdttbdfdats hs ]gtthrk, ]tdga

hak Dbsbnn hs sdttbdfdats teht mn-dxgstdk. [edrd hrd an gakgmhtgnas n` h mdatrhb hutenrgty hak gt gs hssufdk

jdadrhbby teht ted dxpnadats n` ted BOL mubturd kgk ant lanw hay ([hohmzyeslg 87:?).*

Khth hbbnwgaj h wdbb `nuakdk mengmd odtwdda ted `grst hak ted tegrk hbtdrahtgvd, hrd hosdat. Zd

pdrsnahbby prd`dr ted tegrk hbtdrahTvd, ga wegme ted gaehogthats n` ted sdttbdfdats kgk dxpbngt tedgr nwa

pgdmd n` bndss, out hbsn ehk kgrdmt hmmdss tn mdrthga mnffnkgtgms odynak. Nad mnubk dvda tegal n` ted rgjet

tn jrhzgaj bhak ga ted rgvdr-vhbbdy bhaksmhpd.

[ed tegrk fnkdb gfpbgds teht ted nrgjgahb mnamdpt n` h sgtd tdrrgtnry hs "ted tdrrgtnry surrnuakgaj h sgtd

wegme gs dxpbngtdk ehogtuhbby oy ted gaehogthats n` ted sgtd" (Pgth @gazg & Egjjs 87:9) gs ant mnfpbdtdby

hppb gmhob d. [e d rdhsna gs teh t p hrt n` ted dmnanfgd hmtgvgtgds tnnl pbhmd ga ha hrdh wegme whs hbsn usdk oy

ntedr sdttbdfdats, hak hantedr phrt ga ha hrdh wegme knds ehvd h tdrrgtnrghb mehrhmtdr. Ga nur mhsd wd

senubk bgld tn rdsdrvd ted mnamdpt "sgtd tdrrgtnry" `nr ted "nwa" bndss hrdh wgte hkchmdat whtdrmnursd, hak

gambukd ted rdst ga ted fume wgkdr mnamdpt "enfd rhajd". [ed bhttdr mnfprgsds hbsn ana-dmnanfgm

hmtgvgtgds, ehs vhjud onuakhrgds, hak senws nvdrbhppgaj wgte ted enfd rhajds n` ntedr sdttbdfdats (sdd

hbsn GG8.8). Nur gkdhs n` ted bnmhtgna n` ted sdttbdfdats hak tedgr dxpbngthtgna n` ted egatdrbhak hrd senwa

ga ted `ngbnwgaj smedfd (`gjurd ?9).

GFYN_[hkzds

GFYN_[edfhtgtdnrahfdats >

@gj. ?9. Fnkdb bnr ted bnmhtgna n` ted BOL sdttbdfdats. [erdd hbtdrahtgvds hrd jgvda bnr ted sehpm n` sgtd tdrrgtnrgds (ans 8, ? hak =).

* Zd wgse tn ggnbd edrd teht snfd n` ted `gak sgtds senwa na ted kgstrgoutgna fhps mnubk pdrehps ehvd nrgjgahtdk ga suonrkgahtdsdttbdfdats, sume hs enusds teht wdrd ougbt tn juhrk mdrthga `gdbks. [ed `fk sgtds Trfnak-Jrhdtedgkd hak Trfnak-Edaadldassenubk pdrehps om gatdrprdtdk hs sume.



8;? [ED BNMH[GNA N@ [ED ]D[[BDFDA[]

Adxt, ted ht tdfpt mha od fhk d tn kdtdrfgad ted sgzd n` ted sgtd tdrrg tnry h ak n` ted enfd rh ajd. Hs wd ehvd

senwa ga `gjurd ?9, wd tegal teht ted sgtd tdrrgtnrgds addk ant admdsshrgby ehvd odda sdfg-mgrmubhr. H

bnmhtgna hbnaj whtdrmnursds mha gfpby teht ted kgfdasgnas phrhbbdb tn ted whtdrmnursd kg``dr `rnf ted

kgfdasgnas ht rgjet hajbds tn ted whtdrmnursd. [ed tdrrgtnrgds hrd teda nobnaj hak hrd kdsmrgodk ant oy h

sgajbd rhkgus, out oy twn kgfdasgnas ht rgjet hajbds tn nad hantedr. Ga ha gkdhb mhsd, tedsd kgfdasgnasfgjet od nothgadk ternuje h kgstrgoutgna fhp, senwgaj hbb mnatdfpnrhry sdttbdfdats. @urtedrfnrd, gt

senubk od lanwa wedtedr ted sdttbdfdats mnuatdk ted shfd aufodr n` enusds nr wedtedr tedy wdrd n`

kg``drdat sgzds. Hs ehs hbrdhky odda fdatgnadk, nur kgstrgoutgna fhps kn ant fddt tedsd rdqugrdfdats.

]tgbb, wd mha shy snfdtegaj honut ted kgfdasgnas n` ted sgtd tdrrgtnry. Zd lanw, `nr gasthamd, teht snute n`

ted sdttbdfdat ]g tth rk (`gjurd 80 an. 80), ht h kgs thamd n` ?499 f, tedrd whs hantedr sdttbdfdat na ted shfd

ohal n` ted strdhf Jdbdda (Jdbdda Annrk an. 8?). Onte sdttbdfdats dxgstdk sgfubthadnusby ht bdhst kurga j

pehsd bgm. Na ted rgjet ohal n` ted Tr, wd lanw ant naby n` ]tdga (an. 87), out hbsn ted sdttbdfdat ]tdga-

Edgkdvdbkwdj (an. ?8) kurgaj pdrgnk G. [edsd sdttbdfdats hrd ht h kgsthamd n` 8:99 f `rnf dhme ntedr.

Fnrd futu hb kgsthamds mhaant od jgvda `nr ]nutedra Bgfo urj , odmhusd dgtedr ted sdtkdfdats hrd ant khtdk

su``gmgdatby wdbb, nr tedy hrd sdphrhtdk oy h vhbbdy. Zd hrd bd`t wgte ted gfprdssgna teht ted kgsthamd `rnf h

sdttbdfdat tn ted onuakhry n` gts tdrrgtnry, fdhsurdk hbnaj ted whtdrmnursd, whs 8999 f ht ted fnst. Zd

dxpdmt, oy ted why, teht ga ted ùturd adw sdttbdfdats wgbb od kgsmnvdrdk odtwdda ted hbrdhky fdatgnadk

sdttbdfdats, sn teht ted futuhb kgsthamds wnubk odmnfd dvda sfhbbdr. Ga ted surrnuakgajs n` Egdaedgf,

naby nad n` ted BOL sdttbdfdats ehs odda khtdk su``gmgdatby wdbb. Gt gs Egdaemgf-@umesbnme, ht h kgsthamd n`

?=99 f `rnf Egdaedgf. @nr ted ntedr twn sdttbdfdats fdatgnadk ga GGG.0, ahfmby Grasgaj-]mehazm hak

Grasgaj 8, an khtds mha od jgvda. ]enubk tedy ehvd dxgstdk sgfubthadnusby wgte ted `grst twn sdttbdfdats,

teda ted `nur n` tedf wdrd bnmhtdk ga h rnw hbnaj ted Knahu, wgte futuhb kgsthamds n` ?=99 f, :49 f hak

8999 f. [ed kgfdasgnas n` ted tdrrgtnrgds, phrhbbdb tn ted rgvdr, wnubk teus hjhga od ga ted nrkdr n` ?999 f

nr bdss.

[ed kgfdasgnas ht rgjet hajbds tn ted whtdrmnursd mhaant ehvd odda jrdht dgtedr. Zd rd`dr tn ted

bnmhtgna n` h sdttbdfdat bgld Dbsbnn (an. 4). Ht bdhst kurgaj pehsd bgk, Dbsbnn dxgstdk sgfubthadnusby wgte

Dbsbnn-Edgkd (an. :), Dbsbnn-Cub ghahstrhht (an. 5) hak Oddl-Yrnnskgcvdbk (an. =). [e d kgsthamds tn tedsd

`gak sgtds hrd :49 f, 8999 f hak 8?49 f rdspdmtgvdby. Ga ted surrnuakgajs n` Egdaedgf wd ehvd h enbk `hst

ga ted sgzd n` ted bndss hrdh. [ed prdsdamd n` bndss adhr Egdaedgf gtsdb` gs rdstrgmtdk tn h strgp wgte h kdpte n`

499 tn 8999 f, fdhsurdk `rnf ted rgvdr vhbbdy. Adhr Egdaedgf-@umes bnme (an. ?) ted bndss onuakhry gs ht

?999 f `rnf ted rgvdr vhbbdy. [ed egat drbhak n` ted ntedr twn sdttbdfdats mnrrdspnaks ga sgzd wgte t eht n`

Egdaedgf. Zd tegal teht wd fhy kdkumd `rnf ted sgtuhtgna hs kdpgmtdk na ted fhp, teht ted sgtd

tdrrgtnrgds, fdhsurdk hbnaj ted whtdrmnursd, wdrd ant wgkdr teha 8999 tn ?999 f hak, fdhsurdk ht h rgjet

hajbd tn ted whtdrmnursd, wdrd ant kddpdr teha snfd 8999 f. Ga rdhbgty ted tdrrgtnrgds wdrd pdrehps dvda

sfhbbdr. [ed kgstrgoutgna n` mnfphrhobd sdttbdfdats hbnaj ted Fdrzohme na ted Hbkdaenvdadr Ybhttd ga

ted _edgabhak gakgmhtds, teht ht bdhst ted wgkte mha ehvd odda fume sfhbbdr ga snfd mhsds, ahfdby snfdeuakrdks n` fdtrds. [ed kdpte gs sdt edrd ht 8499 f ht ted fnst (Lupdr dt hb. 87:;).

Zd wgse tn pngat nut teht nur rnuje dstgfhtd n` ted fhxgfuf sgzd n` h sgtd tdrrgtnry hbsn hpprnxgfhtdby

gakgmhtds ted sgzd n` ted hvhgbhobd bndss hrdh, sgamd fnst n` ted vhbbdys hrd ahrrnw hak tedgr sur`hmd mnvdrs

out h sfhbb phrt n` ted tnthb hrdh. G` nad hssufds teht ted bndss sngbs gakddk rdprdsdat ted hrdh usdk `nr

hjrgmubtur d, teda ted sgzd n` tegs hrdh mnrrdspnaks wgte ted gkdhb kgfdasgnas, ahfdby bdss teha = x = lf, hs

kdsmrgodk oy Megsenbf (Megsenbf 8705 p. 8=8, qunt dk oy us na p. 8=5). [e d dstgfhtdk sgtd tdrrgtnry

sddfs tedrd`nrd ant tn od uardhsnahobd.



*<*1•, Q`bè*QtQ1•

[ED BNMH[GNA N@ [ED ]D[[BDFDA[] 8;=

Hantedr lgak n` medml fgjet mnasgst n` tdstgaj wedtedr sume h tdrrgtnry whs gakddk su``gmgìat `nr ted

gaehogthats n` ted sdttbdfdats. Enwdvdr, mhrrygaj nut sume h tdst gavnbvds fhay prnobdfs. Gt fust od

lanvva, ga ted `grst pbhmd, enw fhay gaehogthats h sdttbdfdat mnuatdk. [edrd hrd twn fdtenks n`

dstgfhtgaj ted aufodr n` gaehogthats. [ed `grst fdtenk mhbmubhtds ted aufodr ternuje ted sgzd n` ted

sdttbdfdat nr ted aufodr n` enusds< ted sdmnak fdtenk mhbmubhtds ted aufodr ternuje ted jrhvds ga h

mdfdtmry odbnajgaj tn ted sdttbdfdat. Onte prnmdkurds hrd kg``gmubt tn hppby ga nur mhsd, odmhusd ted sgzd n`

fnst n` ted sdttbdfdats gs ualanwa hak mdfdtdrgds hppdhr tn od rhrd nr ht bdhst kg``gmubt tn `fk. [e d naby

sdttbdfdat ga ted twn hrdhs uakdr mnasgkdrhtgna n` wegme ted rdqugrdk khth hrd hvhgbhobd, gs Dbsbnn. Onte

ted sgzd hak h mdfdtdry hrd lanwa n` tegs sdttbdfdat.

?99 tn ?49 enusds wnubk ehvd odda ougbt ga Dbsbnn ga ted mnursd n`gts egstnry (Fnkkd rfha 87:9 p. ?9;).

Gt sddfs uabgldby, enwdvdr, teh t ted nbkdst enusds rdf hgadk ga thmt kurgaj ted ;99 ¸ 49 ydhrs teht Dbsbnn

whs gaehogtdk. [ed rdhb aufodr teht mnastgtutdk ted sdttbdfdat ht h jgvda fnfdat, fust tedrd`nrd ehvd

odda fume sfhbbdr. [egs aufodr kdpdaks na ted bg`d-spha n` ted enusds hak tedrd`nrd na ted bg`d-spha n`

wnnkda pnsts mfodkkdk ga bndss. [egs `hmtnr gs ualanwa, odmhusd tegs ougbkgaj tdmeagqud gs an bnajdr usdk

anwhkhys. Zd fgjet rdhk ted fhxgfuf bg`d-spha `rnf thobd 0 n` GP.; (p. 5?), ga wegme h bg`d-spha n` ?4ydhrs gs sthtdk `nr gakgjdanus wnnk ga mnathmt wg te ted sngb. Hs Fn kkdr fh a ehs advdr nosdrvdk teht

mnastrumtgna mbdfdats ga ted enusds ehk odda rdpbhmdk, ted enusds mnubk ehvd rdfhgadk gaehogthobd `nr

mgrmh ?4 ydhrs. [ed qudstgna gs, enwdvdr, wedtedr ga rdhbgty ted enusds fhy ant ehvd stnnk bnajdr. [ed

bg`d-spha n` ?4 ydhrs ehs odda dsthobgsedk oy fdhas n` bhonrh tnry tdsts. Zd tegal gt pnssgobd teh t gaehogtdk

enusds, ga wegme h `grd whs ldpt, rdfhgadk gathmt `nr h bnajdr tgfd. Ta`nrtuahtdby, bgttbd Ga`nrfhtgna gs

hvhgbhobd hon ut ted bg`d-spha n` mnfphrhobd prdegstnrgd enusds. Pdrwdrs gs n` ted npgagna teh t ted enusds n`

ted Grna Hjd sdttbdfdat ga Ehps, na h shaky sngb, stnnk `nr 59 ydhrs (Pdrwdrs 87:? p. 8?8). Ehhrahjdb

fdatgnas h bg`d-spha n` 49 ydhrs `nr ; "tdrp" enusds, out ted rdfhrl fust od fhkd edrd teht ted suosngb, ga

wegme ted wnnk whs dfodkkdk, ehs mehrhmtdrgstgms wegme hrd qugtd kg``drdat `rnf tensd n` bndss sngbs

(Ehh rahj db 87:0, wrgttda mnffuagmh tgna ). Hbb wd mha kn ht ted fnfdat gs mennsd h bg`d-spha. Zd tedathld h senrt bg`d-spha, ahfdby ?4 ydhrs. [egs pdrgnk ehs hbsn odda usdk oy Fnkkdrfha hak Lupdr dt hb.

(Fnkkdrfha 87:9 p. ?9;, Lupd r dt hb. 87:; p. ;7:). Tsgaj h bg`d-spha n` ?4 ydhrs fdhas teh t Dbsbnn fust

ehvd hvdrhjdk odtwdda 88 hak 8: enusds ht hay nad tgfd. Fnkkdrfha pngats nut, enwdvdr, teht h

pnpubhtgna gamrdhsd ga ted mnursd n` tgfd senubk od thlda gatn hmmnuat. Ed sujjdsts `nr ted `grst pehsd h

aufodr n` bdss teha 7 hak `nr ted ynuajdst pehsds h aufodr n` nvdr 8: (Fnk kdrfha 87:9 p. ?94).

[ed adxt prnobdf gs tn kdtdrfgad ted aufodr n` gaehogthats pdr enusd. Ga nur npgagna tegs mha od knad

naby oy fdhas n` dtanjrhpe gm khth . Gt gs kg``gmubt, enwdvdr, tn `gak hmmdp thobd dtanjrhpegm phrhbbdbs, teht gs

khth rdbhtgaj tn enusds teht odbnaj ga h sgfgbhr dmnanfgd hak snmghb mnatdxt. ]n `hr wd ehrkby lanw

haytegaj honut ted snmghb hspdmts n` bg`d ga BOL sdttbdfdats. Na ted ntedr ehak, ted dtanjrhpegm khth hrd

hbsn smhrmd (Ydtdrsda 87:4). ]dvdrhb hutenrs ehvd trgdk tn kdvdbnp `nrfubhd wegme mnubk pnssdss h jdadrhb

vhbgkgty wgtega mdrthga dmnanfgd hak snmghb bgfgts. Zd ahfd Ahrnbb, Mnnl & Edgzdr, Mbhrld hak

Mhssdbodrry hs hutenrs wen stukgdk sdkdathry, ana uroha, pnpubhtgna jrnups. Ahrnbb sujjdsts teht ted

`xcpubhtgna n` h sdtt bdfdat mha od mhbmubh tdk oy thlgaj nad- tdate n` ted tnthb `bnnr sur`hmd dxprdssdk ga

squhrd fdtrds (Ahrnbb 870?). Fgbgshuslhs ehs usdk tegs `nrfubh tn mhbmubhtd ted aufodr n` gaehogthats n`

ted BOL sdttbdfdat OG ga Nbszhagmh (Fgbgshuslhs 87:?p. :9). Mnnl & Edgzdr jgvdh `nrfubh wegme rdbhtds

tn "Honrgjgahb Mhbg`nragh". "Ga honrgjgahb Mhbg`nragh ted `bnnr sphmd pdr gakgvgkuhb enusd whs ohsdkupna

h fgagfuf hvdrhjd n` 0 pdrsnas wgte ?9 squhrd `ddt hvhgbhobd tn dhme. Hkkgtgnahb pdrsnas gavnbvdk ha

gamrdhsd n` 899 squhrd `ddtdhme ." (Mnnl & Edgzdr 8705 p. 88;). Bhtdr Mnnl rd`gadk ted `nrfubh ga tn3 "@nr



8;; [ED BNMH[GNA N@ [ED ]D[[BDFDA[]

fdhsu rgaj sphmd h `hgr rubd n` te uf o gs tn mnuat ?4 squh rd `ddt `nr dhme n` ted `grst sgx pdrsnas hak teda 899

squhrd `ddt `nr dhme hkkgtgnahb gakgvgkuhb." (Mnnl 87:? p. 80). [ed `nrfubh hppbgds onte tn sgajbd`hfgby

hak fubtg`hfgby kwdbbgajs. Ahrnbb's `nrfubh hs wdbb hs ted `nrfubh n` Mnnl & Edgzdr hrd suocdmt tn

mrgtgmgsf. [edy hrd quhbg`gdk hs tnn jdadrhbgzgaj (Mhssdbodrry 87:;, Ydtdrsda 87:4). [ed wnrl oy Mbhrld

rdbhtds dxmbusgvdby tn Yudob n mubturds (Mbhrld 87:8), wedrdhs Mhssdbodrry kdhbt wgte fubtg`hfgby kwdbbgajs

(Mhssdbodrry 87:;). Mbhrld shys teht ted pnpubhtgna n` h Yudobn hfnuats tn nad-tegrk n` ted `bnnr hrdh hs

fdhsurdk ga squhrd fdtrds. Mhssdbodrry sujjdsts3 "ted pnpubhtgna n` h fubtg`hfgby kwdbbgaj mha od

rnujeby dstgfhtdk hs nad-sgxte ted `bnnr hrdh n` ted kwdbbgaj hs fdhsurdk ga squhrd fdtrds." Out ed hkks3

"Hb ten uje tegs `nrfubh (Y 6 8/0@) mnrrdbhtds odtt dr wgte ted kh th rdprdsda tdk edrd teh a tn ted nted r

`nrfubhd, gt gs hr `rnf h jnnk prdk gmtnr n` pnpu bhtg na sgzd. [e d pr gfh ry rdhsna `nr tegs gs ted bhrjd hfnua t

n` `bmxgogbgty ga eufha pnpubhtgna kdasgtgds kud ga phrt tn ted vhrgnus eufha prnxdfgm systdfs. [ed

`nrfubhd na ted mehr t tdak tn uakdrdstgfhtd ted pnpu bht gna n` ted vhrgnus kwdTgajs (ted `nrfubhd rd`drrdk

tn hrd tensd n` Mhssdbodrry, Ahrnbb hak Mnnl, M.O.). Gt gs dquhbby pnssgobd, ga `hmt vdry bgldby, teht ted shfd

`nrfubhd wnubk nvdrdstgfhtd ted pnpubhtg na g` ntedr kwdb bgaj typds wdrd odgaj mnasgkdrdk. [eu s gt senubk

od dfpehsgzdk teht dhme kwdbbgaj typd fust ehvd ha uagqud `nrfubh." (Mhssdbodrry 87:; p. 887).Mhssdbodrry hppbgds egs `nrfubh tn ted BOL sdttbdfdat ga Nbszhagmh, hfnaj ©tedr sdttbdfdats, hpphrdatby

sehrgaj ]nuksly's npgagna, teht ted BOL enusds wdrd fubtg`hfgby kwdbbgajs (]nuksly 870?).

Gt rdsubts `rnf ted honvd teht kdtdrfgagaj ted aufodr n` gaehogthats n` h BOL sdttbdfdat na ted ohsgs

n` ted aufodr hak ted sgzd n` ted enusds gs stgbb an fnrd teha judsswnrl. @nr bhml n` odttdr, wd ehvd hppbgdk

ted `nrfubhd n` Mnnl 87:? hak Mhssdbodrry 87:; tn tensd phrts n` ted BOL enusds ga Dbsbnn, wegme

Fnkkdrfha mnasgkdrs hs ted bgvgaj sdmtgna. Edrdoy wd kg``dr `rnf ted prnmdkurd `nbgnwdk oy Fgbgshuslhs

hak Mhssdbodrry, wen mhbmubhtd wgte ted tnthb rnn`dk sur`hmd. Zd ehvd mnasgkdrdk hbb dxmhvhtdk ougbkgajs

hs kwdbbgajs. [ed `nrfubh n` Mnnl jgvds `nr @Csbnn pdrgnk G ha hvdrhjd aufodr n` 89 pdrsnas pdr enusd.

[edrd gs ant fume vhrghtgna. [ed sfhbbdst mhbmubhtdk vhbud gs 0 hak ted bhrjdst gs 8=, out tedsd hrd dxtrdfd

vhbuds. [ed hppbgmhtgna n` Mhssdbodrry's `nrfubh jgvds 7 gaehogthats< ted bnwdst vhbud, 4, hak ted egjedst,

8=, rdbhtd tn tbgdsd dxtrdfds. Ga pdrgnk GG ted kwdbbgaj sdmtgnas odmnfd sbgjetby bhrjdr, wegme rdsubts ga

hvdrhjds n` 8? hak 88 rdspdmtgvdby. [egs aufo dr gs vhbgk `nr fnst n` ted enusds. [ed rd hrd `dw rdhb

dxmdptgnas. Fnst mnaspgmunus gs enusd 8=, wegme ehs h bhrjd kwdbbgaj sdmtgna hak wegme, hmmnrkgaj tn ted

hppbgdk `nrfubhd, wnubk ehvd mnuatdk 8: (Mnnl) hak 87 (Mhssdbodrry) gaehogthats. Zeda wd rdmlna wgte

h sdtt bdfdat n` mgrmh 7 enusds ga pdrgnk G hak 8: enusds ga pdrgnk G G, ted pnpubht gna n` Dbsbnn wnubk ehvd

gamrdhsdk `rnf 79 nr 58 tn ?9; nr 85:, teht gs `rnf sbgjetby uakdr 899 tn mgrmh ?99 gaehogthats .

Fnkkdrfha ehs mhbmubhtdk ted aufodr n` gaehogthats ternuje ha dstgfhtd n` ted `hfgby typd teht

wnubk ehvd gaehogtdk ted enusds. Gt wnubk ehvd odda h `hfgby n` 0-89 pdrsnas, gambukgaj terdd

jdadrhtgnas. [eus ed hrrgvçs ht h aufo dr n` 4;- 79 `nr ted dhrbgdst pehsd hak ht h aufo dr n` 89?-8:9 `nr ted

bhtdst pehsds.

[e d mhbmubhtgnas ohsdk na ted mdfdtdry n` Dbsbnn rdbh td tn ted pnpubh tgna ga pehsds bg m hak b gk, odmhusd

ted dxmhvhtdk mdfdtd ry whs ga usd kur gaj tedsd pehsds naby. Na ted ohsgs n` ted aufodr n` jrhvds hak ted

kurhtgna n` pehsds bgm hak bgk. Fnkkdrfha hrrgvçs ht ted mnambusgna teht ted kdhk mhfd `rnf h vgbbhjd,

wegme mnuatdk 809 pdrsnas ht ted fnst hak ht bdhst ;9 pdrsnas (Fn kkdrfha 87:9 p. ?94 -?9 :).

Ga h adw hahbysgs n` ted jrhvd-jnnks. Pha kd Pdbkd hrrgvdk ht ted mnambusgna teht ted kdhk ga ted

mdfdtdry mnastgtutd an prnpnrtgnahb rdprdsdathtgna n` ted pnpubhtgna. Fnkkdrfha hbrdhky pngatdk nut

teht megbkrda n` 89 ydhrs nr ynuajdr hrd vgrtuhbby hosdat, h `hmt wegme ed tnnl gatn hmmnuat weda ed

mhbmubhtdk ted {Ucpubhtgna. Pha kd Pdbkd, enwdvdr, sthtds teht wnfda hrd hbsn uakdrrdprdsdatdk. [ed sdx



[ED BNMH[GNA N@ [E D ]D[[BDFDA[] 8;4

rhtgn gs ant 9.499 out 9.;9=. Pha kd Pdbkd usdk tegs rhtgn tn fhld h adw mhbmubhtgna. Ed ehk tn sthrt n`

mnursd `rnf h aufodr n` hssufptgnas. Ed sdts ted sdx rhtgn ht ogrte ht 9.499. @urtedr ed hssufdk teht 49%

n` ted pdnpbd kgdk om`nrd tedy odmhfd hkubts. Naby hkubts wnubk bgd na ted mdfdtdry, out `nr dxhfpbd

wnfda wen kgdk ga ted `grst megbkodk, wnubk ant ehvd odda ourgdk. Zgte ted jgvda sdx rhtgn, 49 fda hak

=; wnfda wnubk dvdatuhbby od ourgdk nut n` ha nrgjgahb pnpu bhtgna n` ?99. Hs 88= jrhvds ehvd odda `nuakga Dbsbnn, ted nrgjgahb pnpubht gna wnubk ehvd mnua tdk ?07 pdrsnas. Pha kd Pdbkd tegals teht ted mdfdtdry

whs ant ga usd kur gaj ted datgrd pehsd b gm + Ek . Ed knds ant dstgfhtd ted pdrgnk ht gvd jdadrh tgnas, teht gs

tbgm kurhtgna n` ted pehsds hmmnrkgaj tn Fnkkdrfha, out ht terdd jdadrhtgnas. [edrd`nrd ted pnpubhtgna

bgvgaj ga nad hak ted shfd tgfd wnubk ehvd mnfprgsdk 79 pdrsnas (Pha kd Pdbkd 87:: pdrsnahb

Ga`nrfhtgna).

[ed honvd senws teht ted kg``drdat hpprnhmeds prnvgkd kgvdrjdat rdsubts. [ed `nrfubhd n` Mnnl hak

Mhs.sdbodrry jgvd h pnpubhtgna n` ?99 `nr pehsds G Gd nr Ek < Fn kkd rfha 's dstgfhtd na ted ohsgs n` ted enusds

jgvds 899-8:9 hak egs dstgfhtd na ted ohsgs n` ted mdfdtdry ;9-809 pdrsnas< Pha kd Pdbkd hrrgvçs ht 79.

[ed mhbmubhtgna n` ted pnpubhtgna gs ant ted naby prnobdf wegme wd hrd `hmdk wgte. G` wd wgse tn mna`grf

wedtedr h pnpubhtgna mnubk bgvd n`` h mdrthga pgdmd n` bhak, wd addk tn lanw weht teht bhak ygdbkdk. Ga tegsrdspdmt ant naby `nnk senubk od tenujet n`, out hbsn mdrthga rhw fhtdrghbs hak `grdwnnk. Zgte rdspdmt tn ted

rhw fhtdrghbs wd senubk bgld tn fdatgna ga phrtgmubhr ted addk n` su``gmgìat ougbkgaj fhtdrghbs. Gt gs

uabgldby teht ted rhw fhtdrghbs `nr fnogbd jnnks bgstdk ga GP.;, dvdr `nrfdk h prnobdf ga ted quhatgthtgvd

sdasd. G` tedy wdrd prdsdat, tedy wdrd hbsn prdsdat ga su` gmgìat quhatg tgds.

Zd sehbb `grst ehvd h mbnsdr bnnl ht ted `nnk suppby . Ga GP.? gt gs edbk teht ted `nnk mhfd fhgaby `rnf

mubtgvhtdk pbhats hak knfdstgmhtdk hagfhbs. [nn bgttbd gs lanwa honut hagfhb eusohakry hak tedrd`nrd wd

sehbb rdstrgmt nursdbvds tn hjrgmubturd. [ed qudstgna gs rdkumdk tedrdoy tn ted qudstgna wedtedr ted

gaehogthats n` Dbsbnn ehk danuje hjrgmubturhb bhak nr danuje bndss sngb ga tedgr sgtd tdrrgtnry `rnf wegme tn

bgvd. [n haswdr tegs qudstgna wd fust lanw, hfnaj ntedr tegajs, weht phrt n` ted khgby `nnk mhfd `rnf

pbhats hak weht ted ygdbk whs pdr edmthrd n` hrhogm. Ga GP.? ted prnobdf n` ted rhtgn odtwdda `nnk `rnf

pbhats hak `nnk `rnf hagfhbs ehs hbrdhky odda kgsmussdk orgd`by (p. ::). [egs rhtgn mhaant od dsthobgsedk

na ted ohsgs n` ted dxmhvhtdk fhtdrghb. [edrd`nrd ha dstgfhtd ehs tn od fhkd hak wd sehbb rdmlna ga ted

`nbbnwgaj wgte 49%, 0 4 % hak 59% n` `nnk `rnf pbhats.*

[ed ygdbk n` ted `gdbks ehs odda kgsmussdk hbrdhky ga GP.?. Zd fdatgnadk ted pnssgogbgty teht ted ygdbks

mnubk ehvd odda dquhb tn tensd n` ted cust kd`nrdstdk hrdhs ga Mhahkh. [egs fdhas h ygdbk n` mgrmh 8 999 lj

pdr edmthrd, g` ted ygdbk n` ted `grst ydhr gs bd`t nut n` mnasgkdrhtgna. ]nfd phrt n` tegs ygdbk gs rdqugrdk hs

snwgaj sddk hak phrt gs bnst kurgaj stnrhjd hak prnmdssgaj. @nr tegs `hmtnr Hodb sthtds ha hfnuat n` ?99 lj

pdr edmthrd (Hodb 870:). ]n nad edmthrd n` hrhogm wnubk ygdbk 599 ljn ` mdrdhbs `nr mnasufptgna. Ymrehps

tegs dstgfhtd gs na ted bnw sgkd. Hodb rdmlnas wgte h adt ygdbk n` 499 lj pdr edmthrd `nr ted pdrfhadat

mubtgvhtgnan`mdr dhbs ga ted "td rp da " hrdh (Hodb 870: p. ?;). Ed hbsn wrgtds teht bndss hrdhs hrd ?.4 tgfds hs

`hvnurhobd `nr hjrgmubturd. Hs tedrd wdrd uaknuotdkby stgbb fhay trdd-stufps ga nur `gdbks, wegme wgbb ehvd

rdkumdk ted d``dmtgvd hrdh (bgld ga Mhahkh), wd rdmlna advdrtedbdss wgte 599 lj n` mdrdhbs `nr mnasufptgna

pdr edmthrd.

G`, `nr ted shld n` mnavdagdamd wd naby mnasgkdr mdrdhbs hak anad n` ted ntedr pbhats, teda nad edmthrd n`

hrhobd wnubk ygdbk 599 x =899 6 ?;.5 x 89Q Mhb n` nnk `rnf pbhats. Hmmnrkgaj tn kh th `rnf ted @HN , h

* 04% gs ted sehrm n` `nnk `rnf pbhats ga ted kgdt n` euatdrs hak jhtedrdrs (Bdd 8705). @grst wd ehvd thlda tegs pdrmdathjdhak teda h egjedr hak h bnwdr vhbud.



8;0 [ED BNMH[GNA N@ [ED ]D[[BDFDA[]

pnpubhtgna n` 899, hfnaj vvenf 49 megbkrda, ?4 hkubt fhbds hak ?4 hkubt `mfhbds, vvnubk addk honut

?=:499 Mhb pdr khy.* Ga h mhsd wedrd 04*Q9 n` ted madrjy kdfhak ehs tn od mnvdrdk oy ted wedht ygdbks,

teda Dbsbnn, wgte h pnpubhtgna n` 899, wnubk ehvd rdqugrdk mgrmh ?= eh n` bndss ga mubturd. Ht 49% tegs gs 8:

eh, hak ht ted egjedst dstgfhtd, n` 59%, ?5 eh. G` gakddk ?99 pdnpbd bgvdk ga Dbsbnn kurgaj ted bhst pehsds,

tedsd `gjurds fust n` mnursd od knuobdk.* Zeda ted honvd-fdatgnadk hrdhs h rd rdbhtdk tn ted sgtd tdrrgtnry,teda ted sur`hmd mnvdrdk oy ted `gdbks gs sfhbbdr teh a ted dstgfhtdk fhxgfuf sgzd n` h tdrrgtnry (899-?99 eh).

Ga ted mhsd n` Dbsbnn h rhtedr fnrd spdmg`gm kd`gagtgna n` ted tdrrgtnry gs pnssgobd. Dbsbnn bgds na h sfhbb bndss

pbhtdhu, wegme gs dambnsdk oy vhbbdys. [egs bndss pbhtdhu mnvdrs mgrmh 8:9 eh . G` ted datgrd pbhtdhu odbnajdk

tn Dbsbnn ha k tedrd`nrd kgk ant ehvd tn od sehrdk wgte Dbsbnn-Edgkd, Dbsbnn-Cubghahstrhht hak Oddl-

Yrnnskgcvdbk, teda ted sgtd tdrrgtnry n` Dbsbnn wnubk ehvd mnvdrdk 8 :9 eh. N` mnursd, phrt temrdn` whs

nmmupgdk oy ted sdttbdfdat gtsdb`, out tedrd whs rnnf manuje `nr 8:-40 eh n` hrhobd. [egs knds ant

admdsshrgby fdha teht ted gaehogthats mnubk bgvd n`` ted bhak, sgamd wd kn ant lanw `nr enw bnaj ted `gdbks

wdrd mubtgvhtdk. _mjubhr seg`tgaj mnubk advdr ehvd jnad na gakd`gagtdby, sgamd ted `gdbks mnvdrdk nad-agate

tn nad-teg rk n` ted fhxgfuf pnssgobd sur`hmd. [egs mnubk bdhk tn ted mnambusgna teh t ted `gdbks wdrd ldpt ga

usd `nr h bnaj tgfd nr pdrehps dvda pdrfhadatby, nr teht tedy bhy hbbnw `nr senrt tgfds naby. Ga nur npgagnasume mnambusgnas fhy ant ydt od krhwa ht ted fnfdat. [edy wnubk od ohsdk na mhbmubhtgnas mhrrgdk nut

wgte h sdrgds n` dstgfhtdk quhatg tgds, hfn aj wegme ted sgzd n` pnpubhtgna, ted sehrd n` wedh t ga ted nnk hak

ted ygdbk n` ted `gdbks hrd ted fnst uamdrthga nads.

Zd sehbb anw ehvd h mbnsdr bnnl ht ted ougbkgaj fhtdrghbs. Gt whs sthtdk ga GP.; teht dspdmghbby ted

hvhgbhogbgty n` nrjhagm ougbkgaj fhtdrghbs f hy ehvd prdsdatdk prnobdfs. Zd sehbb rdstrgmt nursdbvds edrd tn

ted qudstgna wedtedr ted sgtd tdrrgtnry mnubk ehvd suppbgdk su``gmgìat tgfodr `nr ougbkgaj h sdttbdfdat.

Dstgfhtds na tegs suocdmt wdrd `nrfubhtdk ga GP.;, wgte ted rdsdrvhtgna (p. 54) teht ted bhml n` kdthgbdk

lanwbdkjd n` ted vdjdthtgna fhkd gt gfpnssgobd tn mhbmubhtd dxhmtby enw bhrjd ted hrdh whs teht mnubk

suppby ted admdsshry quhatgtgds n` onbds. Na p. 50 `nbgnwdk ha dstgfhtd n` ted hrdh teht mnubk ehvd odda

dxpbngtdk `nr ougbkgaj ted ?99-?49 enusds. [ed fhrjgas turadk nut tn kg``dr `rnf 49 eh ga ted fnst

`hR'nurhobd mhsd tn 8999 eh ga ted fnst ua`hvnurhobd mhsd. Gt gs mbdhr teht naby ga ted fnst `hvnurhobd

sgtuhtgna, ga wegme tedrd wdrd 8999 trdds pdr eh n` wegme h quhrtdr mnubk od usmk, ted sdttbdfdat mha ehvd

odda ougbt n` ted wnnk `rnf ted sgtd td rrgtnry. N` mnursd gt gs pnssgobd teht tgfodr whs hbsn gfpnrtdk `rnf

nutsgkd ted tdrrgtnry, out wd tegal teht tegs gs bdss prnohobd, dspdmghbby sgamd Dbsbnn gs surrnuakdk oy

sdttbdfdats, wegme hbsn addkdk tgfodr. Enwdvdr, nur mhbmubhtgnas hrd ohsdk na ted hssufptgna, teht dhme

enusd whs ougbt n` adw tgfodr. [ed sgtuhtgna odmnfds fnrd `hvnurhobd weda phrts n` nbkdr enusds wdrd rd-

usdk ga ted enusds. Gt gs pnssgobd teht rgkjd-pnbds ha k rh`tmrs mnubk od usdk `nr h bnajdr tgfd teha ted rnn`-

suppnrts nr ted whbb. Hbtenuje gt knds an t hppdhr `rnf ted dxmhvhtdk sngb trhmds teht pnsts wdrd rdfnvdk

`rnf ted sngb tn od usdk hjhga, ted sdmnakhry usd n` ana-dfodk kdk phrts senubk ant od dxmbukdk.

Fnrdnvdr, ted pnssgogbgty n` h sdmnakhry jrnwte n` sugthobd trdds whs ant gambukdk ga ted mhbmubhtgnas,

wegme gs hbsn pdrehps ant qugtd mnrrdmt.

H tegrk fhtdrghb wegme whs mdrthgaby hvhgbhobm out ted quhatgty n` wegme gs hbsn n` gfpnrthamd, gs

`grdwnnk. Ta`nrtuahtdby, antegaj mha od shgk honut tegs fhtdrghb.* Ha hkubt fhbd wnubk mnasufm =?99 Mhb, hak hkubt `mfhbd ?=99 Mhb hak h megbk ?999 Mhb pdr khy. [ed `gjurds hrd vhbgk `nr

"rd`drdamd pdnpbd". Zd ehvd ant mnuatdk wgte ted dxtrh mhbnry kdfhak n` prdjahat hak aursgaj wnfda (@HN 874:).

* ]gfgbhr mhbmubhtgnas ehvd odda fhkd oy Ygjjntt hak ]nuksly & Yhvbu. Ygjjntt usds mrgtdrgh thlda `rnf Mbhssgmhb .Qatgqugty hakhrrgvçs na tegs ohsgs ht 09 eh n` hrhobd pdr 899 gaehogthats (Ygjjntt 8704 p. 4?). ]nuksly & Yhvbð usd khth `rnf _ussgha hjrgmubturhbrdjgnas. [edy hrrgvd ht ted mnambusgna, teht `nr h jrnup n` 899 gakgvgkuhbs, ?9 eh n hrhobd whs su` gmgìat (]nuksly & Yhvb& 87:? p.=?4).



[ED BNMH[GNA N@ [E D ]D[[BDFDA[] 8;:

Ga haswdr tn nur nrgjgahb qudstgna, ahfdby wedtedr ted gaehogthats n` h BOL sdttbdfdat mnubk bgvd na

h sgtd tdrrgtnry n` ht ted fnst ?99 eh, out prnohoby sfhbbdr ga rdhbgty, gt fust od shgk teht tegs ehs ant odda

kdfnastrhtdk tn od gfpnssgobd. Ht ted fnfdat h fnrd mnamrdtd haswdr gs ant custg`gdk sgamd tnn bhrjd h

aufodr n` quhatgtgds ehs odda mensda hak tedsd n` mnursd gambukd h suocdmtgvd dbdfdat. [edrd`nrd wd

mnasgkdr ted prdmdkgaj mhbmubhtgnas n` pnpubhtgna, `nnk hak wnnk naby hs ha httdfpt tn senw enw wd

mnubk mhbmubhtd g` mdrthga quhatgtgds wdrd lanwa.

Omsgkds h sgtd tdrrgtnry, h enfd rhajd ehs odda pnstubhtdk. Zd senubk bgld tn lanw ted sgzd n` tegs enfd

rhajd tnn. [ed enfd rhajd dxtdaks gtsdb` tednrdtgmhbby tn h kgsthamd n` 0 enurs' whblgaj nr =9 lf nutsgkd

ted sdttbdfdat. Gt gs kg``gmubt tn vdrg`y wedtedr tegs bgfgt ehs h rçhb fdhagaj. Mnasgkdrgaj sdphrhtd sdttbd-

fdats, hs ehs odda knad ga nur stuky, gs ant su` gmgìat h ohsgs na wegme tn cukjd ted enfd rhajds. @nr teht

purpnsd nad senubk pnssdss h survdy n` bhrjdr uagts. Ydrehps ha hahbysgs n` hak h mnfphrgsna odtwdda

hkchmdat mnamdatrhtgnas n` sdttbdfmats wgbb senw h kgvgsgna gatn bhrjdr hak fnrd mnfpbdx uagts teha ted

sgajbd sgtd tdrrgtnry.

H `dw fnrd wnrks hrd addkdk na ted bhaksmhpd uagts, wegme wdrd gambukdk ga ted mnasgkdrhtgnas

ht ted odjgaag`gj n` tegs mehptdr, odmhusd tedy `hbb vvgtega ted sgtd tdrrgtnry kd`gadk ga mehptdrGGG . Anw teht gt ehs odda kdfnastrhtdk teht ted rdhb sgtd tdrrgtnrgds fust ehvd odda fume

sfhbbdr, ted aufodr n` bhaksmhpd uagts teht fhttdr ehs odda rdkumdk tn h sgajbd, nr ht ted

fnst, tn twn uagts. Gfpnrthat `nr ]nutedra Bgfourj hrd ted bndss pbhtdhu bhaksmhpd hak `nr ted hrdh n`

Egdaedgf ted bndss bhaksmhpd. Ydrehps ted rgvdr-vhbbdy bhaksmhpd senubk od hkkdk. [ed ntedr uagts,

wegme nrgjgahbby hbsn sddfdk tn mnvdr h bhrjd sur`hmd hak tedrd`nrd mnubk ehvd pbhydk ha gfpnrthat phrt,

ahfdby ted kgssdmtdk bndss bhaksmhpd, ted hrdh wgte h tega mnvdr n` shaky bndss na jrhvdb, ted dnbgha shak

hrdh hak ted bgfdstnad hrdh, anw an bnajdr `hbb wgtega ted sgtd tdrrgtnry, out wgtega ted enfd rhajd. Zd

knuot wedtedr tedy pbhydk ha gfpnrthat phrt ga ted dmnanfy. [ed gavdstgjhtgna ehs fhkd mbdhr teht ted

gaehogthats n` ted sdttbdfdats nothgadk mdrthga rhw fhtdrghbs `rnf tedsd bhaksmhpds, sume hs medrt `rnf ted

bgfdstnad hrdh. Out teda gt mnamdras ted usd n` h `dw fhtdrghbs, pdrehps `rnf vdry bnmhbgzdk spnts, hak ant

ted dxpbngthtgna n` ha hrdh. [edrd`nrd wd `ddb teht ted bhaksmhpd uagts tedfsdbvds ehk an rdhb sgjag`gmhamd.

Zeda, h t ted dak n` tegs mehp tdr, nur gkdhs honut ted bnmhtgna n` ted sdttbdfdats hrd suffhrgzdk, gt mha

od sthtdk teht ted bnmhtgna whs kdtdrfgadk oy ted prdsdamd n` h bndss hrdh hak h whtdrmnursd. [ed bndss hrdh

addk ant od bhrjdr teha 899-?99 eh. Fnst n` ted dmnanfgd hmtgvgtgds, hak dspdmghbby hjrgmubturd, tnnl pbhmd

wgtega tegs hrdh, out h aufodr n` hmtgvgtgds wdrd mhrrgdk nut odynak. H `dw admdsshry fhtdrghbs wdrd ant

hvhgbh`)bd ht hbb hak ehk tn od gfpnrtdk `rnf db.sdwedrd. N` mnursd wd kn ant tegal teht nad sgajbd

sdttbdfdat na ha gsnbhtdk bndss gsbhak n` ted jgvda sgzd mnubk survgvd. [ed prdsdamd n` adgjeonurgaj

sdttbdfdats, mha ehvd odda dssdatghb, d.j. `nr ted fhgatdahamd n` ted pnpubhtgna hak `nr snmghb mnathmts. Zd

mhaant shy fnrd ht ted fnfdat. [ed bhml n` dspdmghbby ted quhatgthtgvd khth wegme fgjet dahobd kdthgbdk

hahbysgs gs ted jrdhtdst gfpdkgfdat.



PG

@GAHB _DFH_L]

Anw teht ted rdbhtgnas odtwdda ted BOL pnpubhtgnas n` ted `nur sdttbdfdats ]gtthrk, ]tdga, Dbsbnn hak

Egdaedgf na ted nam ehak hak tedgr davgrnafdat na ted ntedr ehvd odda kgsmussdk, wd wgse, `gahbby, tn

mnvdr h `dw pngats wegme ehvd odda rhgsdk oy ted stuky n` ted fhtdrghb.

Nam pngat mnamdras ted usdùbadss n` ted rdmnastrumtgna n` ted davgrnafdat. Ga ted `grst pbhmd, wd stgbb

odbgdvd gt whs h sdasgobd hpprnhme tn znahtd ted davgrnafdat `nr ted purpnsd n` ted rdmnastrumtgnas. [ed

rdhsna gs teht ga prhmtgmd ted stuky n` ted davgrnafdat gavnbvds krhwgaj fhps wegme mnfpdbs ted mengmd n`

ted sgzd n` ted hrdh tn od krhwa. Hs sume h mengmd gs fhkd ht ted nutsdt n` ted stuky, gt mha advdr od ohsdkdatgrdby na `hmts. Nur mengmd whs fhkd na tednrdtgmhb mnasgkdrhtgnas, hak ted rhkgg n` ted znads wdrd `gxdk

ht 89 lf, =9 lf hak ga`gagtd. [e d 89 lf hak ted =9 lf wdrd mnasgkdrdk hs fhxgfh. Zd anw wgse tn shy

snfdtegaj honut ted `gahb vhbud n` ted rdmnastrumtgnas, wegme ehvd odda ohsdk na tegs znahtgna.

[ed 89 lf rhkgus gs gakddk h fhxgfuf rhkgus. [ed znad wgte ted fnst gatdasgvd dmnanfgd hmtgvgty,

wegme gt senubk kdsmrgod, hppdhrs ga rdhbgty tn ehvd odda fume sfhbbdr. Odsgkds, gt addk ant ehvd odda

mgrmubh r. [eds d twn mnambusgnas hrd ted rdsubt n` nur bnmhtgnahb hahbysgs, wegme wd gatdatgnahbby pbhmdk ht

ted dak n` nur stuky. Hbtenuje gt fgjet sddf pbhusgobd tn odjga wgte h bnmhtgnahb hahbysgs, wd mnasgkdr teht

tegs gs ant pnssgobd wgtenut lanwbdkjd n` ht bdhst snfd hspdmts n` ted davgrnafdat. [eus, `nr dxhfpbd, nad

wgbb ehvd tn lanw ted adgjeonurgaj sdttbdfdats. Gt gs hbsn pnssgobd tn sthrt wgte h phrtghb hahbysgs n` ted

davgrnafdat, tn `nbbnw wgte h bnmhtgnahb hahbysgs, tn mnfpbdtd ted davgrnafdathb rdmnastrumtgna, tnkdsmrgod ted rdbhtgnas odtwdda ted gaehogthats n` ted sdttbdfdat hak ted davgrnafdat hak suosdqudatby tn

hkcust ted bnmhtgnahb hahbysgs. Enwdvdr, ted rgsl dxgsts teda teht ted hrdh tn od rdmnastrumtdk gs rdstrgmtdk

tnn snna, teht tnn bgttbd gs rdmnastrumtdk hak teht mdrthga rdbhtgnas hrd nvdrbnnldk. H kgshkvhathjd n` nur

prnmdkurd gs teht pdrehps tnn fume gs rdmnastrumtdk. Ga nrkdr tn sdm tn weht dxtdat nur stuky whs tnn

dxtdasgvd hak tedrd`nrd grrd bdvhat, wd sehbb rdvgdw ted kg``drdat hspdmts n` ted rdmnast rumtdk davgrnafdat

wgtega ted 89 lf rhkgus. Ht ted shfd tgfd ted mnatrhry mha od cukjdk , ahfdby g` ted rdmnastrumtgnas ehvd

odda hkdquhtd.

Bnnlgaj ga ted erst pbhmd ht ted mbgfhtd, wd ehvd odda hobd tn jgvd h rhtedr jbnohb rdmnastrumtgna

wegme gs ahturhbby ant onuak kgrdmtby tn ted 89 lf rhkgus. [ed rdmnastrumtdk kg``drmamms wgte ted prdsdat

mbgfhtd ehvd odda usdk ga haswdrgaj ted qudstgna wedtedr ted kry vhbbdys ga ted bndss hrdhs mhrrgdk whtdr

mnatgaunusby nr ant, ga ted kgsmussgna n` ted ygdbk n` ted `gdbks, ga ted sdhrme `nr ha dxpbhahtgna n` ted dbf

kdmbgad ga ted pnbbda kghjrhf n` ted Edgbgjdasthktdr Fnns, hak ga ted stuky n` ted bnmhtgna n` ted

sdttbdfdats. [ed rdmnastrumtgna whs hkdquhtd ga tedsd mhsds hak hpphrmatby ehs prdsdatdk `dw kgrdmt

prnobdfs tn ted gavdstgjhtgna. Zd `ddb teht ted mbgfhtd, wgtega ted mnatdxt n` ted rdbhtgna sdttbdfdat-

davgrnafdat, dxdrts gts jrdhtdst ga`budamd na ted ygdbk n` ted `gdbks. [ed `hmt teht ted ygdbk mnubk ant od

mhbmubhtdk gs ant naby kum tn ted hosdamd n` mdrthga mbgfhtnbnjgmhb kdthgbs, out tn ted bhml n` ntedr admmsshry

khth sume hs ted quhatgty n` snwgaj-sddk usdk hak ted kQasgty n` ted wddk vdjdthtgna na ted `gdbks. H

fnkg`gmhtgna n` ted rdmnastrumtdk mbgfhtnbnjgmhb khth wnubk ht tegs fnfdat gfpby naby h mehajd ga ted



@GAHB_DFH_L] 8;7

rdmnastrumtgna n` ted whtdrmnursds ga ted kry vhbbdys, wegme wnubk ga`budamd antegaj out ted mhbmubhtgna n`

ted kgsthamd odtwdda ted sdttbdfdat Dbsbnn hak ted npda whtdr.

[ed rdbdvhamd n` ted rdmnastrumtgna n` ted suostrhtd gs fnrd qudstgnahobd. [ed prnobdf gs rdbhtdk

kgrdmtby tn ted rdsubts n` ted bnmhtgnah b hahbysgs, oy wegme ted tednrdtg mhb h rdh wgte h rhkgus n` GN lf serhal

tn h rdhb sgtd tdrrg tnry n` bdss teh a 899-?9 9 edm thr d. Na d fhy wna kdr we dte dr gt whs admdsshry tn gatr nkumç

kdthgbs ga ted rdmnastrumtgna n` bhaksmhpd uagts wegme dvdatuhbby `dgb nutsgkd ted hrdh teht gs kgrdmtby

rdbdvhat tn suosgstdamd, ht bdhst hs `hr hs hjrgmubturd gs mnamdradk. [ed dnbgha shak hrdh hak ted Curhssgm

bgfdstnad hrdh fhy od mgtdk hs dxhfpbds. [eht gt fhlds sdasd tn kgsmuss ted jdnbnjy n` ted hrdh wgtega h 89

lf rhkgus, addk ant od hrjudk, hs naby ga sume h kdsmrgptgna kn ted kgstgamt bhaksmhpd uagts odjga tn

odmnfd hpphrdat. Zgtenut h jdnbnjgmhb kdsmrgptgna, dvda ted bndss wnubk ant ehvd odda fdatgnadk. Zd

`ddb teht tedrd gs mdrthgaby hbsn sdasd ga gambukgaj ted eykrnbnjy hak ted rdbgd` ga ted mnasgkdrhtgna. [edsd

hspdmts hrd n` gfpnrthamd ant naby tn ted vdjdthtgna hak ted `huah, out tedy hrd hbsn n` rdbdvhamd tn

Mnffuagmhtgnas hak tedrdoy tn ted mnathmts wgte adgjeonurgaj pnpubhtgnas. [ed gfpnrthamd n` h

rdmnastrumtgna n` ted sngb prn`gbd gs bdss dvgkdat. Gt ehs odda n` snfd mnasdqudamd tn ted rdmnastrumtgna n` ted

vdjdth tgna, dspdmghbby ga ted dstgfhtd n` ted trdd jrnw te na ted [drt ghr y shaks ga ]nuted ra Bgfour j. Hs tedrdbdvhamd n` tegs vdjdthtgna rdmnastrumtgna gs ant jrdht dgtedr, sgamd ted vdjdthtgna ga qumstgna nmmurs naby

wgtega ted 89 lf rhkgus hrnuak ]gtthrk hak Dbsbnn, hak dvda pdrgpedrhbby ht teht, ted rdmnastrumtgna n` ted

sngb prn`gbd mnubk ehvd odda bd`t nut. [ed rdmnastrumtgna n` ted prn`gbd ga ted bndss kdpnsgts gs ted naby

rdmnastrumtgna wegme, ga rdtrnspdmt, turadk nut tn ehvd odda admdsshry, sgamd ted prdsdamd nr hosdamd n` h

mbhy gbbuvghtgna znad gs n` gfpnrthamd ga ted cukjdfdat n` ted bndss hs h rhw fhtdrghb `nr pnttdry hak khuo.

[ed rdmnastrumtgna n` ted vdjdthtgna hppdhrs tn ehvd odda `hr `rnf hkdquhtd. [egs gs `dgt dspdmghbby ga

ted kdtdrfgahtgna n` ted bnmhtgna hak ted dxtdat n` ted phsturds hak ga ted mhbmubhtgna n` ted hrdh teht

prnvgkdk ted sdttbdfdat wgte wnnk. Anr whs gt pnssgobd tn shy haytegaj honut ted bhygaj nut hak ted

bnmhtgna n` ted `gdbks. Hjhga nad fhy wnakdr wedtedr gt whs admdsshry tn try hak rdmnastrumt ha hspdmt, ga

tegs mhsd ted vdjdthtgna n` bhaksmhpds teht hrd ant h bndss nr h rgvdr-vhbbdy bhaksmhpd hak tedrm`nrd kn ant

`hbb wgtega ted sgtd tdrrgtnry. ]tgbb wd tegal teht tedsd rdmnastrumtgnas hrd rdbdvhat. Zgtenut tedf wm wnubk

ant lanw wedtedr hay spdmghb mnffnkgtgds, sume hs jrhzgaj jrnuaks, mnubk om prdsdat ga mdrthga

bhaksmhpd uagts. [eus gt gs gfpnrthat tn lanw teht tedrd wdrd an fnnrbhaks ydt na ted shaks ga ]nutedra

Bgfourj. Ehk tedy odda prdsdat, teda tedy fgjet ehvd jgvda rdhsna tn rdvgdw nur gkdhs mnamdragaj

hagfhb eusohakry. Zd `ddb tedrd`nrd teht tedrd gs h pntdatghb bnss n` Ga`nrfhtgna g` fnrd dxtdasgvd

rdmnastrumtgnas n` ted vdjdthtgna wdrd bd`t nut.

Hs ted rdmnastrumtgna n` ted `huah ehk tn od ohsdk, hs h rdsubt n` ted bhml n` wdbb-mnasdrvdk onads, `nr ted

jrdhtdr phrt na ted rdmnastrumtgna n` ted suostrhtd hak ted vdjdthtgna, gt mhaant od sdda hphrt `rnf ted

bhttdr twn. G`, `nr gasthamd, gkdhs na ted mnfpnsgtgna n` ted vdjdthtgna mehajd, tema ted rdmnastrumtgna n`

ted `huah wgbb mehajd hmmnrkgajby. [ed rdmnastrumtgna gs ehfpdrdk ùrtedr oy ted `hmt, teht wd hrd pnnrby

ga`nrfdk honut ted ahtu rhb kdasgty n` jhfd. [egs nostrumts h snuak cukj fdat n` ted euat gaj pnt datghb. Zd

`ddb, oy ted why, teht gt hbsn fhlds sdasd wgte rdspdmt tn ted rdsnurmds `nr euatgaj hak jhtedrgaj, tn bnnl

odynak ted bgfgts n` ted sgtd tdrrgtnrgds wegme, pdrehps, hrd kd`gadk naby oy hjrgmubturhb hmtgvgtgds.

Dsthobgsegaj ted `hmt teht ted sdttbdfdats wdrd ant gsnbhtdk, out ehk adgjeonurs, ehs odda n` jrdht

gfpnrthamd tn ted hahbysgs n` ted bnmhtgna n` ted sdttbdfdats. Fnrd kdthgbs wnubk ehvd odda wdbmnfd `nr

tegs hahbysgs. Zd wdrd ant hobd tn jgvd fnrd teha h rnuje hak prnohoby `hr tnn wgkd dstgfhtd n` ted

kgsthamds odtwdda ted sdttbdfdats. Ga ted gkdhb mhsd gt gs dssdatghb tn bnmhtd hbb sdttbdfdat hrdhs, wgte tedgr

pnpubhtgna hak ted pdrgnk kurgaj wegme tedy wdrd nmmupgdk. ]n ted rdmnastrumtgna whs mdrthgaby rdbdvhat,

out hjhga tnn fhay kdthgbs wdrd bhmlgaj.



849 @GAHB_DFH_L]

Zm tegggl geht wd ehvd anw haswdrdk ted qudstgna wedtedr ted rdmnastrumtgnas wgtega ted 89 lf rhkgus

wdrd purpnsdùb hak hkdquhtd. [ed prnmdkurd `nbgnwdk gakddk bdk tn ted rmmnastrumtgna n` tnn fhay

`hmtnrs, dspdmghbby wgte rdspdmt tn ted sngbs.

[ed sdmnak tednrdtgmhb znad, teht wgte h bgfgt n` =9 lf nutsgkd ted sdttbdfdat, hppdhrs tn dbukd hay

hpprhgshb n` gts rdhb vhbud. Hs whs antdk ga mehptdr P p. 8;:, nur stuky gs stgbb tnn rdstr gmtdk ga smnpd nr t eht.[ed naby hspdmt wegme whs dxhfgadk fnrd mbnsdby whs ted pnssgogbgty n` mnathmt wgte adgjeonurgaj

pnpubhtgnas. [ed rdmnastrumtgna hppdhrdk tn od n` sgjag`gmhamd ga ted sdhrme `nr ted nrgjga n` hkzds hak

whs, ga teht rdspdmt, hkdquhtd.

[ed tegrk znad kdsmrgods ted davgrnafdat nutsgkd ted twn kd`fdk znads hak ehs odda gambukdk odmhusd

gt senubk ant od hssufdk h prgnrg teht ted davgrnafdat odvnak ted =9 lf rhkgus wnubk od mnfpbdtdby

wgtenut gfpnrthamd. Gakddk teht whs ant ted mhsd. [ed znad prnvgkdk ht bdhst twn mhtdjnrgds n` nocdmts nr

fhtdrghbs, ahfdby hkzds nr rnml `nr hkzds, hak phgats.

Ga mnambusgna, gt mha od sthtdk teht ted davgrnafdathb rdmnastrumtgna gakddk prnvgkdk khth, wegme wdrd

n` usd ga ted gavdstgjhtgna n` ted rdbhtgnas odtwdda ted gaeho gtha ts n` ted sdttbdfdats hak tedgr davg rnafdat

hak ga tegs sdasd prnvdk vhbuhobd, tenuje gt ehs hbsn odmnfd mbdhr teht ted Ga`nrfhtgna jbdhadk gs `hr `rnfsu``gmgìat. Ga mehptdr G gt whs pngatdk nut teht h rdmnastrumtdk davgrnafdat mhaant od kdsmrgodk wgte ted

hmmurhmy teht mha od rdhmedk ga ted kdsmrgptgna n` h rdmdat davgrnafdat. [egs bhml n` prdmgsgna ehs

fhag`dstdk gtsdb` mbdhrby.

Ga mehptdr GG wd whradk hjhgast mnasgkdrgaj ted `nur dxhfgadk sdttbdfdats ]gtthrk, ]tdga, Dbsbnn hak

Egdaedgf hs h rhaknf shfpbd `rnf ted tnthb n` BOL sdttbdfdats. [edy mnubk, enwdvdr, od mnfphrdk

futuhbby. [ed mnfphrgsna fgjet jgvd rdhsna tn sgjahb mehrhmtdrgstgms teht fgjet od n` jdadrhb vhbgkgty

wgtega ted BOL mubturd. [egs fgjet od medmldk oy fdhas n` h rdhb tdst. ]gamd wd rdpdhtdkby fhkd

mnfphrgsnas ga ted prdmdkgaj mehptdrs wd mha anw httdfpt tn dsthobgse wedtedr gakddk mdrthga n` ted

hspdmts antdk mnubk od n` wgkdr hppbg mhtgna. @nr tegs purpnsd ted sgfgbhrgtgds hak kg``drdamds, wegme

dfdrjdk `rnf ted gavdstgjhtgna wgbb `grst od daufdrhtdk.

Ga hs `hr hs mha od dsthobgsedk, ted sgfgbhrgtgds hrd ted `nbbnwgaj. [ed sdttbdfdats ]gtthrk, ]tdga, Dbsbnn

hak Egdaedgf hrd mehrhm tdrgzdk oy ted shfd typd n` bnmhtgna, nad wegme gs kdtd rfgadk oy ted prdsdamd n` h

bndss hrdh hak h whtdrmnursd. [ed bndss hrdh hak ted vhbbdy n` ted whtdrmnursd wdrd `nrdstdk wgte h

kdmgkunus `nrdst weda ted rdspdmtgvd sdttbdfdats wdrd `nuakdk. [ed `huah bgvgaj tedrdga gambukdk, hfn aj

ntedr spdmgds, rdk kddr, rnd kddr, wgbk onhr hak hurnmes. [ed gaehogthats prnvgkdk ga tedgr suosgstdamd oy

hjrgmubturd hak hagfhb eusohakry. [edsd hmtgvgtgds wdrd fnrd gfpnrthat teha euatgaj hak jhtedrgaj.

[ed mubtgvhtdk pbhats gambukdk ht bdhst dffdr, dgalnra, pdh, bdatgb hak bgasddk, jrnwa na sfhbb `gdbks bhgk

nut ga ted `nrdst. [ed bgvd-stnml mnasgstdk fhgaby n` mhttbd out tedrd wdrd hbsn pgjs, seddp hak jnhts. [ed

mhttbd wdrd ant ldpt ga sthobds. [ed wgbk mhttbd `rnf ted surrnuakgajs n` ted sdttbdfdat wdrd usdk tn

suppbdfdat ted bgvd-stnml. [ed hrdh admdsshry `nr suosgstdamd hmtgvgtgds, ht bdhst `nr hjrgmubturd, mhaant

ehvd odda bhrjdr teha 899 tn ?99 edmthrd hak whs prnohoby sfhbbdr. [ed gaehogthats n` ted sdttbdfdats

nothgadk ant naby `nnk, out hbsn rhw fhtdrghbs `rnf tedgr davgrnafdat. [ed rhw fhtdrghbs `nuak ga

]gtthrk, Dbsbnn hak ]tdga hrd ga an why kgstgajugsedk `rnf nad hantedr . [e d gaehogthats n` Egdaedgf usdk

dxhmt dqugvhbdats. Ga hs `hr hs mnubk om dsthobgsedk, ted fhcnrgty n` ted rhw fhtdrghbs sddfs tn ehvd mnfd

`rnf ted surrnuakgajs n` ted sdttbdfdats. Mbdhr dxmdptgnas hrd hkzds hak phgats. [edsd fust od mnasgkdrdk

hs gfpnrts.

Odsgkds tedsd sgfgbhrgtgds, gt whs mnasgkdrdk teht mdrthga kg``drdamds, mnubk, wgte rdsdrvhtgna, od



@GAHB _DFH_L] 848

gkdatg`gdk. [edsd hrd rdbhtdk tn hjrgmubturm hak stnml-orddkgaj hak hrd fnrd n` h quhatgthtgvd teha n` h

quhbgthtgvm ahturd. Gt gs pnssgobm teht ted gaehogthats n` ]gtthrk, ]tdga hak Dbsbnn jrdw ted mrnps ga

kggb'drdat prnpnrtgnas teha ted gaehogthats n` Egdaedgf. Ga GP.? ted pnssgogbgty whs fdatgnadk teht bdss

bgvd-stnnl whs ldpt ga Egdaed gf teha ga ted sdttbdfdats ga ]nutedra Bgf ourj. Enwdvdr, tegs gs ant mdrthga,

hs ted dvgkdamd gs `hr `rnf hkdquhtd. Gt mnasgsts ga `hmt n` ted nosdrvhtgna ga Fòkkdrsedgf, wegme whs tedfnkdb `nr ]gtthrk, ]tdga hak Dbsbnn, hak n` ted pnnrby mnasdrvdk onad fhtdrghb `rnf Egda edgf . Enwdvdr,

wd kn ant wgse tn dxmbukd ted dxgstdamd n` rdjgnahb vhrghtgnas, ted fnrd sn odmhusd ted davgrnafdat n` ted

sdttbdfdats senws snfd kg``drdamds odsgkds ted novgnus sgfgbhrgtgds.

Ga GGG.: twn kg``drdamds wdrd fdatgnadk. [ed `grst gs ted kg``drdamd ga mbgfhtd odtwdda ]nutedra

Bgfourj na ted nad ehak hak Egdaed gf na ted ntedr eha k. [ed mbgfhtd wnubk ehvd odda fnrd

Mnatgadathb ga ted Egdaedgf hrdh. ]ume h kg``drdamd mnubk ehvd ga`budamdk hjrgmubturd. Ydrehps ted

pnssgogbgty, fdatgpadk ga GP.?, n` h rdjgnahbgzhtgna n` ted hjrgmubturd ehk snfdtegaj tn kn wgte

mbgfhtnbnjgmhb `hmtnrs, out tegs gs ant mbdhr ht ted fnfdat.

[ed sdmnak kgvdrjdamd odtwdda ted rdjgnas gs ted kg``drdamd ga bhaksmhpd. [ed surrnuakgajs n`

Egdaedgf hrd mehrhmtdrgzdk oy phrtby ntedr suostrhtds teha ga ]nutedra Bgfourj. Gt gs mnamdgvhobd tehttegs kg``drdamd dxdrtdk ha ga`budamd na ted mhttbd-orddkgaj pntdatghb. Hbsn ted kgstrgoutgna n` ted suostrhtds

nvdr ted hrdh ehs h kg``drdat ahturd, odmhusd tedy kn ant nmmur ga mnat gaunus strdtmeds. [e d qudstgna gs tn

weht dxtdat tegs vhrghtgna ga`budamdk ted rdbhtgnas odtwdda ted gaehogthats n` ted sdttbdfdats hak tedgr

davgrnafdat. Zd `dmb teht tegs d``dmt whs bgfgtdk. Dvda wedrm ted dxtdat n` ted bhaksmhpd uagts ehk hay

dmnanfgd sgjag`gmhamd, tedy hrd jdadrhbby ant sfhbbdr teha ted sgzd n` h sgtd tdrrgtnry. [ed rmbhtgvdby sfhbb

sgzd wgbb tedrd`nrd ehvd ehk bgttbd ga`budamd. Ga tegs sthtdfdat wd hrd hwhrd n` ted `hmt, teht wd ehvd usdk

ted sgzd n` ted fnst rdbdvhat uagt, ted dxtdat n` ted bndss, tn dstgfhtd ted sgzd n` ted tdrrgtnry, sn teht tegs

sthtdfdat gs ga h why ohsdk na h mgrmubhr rdhsnagaj. Advdrtedbdss wd `ddb teht ted kgssdmtgna n` ted

bhaksmhpd uagts hrnuak Egdaedgf mnubk ehvd h``dmtdk ted rdbhtgnas odtwdda ted pnpubhtgna hak gts

davgrnafdat ga naby nad rdspdmt3 ted kg``drdamd wgte ]nutedra Bgfourj fhy ehvd odda antgmdhobd ga ted

mnathmts wgte adgjeonurgaj sdttbdfdats. ]gtthrk, ]tdga hak Dbsbnn bhy ga h sphmgnus bhaksmhpd wgte, gt

sddfs, fhay adgjeonurs. Egdaedgf jgvds ted gfprdssgna n` ehvgaj odda snfdweht fnrd gsnbhtdk.

@rnf ted honvd gt gs mbdhr teht fnrd sgfgbhrgtgds wdrd nosdrvdk teha kg``drdamds hs `hr hs ted rdbhtgnas

odtwdda ted gaehogthats n` ted `nur sdttbdfdats hak tedgr davgrnafdat hrd mnamdradk. Gt hppdhrs teht ted

jdadrhb vhbgkgty n` fnst sgfgbhrgtgds ehs hbrdhky odda tdstdk. Ga mehptdr P wd mhbbdk ted bnmhtgna n` ted

sdttbdfdats "mbhssgmhb". Gakddk gt ehs odda kdfnastrhtdk fhay tgfd hbrdhky, teht ted prdsdamd n` h bndss

hrdh (nr ha dqugvhbdat suostrhtd) hak n` h whtdrmnursd ehvd odda kdtdrfgagaj `hmtnrs ga ted mengmd n` h

sdttbdfdat sgtd. [ed `hmt teht ted surrnuakgajs wdrd `nrdstdk ehs n`tda odda kgsmussdk (sdd d.j. 888.; p. ;9).

[ed gfpnrthamd n` hjrgmubturd hak hagfhb eusohakry gs antegaj adw dgtedr (sdd GP.? p. ::). [ed spdmgds

n` pbhats hak hagfhbs wegme wdrd ted ohsgs n` hjrgmubturd hak stnml-orddkgaj ehvd oddr¼ kdfnastrhtdk

rdpdhtdkby ga h BOL mnatdxt. [ed `nbbnwgaj hspdmts senubk, enwdvdr, od suofgttdk tn ùrtedr

mna`grfhtgna. [ed `grst hspdmt mnamdras rdjgnahb kg``drdamds ga hjrgmubturd. Zd jhga ted gfprdssgna teht

tedsd hrd rdhb, out ted aufodr n` stukgds puobgsedk gs gasu``gmgìat `nr rdhbby wdbb-`nuakdk sthtdfdats. [ed

sdmnak hspdmt rdbhtds tn ted sgzd n` ted `gdbks. [ed eypntedsgs hs tn tedgr sfhbb sgzd gs ohsdk na nosdrvhtgnas

`rnf nad rdjgna naby. [ed tegrk hspdmt gs ted rdbhtgna odtwdda ted mnfpnsgtgna n` ted bgvd-stnml hak ted

davgrnafdat n` ted sdttbdfdat. Hbtenuje Fubbdr `gaks gt uabgldby, gt gs mnamdgvhobd teht ted ahturhb

vdjdthtgna ehs snfdtegaj tn kn wgte ted aufodr n` bgvd-stnml hak ted hagfhb spdmgds teht wdrd ldpt

(Fubbdr 870;p. 0=). Ga ted `nurte pbhmd wd senubk bgld tn lanw wedtedr tedgkdhdbhonrhtdk ga GP.;p. 8?9



84? @GAHB _DFH_L]

rdjhrkgaj ted nrgjga n` rhw fhtdrghbs gs jdadrhbby vhbgk. Gt senubk od gavdstgjhtdk fnrd phrtgmubhrby

wedtedr qudras hrd bnmhb ga nrgjga, medrts wdrd trhaspnrtdk nvdr fdkguf kgsthamds, hak hkzds mhfd `rnf

kgsthat pbhmds. Gt senubk od pnssgobd, oy systdfhtgmhbby jhtedrgaj khth, tn fhld fnrd jdadrhbby vhbgk

sthtdfdats mnamdragaj tedsd `nur hspdmts.

[egs stuky whs haanuamdk hs h mhsd stuky ga eufha phbdndmnbnjy. Gt whs ha httdfpt tn dsthobgse cust enw

mnfpbdtdby ted rdbhtgna odtwdda ted gaehogthats n` ]gtthrk, ]tdga, Dbsbnn hak Egdaedgf hak tedgr

davgrnafdat mnubk od kdsmrgodk. [ed rdsubt gs h kdsmrgptgna teht fhgaby gbbufgahtdk rdbhtgnas n` ha

dmnanfgd ahturd, naby h sdjfdat n` ted gatdrhmtgnas wegme fust ehvd dxgstdk ga rdhbgty. [wn rdhsnas mha

od jgvda `nr tegs bgfgthtgna. Nad n` tedf gs teht ha gfpnrthat rdbhtgna, ahfdby ted ga`budamd n` ted

gaehogthats na tedgr davgrnafdat, tn h jrdht dxtdat dbukds kdsmrgptgna odmhusd ted admdsshry khth hrd

bhmlgaj. H mnfpbdtd hahbysgs n` ted gatdrhmtgna odtwdda sdttbdfdat hak davgrnafdat whs tedrd`nrd

gfpnssgobd. [ed sdmnak mhusd gs nur nwa bhml n` lanwbdkjd honut ted strumturd n` ted rdbhtgnas odtwdda

pdnpbd hak odtwdda pnpubhtgna jrnups. Mnasdqudatby gt whs ant pnssgobd tn kgsmuss ted rdbhtgnas odtwdda

adgjeonurgaj pnpubhtgnas. [eus ted rdsubt n` nur stuky ehs rdfhgadk rdbhtgvdby nad-sgkdk.



HYYDAKGU G

YNBBDA KGHJ_HF]

@nr ted purpnsd n` rdmnastrumtgaj ted davgrnafdat hrnuak ted sdttbdfdat Egdaedgf, wd fhkd twn pnbbda

kghjrhfs3 nad n` ted Edgbgjdasthktdr Fnns hak nad n` ted Jrnssd Knahufnns. [ed kghjrhfs hrd gambukdk

ga ted dambnsurd wegme odbnajs tn tegs puobgmhtgna. [ed kdsmrgptgna n` ted shfpbgaj sgtds, prn`gbds hak

kghjrhfs gs jgvda odbnw.

[ED EDGBGJDA][HK[D_ FNN]

[e d Edgbgjdas thktdr Fnns (;5¹;5'A, g r ; : ' D , =;7 f honvd AA) gs sgtuhtdk ga ted vhbbdy n` ted Kna hu

rgvdr, cust dhst n` Adusghkt h.k. Knahu hak hkchmdat tn gt. [ed `da mnvdrs h sur`hmd n` 04 eh ga ted Enbnmdad

rgvdr vhbbdy. [ed wdstdra, snutedra hak dhstdra bgfgts n` ted kdpnsgt hrd `nrfdk oy ted tdrrhmd dkjd n` ted

Bhtd Ybdgstnmdad Bnwdr [dr rhm d. [e d sgtuhtgna n` ted `da odtwdda ted surr nuakga j sdttbdfdats gs senwa ga

`gjurd ?8 . [ed fh p gs h sgfpbg`gmhtgna n` h seddt n` ted jdnbnjgmhb f hp n` Ohydra 83?4999 An. :8=0 Adusthkt

h.k. Knahu (]mefgkt-Lhbdr 8705). [ed shfd `gjurd gambukds h prn`gbd ternuje ted pdht, wegme ehs odda

thlda `rnf `gjurd ?: n` ted dxpbhahtgna n` tegs jdnbnjgmhb fhp. [ed prn`gbd whs fhkd oy Bh`nrmd hak

Lhrjbsdkdr. Gt gs novgnus teht ted Edgbgjdasthktdr Fnns gs ant h mnatgaunus datgty, out mnasgsts n` h sdrgds n`

mehaadbs wegme hrd `gTdk up wgte nrjhagm kdpnsgts. Zd hrd uaknuotdkby kdhbgaj wgte hohaknadk rgvdr

mehaadbs. Hmmnrkgaj tn Bh`nrmd hak Lhrjbsdkdr, ted rgvdr mehaadbs wdrd `gbbdk up fhgaby wgte Mhrdx-

Yerhjfgtds pdht, wegme mehajds knwawhrks gatn mhbmhrdnus jyttchs nr gatn bhld fhrb (Bh`nrmd hak

Lhrjbsdkdr, quntdk ga Enedasthttdr hak Pgkhb 8705).

[ed `da gs krhgadk supdr`gmghbby oy h systdf n` kgtmeds. Honut twn tegrks n` ted sur`hmd hrd usdk hs

ehy`gdbk. [edrd hrd hbsn h `dw `gdbks wedrd fhgzd hak pnthtnds hrd jrnwa. [ed rdst gs mnvdrdk oy h whstd n`

seruos hak thbb edros3 ted rdfhgas n` h `da mhrr. _htedr bhrjd quhatgtgds n` pdht wdrd mut ga ted phst. [egs

hmtgvgty mnatgauds up tn ted prdsdat khy.

Hs ted Edgbgjdasthktdr Fnns bgds rdbhtgvdby mbnsd tn Egdaedgf, ahfdby ht 5 lf `rnf tegs pbhmd, tegs `da whs

sdbdmtdk hs ted `grst sgtd `nr phbyanbnjgmhb gavdstgjhtgna. Hmmnrkgaj tn Kr. D. Enedasthttdr, sume ha

gavdstgjhtgna ehk ant odda mnakumtdk od`nrd (Enedasthttdr 87:9, wrgttda Ga`nrfhtgna). @nr ted shfpbgaj

wd sdbdmtdk ted kddpdst mehaadb `nuak oy Bh`nrmd hak Lhrjbsdkdr. N` mnursd tegs mengmd gs hrogtrhry3 wd

mnubk ant lanw od`nrdehak wegme mehaadb wnubk mnathga sdkgfdats `rnf ted pdrgnk wd hrd bnnlgaj `nr.[ed shfpbgaj whs knad wgte h Khmeanwsly mnrdr. @gjurd ?8 senws ted pngat wedrd ted shfpbd whs

thlda . [e d sdrgds n` nrjhagm kdpnsgts tura dk nu t tn od 4;4 mf tegml ht ted mensda spnt. [ed s trhtg jrhpe y gs hs

`nbbnws3



84; YNBBDA KGHJ_HF]

Z9''' R Mbhy (Fgnmdad) pQbQcQxQ Dnbgha shak

Jrhvdb hak shak

G Jrhvdb hak shakwgte h teCa mnvdrn` bnhf nr pdht

]gbty bnhf

Nrjhagmkhpnsgtt

@gj. ?8. [ed Emgbgjdasthktdr Fnns3 cxcsgtgna, surrnuakgajs hak sdmtgna. [ed mrnss gakgmhtds ted pbhmd n` shfpbgaj. Fhp, smhbd

8349999< sdmtgna, enrgznathb smhbd 83?9999 vdrtgmhbd smhbd 83;99.



HYYDAKGU G 844

mf

N- =9 hfnrpenus pdht wgte snfd shak

=8 -?; ; Mhrdx pdht wgte nmmhsgnahb Yerhjfgtds `rhjfdats odmnfgaj fnrd aufdrnus ht ohsd<

Mhrdx utrgmbds hak auts< Fdayhateds sddks< jrhkuhb trhasgtgna tn

?;4-?5: swhfp pdht wgte h `dw fnbbusms (`rhjfdats hak mnfpbdtd spdmgfdas)< Mbhk guf auts<

Fdayhateds sddks< h pgdmd n` ]hbgx nr Ynpubus wnnk< jrhkuhb trhasgtgna tn

?55-=?; mnfpbdx n` pdht hak mhbmhrdnus jyttch< fnbbusms (`rhjfdats hak mnfpbdtd

spdmgfdas)< jrhkuhb trhasgtgna tn

=?4-=0: mhbmhrdnus jyttch wgte fnbbusms (`rhjfdats hak mnfpbdt d spdmgfdas)< Fday hate ds

sddks< Ynthfnjdtna ahthas `rugtstnads< jrhkuhb trhasgtgna tn

=05-;:; mhbmhrdnus jyttch wgte fnbbusms (`rhjfdats hak mnfpbdtd spdmgfdas)< ht mgrmh ;94 mf

h Ynthfnjdtna ahthas `rugtstnad< jrhkuhb trhasgtgna tn

;:4- 4;4 bhld fhrb

4;0-445 shak hak jrhvdb

Gt senubk od antdk teht ted kdpnsgts odtwdda ?;4 hak 4;4 mf mnathga h bgttbd fgadrhb fhtdrghb. Ga ted

bhonrhtnry ted mnrd whs mut gatn sbgmds n` 8 mf tegmladss. Dhme tdate mf whs rdsdrvdk `nr ùrtedr hahbysgs.

[eus ted kgsthamd odtwdda ted hahbyzdk shfpbds gs rhtedr jrdht. Zeda ted kghjrhf whs dbhonrhtdk, gt

hppdhrdk teht ted murvds n` ted kg``drdat pnbbda typds senw h rdbhtgvdby sthobd mnursd. Zd tegal teht h

shfpbgaj ht dhme `gvd mdatgfdtdrs nr ht dhme mdatgfdtdr wnubk ant dssdatghbby mehajd ted mnursd n` ted

murvds . Ga nur npgagna, ha hfpbd kgsthamd odtwdda ted shfpbds gs su` gmgìat ga ted mhsd n` ted

Edgbgjdasthktdr Fnds tn rdhme ted jnhb sdt3 h rdmnastrumtgna n` ted vdjdthtgna ga ted surrnuakgajs n` ted

`da.

[e d shfpbds wdrd trdhtdk suosdqudatby wgte 89"n LN E, 85% EMb , hmdtnbysgs hak ornfn`nrf-hbmnenb

sp. jr. ?.9. [ed mnasdrvhtgna mnakgtgna n` ted pnbbda turadk nut tn od dxmdbbdat.Zd mensd ha upbhak pnbbdasuf `nr mhbmubhtgaj ted murvds ga ted pnbbda kghjrhf. [egs pnbbdasuf

mnfprgsds hbb pbhats wegme jrdw nutsgkd ted `da. [ed mrgtdrgh `nr ted mbhssg`gmhtgna n` ted pbhats hrd ohsdk na

ted rdmdat ehogth t n` ted spdmgds teh t wdrd rdtrgdvdk. Hs wd kdhb wgte nbkdr kdpnsgts, tegs fdtenk odmnfds

fnrd hak fnrd uardb ghobd. Ga tegs rdspdmt wd ubby hjrdd wgte ted rdfhrl fhk d oy Chassda ga h 87:9 hrtgmbd

(Chassda 87:9)3 "Nad fhy hsl wedtedr ted rdmdat dmnbnjgd jrnups dxgstdk ga ted shfd why ga ted dhrby

Enbnmdad." . R`tdr dauf drh tgaj hrjufdat s hjhgast sume h eypntedsgs, Chassda hrrgvçs ht ted `nbbnwgaj

mnambusgna3 ". Rb b ga hbb ted mnambusgna fust od teh t ted usd n` pnbbda typds hs gakgmhtnr s n` vdjd thtgna typds

wnrls `nr ted bhtdr phrt n` ted Enbnmdad wgte h `bnrh ant tnn kg``drdat `rnf ted prdsdat nad. Od`nrd ted

Htbhatgm pdrgnk ted hppbgmhtgna n` ted prdsdat dmnbnjgmhb tnbdrhamds fhy od n` knuotùb vhbud." (Chassda

87:9 p. 87;). Hs wd fhld ted kghjr hf ga nrkdr tn bdhra honut ted vdjdthtgna kurgaj ted Htbhatgm hak hs ted

kdpnsgt sthrts ga ted Htbha tgm, hs wgbb hppdhr ùrtedr na, wd tegal teh t wd fhy usm ha upb hak pnbbdasuf. Ga

ted mnfpnsgtgna n` ted pnbbdasuf, wd ehvd bd`t nut n` ted suf hbb pnbbda typds teht fgjet ehvd nrgjgahtdk

`rnf wdt, dutrnpegm hak fdsntrnpegm bnmhtgnas, up tn hak gambukgaj ted Hbadtuf jbutganshd hak gts sdrhb

mnffuagtgds. Ybhats `rnf ted Hban-Yhkgna, ga hs `hr hs ant odbnajgaj tn h`nrd-shgk mhtdjnry, wdrd ldpt

wgtega ted suf. Zd ehvd thlda ted kht h mnamdragaj tede ho gth tsn` ted pbhats ga qudstgna `rnf Onkduxhak

`rnf Nodrknr `dr (Onkdux 8744, Nodrknr `dr 87:9). N` mnursd, ted mbhssg`gmhtgna n`tda prdsdats prnobdfs.

[e d pnbbda n` ted Mdrdhb gh-typd whs gambukdk ga ted pnbbdasuf, odmhusd ted bhrjd aufodrs ga ted tnp n` ted

prn`gbd nrgjgahtd `rnf ]dmhbd. Out hs `hr hs ted rdst gs mnamdradk, gt gs ant mbdhr wegme jrhss spdmgds prnvgkdk

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840 YNBBDA KGHJ_HF]

ted pnbbda. Gt mnubk od Jbymdrgh pnbbda, ga wegme mhsd ted pnbbda typd wnubk ant odbnaj ga ted upbhak

pnbbdasuf. Pgsmuf gs usuhbby ldpt wgtega ted suf. Zd, enwdvdr, bd`t tegs pnbbda nut n` ted suf, odmhusd

Pgsmuf mha hbsn nmmur na ]hbgx. Egppnp ehd ehs odda bd t nut n` ted suf, odmhusd wd hssufd teh t tegs seruo

whs ted pgnaddr na shak- hak jrhvdb-`bhts ht ted tgfd teht ted fdhakdrs wdrd hohaknadk oy ted rgvdr. [ed

pnbbda n` Egppnpehd ahfdby nmmurs naby ga ted onttnf n` ted kghjrhf. Gt gs trud teht ted seruo mhaant

ehvd stnnk na ted shfpbgaj pbhmd, odmhusd tegs bhy uakdr kddp whtdr ht ted tgfd, out gt mnubk ehvd jrnwa ga

gts gffdkghtd vgmgagty.

[e d znahtgn a n` ted kghj rhf gs ohsdk na mehajds ga ted murvds n` ted upbhak pnbbda. [e d fnst g fpn rthat

n` tedsd murvds hrd gambukdk ga ted fhga kghjrhf. Hs ted mnursd n` ted murvds, hak fnrd phrtgmubhrby ted

mnursd n` ted trdd pnbbda murvds, senws h mbdhr sgfgbhrgty wgte ted murvds ga nted r ]nute Jdr fha kghjrhfs,

wd `ddb teht wd senubk ant gatrnkumç h aufodrgaj n`nur nwa ga ted anfgahtgna n` ted znads, out rhtedr usd

ted znahtgna oy @grohs. Enwdvdr, wd ehvd pbhmdk h mhpgthb E od`nrd ted _nfha aufdrhbs. [egs wgbb od

dxpbhgadk bhtdr. [ed znads ga ted Edgbgjdasthktdr Fnns hrd kd`gamk hs `nbbnws3

E PG

Onuakhry E PG-E PGG3

EPGG

Onuakhry E PG G - E PGG G3

E P G G G

Onuakhrv E P G G G-E GU3

E G U

Odtugh, Mnrybus, Xudrmus, Tbfus hak [gbgh ehvd mnasthat vhbuds. [ed murvdsn` @hjus, Ygmdh hak Ygaus hrd kgsmnatgaunus. Hogds gs hosdat. H M8; khtd n`

5999 ?89 O.Y. (JrA-:8=7) `hbbs wgtega tegs znad.

@grst gamrdhsd n` Ygaus, Ygmdh hak @hjus, strnaj kdmbgad n` Tbfus. [ed

onuakhry ehs odda khtdk ht 0?49 889 O.Y. (JrA-:4 ;8).

Odtugh hak Mnrybus ehvd mnasthat vhbuds, tenuje sbgjetby bnwdr teha ga E PG<

Xudrmus hak [gbgh hbsn ehvd mnasthat vhbuds, tenuje sbgjetby egjedr teha ga

E PG. @hjus hak Ygmdh hrd mnasthatby prdsdat ga bnw vhbuds. [ed murvd n`

Hogds gs kgsmnatgaunus.

[ed onuakhry gs ant sehrp, gt bgds snfdwedrd odtwdda pnbbda spdmtrh =98 hak

==8. Ga ted kghjrhf h bgad ehs odda krhwa ht ted sdmnak gamrdhsd n` @hjus.[egs ehs odda knad odmhusd ga fhay ntedr kghjrhfs ted murvd n` @hjus gs

usdk tn gakgmhtd ted znahtgna. [ed sdmnak gamrdhsd n` Ygmdh hak Ygaus thlds

pbhmd snfdweht dhrbgdr. Hogds odmnfds mnatgaunus sbgjetby bhtdr. [gbgh kd-

mbgads strnajby ht ted shfd tgfd hs ted gamrdhsd n` Ygmdh hak Ygaus, ha dvdat

khtdk oy M8; tn 4;74 - 04 O.Y. (Jr A-:8;9).

Odtugh, Mnrybus, Xudrmus, Tbfus hak [gbgh hrd prdsdat ga fume bnwdr

pdrmdathjds teha ga ted prdmdkgaj pdrgnks. Ygaus, Ygmdh hak Hogds senw h

fhxgfuf. @hjus mnatgauds tn gamrdhsd. Mhrpgaus nmmurs `nr ted `grst tgfd.

]trnaj dxphasgna n` pnbbda n` ted Mdrdhbgh-typd, wegme edrd odbnajs datgrdby

tn ]dmhbd. [egs gs mnfogadk wgte h strnaj dxphasgna n` Ybhathjn bhamdnbhth

hak Medanpnkghmdhd. Ygaus, Ygmdh, Hogds hak @hjus kdmbgad.

[egs znad gs mehrhmtd rgzd k oy kgstgamt ga`budamds n` eu fh a hmtgvgty.

@nr znads E PG hak E PGG ted mnrrdspnakdamd wgte ted znahtgna oy @grohs gs shtgs`hmtnry. Enwdvdr , ted

onu akh ry odtwdda E PG G G hak E G U hak ted kdsmrgptgna n` E G U hrd kg``drdat. [e d pdrgnk @grohs GU gs

mehrhmtdrgzdk oy h mnasthat, egje pdrmdathjd n` @hjus pnbbda. Ga ted Edgbgjdasthktdr Fnns ted mnatgaunus

rgsd n` ted @hjus murvd tnwhrks ted fhxgfuf (ted mehrhmtdr gstgm n` @grohs znad PGGG gs gatdrruptdk oy h

sdrgds n` pedanfdah wegme wd gatdrprdt hs kd`nrdsthtgna. Zd tegal teht ted @hjus dxphasgna ga ted hrdh



HYYDAKGU G 84:

adhr ted Edgbgjdasthktdr Fnns mnubk ant rdhme gts fhxgfuf, odmhusd ted hrdh whs tnn kdasdby pnpubhtdk

oy teda. @grohs znad GU gs mnasgkdrdk jdadrhbby tn mnfprgsd, hfnaj ntedrs, ted Bh [åad pdrgnk hak ted

_nfha Hjd'. [ed vdry bhrjd nppgkuf Fhamegaj ht ?9 lf wdst n` ted Edgbgjdasthktdr Fnns hak ted

nppgkuf ht Ldbedgf ht 8? lf anrte-dhst n` ted `da, khtd `rnf ted Bh [åad pdrgnk. [ed gaehogthats n` ted

nppg kuf ht Ldbedgf wdrd mnamdradk wgte ted dxtrhm tgna hak prnmdssgaj n` grna-nrd (]mewhrz, [gb fhaa &

[rdgos 8704/8700). Ga hkkgtgna tn tedsd twn bhrjd mdatrds, wd lanw n` nmmuphtgnahb trhmds n` fganr dxtdat

`rnf ted Bh [åad pdrgnk. @nr ted _nfha Hjd, su``gmd gt tn shy teht ted Bgfms _ehdtgmh sthrts adhr

Egdaedgf. [edrd`nrd trhmds n` ted _nfha Hjd hrd prdkgmthoby aufdrnus. _dfhgas n` _nfha ougbkgajs

mha od `nuak, hfnaj ntedr pbhmds, ga Ohk Jðjjgaj, ht h kgsthamd n` 8.4 lf `rnf ted Edgbgjdasthktdr Fnns.

Fume wnnk whs uaknuotdkby addkdk `nr eufha hmtgvgtgds kurgaj ted shgk pdrgnks. Zd hssufd,

tedrd`nrd, teht ted usuhb mrgtdrgna `nr ted anfgahtgna n` znad G U mha ant od hppbgdk ga tegs hrdh . [ n

gbbustrhtd ted kdvghtgna `rnf ted ]thakhrk znahtgna, wd ehvd pbhmdk h mhpgthb E od`nrd ted _nfha

aufdrhbs, wegme gakgmhtds teht wd hrd kdhbgaj wgte h bnmhb znahtgna.

Hs fdatgnadk honvd, ted Edgbgjdasthktdr Fnns mnasgsts n` h sdrgds n` murvdk, bnaj hak rdbhtgvdby ahrrnwsdkgfdathtgna ohsgas. Zd hssufd teht tedsd dbnajhtdk bhlds wdrd ant `gbbdk up sgfubthadnusbv. Ga nur

npgagna, ted ohsga ga wegme nur pnbbda bhakdk kgk ant mnvdr 04 eh, wegme gs ted rdmdat dxtdat n` ted `da, out

h fume sfhbbdr hrdh. [ed wgkte n` ted `gTdk-up mehaadb gs mgrmh 899 fdtrds. Zd tedrd`nrd mnasgkdr ted

nrgjgahb nx-onw bhld hs nad n` ted sfhbb bhlds ga ted sdasd n` [h uo dr . [eg s fdhas teh t [huodr 's d`gdmtgvd

hrdh, teht gs ted hrdh `rnf wegme 59 % n` hbb pnbbda nrgjgahtds , ehs h rhkgus n` =99 tn 8999 fdtrds ([huodr

8704). [edrd hrd twn typds n` suostrhtds wgtega tegs hrdh3 ted Enbnmdad rgvdr-vhbbdy n` ted Knahu hak ted

Bhtd Ybdgstnmdad Bnwdr [drrhmd n` ted Knahu hak gts trgouthry ted Hodas. [ed `nrfdr mnasgsts n` `gad

shaky sdkgfdats wegme hrd rgme ga autrgdats, hak whs `bnnkdk fnrd nr bdss rdjubhrby oy ted rgvdr uatgb

rdmmatby (sdd p. ?=). Ga ted vgmgagty n` ted `da ted bhttdr mnasgsts n` quhrtzshaks hak jrhvdbs, wegme hrdpnnr

ga bnhf hak autrgdats< fnrdnvdr, gt odbnajs tn ted kry phrt n` ted Bnwdr [drrhmd (sdd p. ;?). Zd dxpdmt

teht ted upbhak pnbbda nrgjgahtds fhgaby `rnf tedsd twn suostrhtds. @urtedr, h phrt n` ted pnbbda wgbb ehvd

mnfd `rnf snfd kgsthamd, mhrrgdk oy ted wgak, out gagtghbby pdrehps hbsn oy rgvdr-whtdr, sgamd ted kddpdr

sdkgfdats senw ha hkkgtgna n` fgadrhb phrtgmbds.

[ed omjgaagajn`ted`gbbgajupn`ted mehaadb ehs odda dsth obgse dkoyh M 8; khtd ht 5999 ?89O.Y. (JrA-

:8=7). [ed bhrjd drrnr gs kud tn ted bnw sugthogbgty n` bhld fhrbs `nr M8; khtds (Fnnl 87:;, wrgttda

Ga`nrfhtgna). [ed odjgaagaj `hbbs ga nur znad PG wegme, hs `hr hs ted murvds n` ted trdd pnbbda hak fnrd

phrtgmubhrby ted bnw prdsdamd n` @hjus gs mnamdradk, gs mnfphrhobd wgte @grohs znad PG. Gt gs jdadrhbby

hssufdk teht tegs pdrgnk bhstdk `rnf mgrmh :099 O.Y. tn mgrmh 0999 O.Y. (hfnajst ntedrs fdatgnadk oy

Chassda 87:;`gjurd=9). ]gamdznad PG gsh ognstrhtgjrhpegm uagt, gt addk ant sthrt nr dak dvdrywedrd ht ted

shfd tgfd. [ed `hmt teht nur khtd gs na ted dhrby sgkd, hbbnws an fnrd teha ted mnambusgna, teht znad PG

odjha dhrby ht tegs pbhmd.

[e d vdjdthtgna n` ted surrnuakgajs n` ted Edgbgjdas thktdr Fnns gs knfgahtdk oy kdmgkunus trdds kurgaj

znad PG. Odsgkds, tedrd hrd seruos, out ga vdry bnw pdrmdathjds. [edy hrd3 Mrhthdjus sp., _ehfaus

mhtehrtgmh, Bgjustruf vubjhrd, Mnraus shajugadh, Pgourauf sp. hak ]hfoumus agjrh. [ed edros teht

mnubk od mnasgkdrdk hs `nrdst `bnrh hrd sfhbb ga aufodr. [edy hrd3 Yubfnahrgh sp., Hknxh fnsmehtdbbgah,

Ybdurnspdrfuf hustrghmuf hak Fdbhfpyruf sp. [ed ntedr upbhak edros odbnaj tn vdjdthtgnas n`

mbdhrgajs. Gt gs mnaspgmunus teht ted _ufdx hmdtnsh typd. Hrtdfgsgh hak Medanpnkghmdhd hrd prd-



845 YNBB DA KGHJ _HF]

knfgahat hfnaj ted edros. [edsd pbhats hrd usuhbby rdbhtdk tn eufha hmtgvgtgds. Ga nur mhsd nad mnubk

tegal n` ted ga`budamd n` h Fdsnbgtegm pnpubhtgna, out ga nur npgagna gt gs ant admdsshry tn httrgoutd ted

prdsdamd n` "rukdrhb pbhats" ga ted kghjrhf tn fha. Gt gs pnssgobd teht ted pbhats jrdw na spnts teht wdrd

ldpt npda oy hagfhbs. [ed sgzd hak ted pnsgtgna n` ted mbdhrgajs mhaant od jgvda.

[ed pdrmdathjd n` edros gs sn bnw teht wd fhy hssufd teht ted surrnuakgajs n` ted nx-onw bhld wegme

whs omgaj `gbbdk up, wdrd mnvdrdk wgte kdasd `nrdst, hphrt `rnf ted honvm-fdatgnadk npda spnts wegme

mhaant od kd`gamk fnrd prdmgsdby. Gt gs kg``gmubt tn kgstgajugse odtwmma ted vdjdthtgna n` ted rgvdr-vhbbdy

hak teht n` ted kry shak hrdh. [ed gkdatg`gdk seruos hak ted edros Yubfnahrgh, Hknxh hak

Ybmurnspdrfuf, enwdvdr, naby jrnw na sngbs wgte h mdrthga bnhf mnatdat, rgmeadss ga autrgdats hak

su``gmgìat fngsturd. Zd hssufd `nr teht rdhsna teht tedy wdrd prdsdat ga ted rgvdr-vhbbdy. [edy fhy ehvd

odda phrt n` h vdjdthtgna teht wd wnubk mbhss anwhkhys ga ted Hban-Yhkgna. Hbb trdds odbnajgaj tn znad PG

pnssgoby `gt ga sume rgvdr-vhbbdy `nrdsts. Gt sddfs pnssgobd tn us teht ted kg``drdat `nrdsts wegme hrd mnasgkdrdk

tn odbnaj tn ted rdmdat Hban-Yhkgna, dxgstdk hbrdhky ga tegs pdrgnk, hak jrdw ga ted Knahu vhbbdy. Gt gs

mnaspgmunus, enwdvdr, teht bgttbd @rhxgaus pnbbda whs rmtrgdvdk. [egs trdd hmmnuats, ht bdhst anwhkhys, `nr

h mnasgkdrhobd phrt n` ted `nrdst pnpubhtgna ga h rgvdr-vhbbdy. @rhxgaus senubk od rdprdsdatdk rdhsnahoby gah kghjrhf bgld teht n` ted Edgbgjdasthktdr Fnns, dvda weda ted ohk kgstrgoutgna n` ted pnbbda gs thlda gatn

hmmnuat. Zd wnakdr tedrm`nrd wedtedr ted hse ehk ha gfpnrthat sehrd ga ted rgvdr-vhbbdy `nrdsts. G` tegs

whs ant ted mhsd, ted Hban-Yhkgna whs kg``drdat `rnf anwhkhys.

[ed vdjdthtgna na ted egje shak hak jrhvdb hrdh n` ted Bnwdr [drrhmd m;aant, hs `hr hs wd mha sdd, od

rdmnastrumtdk `rnf ted kghjrhf. Zd mha gfhjgad teht ted Odtugh pnbbda, h phrt n` ted Mnrybus hak

Xudrmus pnbbda hak pdrehps hbsn snfd [gbgh pnbbda ehk tedgr nrgjga ga tegs hrdh. Ygaus gs hosdat ga tegs

vdjdthtgna. Ht bdhst wd sdd an rdhsna ga ted kgsmnatgaunus Ygaus murvd tn hssufd teht tegs trdd nmmurrdk

bnmhbby.

Kurgaj znad E P[G ted vdjdthtgna rdfhgadk honut ted shfd hs ga znad E PG. [ed naby mnaspgmunus

kg`[drdamd gs ted pdrmdathjd n` Tbfus pnbbda. [ed dbfs kdmbgad rhpgkby ht ted trhasgtgna `rnf E PG tn EPGG . Zd hrd mdrth gaby ant mna`rnatdk edrd wgte ted mbhssgm ped anfdan a, odmhusd teht gs kht dk omtwdma

4599 hak ;499 O.Y. wgte h mbgfhx hrnuak 4899 O.Y. (Jnkwga 8708, ]gfs 87:=). [e d Tbfus kdmbgad ga ted

Edgbjdasthktdr Fnns tnnl pbhmd ht h fum e dhrbgdr pdrgnk, sdt oy h M8; kht d ht 0?49 ¸ 889 O.Y. (Jr A-

:4;8).

Zd trgmk tn `gak nut wegme dbf spdmgds whs rdspnasgobm `nr ted kdmbgad. @nr teht purpnsd wd dxhfgadk h

sdrgds n` dbf spdmgds oy fdhas n` h smhaa gaj dbdmtrna fgm rnsmnpd, ahfdby 3 Tbf us mhrpgag`nbgh Jbdk. (twn

nrgjgas), Tbfus jbhorh Euks. (twn nrgjgas), Tbfus jbhorh Euks. dxnagdasgs hak Tbfus bhdvgs Yhbb.*

Ta`nrtuahtdby gt hppdhrdk tn od gfpnssgobd tn pngat nut kg``drdamds odtwdda ted pnbbda n` ted dxhfgadk

spdmgds. Adgtedr whs gt pnssgobd tn kgvgkd ted suo`nssgb pnbbda `rnf od`nrd ted Tbfus kdmbgad gatn jrnups<

futuhb kg`[drdamds hrd prhmtgmhbby hosdat. Gt gs ant vdry mbdhr dgtedr oy wegme trdd Tbfus whs rdpbhmdk< gt

mnubk ehvd odda Xudrmus. [ed gatdrprdthtgna n` ted sukkda dbf kdmbgad hbsn prdsdats h prnobdf. Zd sdd an

rdhsnas tn dxpbhga ted pedanfdana hs h rdsubt n` h mehajd ga ted bnmhb dkhpegm mnakgtgnas. Anad n` ted

ntedr spdmgds `rnf ted Hban-Yhkgna senw h mnfphrhobd rdhmtgna hak ted bnmhb vdjdthtgna knds ant senw

mehajds dgtedr. Hay dvgkdamd `nr pnssgobd `bumtuhtgnas ga ted wgkte n` ted rgphrgha znad (sdd p. 808) gs

hosdat prdmgsdby ga teht phrt n` ted kghjrhf wedrd ted Tbfus kdmbgad nmmurs. Odsgkds ha dkhpegm mhusd, h

mbgfhtnbnjgmhb rdhsna mnubk od mnasgkdrdk. [ed dbf kdmbgad mngamgkds wgte h pnbbda znad onuakhry wegme

* H phrt n` ted dxhfgadk pnbbda whs jhtedrdk `nr us oy Gr. E.F, Edyorndl n` Zhjdagajda.



HYYDAKGU G 847

gs mehrhmtdrgzdk oy ten (grst gamrdhsd n` Ygaus, Ygmdh hak @hjus. Dvdrywedrd ga ]nutedra Jdrfhay ted

gamrdhsd n` @hjus gs usdk tn gakgmhtm ted znad onuakhry PG- PG G (@grohs 87;7), out ted pedanfdana ehs

advdr odda mnaadmtdk wgte h mbgfhtnbnjgmhb mehajd. Fnrdnvdr gt ehs odda nosdrvdk anwedrd sn hr teht ted

mnfgaj n` ted oddme mngamgkds wgte ted kgshppdhrhamd n` ted dbf. [ed kdmbgad hppdhrs tn od h bnmhb dvdat.

[edrd`nrd wd mnasgkdr h mbgfhtnbnjgmhb dxpbhahtgna ant vdry hmmdpthobd `nr nur dbf kdmbgad. Zd kn ant

wgse tn dajhjd ga h kgsmussgna honut h tegrk pnssgogbgty3 ha dbf kgsdhsd, odmhusd dvgkdamd tedrdn` gs vdry

ehrk tn `fk. Na ted ntedr ehak, wd kn wgse tn kgsmuss h `nurte mhusd3 wd fdha ted ga`budamd n` mdrthga

bugagha hmtgvgtgds. Gt hppdhrs, ahfdby, teht ted dbf kdmbgad ga ted Emgbgjdasthktdr Fnns mngamgkds fnrd nr

bdss wgte ted odjgaagaj n` ted Adnbgtegm nmmuph tgna n` ted hrdh mnamdradk. [ ed nbkdst M8; khtds hvhgbhobd

ht ted fnfdat `nr tegs nmmuphtgna hrd 0844 ;4O.Y. (JrA-:840), 0?=4 ;4O.Y. (JrA-:44:) hak 0??9

¸ ;4 O.Y. (JrA-:445) `rnf ted BOL sdttbdfdat ht Egdaedgf. Hbtenuje ted mngamgkdamd fgjet od mehamd ,

wd tegal anw teht gatdrvdatgna oy fha gs ted fnst pbhusgobd mhusd n` ted rhpgk dbf kdmbgad. N` mnursd, ted

mnrrdbhtgna odtwdda ted `grst Adnbgtegm gaehogthats hak ted dbf kdmbgad wgbb ehvd tn od nosdrvdk ga fnrd

pbhmds ga ]nutedra Jdrfhay, od`nrd h rdhb rdbhtgna mha od spnlda n` Zd rd`dr tn p. :0 hak tn p. :: `nr h

ùrtedr kgsmussgna n` ted dbf kdmbgad.H`tdr znad E PGG tedrd hrd fhcnr mehajds ga ted pnbbda hssdfobhjd wegme rdhmedk ted Emgbgjdasthktdr

Fnns. [ed `grst mehajds sthrt ht h bdvdb wegme ehs odda khtdk oy M8; tn 4;74 04 O.Y. (JrA-:8;9).

Tbfus hak [gbgh ehvd odmnfd rhrd< ted aufodrs n` Odtugh, Mnrybus hak Xudrmus krnp rhpgkby. Na ted

ntedr ehak, Ygaus, Ygmdh, Hogds hak @hjus gamrdhsd strnajby. Out Hogds gs prdsdat ga sume h bnw pdrmdathjd

teht wd wnakdr wedtedr ted trdd nmmurrdk bnmhbby. Zd tegal teht ted Hogds pnbbda whs mhrrgdk oy wgak

`rnf h pbhmd rhtedr `hr hwhy. [rhaspnrthtgna oy rgvdr whtdr gs gfpnssgobd< ht bdhst ted sdkgfdat ht tegs bdvdb

an bnajdr senws fgadrhb phrtgmbds wegme mnubk gakgmhtd teht ted `da whs `bnnkdk rdjubhrby. Ygmdh gs hbsn

prdsdat tn h fnkdrhtd dxtdat naby, out tegs trdd mnubk ehvd stnnk ga ted vgmgagty. [ed vhbuds ga wegme Ygaus

hak @hjus nmmur gakgmhtd teht tedsd twn trdds wdrd n` gfpnrthamd ga ted vdjdthtgna. Zd hssufd teht onte

jrdw nutsgkd ted rgvdr-vhbbdy hak rdpbhmdk Odtugh, Mnrybus, Xudrmus hak [gbgh tedrd. Ht bdhst wd mhaant

gfhjgad teht Ygaus hak @hjus wdrd prdsdat ga ted rmbhtgvdby wdt rgvdr-vhbbdy. Tsuhbby, onte trdds hrd

rdprdsdatdk pnnrby na fnrd nr bdss rdjubhrby `bnnkdk pbhmds hak na pbhmds teht hrd ga`budamdk strnajby oy

ted jrnuak-whtdr. Zd tegal teht ted jrnwte mnakgtgnas ga ted Enbnmdad rgvdr-vhbbdy wdrd stgbb `hvnurhobd

`nr ha Hban-Yhkgna.

Hbtenuje Ygaus hak @hjus stnnk, ga nur npgagna, na ted egjedr pbhmds, wå kn ant hssufd teht tedy wdrd

phrt n` nad hak ted shfd `nrdst. Zd fhy vgsuhbgzd ted oddme jrnwgaj na ted krgdr phrts n` ted Bnwdr

[drrhmd, wedrdhs ted pgad stnnk ùrtedr hwhy na ted dnbgha shaks. [ed bgfgt n` tedsd dnbgha shaks gs ht h

kgsthamd n` 8 lf `rnf ted shfpbgaj pngat. Ynbbda teht nrgjgahtds `rnf h kgsthamd n` 8999 fmtrds, hak

mdrthgaby Ygaus pnbbda, mha od `nuak ga bhrjd quhatgtgds gasfhbb ohsgas (Odrjbuak 87:=). Zd tegal gakddk

teh t ted pdrmdathjd n` Ygaus pnbbda rd`bdmts tn snfd dxtdat ted ga`budamd n` ted dnbgha shaks hrnuak ted

Hodas. [edsd shaks hrd mnvdrdk anwhkhys wgte h pgad `nrdst (sdd p. ;8), wegme ehs odda kdsmrgodk

dxtdasgvdby oy Enedadstdr (Enedadstdr 8709). G` nur npgagna gs mnrrdmt, tegs fdhas teht ted prdsdat pgad

`nrdsts kgk ant kdvdbnp uatgb ted odjgaagaj n` znad E PG G G, tedrd`nrd hrnu ak 4;99 O. Y. Hayenw, tedy wdrd

ant prdsdat ydt kurgaj znad E PG, sgamd ted Ygaus murvd wnubk teda ehvd odda mnatgaunus.

[ed ga`budamd n` fha odjgas tn senw ga znad E PGGG. [ed murvd n` Ybhathjn bhamdnbhth odmnfds

mnatgaunus ehb`-why ternuje ted znad. Zd kn ant wgse tn httrgoutd h spdmghb sgjag`gmhamd tn ted `dw pnbbda

jrhgas ga ted prdmdkgaj znad. [edy mnubk odbnaj tn ted npda spnts hbrdhky fdatgnadk. Anr kn wd wgse tn

dfpehsgzd ted prdsdamd n` twn Ybhathjn fdkgh nr Y. fhcnr pnbbda jrhgas. Ga hjrddfdat wgte Jrndafha-



809 YNBBDA KGHJ_HF]

Ph a Zhhtd rgajd , wd tegal gt rgsly tn gatd rprd t sume spnrhkgm prdsdamds hs eu fh a ga`budamd (Jr nda fha

vha Zhhtdrgajd 8705).

[n weht dx tdat fha whs rdspnasgobd `nr ted mehajd ga ted mnfpnsgtgna n` ted `nrdsts, mhaan t od shgk. [ ed

rdhbby fhcnr gatdrvdatgnas hrd ant `nuak uatgb znad E GU. [egs znad gs mehrhmtdrgzdk oy ted kdmbgad n` hbb

trdd pnbbda murvds, wgte ted dxmdptgna n` Odtugh. Odtugh usuhbby prn`gts oy ted bgjet wegme odmnfdshvhgbhobd weda sehknw-mhstgaj trdds hrd mut. Fnrdnvdr, ted trdd jrnws qugmlby ga npda sphmds. [ed murvds

n` h bhrjd aufodr n` edros rgsd stddpby kurgaj znad E GU. [egs pedanfdana mha hbsn od nosdrvdk ga ted

kghjrhf n` ted "bnmhb" hak "dmnbnjgmhbby gakdtdrfgahobd" pnbbda typds. [edsd mhtdjnrgds hpphrdatby

gambukd spdmgds wegme wdrd `hvnurdk oy fha. Yhrtgmubhrby Ybhathjn bhamdnbhth, Medanpnkghmdhd,

Mnfpnsgthd, Tfodbbg`drhd hak Mrumg`drhd prnphjhtd tedfsmbvds rhpgkby. Fnrdnvdr, ted `grst drnp pbhats,

]dmhbd hak Mhaahogs, hrd nosdrvdk ga znad GU. Hbb Mdrdhbgh typd pnbbda odbnajs tn ted ]dmhbd typd. Zd

sujjdstdk hbrdhky teht znad E GU wgte gts bhrjd smhbd kd`nrdsthtgna wnubk mngamgkd wgte ted Bh [åad

Ydrgnk nr ted _nfha Hjd. Ta`nrtuahtdby tegs sujjdstgna mhaant od suppnrtdk oy fdhas n` h M8; khtd,

odmhusd ted pdht bhydr ga ted tnp n` ted sdkgfdat mnathgas tnn fhay rnnts. Ta`nrtuahtdby tedrd hrd an

ynuajdr pdht bhydrs `rnf wegme ted fdkghdvhb vdjdthtgna egstnry fgjet od kdkumtdk. Ydrehps tedy wdrdrdfnvdk oy ted muttgaj n` pdht.

[e d kgh jrh f n` ted bnmhb pnbbda typds n` mnursd senws naby ted strgmtby bnmhb vdjdthtgna egstnry. [e d murvds

wgte phrhbbdb mnursds wdrd pbhmdk odsgkd dhme ntemr, hak wdrd hrrhajmk hmmnrkgaj tn ted ehogtht n` ted

pbhats ga qudstgna. Ga tegs why wd nothgadk strhtgjrhpegm-dmnbnjgmhb pnbbda jrnups. Na ted ohsgs n` ted

kghjrhf krhwa ga tegs why, wd rdmnastrumt ted egstnry n` enw ted nx-onw bhld whs `gbbdk up hs `nTnws3

Gagtghbby ted whtdr whs tnn kddp tn dahobd ted jrnwte n` egjedr whtdr pbhats. [ed bnmhb pnbbda typds,

wegme nmmur ga ted onttnf n` ted kghjr hf, hrd ant bnmhb ga ted vdry strgmt sdasd, out nr gjgah td `rnf ted ohal

n` ted ohsga. Zd hssufd teht tedrd whs h odbt n` hbkdr hak wgbbnw hrnuak ted bhld. Kry shak- hak jrhvdb-

`bhts wdrd mnvdrdk wgte h Egppnpehd-orusewnnk. [ed mrnss sdmtgna n` ted bhld senws mbdhrby teht ted

rgphrgha znad mhaant ehvd odda vdry wgkd3 ted sbnpds hrd vdry stddp. [egs mnubk hbsn dxpbhga ted gagtghb

hosdamd n` h rddkodbt wgte ted thbb pbhats, sume hs ]ph rjhag uf, odbnaj gaj ted rdtn . Ht h snfmweht bhtdr

sthjd, ahfdby hrnuak spdmtruf =8, tegs odbt gs nosdrvdk `nr ted `grst tgfd. Ht ted bdvdb n` spdmtruf 08, ted

bhld whs `gbbdk wgte bhld fhrb tn sume ha dxtdat teht Fyrgnpeybbuf spgmhtuf nr F. vdrtgmgbbhtuf mnubk

odjga tn jrnw ga ted bhld. Fyrgnpeybbuf spgmhtuf nmmurs ga whtdrs n` 8 -4 f kddp hak F. vdrtgmgbbhtuf ga

whtdrs n` 9.4 -= f kddp (Nodrknr`d r 87:9). Zd hrd kdhbgaj prnoh oby wgte F. spgmh tuf, odmhusd tegs pbhat

gs fnrd mnffna teha F. vdrtgmgbbhtuf ga mhbmhrdnus whtdr. ]gamd ted sdkgfdat gs dhbmhrdnus, ted whtdr

fust ehvd odda mhbmhrdnus tnn. Ga hkkgtgna tn Fyrgnpeybbuf, wd ehvd `nuak h `dw jrhgas n` Ayfpehdh

hak Aupehr. [edsd `dw jrhgas mnubk ehvd odda mhrrgdk ga oy rgvdr whtdr kurgaj gauakhtgnas. Out gt gs hbsn

vdry wdbb pnssgobd teht Ayfpehdh hak Aupehr jrdw na ted spnt. [ed sddk n` Ynthfnjdtna ahthas whs

`nuak twgmd ht ted shfd bdvdb, hbtenuj e ted pnbbda n` tegs pbhat ehs ant odda nosdrvdk. Ayf pe hdh , Au pe hrhak Ynthfnjdtna, tnjdtedr wgte Fyrgnpeybbuf, fhy ehvd odbnajdk tn h syathxna `rnf ted

Ayfpehdgna Nodrk. 874: df. Aduehusb. 8747. [edsd pbhat mnffuagtgds nmmur anwhkhys ga dutrnpegm

whtdrs n` 9.4-= f kddp wegme hrd sedbtmrdk `rnf ted wgak, h kdsmrgptgna wegme datgrdby `gts nur pgmturd n`

ted Edgbgjdasthktdr Fnns ga ted pdrgnk mnamdradk. Hbjhd `rnf ted jdaus Ydkghstruf hpphrdatby hbsn kn

wdbb ga tegs qugdt whtdr, mnasgkdrgaj ted rdfhgas `nuak.

@rnf spdmtruf 8:8 na, rgphrgha pbhats, wgte, enwdvdr, ted dxmdptgna n` Hbgsfh hak ]hjgtthrgh, odjga tn

fhag`dst tedfsdbvds hjhga. @nr nad rdhsna nr hantedr tedy wdrd nosdrvdk naby ga sfhbb aufodrs `nr h



HYYDAKGU G 808

wegbd. Zd sehbb rdtu ra tn tegs bhtdr. [e d pbhats n` npda whtdr hrd rdpbhmdk jrhkuhbby oy Dqugs dtuf (D.

`buvghtgbd>), Ynthfnjdtna sp., ]phrjhaguf sp. hak [y pe h bhtg`nbgh. Zed a tedsd pbhats odmhfd prd

knfgahat, ted bhld ehk h kdpte n` ?49 mf ht ted fnst. Zd mha gfhjgad teht ted bhld ehk odmnfd

nvdrjrnwa wgte pbhat mnffuagtgds wegme fust od mnasgkdrdk hs odbnajgaj tn ted Yerhjfgtdthbgh Z.

Lnme 87?0 df. Ygjahttg 874= kdaun df. ]djhb dt Zdsten`[.

@gahbby ted rddkswhfp phssdk gatn h sdkjd-`da. ]gf ubthadnus wgte ted rgsd n` ted Mypdrhmdhd-murvd, wd

`nuak Mbhkguf fhrgsmus sddks. [ed pnbbda n` tegs pbhat whs hbsn nosdrvdk `rdqudatby. Hs Mbhkguf nmmurs

tnjdtedr wgte Fdayhateds trg`nbghth, Fnanbdthd (wgte, hfnaj ntedrs, spnrds n` [edbyptdrgs phbustrgs),

Bysgfhmegh vubjhrgs typd (tn wegme odbnajs Bysgfhmegh teyrsg`bnrh, hfnaj ntedrs) hak _uoghmdhd

(Jhbguf phbustrd), wd mnubk od wgtadssgaj ted odjgaagaj n` ted sdkjd prdknfgahamd wgte h Mbhkgdtuf

fhrgsmg (Hbbnrjd 87??) Snorgst 87=4. Bhtdr ted Mbhkguf-swhfp prnohoby phssds gatn ntedr hssnmghtgnas n`

ted Fhjanmhrgmgna Z. Lnme 87?0. [ed ahturd n` ted sdkgfdat mehajds ht tegs bdvdb. [ed jyttchs phss

jrhkuhbby gatn Mhrdx-pdht wgte ha hkkgtgna n` Yerhjfgtds.

Enwdvdr, tedrd gs snfdtegaj mnaspgmunus ga tegs trhasgtgna znad, wegme knds ant `gt ga ted summdssgna

Ayfpehmgna - Yerhjfgtd thbgh - Fhjanmh rgmgna, ahfdby h tdfpnrhry dxphasgna n` ted hbkdr mhr rodtwdda spdmtrh ?48 hak =98. Gt wnubk sddf teht ted znad wgte hbkdr hak wgbbnw dxtdakdk gtsdb`hbfnst tn

nur shfpbgaj sgtd. ]hbgx (m.q. Ynpubus) wnnk ehs odda `nuak ht tegs bdvdb. Ht h bhtdr sthjd, ted odbt sddfs tn

mnatrhmt hjhga3 ht bdhst, `hr bdss pnbbda jrhgas n` tegs vdjdthtgna hrd `nuak. H tdfpnrhry mehajd n` ted

whtdr-bdvdb mnubk od ted mhusd. Odsgkds, ted kghjrhf jgvds us ted gfprdssgna teh`ted wgkte n` ted rgphrgha

znad ehs odda suocdmt tn sdvdrhb fnrd mehajds. [e d znad sddfs tn ehvd odda vdry ahrrnw od twdda spdmtrh

8?8 hak ?48. Odtwdda 8=8 hak 8:8, dvda rgphr gha pbhats hs ]phrjhaguf hrd hosdat. Hbsn h`tdr ted fhcnr

dxtdatgna, teht gs h`tdr spdmtruf =98, ted odbt sddfs tn ahrrn w `grst, teda tn wgkda, hak teda tn ahrrnw

hjhga. Zeda ted Hbaus-murvd gamrdhsds, ted Mypdrhmdhd-murvd kdmrdhsds, hak vgmd vdrsh. H bhrjd aufodr

n` edros `bumtuhtd tnjdtedr wgte ted Hbaus-murvd. [egs mnubk fdha teht ted hbkdr `nrdst whs ant vdry kdasd,

out ehk aufdrnus mbdhrgajs. H aufod r n` ted edros `nuak odbnaj tn ted anrfhb uakdrjrnwte n` ted Mhrgmg

dbnajhthd-Hbad tuf Z. Lnme 87?0 df. _.[x . dt Onkmux 8744. Out tedrd hrd hbsn edros wegme hrd ant bgstdk

oy Onkdux, sume hs Mnfpnsgthm ana Mgrsguf, ]hajugsnroh n``gmgahbgs hak Ynbyjnauf ogstnrth (Onkmux

8744). [edsd pbhats hrd `nuak ga wdttdr nr krgdr jrhssbhaks. Zd hssufd tedrd`nrd teht hrnuak ted bhld,

bhtdr `da, tedrd wdrd h aufodr n` jrhssbhaks odtwdda wdt hak kry. [edsd spnts odbnaj pdrehps tn ted shfd

pedanfdana hs ted npda spnts na ted kry jrnuaks, wegme wdrd `nuak ga ted upbhak pnbbda. Gt gs pnssgobd

teht odhvdrs wdrd rdspnasgobm `nr ted npda spnts.

Ant naby pnbbda, out hbsn fnbbusms jgvd gakgmhtgnas n` ted bnmhb davgrnafdat ga ted Edgbgjdasthktdr

Fnns. [ed fnbbusms wegme hppdhrdk kurgaj ted trdhtfdat n` ted pdht- hak jyttch-shfpbds, ehvd odda

jhtedrdk hak gkdatg`gdk oy Z.C. Lugcpdr. Ed wrgtds honut tedsd fnbbusms3 "[ed `fks mnfprgsd ted

`nbbnwgaj spdmgds3 Phbvhth mrgsthth Fubbdr, Phbvhth pgsmgahbgs (Fubbdr), Ogteyagh tdathmubhth (B.), Yeysh

`natgahbgs (B.), _hkgx pdrdjrh (Fubbdr), Ybhanrogs mhrgahtus Fubbdr, Hagsusvnrtgmubus[rnsmedb, Jyrhubus

hbous Fubbdr, Jyrhubgs bhdvgs Hbkdr, Hrfgjdr mrgsth (B.), ]djfdatgah m` agtgkh (Fubbdr), Hmrnbnxus

bhmustrgs (B.), Ygsgkguf sp. hak ted bhak sahgb ]ummgadh sp. [ed bhrjdst aufodrs hrd ht mgrmh ?79-=49 mf

odadhte ted sur`hmd. Hs ted sgzd n` ted dxhfgadk shfpbds whs naby h `dw mfQ, an fnrd teha h `dw knzdas n`

spdmgfdas wdrd `nuak. [ed `huah wegme bgvdk edrd, whs uaknuotdkby rgmedr ga spdmgds. Honvd spdmgds

gakgmhtd teht ted sdkgfdathtgna tnnl pbhmd ga stgbb, mbdhr, `rdsewhtdr wgte fume vdjdthtgna. [ed kdpte n`

ted whtdr mhaant od rdmnastrumtdk ter nuje ted spdmgds nuak, out fnst n` ted honvd-fdatgnadk hagfhb s kn

ant survgvd h krygaj-nut n` tedgr ehogtht, dvda g` tegs gs tdfpnrhry, sn teht h vdry sehbbnw whtdr gs ant



80? YNBBD A KGHJ _HF]

pnssgobd. H bhak sahgb n` wdt tdrrhga (]ummgadh sp.) nmmurs ga ted datgrd sedbb-mnathgagaj phrt n` ted

sdkgfdat. [egs prnvds teht tedrd whs hbwhys h ohal adhroy" (Lagcpdr 87:4).

[ed rdsubts n` ted fhbhmnbnjgmhb hahbysgs hrd ga hjrddfdat wgte tensd n` ted pnbbda hahbysgs. [ed bdvdb

wgte ted fnst houakhat fnbbusm rdfhgas `hbbs wgtega nur Ayfpehdgna3 h pbhat mnffuagty teht hbsn pngats

tn stgbb, mbdhr `rdsewhtdr. Hmmnrkgaj tn Lugcpdr, spdmgds teht hrd mehrhmtdrgstgm `nr tegs davgrnafdat wdrdant `nuak, prnohoby odmhusd ted sgzd n` ted shfpbd whs `hr tnn sfhbb.

Hs whs tn od dxpdmtdk, ted vdjdthtgna ga ted `nrfdr bhld kdvdbnpdk datgrdby gakdpdakdatby n` ted

vdjdthtgna na ted kry jrnuaks. [ed naby znad onuakhry `nuak ohml ga ted bnmhb pnbbda hs wdbb, gs ted

onuakhry E PGGG - E GU. [ed eufha ga`budamd hpphrdatby dxtdakdk gtsmb` omynak ted dkjds n` ted `da.

[ed nosdrvdk eykrnsdrd phssds ternuje ted sdqudamd wegme gs anrfhb `nr tegs typd n` ohsgas3 prd-

knfgahatby npda whtdr, `bnhtgaj-bdhvdk fhmrnpeytds, rddkswhfp, `da. [ed `da mhrr sthjd, g` rdhmedk,

mnubk ant od nosdrvdk, prnohoby odmhusd h phrt n` ted kdpnsgt gs fgssgaj. Ga ted Edgbgjdasthktdr Fnns tnn gt

hppdhrs teht "[ed dssdatghb ahturd n` ted hutnjdagm sdqudamd sddfs ant tn ehvd mehajdk ternujenut ted

Ynstjbhmghb" (Zhbldr 87:9 p. 8=:).

[ED KNAHTFNN]

[ed Knahufnns (;5¹;?'A, 88¹84'D, =59 f honvd AA) gs hbsn mhbbdk ted Jrnssd Knahufnns, tn

kgstgajugse gt `rnf ted Lbdgad Knahufnns adhr Jòazou rj . Gt gs h vhst da teht mnvdrs mgrmh 85999 bgh ]nute

wdst n` Gajnbsthkt. [ed pdhtkdpnsgts kdvdbnpdk gah ùaadb-sehpdk ohsga nrgdathtdk `rnf tedsnute-wdst tn

ted anrte-dhst. [ed "stdf" n` tegs ùaadb gs bnmhtdk adhr Yðttfds (Bklr. Hgmehme), ted "fnute" fdrjds

gatn ted vhbbdy n` ted Kna hu . Hs gs senwa na h pdht kdpte meh rt `rnf 8799, ted tegmldst pdht kdpnsgts hrd

`nuak ga ted "stdf" hak ga gts `nrwhrk dxtdatgna. [ed surrnuakgajs hak ted suosngb n` ted pdht mnasgst

fhgaby n` bnhfy shaks, shaky bnhfs hak mbhys n` ted Tpp dr Fgnmdad `rdsewhtdr Fnbhssd (]mefgk 8707).

Ht ted wdst sgkd n` ted `da, h `dw phtmeds n` bndss-bnhf hrd `nuak na tnp n` ted Fgnmdad kdpnsgts. [n ted

anrte, tedrd wedrd ted ohsga fdrjds gatn ted Knahu vhbbdy, ted `da gs ant hkchmdat tn Fnbhssd kdpnsgts, out

tn kdpnsgts n` ted Bnwdr [drrhmd n` ted Knahu.

Hmmnrkgaj tn ]mefgk, ted Knahufnns-ohsga kdvdbnpdk uakdr ted ga`budamd n` h ogj rgvdr3 "[ed ]nute

wdst tn anrte-dhst nrgda thtdk ùaadb-sehpd n` ted Knahufnns-ohsga hak ted ¸ 899 f kg``drdamd ga hbtg tukd

odtwdda ted ohsga hak ted [drtghry egbbs wdst n` ted ohsga, hbbnw an ntedr mnambusgna teha teht ted

knwamuttg aj n` ted Knahufnns-ohsga whs mhusdk oy h fgjety rgvdr systdf" (]mefgk 8707 p. ??5 nur

trhasbhtgna). [ed vhbbdy wnubk ehvd kdvdbnpdk ga ted Dhrby Ybdgstnmdad. ]mefgk tegals tbght ted

Knahufnns-ohsga rdprdsdats pdrehps ted `nrfdr mnursd n` ted Bdme rgvdr. Gt gs strhajd, enwdvdr, teht an

rgvdr jrhvdb whs `nuak ht ted ohsd n` ted pdht (]mefgk 8707 p. ??7), out ted jrhvdb kdpnsgtdk oy ted Bdme

mnubk od ourgdk oy snbg`bumtgna fhtdrghb kurgaj ted Zurf gmd hjd. [ed Bdme wnubk ehvd bd`t ted vhbbdy

od`nrd ted bhst gmd hjd. [ed ùaadb-sehpd n` ted ohsga wnubk ehvd odda dfpehsgzdk oy snbg`bumtgna

pedanfdah. Kurgaj ted Zurf gmd hjd ted ohsga whs mbnsdk ht ted anrte sgkd oy ted kdpnsgtgna n` jrhvdb oy

ted Knahu. [e d khf n` tdrrhmd fhtdr ghb ougbt ga tegs why kgsturodk ted krhgahjd n` ted ohsga. Hmmnrkgaj tn

]mefgk, ted dkhpegm mnakgtgnas wdrd hbrdhky `hvnurhobd `nr pdht `nrfhtgna ga ted bhst sthjds n` ted Zurf

gmd hjd. "[ ed pdht `nrfhtgna (Xudbbfnnr) wegme wgte mdrthgaty sthrbdk hbrdhky ga ted Bhtd Jbhmghb hak

wegme mnatgaudk ua tgb rdmdatby, whs gatd rrup tdk naby ga 8:79 oy ted krhg ahjd sthrtdk u akdr Lur`òrst Lhr b-

[ednknr" (]mefgk 8707 p. ?=9 nur trhasbhtgna). [ed Knahufnns ehs odda rdmbhgfdk systdfhtgmhbby sgamd

8:79.



HYYDAKGU G 80=

Od`nrd ted rdmbhfhtgna ted `da mnasgstdk n` h bhaksmhpd knfgahtdk oy thbb sdkjds hak wgbbnws, wegme whs

]M wdt teht dvda ga anrfhb suffdrs gt mnubk ant od usdk hs ehy`gdbk (vna Hrdt ga 8:74). ]pðtt bd wrgtds te ht

hbrmhky od`nrd 8:79 httdfpts wdrd fhkd tn gfprnvd ted krhgahjd, out tedsd wdrd ant vdry summdsùb

(]pðttbd 8570). ]gamd 8:78, enwdvdr, ted hrdh ehs odda krhgadk pdrfhadat by. Gt gs usdk fhgaby hs hrhobd .

[ed rdmbhfhtgna mhusdk h mnasgkdrhobd bnwdrgaj n` ted sur`hmd. [ed bdvdb n` ted `da ht Bukwgjsfnns,

wedrd tedrd gs h jhujd, ehs krnppdk =99 mf ga ted bhst 8:4 ydhrs. 899 mf n` tegs kggîdrdamd ga hbtgtukm fust

od httrgoutdk tn pdht-muttgaj, ted rdfhgagaj ? fdtrds hrd mhusdk oy mnfphmtgna hak wgak drnsgna.

Anwhkhys, mnfphmtgna hak wgak drnsgna stgbb ehvd h strnaj ga`budamd. Ga h 87=? kust stnrf, 4 mf n` ted

krgdk-nut hak pubvdrgzdk pdht kgshppdhrdk wgtega ?; enurs (]dgtez 8704 p. 85). @nr ted ùturd, h bnss n`

bdvdb n` 8.4-?.9 mf pdr ydhr gs thlda gatn hmmnuat (]mfgk 8707 p. ??;).

Yhub Grgdk ga 87=7 tn fhlm h pnbbda hahbysgs n` ted Knahufnns. [gggs httmfpt `hgbdk odmhusd ted pnbbda

turadk nut tn od tnn mnrrnkdk (]dgtz 8704 p. 8;). An httdfpt ehs odda fhkd sgamd tn dxhfgad ted `da oy

fdhas n` pnbbda hahbysgs (Enedasth ttd r 87:?, wrgt tda Ga`nrfhtgna) . Hs ted da bgds adxt tn bnhfy kdpnsgts,

wegme hrd snfdweht bgld bndss ga hs `hr hs tedgr pntdatghb vdjdthtgna gs mnamdradk (]dgodrt 8705), hak hs wd

`hgbdk ht ted tgfd tn `fk pdht ga ted vgmgagty n` bndss, (sdd p. =5), wd kdmgkdk tn try hjhga tn fhld h pnbbda

kghjrhf n` ted Knahufnns. Ga ted prdphrhtgna hak dxdmutgna n` tegs pbha, ted "Onkdalubturstdbbd

Fgttdbohydra" n` ted Ohydrgsmed Bhakdshasthbt `òr Onkdalubtur uak Y`bhazdaohu whs vdry edbpùb tn us.

H`tdr Mnasubtgaj h pdht kdpte mehrt wegme whs fhkd ga 8799 hak wegme gs hvhgbhobd ga tegs

"Onkdalubturstdbbd", wd sdbdmtdk h pbhmd adhr ted vgbbhjd Zhbkh, Bklr. Aduourj h.k. Knahu. Onrgaj na

tegs spnt ehk twn hkvhathjds3 `grst, ted jrdhtdst tegmladss n` ted pdht ehk odda fdhsurdk edrd, hak sdmnak,

tegs sgtd gs ht h kgs thamd n` naby ?99 f `rnf h sbnpd mnasgstgaj n` shaky bnhf. [e d bh ttdr `hmt bdk us tn dxpdmt

teht ted Rd jd th tg na na ted bnhf wnubk od rdprdsdatdk ga ted sdkgfdatdk pnbbda ga hay mhsd.

[e d shfpbgaj tnnl pbhmd oy fdhas n` h Khmeanwsly mnrdr. [e d str htgjrhpey n` ted kdpnsgts ht ted sgtd gs

hs `nbbnws3

mf

N- =4 hfnrpen us pdht wgte shak

=0- 854 Mypdrhmdhd pdht< Mhrdx utrgmbds hak aut s< ga ted bnwdr ehb` n` ted kdpnsgt snfd fnbbusms

(`rhjfdats hak mnfpbdtd spdmgfdas)< fnrd nr bdss jrhkuhb trhasgtgna tn

850-=04 mnfpbdx n` Mbhk guf pdht, mhbmhrdnus jyttch hak bhld fhrb wgte fnbbusms (`rhjfdats hak

mnfpbdtd spdmgfdas)< `dw Mhrdx utrgmbds hak auts< fhay Mbhkguf auts< Mehrh nnspnrhajgh<

jrhkuhb trhasgtgna tn

=00-;5; mnfpbdx n` Mbhkguf pdht , mhbmhrdnus jyttch hak bhld fhrb wgte fnbbusms (`rhjfdats hak

mnfpbdtd spdmgfdas)< fhay Mbhkguf auts< rdfhgas n` ]mnrpgkguf smnrpgngkds< horupt trha

sgtgna tn

;54-444 mnfphmt, hfnrpenus pdht< `rhjfdats n` Odtugh hak ]hbgx wnnk< rdfhgas n` ]mnrpgkguf

smnrpgngkds< `dw Mhrdx auts< ht ted ohsd n` ted kdpnsgt snfd Ynthfnjdtna sp. `rugtstnads hak

Fdayhateds sddks< fnrd nr bdss jrhkuhb trhasgtgna tn

440-405 mhbmhrdnus jyttch wgte pbhat rdfhgas hak fnbbusms< rdfhgas n` ]mnrpgkguf smnrpgngkds<

Fdayhateds sddks< Mehrh nnspnrhajgh< jrhkuhb trhasgtgna tn

407-09? bhld fhrb wgte `dw pbha t rdfhgas hak snfd fnbbusms< rdfhgas n` ]mnrpgkguf smnrpgngkds< Ahchs

fhrgah `rugt< `rugtstnads n` Ynthfnjdtna sp. hak Mhrdx sp. auts

http://egetation/

http://egetation/

http://egetation/



80; YNBBDA KGHJ_HF]

09=-09: shak hak bhld fhrb< fnbbusms< rnnts n` Mypdr hmdhd< Mhrdx aut< dw rdfhgas n` ]mnrpgkguf

smnrpgngkds< snfm Mehrh nnspnrhajgh

095-08: shak

[ed mnrd whs trdhtdk ga ted shfd why hs ted mnrd `rnf ted Edgbgjdasthktdr Fnns. Ht ted onttnf, h

spdmtruf whs fhkd n` dhme mf n` sdkgfdat < `rnf ;:; tn 440 mf dhme `g te mf whs mnuatdk, hak odynak

teht dhme tmate mf. [ed pnbbda hppdhrdk tn od vdry wdbb prdsdrvdk.

[ed hahbysgs mbdhrby senws teht, hs ]mefgk hssufdk, ted `nrfhtgna n` ted nrjhagm kdpnsgts hbrdhky

sthrtdk ga ted Bhtd Ybdgstnmdad. ted ohsd n` ted mnfphmt pdht (449-444 mf) whs khtdk ht 89;;9 74 O.Y.

(JrA-:8;8). [ed `hmt teht Bhtd Ybdgstnmdad, hs wdbb hs Dhrby Enbnmdad hak hbsn Bhtd Enbnmdad vdjdthtgna

pdrgnks hrd rdprdsdatdk ga ted kdpnsgt, rhgsds prnobdfs ga ted mengmd n` h pnbbdasuf. [ed mrgtdrgh `nr ted

mengmd senubk od kg``drdat ht ted onttnf hak ht ted tnp n` ted kdpnsgts. Zd tegal teht h pnbbdasuf hs usdk

`nr ted Edgbgjdasthktdr Fnns mhaant od hppbgdk kgrdmtby tn Bhtd Ybdgstnmdad kdpnsgts (sdd p. 844). [egs

jhvd us rdhsna tn senw ted kdpnsgts n` ted Knahufnns ant ga h sgajbd pnbbda kghjrhf, out rhtedr ga twn

kghjrhfs wgte kg``drdat mhbmubhtgaj fdtenks. Zd puobgse naby nad kghjrhf edrd, ahfmby ted phrt wgtegawegme ted Htbhatgm `hbbs. [ed nbkdr phrt bgds nutsgkd ted smnpd n` nur prdsdat gavdstgjhtgna hak wgbb od

puobgsedk dbsdwedrd.

Zd mensd ha upbhak pnbbdasuf `nr ted ynuajdr phrt n` ted kdpnsgt. [ed mrgtdrgh `nr ted mnfpnsgtgna n`

tegs suf hrd ted shfd hs ga ted mhsd n` ted Edg bgjdasthktdr Fnns kghjrhf (sdd p. 844). [e d mengmd n` ted

pnbbdasuf gs ant qugtd mnrrdmt hs `hr hs znad K GP hak ted odjgaagaj n` znad K P hrd mnamdradk, wegme wgbb

od kd`fdk odbnw, odmhusd gt gs hbfnst mdrthga teht Odtugh hak Ygaus n` spdmtrh 70 ternuje 8=8 wdrd phr t n`

ted bnmhb vdjdthtgna3 h mhrr. Onte znads, enwdvdr, ehvd odda gambukdk ga ted kghjrhf tn jgvd h sehrp bnwdr

bgfgt tn ted Htbhatgm3 znads K PG hak K PGG.

Hs usuhb, ted kghjrhf ehs odda kgvgkdk gatn pnbbda hssdfobhjd znads, `nr wegme purpnsd wm usdk ted

znahtgna oy @grohs. Hs wd kgk `nr ted Edgbgjdasthktdr Fnns, wd hkkdk h bdttdr tn ted _nfha aufdrhbs tngakgmhtd teht ted znads hrd ant admdsshrgby sgfubthadnus wgte ted shfd znads dbsdwedrd. [ed znahtgna gs hs

`nbbnws3

K GP Ygaus knfgah tds, tedrfnpegb d trdds hrd hosdat.

Onuakhry K GP - K P3 nmmur rdamd n` ted `grst tedrfnpegbd trdds3 Mnrybus, Tbfu s hak Ygmdh.

Xudrmus hak @rhxgaus `nbbnw sbgjetby bhtdr.

K P tegs znad gs mehrhmtdrg zdk oy ted gamrdhsd n` tedrf npegbd trdds. [gbgh

hppdhrs. Na ted ohsgs n` ted murvds n` Mnrybus, Xudrmus hak Tbfus,

tegs znad mha od kgvgkdk gatn terdd suoznads.

K Ph h suoznad ga wegme tedsd terdd trdds gamrdhsd rhpgkby < tedy rdhme h `grst

fhxgfuf, tn wegme odbnajs h M8; khtd n` 7?49 899 O.Y.

(JrA-:8;?).

K Po kurg aj tegs suoznad ted pdrmda thjds, ga wegme Mnrybus, Xudrmus hak

Tbfus nmmur, kdmrdhsd hjhga, tn gamrdhsd pdrfhadatby ga KPm.

K Pm ([egs suoznahtgna gs ant hmmnrkgaj tn @grohs)

Onuakhry K P - K PG 3 fnst pnbbda murvds gamrdhsd nr kdmrdhsd an ùrtedr.

K PG h znad wgtenu t gfp nrt hat mehajds.

Onuakhry K P G - K PG G3 ted murvd n` @hjus odmnfds mnatgaunus, `grst nmmurrdamd n` Hogds.



HYYDAKGU G 804

K PT vdry fume bgld K PG, naby Odtugh, Mnrybus, Xudrmus, Tbfus hak [gbgh

kdmrdhsd jrhkuhbby hak Ygaus gamrmhsds. @hjus gs prdsdat ga Rdry bnw

pdrmdathjds. H M E khtd n` 45;9 59 O.Y. (JrA- :8;=) `hbbs wgtega

tegs znad.

Onuakhry K PT-K PGGG/GU3 rhpgk gamrdhsd n` ted @hjus murvd.

K P f / G U znad PGGG n` @grohs mhaant od kgstgajugsedk sdphrhtdby odmhusd n` ted

vdry `hst gamrdhsd n` @hjus. Snad GU gs h pdrgnk ga wegme @hjus

knfgahtds hak Xudrmus, Tbfus hak [gbgh kdmrdhsd strnajby. Mnrybus

rdmnvdrs. @urtedr, Ybhathjn bhamdnbhth hak Ybhathjn fhcnr nmmur `nr

ted `grst tgfd.

Onuakhry K GU-K U3 @hjus kdmrdhsds hak Ygaus ggbmrdhsds.

K U gs ehrk by rdprdsda tdk. Ygaus knfgah tds.

[ed Knahufnns ht ted shfpbgaj sgtd mha od mnfphrdk wgte h sfhbb `da, rhtedr teha wgte h vhst

sdkgfdathtgna ohsga. Zd fhk d nur onrd-enbd ga h bhtdrhb vhbbdy n` ted bhrjd, ùaadb-sehpdk ohsga ga wegmeted `da `nrfdk gtsdb` ga ted mnursd n` tgfd. [ed pbha hak ted prn`gbd senw teht ted `da bgds hs h tnajud

odtwdda sbnpds. [edrd`nrd wd wgse tn gatdrprdt nur pnbbda kghj rhf hs h kghjrhf n` h sfhbb sdkgfdath tgna

ohsga, ga wegme fnst upbhak pnbbda ehk h rdbhtgvdby bnmhb nrgjga hak mhfd `rnf ted vdjdthtgna ga ha hrdh

wgte h rhkgus n` snfd euakrdks n` fdtrds nr ht ted fnst snfd lgbnfdtrds hrnuak ted `da ([huodr 8704,

Odrjbuak 87:=). Zd dxpdmt t eht fnst pnbbda rdbhtds tn ted vdjdthtgna n` ted sbnpds hrnuak ted `da. [edsd

mnasgst fhgaby n` shaky bnhfs hak bnhfy shaks. [e d rdjgnahb vdjdtht gna wgbb ant ehvd odda kg``drdat `rnf

ted bnmhb upbhak vdjd thtgna, odmhusd tedrd hrd sgfgbhr sdkgfdats dvdrywedrd ga ted surrnuakgajs (`gjurd

??).

Ht ted bdvdb wedrd ted kghjrhf senwa edrd odjgas, tedrfnpegbd trdds hrd stgbb hosdat. Zd mhaant wdbbcukjd

ted vdjdthtgna n` ted upbhak ga tegs pdrgnk, sgamd ted `da mhrrgdk ted shfd trdds hs wd wnubk dxpdmt na ted

upbhak (sdm p. 80;).

Fnst n` ted tedrfnpegbd trdds hppdhr kurgaj znad K P. Enwdvdr, ted dxphasgna n` ted `grst tedr-

fnpegbds3 Mnrybus, Xudrmus hak Tbfus, knds ant thld pbhmd jrhkuhbby. [ed murvds senw h tdfpnrhry

kdmrdhsd ga suoznad K Po . [egs kdmrdhsd, wegme tnnl pbhmd cust h`tdr 7?49 Q 899 O.Y., rdfhgas

uadxpbhgadk. Zd mha pngat ht an dkhpegm `hmtnr teht fgjet ehvd mhusdk h mehajd ga ted mnursd n` ted

murvds . [e d mhbmubht gna n` ted murvds gs an bnajdr ga`budamdk ht tegs bdvdb oy h wrnajby mensda pnbbdasuf

(sdd p. 80;), sgamd ht ted bdvdb n` ted kdmrdhsd ted pbhats teh t mnubk ehvd orn uje t honut sume ha d` dmt,

ahfdby sume trdds hs Ygaus, ehk hbrdhky kgshppdhrdk `rnf ted strgmtby bnmhb vdjdthtgna. Zd tegal gt

gfprnohobd, tn shy ted bdhst, teht tedrd wdrd trdds ga h Mbhkguf `da. Gt sddfs prdfhturd tn us tn dxpbhga ted

kdmrdhsd oy h mbgfhtd `bumtuhtgna. Gt gs trud teh t ted Pdadkgjdr nsmgbbhtgna nmmurrdk ga tegs pdrgnk (Yhtzdbt

87:?), out wd `ddb teht h pedanfdana ga ted Knahufnns senubk ant od mnrrdbhtdk tn nad ga ted Dhstdra

Hbps. Nad senubk rhtedr wgtenbk nad's npgagna uatgb ted pedanfdana ehs odmnfd hpphrdat ga ntedr

kghjrhfs `rnf ted shfd hrdh.

Kdmgkunus trdds knfgahtd znads K PG hak K PGG, out ted pgad ehs ant kgshppdhrdk `rnf ted bhaksmhpd.

Zd tegal teht ted pgad edbk gts nwa na ted pnnrdr sngbs hak fnrd spdmg`gmhbby na ted shaks hak ted bnhfy

shaks. Zd fhy vgsuhbgzd ha nhl-pgad `nrdst edrd, pnssgoby wgte ehzdb. [ed bnhfs wdrd mnvdrdk, wd suppnsd,

wgte h rgmemr kdmgkunus vdjdthtgna wegme mnathgadk, odsgkds nhl, hbsn bgfd, dbf, hse, fhpbd hak ehzdb. Ga



800 YNBBDA KGHJ_HF]

@gQ. ??h. [ed ].PP.-phrt nb'ted Knahufnns hak gts surrnggakgajs. ]mhbd 8349999.



HYYDAKGU G 80:

\ V ]hak.bnhf ,mbhy

G C Nrjhagm kdpnsgts

@gj. ??o. [ed ].Z.-phrt n` ted Knahufnns, sdmtgna, enrgznathb smhbm 838?499, vmrtgmhb smhbd 83?49.

mnatrhs t wgte nur nosdrvhtgnas ga ted Edgbgjdasthktd r Fnns, wd `gak hbfnst an seruo-vdjdthtgna . [e d

typgmhb `nrmst pbhats hrd rmstrgmtdk tn h sgajbd `gak n` Ybdurnspdrfuf hak nad n` Fdbhfp yruf. [e d

aufodr n` edro spdmgds wegme usd tn jrnw na mbdhrgajs, gs hbsn sfhbbdr. ]tgbb, tedrd gs rdhsna tn hssufd teht

edrd tnn wdrd snfd mbdhrgajs. Hrtdfgsgh nmmurs `rdqudatby hak hbsn Medanpnkghmdhd hrd `nuak, od gtspnrhkgmhbby. ]pdmtruf ;88 fgjet rdprdsdat h sfhbb mbdhrgaj.

Ga ted mnfogadk znad K PGGG/GU ted `nrdsts hppdhr tn mehajd tedgr mnfpnsgtgna. [ed ommme odmnfds

ha gfpnrthat trdd hak sddfs tn dxphak gtsdb` ht ted dxpdasd n` ted ntedr kdmgkunus trdds, wgte ted dxmdptgna

n` Mnrybus. Tbfus kgshppdhrs hbfnst mnfpbdtdby. Hs Ygaus knds ant hbbnw gtsdb` tn od dxpdbbdk, wd hssufd

teht @hjus odmhfd h phrt n` ted `nrdst mnffuagtgds na ted bnhfs. H oddme `nrdst, pnssgoby h fgxdk oddme

`nrdst, wnubk teda ehvd kdvdbnpdk na ted bnhfy sngbs. [egs hssufptgna gs suppnrtdk pdrehps oy ted `hmt

teht ga znad K U, teht gs ted `grst znad ga wegme eufha ga`budamd odmnfds hpphrdat, gt gs prdmgsdby @hjus

wegme kdmbgams strnajby. Anwhkhys ted bnhfs hrd usdk hs hrhobd, hak ted shaks `nr `nrdstry. G` wd fhy

hssufd teht hbsn ga ted pdrgnk, ga wegme znad K U `hbbs, ted bnhfs wdrd prd`drrdk `ng hjrgmubturd teda tegs

fdhas teht @hjus whs rhtedr mnffna na ted bnhfs nrgjgahbby. ]enubk tegs hssufptgna hppdhr tn od

gamnrrdmt, teda n` mnursd tegs hrjufdat odmnfds vngk. ]gamd wd kn ant lanw ted hjrgmubturhb egstnry n` ted

hrdh, wd mhaant prnvd nur hssufptgnas.

Zd tegal teht ted gamrdhsd n` Ygaus senubk ant od dxpbhgamk oy ted pbhatgaj n` pgads, out oy ted

kgshppdhrhamd n` ntedr pnbbda prnkumdrs. Ta`nrtuahtdby znad U gs vgrtuhbby hosdat ga ted kghjrhf, sn teht

wd fgss ted Fgkkbd Hjds. Zd httrgoutd tegs tn ted dhrbgdr fdatgnadk bnss n` bdvdb oy pdht muttgaj hak wgak

drnsgna.

[ed vdjdthtgna n` ted `da gtsdb` mha od kdkumtdk ant naby `rnf ted bgtenbnjy hak ted fhmrnsmnpgm rdfhgas.



805 YNBBDA KGHJ_HF]

out hbsn `rnf ted bnmhb pnbbda typds. Zd ehvd mnfpnsdk ted bnmhb kghjrhf ga ted shfd why hs ted kghjrhf

n` ted Edgbgjdasthktdr Fnns, out ted phttdra gs `hr bdss mbdhr teha ga ted bhttdr `da.

[ed hosdamd n` gakgmhtnrs n` npda whtdr gs mnaspgmunus3 ted sdkgfdathtgna ohsga whs advdr h bhld, ant

dvda ga ted prdmdkgaj pdrgnk n` wegme ted kghjrhf gs antjgvda edrd. Kurgaj znad K GP hak ted odjgaagaj

n` znad K P, pdht, anw rdprdsdatdk oy h ehrk, mnfphmt, khrl ornwa bhydr whs `nrfdk ga ted ohsga._dfhgas n` ]hbgx hak Odtugh wnnk wdrd `nuak ga tegs bhydr. Mbnsdr tn ted dkjd n` ted ohsga wd hbsn `nuak

Ygaus wnnk ht tegs bdvdb< ted bhttdr `gaks wdrd fhkd kurgaj ted onrgajs `nr ted mrnss sdmtgna. Ga hkkgtgna tn

wnnk rdfhgas, wd `nuak rdfhgas n` ted fnss ]mnrpgkguf smnrpgngkds hak h `dw Mhrdx-auts ga ted pdht.*

Zd suppnsd teht ted kdpnsgt ga qudstgna kdvdbnpdk ga h mhrr. Odsgkds tedsd fhmrnsmnpgm rdfhgas, ted pdht

bhydr gs mehrhmtdrgzdk oy ted prdsdamd n` pnbbda n` Mrumg`drhd, Bysgfhmegh vubjhrgs typd (tn wegme odbnajs

B. teyrsg`bnrh, hfnaj dtedrs) hak Jrhfgadhd. Ga ted kghjrhf, ted _uoghmdhd ehvd odda hkkdk tn tegs

jrnup, odmhusd tegs pnbbda typd, bgld ted Mrumg`drhd hak ted Bysgfhmegh vubjhrgs typd, gs strnajby

mnrrdbhtdk wgte ]hbgx ga ted bdvdbs uakdradhte. [ed pdht bhydr phssds rhtedr sukkdaby, out ant datgrdby

wgtenut trhasgtgna, gatn h kdpnsgt teht fust ehvd kdvdbnpdk uakdr fume wdttdr mnakgtgnas. Gt gs pnssgobd

teht ted strhtgjrhpey senws h eghtus edrd, out teht mhaant od sdda mbdhrby ga ted pnbbda murvds. [ed pdht gs`nbgnwdk oy kdpnsgts n` mhbmhrdnus jvttch, wegme hbtdrahtd wgte spnts n` Mbhkguf-pdht. Tatgb =00 mf

odadhte ted sur`hmd, ted Mbhkguf-pdht gs fgxdk wgte rdfhgas n` ]mnrpgkguf smnrpgngkds. Egjedr up,

hbfnst an ]mnrpgkguf gs `nuak< Mehrh nnspnrhajgh hrd prdsdat gastmhk. Ga ted phrt n` ted kdpnsgt wgte

Mbhk guf-pdht wd `nuak fhay Mbhk guf pnbbda jrhgas hfnaj ted Mypdrhmdhd pnbbda. [egs wdt vdjdthtgna gs

uaknuotdk by hbsn ted nrgjga n` ted spnrhkgmhbby `nuak pnbbda n` fhrse pbhats3 Ynthfnjdtna sp., Dqugsdtuf

sp., ]phrjhaguf sp., [ypeh bhtg`nbgh hak Fdayhateds trg`nbghth. Hbb tedsd pbhats mnubk ehvd odbnajdk tn

ted Mbhkgdtuf fhrgsmg (Hbbnrjd 87??) Snorgst 87=4 (suo anf. Fhrgsmdtuf sdrrhtg). [ed _uoghmdhd pnbbda

(Jhbguf phbustrd) hak h phrt n` ted Jrhfgadhd hak Fnanbdthd uaknuotdkby wdrd hbsn phrt n` ted bnmhb

pbhat mnffuagty ga wegme, oy ted why, wd hbsn wgse tn gambukd Ttrgmubhrgh gatdrfdkgh, hbtenuje ted

sgajbd pnbbda jrhga n` tegs pbhat whs rdhbby `nuak egjedr ga ted sdkgfdat. H suo`nssgb Mbhkgdtuf fhrgsmg hs

tegs nad gs kdsmrgomk oy _yoagmdl hs Mbhkguf fhrgsmus suo`ns. mnff. (_yoagmdl 87:=). " G t gs meh rhm td

rgzdk oy ted prdknfgahamd n` Mbhk guf, wegbd fnst n` ted ntedr spdmgds hrd rdprdsdatdk spnrhkgmhb by"

(_yoagmdl 87:= p. ?=7). [egs hjrdds mnfpbdtdby wgte nur `gaks. @rnf ted strumturd n` ted sdkgfdat wd jhga

ted gfprdssgna, ga hs `hr hs sume gs pnssgobd `rnf h sfhbb mnrd, teht ted Mbhkguf vdjd thtgna `nrfdk

euffnmls, odtwdda wegme tedrd wdrd npda pnnbs. [ed `hmt gs teht ted Mehrh rdfhgas hrd hbwhys mbdhrby

sdphrhtmk `rnf ted surrnuakgaj n`[-wegtd tn bgjet ornwa, strnajby mhbmhrdnus jyttchs. [ed Mehrh, wegme

whs `nuak ga bhrjd quhatgtgds ga ted uppdr ehb` n` ted Mbhkguf pdht-mhbmhrdnus jyttch kdpnsgt, mnubk ehvd

jrnwa ga tedsd pnnbs. Gt gs mnaspgmunus teht ted nnspnrhajgh n` Mehrh hrd hosdat ga ted bnwmr ehb`, out tegs

mnubk od mngamgkdamd.

Ht mgrmh 854 mf odadhte ted sur`hmd, ted Mbhkguf pdht - jyttch mnfpbdx phssds jrhkuhbby gatn h Mhrdx

`da. Ht mgrmh 8?4 mf, ted pdrmdathjd n` Yhrahssgh pnbbda gamrdhsds spdmthmubhrby. Zd tegal teht ted pbhat

mnffuagty [n`gdbkgdthbgh Yrdgsgaj hpuk Nodrk. 87;7 dsthobgsedk gtsdb` na ted `da. [egs rdmna-

strumtgna mnrrdspnaks mnfpbdtdby wgte ted vdjdthtgna wegme ted Knahufnns wnubk ehvd anwhkhys g`

eufha ga`budamd wdrd hosdat (]dgodrt 8705).

Odsgkds ted pnbbda wegme wd fhy httrgoutd tn ted bnmhb sdrd n` vdjdthtgnas, tedrd hrd pnbbda typds wegme

mnfd `rnf pbhats jrnwgaj na wdt pbhmds, wegme mhaant nr ehrkby od pbhmdk ga ted strgmtby bnmhb `bnrh. Zd

* [ed fnss rdfhgas `rnf ted Knahufnns prnebd wdrd gkdatg`gdk oy Kr. H. [nuw, ted wnnk rdfhgas oy Kr. Y. Ohhs, onte n ted_gclsedrohrguf n` Bdgkda.



HYYDAKGU G 807

`ddb teht tedy rdprdsdat ted fhrjgahb vdjdthtgna n` ted `da. Zeda jhtedrgaj ted khth `nr ted mrnss sdmtgna,

wd `nuak fhay `rhjfdats n` hbkdr wnnk hbnaj ted dkjd n` ted `da, ht ted `nnt n` ted sbnpd. [edsd rdfhgas

wdrd ant rdstrgmtdk tn ted uppdr bdvdbs, out dxtdakdk knwa tn ?:4 mf. [edy hrd prnohoby ted rdfhgas n` h

ahrrnw hbkdr odbt wegme stnnk hbnaj ted fhrse na ted onuakhry odtwdda `da hak krgdr bhak. Zd tegal teht

tegs vdjdthtgna gs ted nrgjga n` ted pnbbda n` ted hbkdr hak ted ntedr pbhats n` wdt ehogtht.

Hs nosdrvdk honvd, wd hrrgvdk ht ted mnambusgna teht ted Knahufnns, ht bdhst ht ted shfpbgaj sgtd, ehs

advdr odda npda whtdr. [ed jrnwte n` ted tegml pdht kdpnsgt mnubk thld pbhmd prnohoby odmhusd n` ted

mnatgaunus trgmlbd n` whtdr. Amhr ted shfpbgaj sgtd h sfhbb strdhf `bnws gatn ted `da. Hs wd `nuak an

fgadrhb fhtdrghb fgxdk ga ted pdht, enwdvdr, wd tegal teht tegs strdhf ehk ehrkby hay ga`budamd na ted

pdht `nrfhtgna. [edrd`nrd wm tegal n` sddphjd.

Nur `fks hrd suppnrtdk oy ted dxhfgahtgna n` ted fnbbusms.

[n nothga fnrd fhtdrghb `nr ted dxhfgahtgna n` fnbbusms, twn hkkgtgnahb onrgajs wdrd mhrrgdk nut wgte

ha Dkdbfha mnrdr. Enwdvdr, ted shfpbds hrd stgbb n` sfhbb sgzd `nr h fhbhmnbnjgmhb hahbysgs. ]tgbb, h pgmturd

n` ted fnbbusm `huah mnubk od nothgadk. [ed fnbbusms wdrd kdsmrgodk oy Z.C. Lugcpdr. Zd quntd ted

`nbbnwgaj `rnf egs rdpnrt3 "[ed jnnk mnakgtgna n` ted fhtdrghb (nutdrslga prdsdat, Ygsgkgufs ga knuobdts)prnvds teht ted hagfhbs bgvdk na ted spnt hak teht an trhaspnrthtgna `rnf ntedr davgrnafdats tnnl pbhmd.

[ed `nbbnwgaj spdmgds wdrd `nuak ga ted kdpnsgts `rnf 4 tn N fdtrds kddp3

`rdsewhtdr3 Phbvhth mrgsthth Fubbdr, Phbvhth pgsmgahbgs (Fubbdr), Eykrnoggkhd, Ogteyagh tdathmubhth (B.),

Jhbo h truamh tubh ( Fubbdr ), Jhb oh phbustrgs (Fubbdr), _hk gx pdrdjrh (Fubbd r), m` Byf ahd h sthjahbgs

(B.), Ybhanrogs pbhanrogs (B.), Ybhanrogs mhrgahtus Fubbdr, Hagsus bdumnstnfus (Fgbbdt), Hagsus

vnrtgmubus ([rnsmedb), Ohteynfpehbus mnatnrtus (B.), Jyrhubus m` bhdvgs (Hbkdr), Hrfgjdr mrgsth (B.),

Egppdutgs mnfpbhahtus (B.), Ygsgkguf fgbguf Edbk, Ygsgkguf agtgkuf Cdayas, Ygsgkguf egodragmuf

Zdstdrbuak.*

bhak 3Mhr ymeguf fga gfuf Fubb dr, Mnmebgmnph buorgmh (Fubbd r), Pdrtgjn hajustgnr Cd``rdys, Pdrtgjn

hatgvdrtgjn (Krhphrahuk), Pdrtgjn fnubgasghah (Kupuy), Pdrtgjn pyjfhdh (Krhphrahuk), Phbbnaghpubmedbbh (Fubbdr), Phbbnagh mnsthth (Fubbdr), ]ummgadh dbdjhas _gssn, Yuamtuf pyjfhduf

(Krhphrahuk), Pgtrgagkhd, Adsnvgtrdh ehffnags (]trðf), Bgfhmgkhd, Dumnaubus ùbvus (Fubbdr),

Edbgmgjnah hroustnruf (B.).

[e d spdmgds n` ted Eykrnoggkhd mnubk ant ydt od gkdatg`gdk oy fdhas n` ted nad `rhjfdat. Ydrehps gt gs h

Yhbhkgbegh (Odbjrhakgh>) nr Oytegadbbh spdmgds.

Fnbbusms hrd hosdat ga ted pdht bhydr kddpdr teha 4 f hak ga ted uppdrfnst fdtrd n` ted Mhrdx-pdht

kdpnsgt.

[ed fnbbusms wegme wdrd `nuak ga ted tnp n` ted pdht bhydr, teht gs `rnf 4 tn ;.54 f odadhte ted sur`hmd,

gakgmhtd teht ted ogntnpd ht tegs pbhmd whs wdt wgte jrnuak-whtdr prhmtgmhbby ht sur`hmd bdvdb nr sbgjetby

tedrduakdr. Edrd bgvdk ted bhak sahgbs Pdrtgjn pyjfhdh, Phbbnagh pubmedbbh, ]ummgadh dbdjhas hak ted

whtdr spdmgds Ygsgkguf notushbd hak Jhboh m` truamhtubh. [ed bhttdr twn spdmgds mha bgvd vdry wdbb wgtenut

whtdr, ga h wdt davgrnafdat. Honvd tegs bdvdb (;.54-;.:: f) ted whtdr fnbbusms odmnfd prdknfgahat. Ht

ted trhasgtgna (;.54 f) h Pdrtgjn hatgvdrtgjn whs `nuak3 h bhak sahgb n` h vdry wdt tdrrhga wgte fume

vdjdthtgna. @rnf ted teda `nbbnwgaj kdpnsgts (mgrmh ;.09-8.49 f) hrd ted rdfhgas n` h `huah wegme fust

ehvd bgvdk ga sehbbnw, mbdhr, stgbb whtdr wgte h rgme vdjdthtgna. Fnrdnvdr, tegs davgrnafdat fust ehvd

* [ed Ygsgkggkhd wdrd gkdatg gdk oy C.J.C . Lugpdr n` Yhrgs.



8:9 YNBBDA KGHJ_HF]

gambukdk pbhmds wegme rnsç sbgjetby honvd ted whtdr (d.j. sdkjd- nr jrhss-euffnmls) . Na tedsd pbhmds bgvdk

ted bhak sahgbs, wegme hrd `nuak `rdqudatby ga ted kdpnsgts. [ed whtdr bdvdb whs prnohoby `hgrby mnasthat

ternujenut ted ydhr. Ydrgnks n` krnujet kgk ant nmmur3 tegs gs kdfnastrhtdk oy spdmgds wegme mhaant

tnbdrhtd kdsgmmhtgna (Hagsus vnrtgmubus, Ybhanrogs mhrgahtus). Nad nothgas h pgmturd n` h mnasthat fhrsey

hrdh wgtenut trdds.

[egs mehajds `rnf 8.49 f oda dht e ted sur`hmd nawhrks. [ed aufodrs hak spdmgds n` bhak sahgbs gamrdhsd

fhrldkby, dspdmghbby odynak 8.=4 f, wegme prnvms teht ted hrdh prncdmtgaj honvd ted whtdr jrnws ga sgzd.

H`tdr 8.?9 f ted hquhtgm spdmgds kgshppdhr hak ted `huah gs h bhak `huah n` wdt tdrrhga. [ed hosdamd n`

fnbbusms ga ted uppdrfnst fdtrd whs prnohoby mhusdk oy ha hmgkg`gmhtgna n` ted ogntnpd. ]ume ha

dxpbhahtgna fhy hbsn hppby tn ted hosdamd n` fnbbusms ga ted pdht bhydr n` mgrmh 4.49-4.99 f.

[ed spdmgds n` ted Eykrnoggkhd, `nuak ht h kdpte n` ;.?4 f, mnubk od ha gakgmhtnr n` sddphjd. Fnst

rdprdsdath tgvds n` tegs `hfgby bgvd uak drj rnu ak ga sprgajs, ga strdhf.s mnaadm tdk wgte sprgajs hak ga pbhmds

wedrd sddphjd nmmurs, teht gs tn shy ga pbhmds wgte `dw mehajds ga tdfpdrh tur d, whtdr mnfpnsgtgna h ak ted

bgld." (Lugcpdr 87:4).

G`, `gahbby, wd mnfphrd ted kghjrhfs n` ted Knahufnns hak ted Emgbgjdasthktdr Fnns wgte dhme ntedr,

tedrd hppdhr tn od ant naby fhay sgfgbhrgtgds, out hbsn kg`b`drdamds. Ga ted upbhak pnbbda murvds, ted

kg``drdamd rdsgkds fhgaby ga ted murvd n` Ygaus hak ga ted aufodr n` spdmgds `nuak wedrd ted seruos hak

edros hrd mnamdradk. Ga znads PG hak PGG Ygaus pbhys h `hr fnrd gfpnrthat phrt hrnuak ted shfpbgaj sgtd

ga ted Knahufnns teha ga ted Emgbgjdasthktdr Fnns, wedrd tegs trdd whs pdrehps gagtghbby hosdat. Na ted

ntedr ehak, ted Knahufnns kghjrhf bhmls ted rgme seruo- hak edro-`bnrh n` ted Emgbgjdasthktdr Fnns. Zd

httrgoutm tedsd kg``drdamds tn kg``drdamds ga ted suostrhtd. Eufha ga`budamd gs fume fnrd hpphrdab ga ted

kghjrhf n` ted Emgbgjdasthktdr Fnns teha ga ted Knahufnns kghjrhf. [ed rdhsna gs prnohoby h

kg``drdamd ga ted gatdasgty n` ted prdegstnrgd m.q. prntnegstnrgm nmmuphtgna ga ted gffdkghtd surrnuakgajs.

[ed kghj rhfs n` ted bnmhb pnbbda typds gakgmhtd teht ted twn ohsgas wdrd gbbdk up ga mnfpbdtdby kg``drdat

whys. [ed Emgbgjdasthktdr Fnns whs h bhld wegme whs `gbbdk up "anrfhbby"< ted Knahufnns rdfhgadk h

swhfp, prnohoby hs ted rmsubt n` amvdr-dakgaj sddphjd.



HYYDAKGU GG

MH_ONAGSDK YBHA[ _DFHGA] @_NF EGDAEDGF

Kur gaj ted `grst terdd dxmhvh tgna mhfphgjas ga Egdaed gf, tensd n` 8704, 870: hak 8705, an spdmghb

httdatgna whs phgk tn pbhat rdfhgas. Naby nmmhsgnahb nosmrvhtgnas wdrd fhkd. Ant uatgb 87:9 kgk h

systdfhtgmhb onthagmhb gavdstgjhtgna thld pbhmd. [egs gavmstgjhtgna ehs odmnfd ]thakhrk rnutgad sgamd

87:8.

]hfpbds hrd thlda, g` pnssgobd, rnf ted `gbbgaj n` dhme wdbb-khtdk pgt, wh gtgaj uatgb sdmtgnas n` ted pgts hrd

hvhgbhobd. [ed `fks wegme hppdhr ga ted dxmhvhtgna n` ted sdmtgnas, khtd ted shfpbds, wedrdhs ted sdmtgna

prnvgkds ga`nrfhtgna honut ted ebb bhydrs, g` hay. Zd thld nur shfpbds `rnf ted sdmtgna whbb, hak n` mnursd

wd thld bhydrs teht hrd prdsdat gatn hmmnuat. [ed shfpbd sgzd usuhbby hfnuats tn ? kfQ. Yrhmtgmd ehs senwa

teht tegs quhatgty gs su``gmgìat tn kmtdrfgad wedtedr tedrd hrd pbhat rdfhgas ga ted pgt `gbbgaj. G` sddks hak

ted bgld hrd nosdrvdk hbrdhky ga ted `gdbk, teda ted shfpbd gs dabhrjmk, g` pnssgobd. ]nfdtgfds wd ehvd tn

rdfhga mnatdat wgte h sfhbbdr shfpbd.

[e d sngb gs ehak-sgdvdk na ted spnt oy fdhas n` sgdvds wgte h fdse-wgkte n` 9.4 ff hak nrk gah ry whtdr.

@bnthtgna ehs `hgbdk sn `hr hs h fdtenk n` sdphrhtgaj pbhat rdfhgas `rnf ted bndss-bnhf `gbbgaj n` ted pgts ga

Egdaedgf. Bhonrhtnry tdsts senw teht, ht ted fnst, mdrdhb jrhgas hak mehrmnhb `rhjfdats mnfd tn ted

sur`hmd< pubsds prhmtgmhbby hbwhys sgal. [ed rdsgkuds `rnf ted sgtd hrd sgdvdk hjhga ga ted bhonrhtnry hak

suosdqudatby snrtdk uakdr h fgmrnsmnpd ht h fhjag`gmhtgna ht 89 tgfds.

Ga ted gavdstgjhtgna onte mhronagzdk hak uamhronagzdk sddks hppdhr , hs wdbb hs meh``rdfhgas, mehrmnh b

`rhjfdats, medrt spbgatdrs hak ted bgld. Zd mnasgkdr ted uamhronagzdk sddks tn od rdmdat, sgamd wd tegal gt

gfpnssgobm teht uamhronagzdk pbhat rdfhgas sthy gathmt ga ted wdbb-krhgadk sngb `nr h bnaj tgfd. Hfnaj ted

uamhronagzdk sddks, wd n`tda `gak bhrjd aufodrs n` Memanpnkguf hbouf. Odsgkds, Ynbyjnauf mna-

vnbvubus, Fdbhakrguf hbouf hak ]tdbbhrgh fdkgh nmmur rdjubhrby. [edsd pbhats hrd phrt n` ted rdmdat

wddk `bnrh na ted dxmhvhtgna sgtd. Dspdmghbby Medanpnkguf hbouf hak Ynbyjnauf mnavnbvubus mha

prdsdat prnobdfs, hs tedy mha od thlda `nr prdegstnrgmhb sddks. Ga nur bgsts, wd ehvd naby fdatgnadk tensd

sddks* wegme, h`tdr ehvgaj odda ornlda, hppdhrdk tn od mhronagzdk gasgkd. Bnnsd sddk-mnht hak pdrgmhrp

`rhjfdats wgtenut mhrona rdfhgas hkedaaj tn tedf, wdrd ant gambukdk. Nur dxpdrgdamd ga Egdaedgf gs

teht ted rdmdat sddks fhy dvda nmmur na ted onttnf n` vdry kddp pgts. Ga sume mhsds ted sngb ht ted tnp n`

tedsd pgts knds ant admdsshrgby mnathga rdmdat sddks. Ga kgshjrddfdat wgte Laðrzdr, wd `ddb teht ted

kgstrgoutgna n` ted sddks nvdr ted mnatdats n` ted pgts mha od an hrjufdat `nr ted kuognus `fks omgaj

rdmdat nr ant (Laðrzdr 870:h p. 8:).[ed mhronagzdk rdfhgas hrd bgstdk ga thobds 84, 80 hak 8:. [e d `grsttwn bgsts mnfprgsd hbb sddks (haksnfm

ntedr pbhat rdfhgas) `nuak ga h BOL mnatdxt. [ed tegrk bgst mnamdras mehrmnhb `rhjfdats. Gt whs

mnfpnsdk `rnf ted sthtdfdats oy Kr. Y. Ohhs n` Bdgkda (Adtedrbhaks) hak Kr. @.E. ]mewdgajruodr

n` Ogrfdasknr` (]wgtzdrbhak). [edy dxhfgadk h aufodr n` pgt `gbbgajs wegme wd ehk sdbdmtdk.

Mgghrmnhb gs h rhtedr rhrd pedanf dana ga Egdaedgf. Fnst pgt `gbbgajs, dvda ted kh rl-mnbnurdk

* Zd n`tda usd ted wnrk "sddks" weda hbsn `rugts hak ted eld hrd fdhat.



8:? MH_ONAGSDK YBHA[ _DFHGA] @_NF EGDAEDGF

nads, prnvgkd out h `dw `rhjfdats. Fnrdnvdr, tedsd hrd ant bhrjdr teha h `dw ff. Hs h tdst, Kr.

]mewdgajruodr dxhfgadk ted mehrmnhb n` 0 pgt `gbbgajs, ga wegme naby vdry sfhbb phrtgmbds wdrd `nuak.

Hmmnrkgaj tn egf, ted mnasdrvhtgna mnakgtgna n` ted spbgatdrs gs jnnk. Out fhay pgdmds hrd ga h vdry

hkvhamdk sthtd n` mhronagzhtgna. Ed tegals gt pnssgobd teht h bhrjd phrt n` ted ourat wnnk ehs mhronagzdk

gatn pnwkdr hak gs tedrd`nrd an bnajdr rdmnjagzhobd hs mehrmnhb (]mewdgajruodr 87:4 wrgttda Ga`nr

fhtgna). Fnrdnvdr, ted bndss-bnhf `gbbgaj n` ted pgts gs h vdry ua`hvnurhobd sdkgfdat hs `hr hs ted

prdsdrvhtgna n` mehrmnhb gs mnamdradk. Gt hppdhrs teht h mnasgkdrhobd phrt n` ted mbhy `rhmtgna ehs kgspbhmdk

gtsdb` ga ted mnursd n` tgfd (vha kd Zdtdrgaj 87:4h). Oy ted gbbuvghtgna n` ted mbhy phrtgmbds hak ted

sergalgaj hak swdbbgaj n` tegs mbhy, ted strumturd n` ted mehrmnhb gs jrhkuh bby bnst. Mehrmn hb n` ehr k wnnk

gs prdsdrvdk odttdr ga tedsd mnakgtgnas teha mehrmnhb `rnf sn`t wnnk (]mewdgajruodr 87:= p. 84=).

[egs mnubk dxpbhga ted `hmt teht Kr. Ohhs, wen gkdatg`gdk shfpbds wgte bhrjdr mehrmnhb `rhjfdats, mnubk

kdfnastrhtd naby nhl.

[ed mehrmnhb wegme wd `nuak mha n` mnursd ant od mnasgkdrdk h trud rd`bdmtgna n` ted wnnk spdmgds wegme

wdrd prdsdat hrnuak ted sdttbdfdats. Fha fhkd ted `grst mengmd, h`tdr wegme mnrrnsgna tnnl mhrd n`

suosdqudat sdbdmtgna. Out ted khth hrd ant ga mnatrhkgmtgna wgte ted pgmturd wegme wd ehvd `nrfdk n` tedvdjdthtgna hrnuak Egdaedgf. [ed pbhats `nuak hfnaj ted mehrmnhb mha hbb ehvd stnnk adhr ted sdttbdfdat

(sdd p. ;=). Gt gs hbfnst gfpnssgobd tn shy snfdtegaj honut ted usd wegme ted gaehogthats n` ted sdttbdfdat

fhkd n` ted kg``drdat wnnk spdmgds (sdd ùrtedr p. 58).

[ed prdsdamd n` sddks gs gakdpdakdat n` ted prdsdamd n` mhronagzdk wnnk. Gt gs trud teht ted shfd hppbgds

tn ted sddks hs tn ted mehrmnhb `rhjfdats, ahfdby teht ga fnst sngb shfpbds naby `dw spdmgegdas wdrd `nuak,

out ted bhrjdr aufodr n` sddks hrd ant admdsshrgby tn od `nuak ga ted pgt `gbbgajs wgte fume mehrmnhb.

Zeda ga h sgajbd pgt onte mehrmnhb- hak sddk-mnamdatrhtgnas hrd nosdrvdk, hs ga pgt an. ;8;, teda ted

mhronagzdk wnnk hak ted mhronagzdk sddks hrd ant fgxdk up. [edrd`nrd wd tegal teht ted sddks wdrd

mhronagzdk gakdpdakdatby n` ted wnnk. Zd ehvd kgsmussdk ted pnssgobd mhusds n` ted mhronagzhtgna ga

GP.?.[edrd hrd `dw pgts ga wegme systdfhtgm gavdstgjhtgna rdvdhbdk an sddks ht hbb, out ted kdasgty n` ted sddks,

`rugts, meh`` rdfhgas hak ted bgld gs sfhbb ga fnst mhsds. N` ted ?; BOL pgts nr phrts n` pgt mnfpbdxds wegme

wdrd hahbyzdk ga ted mhfphgjas n` 87:8, 87:= hak 87:;, naby terdd pgts prnvgkdk antegaj ht hbb. [ed

jrdhtdr phrt n` ted shfpbds mnathga snfd mdrdhb jrhgas nr mdrdhb jrhga `rhjfdats, edhvgby khfhjdk ehbvds

n` ted spgldbdt `nrls n` [rgtgmuf fnanmnmmuf nr [r. kgmnmmuf hak h bgfgtdk aufodr n` sddks n` wgbk

pbhats. Zd ehvd ted gfprdssgna teh t tegs lgak n` rdfhgas gs sprdhk nvdr ted datgrd sdttbdfdat hrdh hak fust

od mnasgkdrdk hs h wgkdby smhttdrdk phrt n` ted kgrt ga ted sdttbdfdat. Mnamdatrhtgnas n` sddks hrd rhrd, hs

hppdhrs `rnf ted kdasgtgds bgstdk ga thobd 84.

Gt gs kg` gmubt tn mnf phrd tedsd khth wgte tensd `rnf ntedr sdttbdfdats, odmhusd bgttbd dqu gvhbdat rdsdhrme

ehs odda knad. G a _nsknr` Zgbbdrk gaj `nuak h kdasgty n` 9.4-8.0 wgte nad dxmdptgna n` 88.; sddks pdr kfQ

n` sngb, wegme mnrrdspnaks fnrd nr bdss tn ted `gjurds `rnf Eg daedgf (Zgbbdrkgaj 8704 p. 4:). [e d sngb

shfpbds `rnf ted _edgabhak, d.j. `rnf Bhajwdgbdr-?, prnvgkdk fnrd mhronagzdk rdfhgas. Honut ehb` ted

shfpbds mnathgadk fnrd teha 89 sddks pdr kfQ, ant dvda gambukgaj ted snfdtgfds aufdrnus meh``rdfhgas

(Laðrzdr 87:=). [edsd kdasgtgds fgjet od ga`bhtdk odmhusd Lað rzd r naby rdmdgvdk sngb shfpbds `rnf khrl-

mnbnurdk bhydrs `nr egs hahbysgs (Laðrzdr 87:= p. 8;9), out gt gs hbsn vdry wdbb pnssgobd teh t ted kdasg tgds ga

ted _edgabhak hrd gakddk egjedr. Gt whs an rubd ga Egdaedgf teht khrl-mnbnurdk `gbbgajs mnathgadk fhay

sddks. Na ted ntedr ehak gt gs trud teht ted bgjet shfpbds hbwhys prnvgkdk bgttbd.

[ed shfpbdk pgts odbnaj hbb out nad tn ted typds kdsmrgodk oy Fnkkdrfha3 bnajgtukgahb pgts hak pgt



HY YD AK GU GG 8:=

mnfpbdxds (Fnkkdrfha ga prdss). [ed dxmdptgna gs an. ;84, h pnst-enbd n` enusd =8. Ygts teht mnubk od

gggtmrprdtdk hs stnrhjd-pgts, ehvd ant odda `nuak. Nur rdsubts jgvd an rdhsna tn kgstgajugse odtwdda ted

bgbbgajs n` bnajgtukgahb pgts hak ted `gbbgajs n` pgts wegme `nrf ted sn-mhbbdk mnfpbdxds.

Hs shgk hbrdhky ga ted kdsmrgptgna n` ted shfpbgaj fdtenk, wd phgk spdmghb httdatgna tn ted bhydr-

strumturd n` ted pgt-`gbbgajs. Naby `tvd sdmtgnas jhvd us rdhsna tn lddp kg``drdat bhydrs sdphrhtdk kurgaj tedshfpbgaj. [edsd hrd ted aufodr s 895?, 8950, 8957, 8?88 hak 8?47. [edsd bhydrs hrd gakgmhtdk ga ted thobds

oy h mgpedr odegak ted `fk aufod r3 8 gs ted tnp hak ? nr = gs ted onttnf. Ga ted mhsd n` 895?, 8950 hak 8?47

ted mnambusgna fust od krhwa teht ted bhydrs ehvd h mnfphrhobd mnfpnsgtgna. [ed bhydr-strumturd whs `hr

bdss mbdhr ga tedsd pgts teha ga auf odrs 8957 hak 8?88. Ga 8957, ted khrl-mnbnurdk tnp bhydr mnathgas

fhgaby pdhs, wedrdhs ted fume bgjetdr bhydr uakdradhte hppdhrdk tn od stdrgbd. Ga aufodr 8?88 ted

uppdrfnst phrt n` ted pgt `gbbgaj mnathgadk bgttbd fhtdrghb, wedrdhs ted `fks wdrd bnmhtdk prdmgsdby ga h khrl

bhydr na ted onttnf n` ted pgt. [egs bhydr fgjet rdprdsdat ted rdfahat n` ourat meh``, wegme wnubk od ted

naby nam ga gts lgak teht wd `nuak ga Egdaedgf (sdd p. 0?).

[ed kgstrgoutgna n` ted `fks nvdr ted sdttbdfdat hrdh fgjet prnvgkd gakgmhtgnas n` ted bnmhtgna n` mdrthga

hmtgvgtgds na mdrthga pbhmds wgtega ted sdttbdfdat. Antegaj ga nur nosdrvhtgnas sujjdsts teht ted hmtgvgtgdsteht bdk tn ted mhronagzhtgna n`sddks hak meh``rdfhgas, wdrd mnamdatrh tdk ga spdmghb pbhmds. Zd tegal teht

wd fhy mnambukd `rnf ted `hmt teht fnst pgts mnathga mhronagzdk rdfhgas, teht ted hmtgvgtgds ga qudstgna

tnnl pbhmd ternujenut ted sdttbdfdat, uabdss ted mhrona jnt sprdhk dquhbby nvdr ted sdttbdfdat oy ted

wgak. [egs sdmfs gfprnohobm tn us, dspdmghbby hs `hr hs ted mdrdhb jrhgas hrd mnamdradk. Zd kn ant dxpdmt

teht ted gavdstgjhtgna n` ted stgbb uadxmhvhtdk phrt n` ted sdttbdfdat (09% n` ted hrdh wgte trhmds n` BOL

nmmuphtgna) wgbb mehajd nur mnambusgna. [ed pnssgogbgty rdfhgas teht h spdmghb wnrlgaj pbhmd wgbb od

kg.smnvdrdk, out wd tegal teht mehamds hrd sfhbb. H sgfgbhr gavdstgjhtgna ga Bhajwdgbmr-? kgsmbnsdk an

mbustdrs n` pgts wgte mhronagzdk rdfhgas dgtedr (@hrrujjgh dt hb. 87:=).

[e d bhrjdsts hfnaj ted sddk hssdfobhjds jgvd us Ga`nrfhtgna honut ted ah turd n` honvd-shgk hmtgvgtgds.

Zd ehvd fhkd h ùrtedr hahbysgs ga GP.? n` ted dgjet sugthobd hssdfobhjds. @gvd hssdfobhjds (=?4, :98,

:0;, 88;9 hak 8;?9) mnubk od mnasgkdrdk hs ted rdfh gas n`h drnp wegme whs ant ydt terdsedk, nad mnubk od

dgtedr ted rdfahat n` ha uaterdsedk d rnp, nr h stnml (8957), nad `fk (;8;) gs pdrehps ted kgsmhrkdk

rdfahat n`h stnml, hak nad hssdfobhjd (8?88/?) mnubk phss `nr ourat terdsegaj-whstd.

[ed ùrtedr gatdrprdthtgna n` ted fhtdrghb gs jgv,da ga GP.?. Odbnw wd jgvd naby ted kdsmrgptgna n` ted

rdfhgas bgstdk ga thobds 84 hak 80.

KD] M_G Y[G NA N@ [ED MH_ONA GSDK _DFH GA], MEH_MN HB D UMB TKDK

MTB[GPH[DK YBHA[]

[rgtgmuf fnanmnmmuf B. hak [atgmuf kgmnmmuf ]meòob.

H bhrjd phrt n` ted mdrdhb jrhgas whs khfhjdk kurgaj ted mhronagzhtgna tn sume ha mxtdat, teht ted spdmgds

mha an bnajdr om kmt mrfgadk. [ed jdaus tn wegme tedy odbnaj, mha snfdtgfds ant od gkdatg`gdk dgtedr,

out ga tensd mhsds wedrd gt whs pnssgobd, gt turadk nut tn od ted jdaus [rgt gmuf. Hs hbb gkdatg`ghobd

mhrynpsds hrd `rnf [rgtgmuf fnanmnmmuf nr [r. kgmnmmuf, wd hssufd teht oy `hr ted jrdhtdr phrt n`, g`

ant hbb, mdrdhb jrhgas `nuak mha od mnasgkdrdk tn odbnaj tn dgalnra nr dffdr. Odsgkds, hbb meh``rdfhgas

nrgjgahtd `rnf tedsd wedht spdmgds. Enrkduf ehs odda kdfnastrhtdk ga Egdaedgf, out ant ga h BOL

mnatdxt.



MH_ONAGSDK YBHA[ _DFHGA] @_NF EGDAEDGF

=?4

:4 899 8?4 849

@gj. ?=. [egmladss 3 Ordhkte gakdx `nr [rgtgmuf 8'ròga ted shfpbds Egdaemgf =?4, ;8; hak :0;.

8:4 899 [/O



HY YD AKG U GG 8:4

Gt gs n`tda kg``gmubt tn fhld h kgstgamtgna odtwdda dffdr hak dgalnra. Onte wedht spdmgds nmmur hs h

fgxturd ga ted hssdfobhjds. [egs gs gbbustrhtdk `nr nad Gkdatg`gmhtgna mehrhmtdrgstgm ga `gjurd ?=, wedrd ted

899 [/O gakdx n` terdd hssdfobhjds gs senwa. [ed kgvgsgna gs og-fnkhb. [ed nvdrbhp n` ted mnastgtutgaj

phrts fhlds gt kg` gmubt tn sthtd ted dxhmt aufod rs n` dff dr ha k dgal nra. Zd bhgk ted sdphrh tgaj bgad ht 899

[/O 6 899, hs gs usuh b, out tegs knds fdha teh t snfd jrh gas , wegme wd bgst hs dgalnra, hrd ga `hmt d ffdr

jrhgas, wedrdhs ted nppnsgtd hbsn nmmurs. [edrd`nrd wd mha jgvd an egstnjrhfs n` ted `rdqumamy

kgstrgoutgna n` ted bdajte hak ted 899 B/O gakdx.

Ant naby jrhgas, out hbsn meh``r dfhgas wdrd `nuak. [edsd mnfprgsd spgldbdt `nrls hak jbuf d ohsds. [e dy

hrdbgstdk tnjd tedr ga thobd 84. [ed rd hrd twn aufodr s ga ted mnbufa. [ed`grst gs h sthtdfdat n` ted aufo dr

n` spgldbdt `nrls R- jbufd ohsds, wegme whs `nuak ga ted shfpbds. Gt gs hbsn ted fhxgfuf aufo dr n` spgldbdt

`nrls. [e d sdmnak auf odr gs ted fga gfuf aufodr . Gt gs ted auf odr n` spgldbdt `nrls teht wnubk od `nuak g`

hbb jbufd ohsds wdrd phgrdk.

[ed spgldbdt `nrls nrgjgahtd phrtby `rnf dffdr, phrtby `rnf dgalnra. Ha dxhmt sdphrhtgna mhaant od

fhkd3 tedrd hrd spgldbdt `nrls wegme ga hbb rdspdmts hrd typgmhb `nr dgalnra, hs wdbb hs spdmgfdas wegme hrd

typgmhb `nr dffdr. [ed kgfdasgnas n` spgldbdt `nrls `rnf nad shfpbd, an. =?4, hrd jgvda ga `gjurd ?;. [edkgfdasgnas hrd tggd kgfdasgnas gatrnkumdk oy Edbohml3 ormhkte n` ted spgldbdt `nrls (kgfdasgna H) hak

ordhkte n` ted jbufd ohsds (kgfdasgna O). [ed kgstrgoutgna n` onte kgfdasgnas gs mnatgaunus. [edrd hrd

`dw spdmgfdas wgtbg h kgfdasgna H bhrjdr teha ?.9 ff. [egs hppdhrs tn od anrfhb `nr dffdr `nuak ga h

G-OL mnatdxt. Ht bdhst, Laðrzd r fmatgnas `nr ted _ed gab hak an ordhkt es n` fnrd teha ?.9 ff (Laðrz dr

870:h p. 89, Laðrzdr 87:; p. 85;).

O

ff

.9-

.4

• • • •

• • •

• • • • • •

. . . . .

• • • •

8.9 8.4 ?C9 ff H

@gj. ?;. Kgfdasgnas ga ff.bor spgldbdt bnrls bgnf Egdabgdgf =?4. H ‛ ord hkt e n` ted `nrl, O 6 or dhk te n` ted jbu fd ohsd. sfhbb knt 6

nad spddg fda, egrjd knt • sdvdrhb spdmgfdas.



8:0 MH_ONAGSDK YBHA[ _DFHGA] @_NF EGDAEDGF

Ygsuf shtgvuf B. (`gj. ?5, `gj. =?)

Zenbd hak ehb` spdmgfdas n` ted pdh wdrd `nuak, hs wdbb hs fhay `rhjfdats. [ed sddks ehvd h spdmghb,

dbbgpsngk nr mybgakrgmhb sehpd. Fnst n` tedf hrd kdatdk. N` h aufodr n` spdmgfdas ted egbuf hak ted sddk-

mnht rdfhgadk gathmt. [ed egbuf gs nvhb3 ted kgfdasgnas n` 4? egbufs `rnf `gak an. ;8; hrd 8.94 (9.4-8.;)

oy 9.0: (9.=-8.?) ff< ted rhtgn bdajte/ordhkte gs 8.00 (8.8-?.:). Zeda sbgjetby fhjag`gdk, ted sddk-mnht

ehs h sfnnte sur`hmd< h fhjag`gmhtgna n` 49 tgfds senws teht gt gs mnvdrdk wgte sfhbb whrts. [ed whrts hrd

sbgjetby ogjjdr teha tensd n` mhronagzdk spdmgfdas n` rdmdat pdhs wegme wd stukgdk (Ygsuf shtgvuf ssp

shtgvuf hak ssp hrvdasd), out tedy hrd `gadr teha ted whrts n` Ygsuf dbhtgus. Odmhusd n` ted sehpd n` ted

egbuf hak ted sfnnteadss n` ted sddk-mnht, ted sddks n` Ygsuf `nuak fust od mnasgkdrdk tn odbnaj tn ted

mubtgvhtdk spdmgds Ygsuf shtgvuf. Odsgkds, ted wgbk spdmgds gs ant gakgjdanus tn ted surrnuakgajs n`

Egdaedgf.

[e d sddks hrd sfhbb. [ed kgfdasgnas n` ted spdmgfdas `rnf twn `fk aufodrs h rd jgvda ga ted egstnjrhfs

n` gjurd ?4. Mhronagzh tgna tdsts wgte rdmdat sddks n` Ygsuf shtgvuf ssp shtgvuf hak ssp hrvdasd senw te ht

mhronagzhtgna rdkumds ted sgzd n` pdh sddks oy ? tn 89%. [edrd`nrd, ted BOL sddks wdrd sbgjetby ogjjdr

nrgjgahbby.

[ed sgzds hrd ant kg``drdat `rnf ted kgfdasgnas quntdk dbsdwedrd `nr BOL pdhs. H aufodr n` sgzds ehvd

odda mnbbdmtdk ga `gjurd ?0. [ed khth ehvd odda thlda `rnf Ohufhaa & ]meubzd-Fntdb 8705, Laðrzdr

870:h, _nt efhbd r & Ahte n 874: hak Zgb bdrk gaj 8704. [e d sgtd Dvdaknr`` gs sgtuhtdk ga ted k çph rtdfdat

Fnsdbbd ga @rhamd hak ehs ant ydt odda puobgsedk (Gkdatg`gmhtgna hak kgfdasgnas oy M.M. Ohldbs). Gt

senubk od antdk teht ted kgfdasgnas hrd ant mnfpbdtdby mnfphrhobd, odmhusp ted fdtenk n` fmhsurgaj

whs ant dxhmtby ted shfd dvdrywedrd. @nr Egdaedgf hak Dvdaknr`` wd mensd ted fhxgfuf kghfdtdr hs

ted kgfdasgna tn od fdhsurdk. ]gamd ted sddks hrd n`tda `bhttdadk n``nr gakdatdk, wd tegal teht fmhsurgaj

ted bdajte, ted ormhkte hak ted tegmladss knds ant hbwhys fhld sdasd. Ga ted ntedr `gaks wd hbwhys tnnl

teht kgfdasgna n` ted quntdk kgfdasgnas wegme gs ted bhrjdst3 `nr ted pdhs n` _nsknr` `nr gasthamd, tegs gs

ted bdajte. Ga Egdaedgf, ted bdajte hak ted fhxgfuf kghfdtdr hppdhr tn od mbnsd tn dhme ntedr. [edkg``drdamd hvdrhjds N.G ff.

?.0 =.9 =.; =.5 ;.? ;.0 4.9ff ?.0 =.9 =; =.5 ;.? ;.0 4.9 ff

@gj. ?4. Fhxgfuf kghfdtdr n` Ygsuf shtgvuf `rnf Egdaedgf ;8; hak :98. A ‛ ?99.



HYYDAKGU GG 8::

[ed kgfdasgnas n` mhronagzdk pdhs hppdhr tn od sbgjetby sfhbbdr teha ted kgfdasgnas quntdk `nr ted

gfprdssgnas. Ha gfprdssgna `rnf Eg daedgf ehs h kghfdtdr n` 0.9 ff< `nur gfprdssgnas `rnf Adrldwgtz

Lr. Cd ah (KK_) ehvd kghfdtdrs n` 0.8, 4.;, 4.9 hak 0.; ff ([dfpgr & Jhbb 87:?). [edsd pdhs prnohoby

hosnrodk whtdr, wegme fhkd tedf swdbb.

[ed pdh whs h wgkdby sprdhk mubtgvhtdk pbhat ht ted tgfd n` ted Bgadhrohakldrhfgl.

BOL ]D[[BDFDA[ff

A

EGDAEDGF ;8;

EGDAEDGF :98

EGDAEDGF 8957

K_D]KDA.AGMLD_A

DPDAKN_@@

_EDGABHAK

_N]KN_@

rnuakdk sddks_N]KN_@

pnbyedkrhb sddks_N]KN_@

`bhttdadk sddks

ZD][D_DJDBA

SZDALHT

Q

?99

?99

?8

899

84

?=

?9

80

=8

>

8?

@rQ. ?0. ]gzds n` mhronagzdk pdhs `nggak ga BOL mnatdxt.

Bdas mubgahrgs Fdkgl. (`gj. ?5, `gj. =?)

[ed bdatgb gs rdprdsdatmk oy naby h `dw spdmgfdas, ahfdby oy twn wenbd bdatgbs hak ted `rhjfdats n`

mntybdknas n` ht bdhst `nur spdmgfdas. Anad n` ted bdatgbs stgbb ehs h sddk-mnht hak h egbuf. Mnaùsgna wgte

ntedr Yhpgbgnahmdhd gs ant pnssgobd, enwdvdr. [ed wenbd spdmgfdas ehvd h kghfdtdr n` 8.7 hak ?.5 ff.



8:5 MH_ONAGSDK YBHA[ _DFHGA] @_NF EGD AEDGF

[e d tegmladss gs 8.9 hak 8.; ff rdspdmtgvdby. [ed mntybdknas odbnajdk tn sddks wgte h kgh fdt dr n` ?.;, ?.:,

=.8 hak =.? ff . [e d tegmladss n` ted mntybdknas n` tedsd spdmgfdas gs 9.0 ff ht ted fnst. [e d kgfdasgnas

n` ted bdatgbs `rnf Egdaedgf mnrrdspnak tn tensd n` mhronagzdk bdatgbs `rnf ntedr BOL sdttbdfdats. [edsd

hrd Hbkdaenvda Bklr.Còbgme (O_K), Bhfdrsknr` Bklr. Kurda (O_K), _ðkgajda Bklr.Còbgme (O_K) hak

Bhajvvdgbdr-? Bklr. Kurda (O_K) (Laðrzdr 870:h, Laðrzdr 87:=). Laðrzmr jgvds ted kgfdasgnas ?.;7(8.7-= .9) U 8.: (8.=-? .9) `nr ted bdatgbs `rnf Hbkdae nvda hak Bhfdr sknr` Ga Bhajwdgbdr -? h `rhjfdat n`

h mntybdkna whs `nuak wgte h kghfdt dr n` ~ ?.; ff h ak h tegmladss n` 9.: ff . Zd kn ant fdatgna ted

bdatgbs `rnf Dgsdaodrj, Edgbornaa hak Ondlgajda, odmhusd wd kn ant lanw `nr surd wedtedr tedsd `gaks

hrd n` uamnatdstdk bgadh rohakl drhfgl hjd. @rnf Adrldwgtz L r Cm ah (KK_ ) ted gfprdssgna n` h bdatgb

gs lanwa. [ed kghfdtdr n` tegs spdmgfda gs ;.= ff hak teus fume bhrjdr teha ted kghfdtdr n` ted

mhronagzdk spdmgfdats ([dfpgr & Jhbb 87:?). Zd tegal teht tegs bdatgb ehk hosnrodk whtdr.

[ed bdatgb ehs advdr odda `nuak ga bhrjd mnamdatrhtgnas sn `hr hak hpphrdatby knds ant odbnaj tn ted

usuhb `gaks.

Bgauf usgthtgssgfuf B. (`gj. ?5, `gj. =;)

Bgasmdk whs nosdrvdk ga terdd `gak aufodrs, dhme wgte nad khfhjdk spdmgfda. [ed mehrhmtdrgstgm odhl gs

hosdat ga hbb terdd mhsds. [ed lddbdk dkjd gs mbdhrby vgsgobd. [ed sur`hmd n` ted sddks gs sfnnte wgte h mbdhr

mdbbubhr strum turd. [egs strumtu rd mnrrdspnaks datgrdby tn teh t n` Bgauf usg thtgssgfuf. [bgd sur`hmd n` B.

hust rghmuf h ak B. `bhvuf, wegme bnnl bgld nur B gau f, ehs bhrjdr mdbbs. [e d `gahb kdt drfgah tgn a, enwdvdr,

naby `nbbnwmk h`tdr wd ehk mnfphrdk ted `rhjfdats `rnf Egdaedgf wgte Bgauf usgthtgssgfuf `rnf

Bhfdrsknr` Bklr Kurda (O_K). [ed bdajte n` ted sddks `rnf Egdaedgf whs nrgjgahbby sbgjetby nvdr ?.5

ff . [ed ordhkte n` ted spdmgfdas gs 8.0, 8.; hak 8.= ff< ted tegmladss gs 9.0, 8.9 hak 9.= ff rdspdmtgvdby.

Ga Bhfdrskn r` tedsd kgfdasgnas hrd =.89 (?.5-= .=) x 8.40 (8.?-? .9) x 9.0; (9.4-9.7 ) ff. @u rte dr

phrhbbdbs hrd Bhajwdgbdr -? Bklr Kur da (O_K) wgte sddks n` ~ ?.= -=.? U 8.=:(8.?-8.4) x ~ 9.5- 8.94

ff hak Jhrsknr ` Bklr Odrjedgf/Dr`t (O_K) wgte sddks n` ?.5; (?.0-=.9 ) x 8.49 (8.;-8 .0) x 9.:;

(9.:-9.5) ff (Laðrzdr 870:h, 87:= hak 87:;). Bhrjd mnamdatrhtgnas n`bgasddk ehvd odda `nuak ga honvd-

fdatgnadk Bhfdrsknr`, ga Lðba-Bgakdatehb ]tlr Lðba (O_K) hak ga Fnrlda-Ehr`` Bklr Odrjedgf/Dr`t

(O_K) (Outtbdr & Ehodrdy 87=0, Egaz 8707). An kgfdasgnas hrd lanwa `rnf ted bhttdr twn `gak sgtds.

Hphrt `rnf ted honvd-kmsmrgodk `gak ga Egdaedgf, ted prdsdamd n`bgasddk ehs odda rdstrgmtdk sn `hr tn

ted _edgabhak, ht bdhst weda wd bdhvd Dgsdaodrj hak Edgbornaa nut n` mnasgkdrhtgna. [ed khtds n` ted

bhttdr `gaks hrd ant fdatgnadk dxhmtby.

NGbbL_ 8'G.HA[]

Odtubhmdhd, Mnrybus hvdbbhah B.

[wn vmry sfhbb `rhjfdats n` h ehzdbaut `rnf h sgajbd `gak aufodr hrd ted naby trhmds n` ted prdsdamd n`

ehzdbauts. [ed `rhjfdats mnubk mnfd `rnf nad hak ted shfd aut, wegme gs wey ted thobd fdatgnas naby

nad spdmgfda.

Mhrynpeybbamdhd, ]gbdad mumuohbus Zgo. (`gj. =8 , `gj. =;)

[e d twn lgkady-sehpdk sddks rnf 8?88/? hrd rdspdmtgvdby 8.8 hak 9.7 ff bnaj , ehvd h ordhk te n` 8.9 hak

9.: ff, wedrdhs ted fnst gathmt spdmgfda gs 9.: ff tegml. [ed "knrshb sgkd" nppnsgtd ted egbuf gs mnavdx.



HYYDAKGU GG 8:7

ted sgkds hrd hbfnst datgrdby `bht. [ed sddk-mnht gs mnvdrdk wgte obuat mnagmhb spgads n` 9.95 ff ga bdajte,

wegme hrd hrrhajdk ga rnws. [ed egbuf ehs `fd strgpds. [ed sddks odhr h mbnsd rdsdfobhamd tn rdmdat sddks

n` ]gbdad mumuohbus `rnf ted surrnuakgajs n` Egdaemgf. [ed sddks n` Bvmeags `bns-mumubg hrd sfhbbdr. [ed

sddks n` Fdbhakrguf hbouf hak F. ruoruf bnnl bgld tensm n` ]gbdad mumuohbus, out ted spgads ehvd h

kg``drdat sehpd.

Medanpnkghmdhd, Htrgpbdx sp.

[edrd gs naby nad `rhjfdat n` Htrgpbdx sp.3 h pgdmd n` h sddk wgte pr ntru kgaj rhkgmbd tgp. [e d sddk-mnht gs

sfnnte, dxmdpt na ted rhkgmbd tgp wedrd gt senws sfhbb bdajtewgsd ùrrnws. [ed `rhjfdat whs gkdatg`gdk

oy fdhas n` ted sgzd, ted sehpd n` ted rhkgmbd tgp hak ted smubpturd n` ted sur`hmd. Gt gs gkdatgmhb tn ted

mnrrdspnakgaj phrt n` sddks n` Htrgpbdx phtugh B. hak Htrgpbdx ehsthth B. `rnf nur mnTmmtgna.

Medanpnkghmdhd, Medanpnkguf hbouf B.

]ddks n` Medanpnkguf hbouf hrd `nuak `rdqudatby. [edy mnfpbdtdby haswdr ted kdsmrgptgna wegme gs

jgvda n` tegs n`t fdatgnadk spdmgds. [ed kgfdasgnas n` ted spdmgfdas `rnf Egdaemgf hrd 8.88 (8.9-8.=) U

9.0; (9.;-9.5) ff (A - 8;). Meda npnk guf hbouf sddks odbnaj tn ted fnst mnffna mnfpnadats n` sddk

hssdfobhjds `rnf BOL'pgts.

Medanpnkghmdhd, Medanpnkguf eyorgkuf B. {`Rj. =R, gîj. =;)

Ga hs `hr hs wd lanw, Medanpnkguf eyorgkuf ehs ant odda `nuak od`nrd ga h BOL mnatdxt. Hpphrdatby

ted spdmgfda `rnf `gak aufodr =?4 whs ant rgpm ydt weda gt whs mhronagzdk. [ed sddk-mnht senws `nbks

hak ted sddk gs tnn `bht `nr h ùbby jrnwa spdmgfda 3 gt fdhsurds 8.= x 9.; ff. [ed spdmgfda `rnf `gak

aufodr 8?47/8 gs hbsn na ted sfhbbgse sgkd3 gt fdhsurds 8.; x 9.5 ff . [e d sddks ehvd pgts ht onte sgkds.

[edy hrd kgstgajugsedk `rnf ntedr Medanpnkguf spdmgds n` ted shfd sgzd oy tegs smubpturd.

Mnfpnsgthd, Bhpshah mnffuags B. (`gj. ?5, `gj. =?)

[ed terdd spdmgfdas n` 8?88/? hrd edhvgby khfhjdk. [ed kgfdasgnas n` ted twn stgbb fdhsurhobd hmedads

hrd ?.: U 9.: x 9.: hak ?.= x 9.5 x 9.? ff. [e d rgos ehvd kgshppdhrdk hbfnst mnfpbdtd by. [e d hmedads

senw h jnnk sgfgbhrgty wgte hmedads `rnf BOL sgtds ga ted _edgabhak.

Mrumg`drhd, ]gahpgs sp. nr Orhssgmh sp. (`gj. =;)

H `rhjfdat n` h sddk-mnht wegme mnfds `rnf h spedrgmhb sddk wgte h kghfdtdr n` mgrmh 8.0 ff, gs httrgoutdk

tn ]gahpgs nr Orhssgmh. [ed mnht ehs h rdtgmubuf wgte fdseds n` 9.9; ff ga kghfdtdr. [ed `rhjfdat bnnls

fnst bgld ]gahpgs hrvdasgs, out jgvda ted prnobdfs damnuatdrdk ga kgstgajugsegaj odtwdda spdmgds n` ted

jdadrh ]gahpgs hak Orhssgmh, wd mnasgkdr gt gfpnssgobd tn ht tr goutd h sgajbd `rhjfdat.

Dqugsdthmdhd, Dqugsdtuf sp.

H = ff-bnaj `rhjfdat n` ha Dqugsdtuf stdf mhaant om gkdatg`gdk tn ted spdmgds-bdvdb.

Jrhfgadhd, Ornfus sp., Ornfus m`hrvdasgs B., Ornfus sdmhbgaus B. nr Or.yanbbgs B., Ornfus tdmtnruf B. nr'Or. stdrgbgs

H. (`gj. ?7 `gj. ==).

@rhjfdats n` Ornfus mhrynpsds hrd ted fnst rdqudatby `nuak, h`tdr tensd n` Ynbyjnauf mnavnbvubus. [e d

`rhjfdats mha od rdmnjagzdk oy tedgr mehrhmtdrgstgm bnajgtukgahb strgpds (sdd pentnjrhpes). Takhfhjdk



859 MH_ONAGSDK YB.RA[ _DFHGA] @_NF EGDAEDGF

jrhgas hrd ant tn od `nuak. N` fnst `rhjfdats gt mha an bnajdr od kdtdrfgadk tn wegme spdmgds tedy odbnaj.

Na ted jrnuak n` ted sehpd n` bnnsd hpgmds hak n` ted ordhkte n` ted `rhjfdats, wd hssufd teht ht bdhst

terdd spdmgds hrd rdprdsdatdk ga ted fhtmr ghb . @gak an. 8?88/? mnath gas ht bdhst 8: `rhjfdats wegme

odbnajdk tn mhrynpsds wgte h fhxgfuf ordhkte n` 8.89 (9.:-8.=) ff. [ed hpgmds n` tedsd mhrynpsds hrd

fnrd nr bdss rnuak. [ed dkjms hrd rnbbdk gawhrks ga fnst spdmgfdas, sn teht ted jrhgas ehvd h onht-bgldhspdmt. [edy senw h jrdht sgfgbhrgty wgte Ornfus hrvdasgs. H sdmnak typd n` mhrynpsds hbsn ehs rnuakdk-n``

hpgmds, out ted jrhgas hrd pbufpdr hak fume ornhkdr, ahfdby mgrmh 8.0 ff. Zd mnasgkdr tedsd mhrynpsds

hs Ornfus sdmhbgaus nr Ornfus fnbbgs. Ga `fk an. 8?88/? terdd `rhjfdats wgte h pngatdk hpdx wdrd `nuak

odsgkds ted mhrynpsds n` Ornfus m` hrvdasgs. [ed ordhkte n` twn spdmgfdas mha od kdtdrfgadk3 gt gs 8.9 hak

8.? ff rdspdmtgvdby. [ed hpgmds mnrrdspnak wgte ted hpgmds n` Ornfus tdmtnruf hak Ornfus stdrgbgs. [ed

fhtdrghb n` 8?59 mnathgas h sgfgbhr hpdx.

Jrhfgadhd, Dmeganmebnh mrus-jhbbg (B.) Y.O. (`gj. ?7)

[erdd `fk aufodrs dhme mnathga h sgajbd mhrynpsgs n` h jrhss spdmgds teht mnubk od gkdatg`gdk hs

Dmeganmebnh mrus-jhbbg . [ed jrhgas hrd pbuf p wgte h B/O rhtg n n` 8.8, 8.= hak 8.=, ted hpdx gs rnuak.

[ed smutdbbuf ehs kgshppdhrdk ga hbb terdd spdmgfdas, out ted smhr mha stgbb od sdda. Gt rdhmeds uatgb ?/= n`

ted bdajte n` ted sddk hak ehs fnrd nr bdss phrhbbdb sgkds. [edsd `dhturds fhld gt pnssgobd tn dxmbukd

mnfphrhobd spdmgds. Yhagmuf fgbghmduf ehs h sehpd teht gs vdry mbnsd tn nur `fks, ou t ted smutdbbuf-smhr

n` Yhagmuf ehs mbdhrby kgvdrjgaj sgkds hak advdr rdhmeds ùrtedr, ht bdhst ga ted shfpbds wegme wm stukgmk,

teha ehb` ted bdajte n` ted mhrynpsgs. [ed kgfdasgnas n` ted mhrynpsds hrd 8.? U 8.8 U 9.4, 8.9 x 9.5 x 9.4

hak 9.7 x 9.: x 9.4 ff . [e d kgfdasgnas n` phrhbbdb `fks hrd 8.84 (8.9-8.?4) x 9.7;(9. 5-8.8) x 9.0=

(9.4-9 .:) ff `nr 5 spdmgfdas `rnf Bhfd rsknr`Bklr Kurda (O_K), 8.= x 8.94 x 9.: ff `nrh spdmgfda

`rnf Bhajwdgbdr-?Bklr Kurda (O_K) hak 8.84(8.8-8,?) x 9. 55(9 .5- 9.7 ) x 9.47 (9.4-9.:) ff `nr 89

mhrynpsds `rnf Jhrsknr` Bklr Odrjed gf/Dr` t (O_K) (Laðrzdr 870:h, 87:= hak 87:;).

Jrhfgadhd, ]dthrgh vgrgkgs (B.) Y.O. nr ]dthrgh vdrtgmòbhth (B.) Y.O. (`gj. ?7).

Ga ted pgt `gbbgaj n` an. 7?8 wd `nuak ?? sddks wegme na ted nad ehak ehvd h strnaj sgfgbhrgty wgte ted

(B/O gakdx 8.0; (8.4-8.5)). ]gfgbhr mhrynpsds hppdhrdk ga `nur ntemr shfpbds. [n snfd spdmgfdas

hkedrm rdfhgas n` ted phbdh na wegme mrnss rnws n` phpgbbhd mha od sdda. [ed smutdbbuf smhr mnvdrs

hkedrd rdfhgas n` ted phbdh na wegme mrnss rnws n` phpgbbhd mha od sdda. [ed smutdbbuf smhr mnvdrs

?/= tn ?/4 n` ted bdajte n` ted jrhga. H egbuf mha an bnajdr od nosdrvdk. [ed `dhturds gakgmhtd teht

ted mhrynpsds mhfd `rnf h ]dth rgh spdmgds. Odmhusd n` ted kgfdas gnas, 8.?9 (8.8-8.=) U 9.:;(9.0-9 .5) U

9.4? (9.;-9.0) ff, tegs ]dthrgh mha naby od ]dthrgh vgrgkgs nr ]dthrgh vdrtgmgbbhth. Ga hs `hr hs wd lanw, tegs

gs ted `grst ]dthrgh `nuak ga h BOL mnatdxt.

Yhphvdrhmdhd, Yhphvdr kuoguf B. nr Yhphvdr rendhs B. (`gj. =8)

[e d lgkady-sehpdk pnppy sddk fdhsurds 9.: U 9.0 U 9.4 ff. [ed sur`hmd senws h amtwnrl n`

gsnkghfdtrgm `gdbks. [ed `gdbks hrd hrrhajdk ga rnws. [ed aufodr n` `gdbks pdr sgkd gs mgrmh ;9. [egs jgvms ted

sddk ted `dhturds n` Yhphvdr kuoguf nr Y. rendhs. Zd hrd ant hobd tn kdfnastrhtd kg``drdamds odtwdda onte

spdmgds. Zd kn ant lanw n` phrhbbdb `gaks.

Yhpgbgnahmdhd, Bhteyrus tuodrnsus B. (`gj. ?5)

N` ted twn spdmgfdas wegme wdrd `nuak tnjdtedr, nad gs mnfpbdtdby gathmt. [ed ntedr nad bhmls ted sddk-



HYYDAKGU GG 858

mnht. [ed sddks ehvd ha dbbgpsngk sehpd. [edg rk gfdasgnas hrd ;.9 x ?.7 U ?.4 ff hak =.0 x ?.? U ?.?

ff rdspdmtgvdby. [ed egbuf fdhsurds 8.= x 9.0 ff< gt mnvdrs hpprnxgfhtdby 8/5 n` ted mgrmuf`drdamd.

[ed .sddk-mnht gs sfnnte. Zd mnfphrdk ted sddks wgte hbb ted Bhteyrus spdmgds teht, hmmnrkgaj tn

Nodrknr`dr, hrd prdsdat ga ]nutedra Jdrfhay (Nodrknr`dr 87:9) hak teht ehvd h egbuf mnvdrgaj bdss teha

8/= n` ted mgrmuf`drdamd. [ed sgzd hak ted sehpd n` ted sddks hak ted sgzd hak ted sehpd n` ted egbuf

hppdhrdk tn mnrrdspnak vdry wdbb wgte Bhteyrus tuomrnsus. Zd lanw n` an ntedr `gak n` tegs spdmgds.

Yhpgbgnahmdhd, m` [rg`nbguf sp. (`gj. ?5, `gj. =?)

Nad sddk wgte h prn tru kgaj rhkgmbd fdhsurds 8.8 U 9.0 x 9.4 ff (ordhkte wgtenut rhkgmbd). Gt ehs h

egbuf n` 9.?; x 9.80 ff . [ed rhkgmbd rdhmeds ehb` ted bdajte n` ted sddk. [e d spdmgfda gs sbgjetby

kd`nrfdk ht ted ahrrnw sgkd nppnsgtd n` ted egbuf hak ted rhkgmbd. Zd mha `fk an gkdatgmhb rdmdat sddks.

[ed sddk mnrrdspnaks odst wgte h [rg`nbguf sumehs [rg`nbguf kuoguf, out ted rhkgmbd gs sbgjetby tnn senrt.

YgF'ehps gt serual fnrd teha ted mntybdknas kurgaj ted mhronagzhtgna.

@nbyjnahmdhd, @nbcjnauf mnavkvubus B. (`gj. =9, `gj. =?)

Ga fhay hssdfobhjds tedrd hrd `rugts nr `rugt `rhjfdats n` Ynbyjnauf mnavnbvubus. Fnst `rugts hrd edhvgby

khfhjdk. Zd mnubk fdhsurdnab y dgjet spdmgfdas. [e d kgfdasgnasn` ted `rugts hrd ?.?8 (?.8-?.0) x 8.0:

(Q8.4-8.7) ff. [ed mhronagzdk `rugts n` Ynbyjnauf mnavnbvubus hrd `nuak vdry `rdqudatby ga BOL

sdttbdgadats.

@nbyjnahmdhd, _ufdx hmdtnsdbbh B. (`gj. =9)

]hfpbd aufodr 895?/8 mnathgas ha uakhfhjdk hak h edhvgby khfhjdk spdmgfda n` h trghajubhr `rugt

wgte rnuakdk dkjds. [e d kgfdasgnas n` ted gathmt spdm gfda hrd 8.= U 8.9 ff. H vdry mbnsdby rdbhtdk

spdmgds, _ufdx tdaug`nbgus (Zhbbr.) Bðvd, whs `nuak oy Laðrzdr ga Bhfdrsknr` Bklr. Kurda (O_K),

Bhajwdgbdr-? Bklr. Kurda (O_K) hak Bhajwdgbdr-0 Bklr. Kurda (O_K) (Laðrzdr 870:h), 87:= hak

87:?). [ed `rugts n` _ufdx tdaug`nbgus hrd sbgjetby sfhbbdr teha tensd n` _. hmdtnsdbbh.

@nbyjnahmdhd, _ufdx s`1. (Cgj. =9, ej. =?) •

H trghajubhr `rugt n` h _ufdx spdmgds `rnf aufodr 8?88/? ehs sehrp dkjds. Tppdr hak bnwdr dak hrd

kgstgamtby pngatdk. b ts kgfdasgnas hrd 8.7 x 8.? ff . Ga nur npgagna gt gs gfpnssgobm tn gkdatg`y h sgajbd

_ufdx `rugt n` tedsd kgfdasgnas.

_uoghmdhd, Jhbguf spurguf B. (`gj. =9, `gj. =;)

Jhb guf spurguf ehs odda antgmdk ga sgx `gak auf odrs . [e d ehb` `rugts fdhsurd 8.=; (8.9-?.8) x 8.80

(9.5-?.9) x 8.89(9.:-?.9) ff (A 6 89).[ed mhvgtyweg megakgmh tdstedpb hmdn`te degbuf,g srnuakgah bb

spdmgfdas hak rdbhtgvdby sfhbb. H aufodr n` spdmgfdas senw twn bdajtewgsd ùrrnws (sdd pen tnjrhpe hak

krhwgaj) . [ed nutdr `rugt whbb ehs kgshppdhrdk, ted gaadr `rugt whbb senws h phttdra n` bhkkdr -sehpdk rnws

n` rdmthajubhr mdbbs. Jhbguf spurguf (nr Jhbguf hphrgad) gs `nuak `rdqudatby ga BOL sdttbdfdats. Zd

fdgugna ted sdttbdfdats ga ted _edgabhak, Jðttgajda-Ehjdaod`j Bklr Jðttgajda (O_K), Nphvh-

Lhtdr galy (M]]_) hak ]gtthrk (Adtedrbhaks) (Laðrzdr 87:8o, Fdydr & Zgbbdrkgaj 8708, [dfpgr 8705,

Ohldbs ga tegs puobgmhtgna). Ga mnfphrgsna wgte ntedr `gaks, ted ehb` `rugts `rnf Egdaedgf hrd na ted

sfhbbgse sgkd.



85? M.R_ONAGSDK YBHA[ _DFHGA] @_NF EGDAEDGF

]mrnpeubhrghmdhd, Pdrnagmh sp. (`gj. =8)

Na d sddk n` h Pdrnagmh sp. ehs ted kgfdasgnas 9.7 U 9.: U 9.; ff. Gt gs segdbk-sehpdk hak ehs h sfnnte

sur`hmd. Od`nrd ted mhronagzhtgna, gt whs pdrehps `bhttdr. Gt senws h sgfgbhrgty wgte sddks n` Pdrnagmh

spdmgds sume hs P. hrvmasgs hak P. sdrpybbg`nbgh.

]nbhahmdhd, ]nbhauf agjruf B. (`gj. =8 , `gj. =;)

]ddks n` h ]nbhauf spdmgds wdrd `nuak ga `gvd pgts. Nad n` ted `gak aufodrs, 8859, mnathgadk =; n` tedsd

sddks. Mnasgkdrgaj ted `fk mgrmufsthamds, tedsd fust ehvd mnfd `rnf ted shfd spdmgds hak pdrehps `rnf

nad hak ted shfd pb hat . N` ted =; sddks ?: spdmgfdas mnubk od fdhsurdk . [e d kgfdasgnas hrd3 8.:4

(8.4-?.9) U 8.;8(8.=-8.0) U 9.54 (9.5-8.9) ff. [ed mnatnurs hrd senwa ga `gjurd ?:. ]nfm bnnl bglm ted

rnuak sddks n`]nb hauf kubmhf hrh , ntedrs hrd fnrd bglm ted sddks n` ]nbhauf agjruf. [e d bhttdr ehvd nad

rnuak hak nad fnrd nr Gmss pngatdk dak. Zd mnasgkmr hbb sddks hs ]nbhauf agjruf. [ed rmbhtgvdby jrdht

tegmlamss gakgmhtds teht ted sehpd n` ted sddks mha ehvd odda fnkg`gdk oy ted mhronagzhtgna. [egs mnubk

dxpbhga ted snfdweht rnuak sehpd n` ted ]nbhauf kubmhfhrh-bgld spdmgfdas. Odsgkds, rdmdat ]nbhauf

agjruf sddks hbsn snfdtgfds ehvd rnuakdk mnatnurs. ]nbhauf (m`) agjruf ehs odda `nuak, odsgkds ga

Egdaedgf, ga Jðttgajda-Ehjdaodrj (Fdydr & Zgbbdrkgaj 8708).

Gakdtdrfgahthd

[egs jrnup mnfprgsds `rhjfdats n` `rugts hak sddks, wegme mnubk an bnajdr om kdtdrfgamk.

@gj. Y: Mnatnurs n`]nbhauf agjruf sddks rnf Egdaedgf 8859. smhbd uagt 8 ff



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HYY DAK GU GG 854

'8 ggebg 8:. PPnnk rmfhgas Grnag (em G.OL sdttbdfmat ht Egmaemgf.

8=

4'm

800 84 ^

=?; 84 ^=?4 80 ?=== 84 -;8; :0 -47= 09 8;475 ?0 ;:8; 899 -788 ?4 ^7?8 84 -8950/=

8???

09

?

?

Q

G- ‛ Ohhs- - Ohhs- G ]mewdgajruodr- - Ohhs

- Ohhs8 - ]mewdgajruodr? - ]mewdgajruodr- - Ohhs

- ]mewdgajruodr- Ohhs

- - ]mewdgajruodr

- - ]mewdgajruodr



850 M H _ O N A G S D K Y B H A [ _ D F H G A ] @ _ N F E G D A E D G F

N

@gj. ?5. Mhronagzdk `rugts hak sddks `rnf Egdaedgf< smhbd uagt 8 ff. 8, ? hak =3 Ygsuf shtgvuf ;g Bdas rubgahrgs 43 m`[rg`nbguf sp.03 Bhteyrus tuvdrnsus :3 Bauf usgthtgssgfuf 5< Bhpshah mnffuags.



H Y Y D A K G U G G 85:

@ggQ. ?7. Mhro nag zdk `rugts hak sddks `rnf Eg dae dgf < smhbd uag t 8 ff . 83 Ornfu s m` hrvdasgs ?3 Ornfus tdm tnru f/st drgbg s = hak

;3 Ornfus sdmhbgaus/fnbbgs 43 ]dthrgh vgrgkgs/vdrtgmgbbhth 03 Dmeganmebnh mrus-jhbbg.



MH_ONAGSDK Y B H A [ _DFHGA] @ _ N F EGDAEDGF

@gQ. =9. Mhro nag zmk `rugts hak sdmks rnf Eg dae dgf < smhbd uagt 8 ff . 83 Ynbyjnauf mnavnbvubus ?3 Ynbyjn auf mnavnbvubus,

khfhjdk, trud sddk vgsgobd =3 _ufdx sp. ; 3 _ufdx hmdtnsdbbh 43 Jhbgu f s purguf .



H Y Y D A K G U G G 857

@gj. =8. Mhrona gzmk Grugts hak sddks trnf Egmatgmgf< sdhbd uagt 8 ff. 8< ]gbdad mumuo hbus ?3 Yhp hvdr ku oguf /re ndhs =< Medan-

pnkguf tgyorgkuf 43 Pdrnagmh sp. ; hak 03 ]nbhauf agjruf, ga ; mngbdk dforyn vgsgobd.



879 MH_ONAG SD K YBHA[ _DFHG A] @_NF EG D AED G F

@gj. =?. Mhronagzdk `'rugts hak sddks `rnf Egdaedgf< smhbd uagt 8 ff. 8 hak =3 Ygsuf shtgvuf ?< gggbuf n` Ygsuf shtgvuf;3 Bhpshah mnffuags 43 Bdas mubgahrgs 03 m [rg`nbguf sp. :3 Ynbyjnauf mnavnbvubus 5< _ufdx sp.



HYYDAKGU GG 878

/•Pgc. ==. Mhronagzdk bgugts hak sddks `rnf Egdaedgf< smhbd uagt 8 ff. 8 hak ?< Ornfus sdmhbgaus/fnbbgs =3 Ornfus tdmtnruf/stmrgbgs.



87? MH_ONAG SDK YBHA[ _DFHGA] @_NF E GD AED GF

@gQ. =;. Mhronagzdk `rugts hak sdmks rnf Egdaedgf< smhbd uagt 8 ff. 83 ]gbdad mumuohbus ?3 Medanpnkguf eyorgkuf =3]gahpsgs/Orhssgmh sp. ;3 Jhbguf spurguf 43 Bgauf usgthtgssgfuf 0 hak :3 ]nbhauf agjruf, ga : mngbdk dforyn vgsgobd.



HYYDAKGU GG GÇUHFGAH[GNA N@ BOL YN[]ED_K] @_NF EGDAEDGF

]. ]BHJ D_, B. PHA KD_ YBH], C . K C . PHA K ND] OT_ J*

G A [ _ N K T M [ G N A '

[ed dxhragahtgna rdbhtds tn `nur BOL pntsedrks `rnf ted dxmhvhtgna "hf Zdgaodrj" adhr Egdaedgf,

Bklr Ldbedgf, Ohydra. [ed dxmhvhtgna whs mhrrgdk nut oy h tdhf n` ted Gastgtutd n` Yrdegstnry n` ted

Tagvdrsgty n` Bdgkda, uakdr ted kgrdmtgna n` Yrn` Kr. Y.C ._. Fnk kd rfha . [e d `nur pntsedrks mnfd rnf h

pgb w egmgg gs `gbbdk wgte kgrty bndss. [ed `gaks `rnf tegs pgt odhr ted aufodr =?4.

[ed kdsmrgptgna n` ted pntsedrks, hmmnrkgaj tn ted systdf usdk oy ted Gastgtutd n` Yrdegstnry, gs jgvda ga

thobm 85. Gt gs oyC.C. Hssdaknrp. [ed kdsmrgptgna kdfnastrhtds teht ted pntsedrks hrd tdfpdrdk wgte shak

hak pnttdry `rhjfdats< aufodr Z_ :4/;4 ehs h mnfphrhtgvdby mnhrsd tdfpdr wgte phrtgdbd sgzds up tn ?

FD[ENK]

H tega sdmtgna whs thlda `rnf ted pntsedrks `nr fgmrnsmnpgm hahbysgs. H pgdmd n` ted pntsedrk whs jrnuak.

H phr t n` tegs pnwkdr whs usdk nr medfgmh b hahbysgs, han ted r phrt `nr U-r hy kg``rhmtgna hahbysgs, hak h

gegrk phrt `nr tedrfhb hahbysgs. Odsgkds, tdst orgqudttds wdrm `grdk n` `nur mbhy shfpbds `rnf ted kgrdmt

vgmgagty n` ted dxmhvhtgna, wegme sddfdk tn ehvd jnnk prnpdrtgds `nr ted `rddehak `nrfgaj n` pnttdry.

[edsd mbhys hrd3 bnhf `rnf ted kdmhbmg`gdk gbbuvghtgna znad ga ted bndss (O?t), bnhf `rnf ted mhbmhrdnus

enrgzna ga ted bndss (M?), h rgvdr bnhf `rnf ted vhbbdy n` ted Knahu, hak h wegtd bnhf `rnf ted

Egdaedgfdr @nrst. [ed tdst orgqudttds wdrd `grdk wgte ted purpnsd tn vdrg`y wedtedr ted mbhys hrd sugthobd

`nr fhlgaj pnttdry. [ed `grst hak ted tegrk mbhy gakddk hppdhrdk tn od sugthobd ht tdfpdrhturds up tn mgrmh8999" M. Egjedr tdfpdrhturds wdrd ant mnasgkdrdk. Ht bnw tdfpdrhturds, ted mhbmhrdnus bndss jgvds h

mdrhfgm prnkumt teht mrufobds hak mrhmls weda fngstdadk. [ed wegtd bnhf senws sn fume sergalhjd teht

tegs fhtdrghb fust od mnasgkdrdk ua`gt.

* Kdphrtfdat nb ]ngb ]mgdamd hak Jdnbnjy, Hjrgmubturhb Tagvdrsgty, Zhjdagajda.



87; DUHFGAH[GNA N@ BOL. YN[]ED_K] @_NF EGDAEDGF

[aobd 85. Kdsmrgptgna n` ted sedrks.

`fkaufedr

hahbysgs

aufedr

tdfpdr tegml-

adss

dnbnur hak kdmnrhtgna

shak tQrhgas pnttdry

PP_ :4-;?

sgzd ga ff `rhjfdatssgzd ga ff

; ff dxt. sur`hmmmnrmgat. sur`hmdkdmnrhtdk

=?4-8 PP_ :4-;?2 8 8-?

U -

2 8 8-?U - ; ff dxt. sur`hmm

mnrmgat. sur`hmdkdmnrhtdk

khrl ana nxgkgzdkbgjet ana nxgkgzdkkhrl ana nxgkgzdk

=?4-0 RP_ := -; = U U 0-: ff dxt. sur`hmdmnrdgat. sur`hmdkdmnrhtdk

khrl ana nxgkgzdkkhrl ana nxgkgzdkkhrl ana nxgkgzdk

=?4-88

=?4-8;

RP_ :4 -; ;

RP _ : 4 Q 4

U ‛

U U

U

U U

89 ff

5 ff

dxt. sur`hmdmnrdgat. sur`hmddxt. sur`hmmmnrd

gat. sur`hmd

bgjet uamdrthgakhrl ana nxgkgzdkkhrl ana nxgkgzdkkhrl ana nxgkgzdkkhrl uamdrthga

khrl ana nxgkgzdk

tdfpdr3 U Q fhga mnfpnadatU Q hmmdssnrv fhtdrghb

mnbnurs ohsdk na ted Fuasdbb systdfbgjet ‛ vhbuds 0-5khrl Q- vhbuds ?-4ana nxgkgzdk - mernfh 8uamdrthga 6 mernfh ?- 4, eud ydbbnwdr teha ?.4 W_

_D]TB[] N@ [ED HAHBW]G] N@ [EGA ]DM[GNA]

[ed rdsubts n` ted hahbysgs n` tega sdmtgnas fhld gt pbhusgobd teht `nr ted tdfpdr n` ted `nur pntsedrks, usdwhs fhkd n` ted shfd typd n` shak, ahfdby h shak wgte h `dbsphr mnatdat n` mgrmh ?9"Q,. Ha httdfpt tn

kdtdrfgad ted kdjrdd n` tdfpdr oy fdhas n` fgmrnsmnpgm hahbysgs wgte ted pngat mnuatdr prnvgkdk ted `nur

`gjurds n` thobd 87.

[hotd 87. [dfpdr n` ted pntsedrk ga "‑ n`wdgjet.

Z_ :48;? Z_ :48;= RP_ :48;; Z_ :48;4

qu hr tz 8: 80 ?=`dbsphr ; = 4

?;0

[ed vhbuds fdatgnadk ga ted thobd fust od rdjhrkdk wgte snfd rdsdrvd, odmhusd ted tega sdmtgnas n` ted

pntsedrks ehvd aufdrnus sfhbb pnrds hak gt gs ant qugtd mdrthga wedtedr tedsd wdrd prdsdat `rnf ted nutsdt

nr wedtedr phrt n` tedf nrgjgahtdk hs h rdsubt n` ted jrgakgaj n`` n` quhrtz hak `dbsphr jrhgas. [ed bhttdr

fhy nmmur ga spgtd n` ted `hmt teht ted pntsedrks wdrd gfprdjahtdk wgte h syatedtgm rdsga od`nrd ted

jrgakgaj. '

[ed tdfpdr gs fnrd mbdhrby vgsgobd ga ted mnhrsd pntsedrks teha ga ted `gadr nads< usd whs fhkd n` h shak

`rhmtgna wgte jrhgas n` up tnN.? ff. Ga ted ùgdr fhtdrghb n`pntsedrk Z_ :.4/;?, h vdry `gad tdfpdr nmmurs



HYY DAK GU GG G 874

wgte phrtgmbds odtwdda 9.9? hak 9.9; ff. [egs knds ant fdha teht ted pntsedrks kn ant mnathga mnhrsdr

jrhgas anu hak t eda. [e d bgfgts jgvda edrd hppby tn ted jrdh tdr ph rt n` ted jrhgas nosdrvdk ga ted te ga

sdmbgna.

Ga hkkgtgna tn `dbsphr, ted shaks usdk mnathga h sfhbb hfnuat n` medrt `rhjfdats. Gt mha ùrtedr od shgk

honut ted tdfpdr teht ted jrhgas hrd sehrp hak hajubhr. [egs mnubk gakgmhtd teht fha nothgadk tedtdfpdrgaj fhtdrghb oy pubvdrgzgaj nr mhbmgahtgaj h snbgk rnml.

[ed tdfpdr wgte pnttdry `rhjfdats fdatgnadk ga thobd 85 mha hbsn od nosdrvdk ga ted tega sdmtgnas. Hs

`hr hs tdfpdr gs mnamdradk, ted `rhjfdats kn ant kgstgajugse tedfsmbvds `rnf ted `horgm ga wegme tedy wdrd

usdk.

@gahbby fust om fdat gnadk teht nad pntsedrk, ahfdby PP_ :4/;?, gs kg``drdat `rnf ted ntedrs ga teht gts

fhss gs fgmrnsmnpgmhbby rgme ga mnhrsdr fgmhs (9.9= ff). Gt gs ant mbdhr wedtedr tedsd odbnaj tn ted onky

mbhy nr tn ted tdfpdr.

_D]TB[] N@ [ED MEDFGMHB HAHBW]G]

[ed medfgmhb hahbysds hrd U_@ (U-rhy `bunrdsmdamd spdmtrnfdtry) hahbysds. [e d rdsubts hrd jgvda ga thobd

?9h.

Hs `hr hs ted rdsubts rdjhrkgaj ted pntsedrks hrd mnamdradk, gt fhy od nosdrvdk teht ted vhbuds sthtdkwhat snfd mnrrmmtgna, `nr gt ehs odda prnvdk teht ted pntsedrks, kurgaj ted bnaj pmrgnk teht tedy wdrdourgdk ga ted sngb, hosnrodk mbhy fgadrhbs ga tedgr pnrds odmhusd n` gbbuvghtgna oy sngb kdvdbnpfdat. [egs

mha od nosdrvdk ga ted tega sdmtgnas. Enwdvdr, ted hahbysgs rdsubts wdrd ant mnrrdmtmk `nr tegs gbbuvghtgna,odmhusd an quhatgthtgvd fdtenks ehvd odda kdvdbnpdk ydt tn kn sn ga ha hmmdpthobd why. Out gt hppdhrs`rnf ted U-rhy kg``rhmtgna hahbysgs teht ted mbhy gbbuvghtgna gs honut dquhbby gfpnrthat ga ted `nurpntsedrks.

Ga nad rdspdmt, ted medfgmhb mnfpnsgtgna n` ted `nur pntsedrks gs anthoby kg``drdat `rnf ted terdd mbhy

shfpbds (ted wegtd bnhf whs bd`t nut n` mnasgkdrhtgna), ga teht ted YnNm mnatdats n` ted pntsedrks wdrdfume bggjedr teha tensd n` ted mbhy shfpbds. [egs fgjet od httrgoutdk tn ted `hmt teht ted pntsedrks mnfdbgnag ha da vgrn afdat n`kg rty bndss. [e d bndss gbbgaj n` ted BOL pgts ehs gakddk h egjedr YnNm mnat dat teh ated uakgsturodk bndss. [ed YnQQgQ mnatdat n` ted bhttdr (`drtgbgzdk hrhobd) bgds odtwdda 9.8= hak 9.?8 % wgteha hvdrhjd n`N. 84 (ohsdkna 4 fdhsurdfdatsoy E. v.k. Zdtdrgaj). [ed pgt `gTgajs ehvd h Y?9tQ mnatdat n`9.80-9.?:% wgte ha hvdrhjd n` 9.?=%. [ed mnatdats ga ted pntsedrks hrd teus dvda egjedr.

@urtedrfnrd gt gs anthobd teht ted pntsedrks ehvd h fume bnwdr MhN mnatdat teha ted mhbmhrdnus bndss

(M?). [egs fhlds gt gfprnohobd teht ted mhbmhrdnus bndss whs usdk hs fhtdrghb `nr fhlgaj pnttdry.

[ed nxgkds, hs jgvda ga thobd ?9h, wdrd mnavdrtdk gatn h odst-`gttgaj fgadrhb mnfpnsgtgna3 h "anrf". [edmhbmubhtgaj prnmdkurd gs kd`gadk jdadrhbby hs h "pdtrnmedfgmhb mhbmubhtgaj fdtenk ohsdk na ted usd n`

dqugvh bda ts" (Ourrg 8747). [hobd ?9o gambukds ted `grst stdp rnf ted prnmdkurd `nbgnwdk. [h ob d ?9m jgvds hmdrhfgm vhrghat n` ted anrf, wegme gs hppbgmhobd tn mnhrsd mdrhfgm prnkumts wegme hrd `grdk htbdfpdrhturds odtwdda 799¹ M hak 89=9¹ M. @nr ted mhbmubhtgaj fdtenk wm rd`dr tn v.k. Ybhs hak v.

]meuybdao nrj 87:9. [e d vhrghat sthrts `rnf ted `nTnwgaj pehsds3 dbsphrs, wnbbhstnagtd, edfh tgt d, fubbgtd,mnrkgdrgtd, `nrstdrgtd hak quhrtz. H mnfpnsgtgna na ted ohsgs n` tedsd pehsds n``drs h odttmr pnssgogbgty n`mnfphrgsna teha nad na ted ohsgs n` nxgkds. [n gbbustrhtd tegs, nad fhy mnfphrd ted quhrtz mnatdats `rnfthobd ?9m wgte ted ]gNa mnatdats `rnf thobd ?9h.

[ed `gjurds ga thobd ?9m senw teht ted quhrtz mnatdats n` ted `nur pntsedrks hrd kg``drdat. [ed egjedst



870 DUHFGAH[GNA N@ BOL YN[]ED_K] @_NF EGD.AEDGF

[hobd ?9h. Medfgmhb hahbysds n` ted `nur sedrks, terdd mbhy shfpbds hak bnhf `rnf h pgt, `gbbdk wgte sdttbdfdat whstd, % n` wmgjet.

Z_ :48;? Z_ :48;= Z_ :48;; Zr :48;4 O?t M? pgt rgvdr

bnhf

]gNa

HbcNn

09.?7 0;.5: 47.09 :;.8? :9.47 0;.;? 05.;; :?.;5]gNa

HbcNn 84.:4 8;.48 80.:4 89.4? 8=.;5 7.?; 89.07 8?.:=@daNnFaN

4.5; ;.5: 0.8: ;.:= 4.;9 =.0= ;.?9 4.9?@daNnFaN 9.9= - 9.9; 9.98 9.97 9.95 9.8? 9.8?FjN 9.:7 8.9; 8.49 9.5? 8.55 8.:; 9.77 8.00M h N ?.?? 8.0? ?.;; 8.84 8.80 4.8? 8.49 8.98AhQNLcNEaN*

[ g N ,

Y ? " 4

9.;; 9.9= 9.85 9.88 - - - -AhQNLcNEaN*

[ g N ,

Y ? " 4

?.;9 8.75 ?.?: 8.;; ?.0; 8.7? ?.=7 ?.?=AhQNLcNEaN*

[ g N ,

Y ? " 4

4.97 0.?; ;.90 ;.94 ;.8= 88.89 89.4= ;.48

AhQNLcNEaN*

[ g N ,

Y ? " 4

9.78 9.:7 9.50 9.07 9.:4 9.40 9.0: 9.5:

AhQNLcNEaN*

[ g N ,

Y ? " 40.?5 ?.=? =.55 8.4; 9.80 9.85 9.?0 9.?:

AhQNLcNEaN*

[ g N ,

Y ? " 4 899.9; 75.?: 7:.7? 77.8 5 899.?5 7:.77 77.:7 899.79

* bnss na gjagtgna

[hobd ?9o, Ohsgm mnfpnsgtgna.

M p n r Y 4.49 ?.97 =.7? 8.=4 9.=4 9.;? 9.09 9.05_u 9.:8 9.0= 9.0: 9.4; 9.4: 9.;: 9.44 9.00Lp 7.;5 5.9: 7.90 4.:= 89.?= 5.?4 89.94 5.0;Ad ?.0; 9.85 8.95 9.00 - - - -Mhb :.=5 4.44 5.80 =.5; 8.45 8;.80 ;.?9 ?.9:]p =.00 ;.74 0.77 =.58 5.4? - ;.50 :.4=

m* - - - - - 8.:: -. ^@n - - - - - ;.=4 - ^@h - - - - - 9.8? - -@¼ 0.50 4.54 :.=8 4.44 0.=9 ;.47 4.=: 4.79M :.:5 5.;= :.95 4.0= 0.;: - ;.;= 4.7=

X 44.77 0;.?0 40.?; :?.79 04.77 04.== 07.7; 05.0?

Mp 6 hphtgtd Ad 6 adpedbgad Mh 6 bhfgtd @s 6 `drrgsgbgmhtd_u 6 rut gbr Mhb 6 mhbmgufhbufgahtd @n 6 `nrstdrgtd M 6 mnruakufLp 6 lhbgupegbgtm ]p 6 spgadb @h 6 `hyhbgtd X 6 quhrtz

Y 6 penspenrus

[hobd ?9m. Mdrhfgm vhrghat n` ted "anrf," vhbgk `nr 799¹ M< mhbmubhtgnas ohsdk na ted medfgmhb hahbysgs.

X ;9.?7 49.=0 =5.:5 0?.5: 49.70 48.== 44.?= 44.=5Nr 84.59 8=.;4 84.89 7.44 8:.94 8=.:4 80.:4 8;.;9Ybhj 7.?: 4.=5 5.99 :.49 ?.0= ?=.09 :.99 =.99Fug b 8;.?; 8=.;4 8=.=7 :.48 5.0= 9.99 :.=5 :.78Mnrk 0.:8 7.95 8?.58 0 .77 84.0? @n ;.;: 5.78 8=.59Znb! ?.79 8.0: ?.70 9.99 9.99 ?.=0 - -Ef ;.45 =.79 ;.5: =.:9 ;.?9 =.90 =.45 =.7=_u 9.:8 9.0= 9.0: 9.4; 9.4: 9.;: 9.44 9.00

(@dbsp) (?4.9:) (85.5=) (?=.89) (8:.94) (87.05) (=:.=4) (?=.:4) (8:.;9)Y 4.49 ?.97 =.;? 8.=4 Mp N. =4 Mp 9.;? Mp 9.09 Mp. 9.05

X quhrtz MNLG 6 mnrkgdrgtd (@dbsp) 6 `dbsphrs, nrtenmbhsd + pbhjgnmBîsdNr nrtenmbhsd Znbb ‛ wnbbhstnagtd Y ‛ penspenrusYbhj 6 pbhjgnmbhsd Ef 6 edfhtgtd @n 6 `nrst drgtdFuT 6 fubbgtd _u 6 rutgbd Mp 6 hpht gtd





875 DU HFG AH[ GNA N@ BOL YN[]ED_K] @_NF EGDAEDGF

hfnrpenus sthtd (ga wegme gt gs, hs hppdhrs `rnf ted fgmrnsmnpgm hahbysgs), mnavdrts gatn edfhtgtd ht mgrmh

==9¹ M. Naby h`tdr edhtgaj tn 8999¹ M kn bgads n` edfhtgtd nmmur ga ted phttdra. PPdhl bgads n` edfhtgtd

nmmur ga ted tdst orgqudttds `grdk n` mbhy.

[ed honvd gakgmhtds teht ted pnttdry fust ehvd nrgjgahtdk ga h phrtghbby rdkumgaj davgrnafdat ht

tdfpdrhturds egjedr teha mgrmh 449¹ M out bnwdr teha mgrmh 799¹ M, ted tdfpdrhturds ht wegme jdebdagtdhak mnrkgdrgtd kdvdbnp. [ed hosdamd n` edfhtgtd hak mrysthbbgad jndtegtd knds ant admdsshrgby pngat tn bnw

tdfpdrhturds, odmhusd ted edfhtgtd, wegme whs prdsdat ga ted tdst orgqudttds hak wegme kdvdbnpdk ht egje

tdfpdrhturds, mha vdry wdbb ehvd odda rdmnavdrtdk gatn ana mrysthbbgad jndtegtd odmhusd n` gts bnaj sthy ga

ted sngb.

[ed rdsubts rdjhrkgaj ted quhrtz hak `dbsphr mnatdats ehvd odda jgvda hbrdhky na p. 87:.

[e d U-rhy kg``rhmtgna hahbysgs n` ted O?t ha k ted M? n` ted bndss, ha k n` ted rgvdr bnhf, senws teht onte

bndss shfpbds hrd mehrhmtdrgzdk oy h rdbhtgvdby egje lhnbgagtd mnatdat odsgkds mnasgkdrhobd hfnuats n`

fnatfnrgbbnagtd hak gbbgtd. [ed rgvdr bnhf ehs bdss mbhy `rhmtgna teha ted ntedr shfpbds, out ted

mnfpnsgtgna n` ted mbhy `rhmtgna gs ant kg``drdat `rnf ted rdst. H thobd n` ted pdhl hrdhs senws ted sehrds n`

ted terdd mbhy fgadrhbs ga ted terdd shfpbds (tho bd ?8). An quhat gth tgv d rhtgn n` ted mbhy fgadrhbs senubk odmnambukdk `rnf tedsd pdhl hrdhs. [edy naby jgvd ha gakgmhtgna n` ted rdbhtgvd gamrdhsd hak kmmrdhsd.

[hobd ?8. _dbhtgvd rhtgn n` ted pdhbg hrdhs n` ted mbhy `rhmtgna n` ted terdd mbhy shfpbds.

Lhnbgagtd Gbbgtd Fnatfnrgbbnagtd

M? 8; 89 :0O?t 5 80 :0

rgvdr bnhf 8? 8; :;

H kg``rhmtnjrhf n` ted `rhmtgna bhrjd r teha 49 /xf n` ted mbhy shfpbds senws teht tedy mnathga hbfnstan `dbsphr. Fhay `dbsphrs hrd `nuak, enwdvdr, ga ted `rhmtgna sfhbbdr teha 49 /bf n` ted bndss. [edsd

b'dbsphrs hrd ted shfd hs tensd `nuak ga ted pntsemrk pnwkdrs. [ed `dbsphr hssdfobhjd n` ted rgvdr bnhf gs

mbdhrby kg``drdat.

_D]TB[] N@ [ED [ED_FHB HAHBW]G]

[J hak K[H hahbysds wdrd fhkd n` ted jrnuak pntsedrk shfpbds. [ed rdsubts hrd jgvda ga `gjurd =4 hak`gjurd =0. [ed [J hahbysds senw teht ted edhtgaj tn 8999¹ M mhusds ted `nbbnwgaj bnssds n` wdgjet3

Z_ :4/;? - 7.0«<, Z_ :4/;= - 0.5%, Z_ :4/;; - ;.4% hak Z_ :4/;4 - ;.:%. Ht h edhtgaj n`?9"/fga, ted bnss n` wdgjet ehs kgshppdhrdk ht mgrmh 499¹ M. Yhrt n` ted bnss n` wdgjet fust od httrgoutmk tn

ted bnss n` ted whtdr wegme ted pntsedrk ehs hosnremk ga ted sngb ga ted mnursd n` tgfd, snfd n` wegme gsrhtemr `grfby onuak. @urtedr, ted kdeykrhtgna n` ted gbbuvghtdk mbhy fgadrhbs hak n` ted pnssgobm prdsdathfnrpenus jndtegtd pbhys h phrt. [ed kgshppdhrhamd n` mhrona fust hbsn od thlda gatn hmmnuat.

[ed K[H hahbysgs senws h bnss n` fngsturd odtwdda 899¹ M hak 8:9¹ M, `nbgnwdk oy h fnrd nr bdssprnanuamdk dxntedrfgm rdhmtgna. Dspdmghbby Z_ :4/;=, h tenrnujeby khrl-mnbnurdk, hbfnst obhmlpntsedrk, senws tegs dxntedrfgm rdhmtgna vdry prnanuamdkby. [ed rdhmtgna gs httrgoutdk tn ted kgshppdhrhamd n` mhrona. Z_ :4/;= fust ehvd odda h shfpbd rgme ga mhrona. [ed mhrona-mnatdat hak teusted obhml mnbnur mha ehvd odda mhusdk oy ted sfntedrgaj n` ted pnttdry. Gt gs lanwa teht pnttdry wegme gs



HYYDAKGU GGG 877

Z_ :4-;?

Z_ :4-;=

Z_ :4-;;

Z_ :4-;4 -

- 1 g f j .

7.0%

‛ 0.5%-6 ;.4%

‛ ;.:%

G G G G G G ^b

899¹ ?99¹ =99¹ ;99¹ 499¹ 099¹ :99¹ 599¹ 799 ¹ 8999¹M

@gg<. =4. _msues nb tbgm 'G'J hahbysgs nb'òur BO_ sbgmrks b'rnf Egmaggdgf.

rdkummk ht h bnwdr tdfpdrhturd, d.j. ga ehy nr shw-kust, gffdkghtdby turas tenrnujeby obhml odmhusd n`

ted rdkumtgna n` ted grna tn @dN, wòstgtd, hak hs h rdsubt n` hosnrptgna n` mhrona oy ted pntsedrk. [egs

mhrona mha od rdfnvdk hjhga oy ouragaj.

_dhmtgnas n` mbhy fgadrhbs nr mhronahtd ehvd ant odda `nuak ga ted tedrfhb hahbysds hak hrd ant tn od

dxpdmtdk dgtedr, ga vgdw n` ted rdsubts n` ted U-rhy hahbysgs.

Ha U-rh y kg``rhmtnjrhf ht rgsgaj tdfpdr htu rd whs thlda n` nad shfpbd, Z_ :4/;?. [e d rdsubt n` tegshahbysgs prnvgkdk an adw Ga`nrfhtgna, sn teht tegs fdtenk ehs odda bd`t nut, `nr ted tgfd odgaj, `nr ted

ntedr shfpbds.

KG]MT]]GNA HAK_DFH_L]

Na ted ohsgs n` ted fdatgnadk fdtenks, ted qudstgna wegme fhtdrghbs wdrd usdk `nr fhlgaj ted `nur BOL

pntsedrks mha od haswdrmk phrtby. [ed wegtd bnhf `rnf ted Egdaedgfdr @nrst knds ant quhbg`y odmhusd n`

gts pnnr `grgaj omehvgnur. Gt gs rhtemr mmrthga teht ted mhbmhrdnus M? bndss whs ant usdk dgtedr. [ed Mh

mnatdat n` tegs fhtdrghb gs tnn egje hak odsgkds, ted mdrhfgm prnkumt fhkd n` ted M? bndss gs n` pnnr quhbgty.

[ed hahbyzdk rgvdr bnhf mnathgas ntedr `dbsphrs teha tensd `nuak ga ted pntsedrks, hak pdrehps gt hbsn ehs h

tnn sfhbb mbhy `rhmtgna tn od ted rhw fhtdrghb. [ed O?t bndss ehs ted odst quhbgtgds. [ed `dbsphr mnatdat n`

tegs bnhf mnrrmspnaks ga fhay rdspdmts tn teht n` ted pntsedrks. Enwdvdr, ted mbhy wegme whs usdk, fust

ehvd odda sbgjetby fnrd mhbmhrdnus teha ted prdsdat O?t. Hs wd kn ant lanw ydt wegme trdhtfdat ted

nmmuphats n` ted dxmhvhtdk sdttbdfdat usdk tn fhld tedgr mbhy sugthobd `nr ted fhau`hmturd n` pnttmry, gt

mhaant od shgk wgte hosnbutd mdrthgaty teht ted bnmhb bndss whs usdk. Zeht gs mdrthga gs, teht ted bndss fust

ehvd uakdrjnad h spdmghb trdhtfdat tn rdhme ted mnfpnsgtgna hs `nuak ga ted sedrks. [egs mha od

mnambukdk `rnf ted egje YnQs mnatdat n` ted pntsedrks. H tdfpdr wgte onad whs tenujet n` ga ted `grst

pb hm d. . •!''. g ,<g! /



?99 DUHFGAH[GNA N@ BOL YN[]ED_K] @_NF EGDAEDGF

?4NM

8^899Q ?99"- =99' ;99' ]NN' 099 ' :99' 599 ' 799¹M

@gj. =0. _dsubts n` ted K[H hahbysgs n` `nur BOL sedrks `rnf Egdaedgf.

G` h tdfpdr wgte onad gs hssufdk tn dxpbhga ted egje penspenrus mnatdat hak g` MhgX(Y9;Q)Q(NE)? gsthlda hs hvdrhjd onad mnfpnsgtgna, teda nad gatrnkumds 89 mhbmguf gnas wgte dhme 0 penspenrus gnas, nr,tn sthy wgtega ted tdrfs n` ted mhbmubhtgna, dhme mhtgna pdr mdat penspenrus fdhas 8.: mhtgna pdr mdat

mhbmguf. [egs suosdqudatby fdhas 4.8% Mhb. hak `gahbby 5.4% mhbmguf `dbsphr nr hanrtegtd hak tedadmdsshry kdmrdhsd n` ted mhbmubhtdk quhrtz mnatdat hak kdfnastrhtds teht h O?t bndss wgte h tdfpdrhkkgtgvd n` jrnuak onad fust ehvd rdmdgvdk h mnasgkdrhobd dargme fdat ga mhbmguf. [e ht mhbmguf mnatdat

gs hfpby su``gmgìat tn dxpbhga ted kg``drdamd ga mhbmguf mnatdat odtwdda ted prdsdat O?t hak ted `nuakpntsedrks. Ga jdadrhb, gt mha dvda od shgk teht ted mhbmguf mnatdats n` ted pntsedrks hrd tnn bnw tn hssufdteht ted egje penspenrus mnatdat mha od httrgoutdk dxmbusgvdby tn ted hkkgtgna n` `rdse onad fdhb. Ga tegsmnaadmtgna, gt fust od antgmdk teht gt gs pnssgobd teht h phrt n` ted bgfd whs mnavdrtdk gatn MhN hak

suosdqudatby kgssnbvdk weda te d pnts wdrd usdk. Gt gs mnaspgmunus, enwdvdr, teh t ted pnts wdrd ant mrhmldkoy ted eykrnbysgs n` tegs MhN.

@gahbby gt gs hbsn pnssgobd teht mhbmgahtdk onads wdrd usdk hs tdfpdr fhtdrghb. Mhbmgahtgna `nbgnwdk oybdhmegaj wgte whtdr, od`nrd ted fhtdrghb gs hkkdk tn ted mbhy, mha bdhk tn ha dargmefdat ga penspenruswgtenut hbb mhbmguf mnathgadk nrgjgahbby ga ted onads dakgaj up ga ted pnttdry.

[ed rdsubts hbsn prnvgkd snfd Ga`nrfhtgna honut ted `grgaj prnmdss. [ed pntsedrks fust ehvd kdvdbnpdkga h rdkumgaj davgrnafdat ht tdfpdrhturds odtwdda 449¹ M hak 799¹ M. ]ume ha davgrnafdat mha od

mrdhtdk wgte h `grd wegme gs bhgk ga h enbd ga ted jrnuak hak mnvdrdk bhtdr wgte strhw nr snks. H tdst-`grgaj n`



HYYDAKGU GG G ?98

pnts, fhkd hmmnrkgaj tn tegs fmtenk vvgte bndss `rnf Egdaedgf, senwdk teht ted pnttdry fhkd ga tegs why

whs ant vdry kg``drdat `rnf ted dxmhvhtdk pntsedrks.

Hs ted dxhfgahtgna whs rdstrgmtdk tn `nur pntsedrks `rnf nad sgajbd pgt, ted mnambusgna senubk ant od

krhwa teht tedsd rdsubts hrd jdadrhbby vhbgk. Gt gs admdsshry tn suofgt bhrjd aufodrs n` pntsedrks `rnf hs

fhay pgts hs pnssgobd tn h mnfphrhobd dxhfgahtgna. [egs vvnrl ehs odda sthrtmk ga ted fdhatgfd.Fnrdnvdr gt gs kdsgrhobd tn mhrry nut mdrthga `grgaj tdsts.



HYYDAKGU GP

YD[_NJ_HYEW HAK YN]]GOBD N_GJGA N@ HKSD] HAKN[ED_ H_[D@HM[] @_NF Y_DEG][N_GM ]G[D] ADH_

EG DA ED GF (OHPH_GH, JD_FH AW) HAK DB] BNN , ]G [[ H_ K

HAK ][DGA (] NT [E D_ A BG FO T_ J, [ED A D[E D_B HAK ])

M.D.]. H_Y]*

G A [ _ N a T M [ G N A

[ed fhga nocdmtgvd n` ted prdsdat stuky gs tn mnrrdbhtd prdegstnrgd hrtd`hmts wgte h pnssgobd jdnbnjgmhb

snurmd. Ydtrnbnjgmhbby hrtd`hmts hrd rnml `rhjfdats hak od`nrd kgsmussgaj tedgr nrgjga, twn gfpnrthat

hspdmts senubk od fdatgnadk. @grstby ted tdrf "snurmd" nr "nrgjga" fhy od gatdrprdtdk kg`gdrdatby oy

jdnbnjgsts hak oy prdegstnrghas. ]dmnakby ted prdegstnrgd hrtd`hmts gavdstgjhtdk hrd ga `hmt hbwhys sdbdmtdk

shfpbds.

Zeht fhy ehvd ehppdadk tn rnml fhtdrghb n` hrmednbnjgmhb gfpnrthamd odtwmda gts jdnbnjgmhb

`nrfhtgna hak ted fnfdat teht mdrthga phrts hrd `nuak hs hrtd`hmts>

Yrdegstnrgd hrtd`hmts hrd jdadrhbby fhkd n` mhrdùbby sdbdmtdk rnml typds, wegme hrd dxmdptgnahb vhrgdtgds

n` gjadnus, fdthfnrpegm nr sdkgfmathry rnmls. [ed mnffnaby sdbdmtdk rnml typds fhy ehvd odda

quhrrgdk ht ted sgtds vvedrd tedy wdrm nrgjgahbby `nrfdk oy ted rnml-`nrfgaj prnmdssds ga ted dhrte's mrust

(rd`drrdk tn hs jdnbnjgmhbby prgfhry snurmds< `gj. =:) nr fhy ehvd odda `nuak hs onubkdrs nr pdoobds

trhaspnrtdk oy dxnjdanus jdnbnjgmhb prnmdssds, sume hs `bnwgaj whtdr nr gmd, (`hr) hwhy `rnf ted nrgjgahb

pbhmd n` `nrfhtgna. [edsd rnml `rhjfdats (onubkdrs, mnoobds, pdoobds) ga sdkgfdats (rd`drrdk tn hs

sdmnakhry snurmds) n`[drdk prdegstnrgd fha h ahturhb mengmd n` ehrk hak tnuje fhtdrghbs teht hppdhrdk tn

od vdry rdsgsthat tn wdhtedrgaj hak wdhrgaj oy drnsgna hak trhaspnrt.

Zgte ted dxmdptgna n` ted `gaks ga prdegstnrgd quhrrgds ted sdbdmtdk shfpbds fhy ehvd odda trhaspnrtdk

oy fha ("trhkd") nvdr mnasgkdrhobd kgsthamds. Gt gs hbsn pnssgobd teht ted fhtdrghb phssdk ternuje fnrd

teha nad prdegstnrgd sgtd od`nrd gt rdhdedk gts ubtg fhtd nwadr, g.d. ted pbhmd wedrd gt whs ubtgfhtdby `nuak.

@rnf ted honvd gt gs novgnus teht ted "snurmd" n` ted gavdstgjhtdk hrtd`hmts gs n`tda egjeby spdmubhtgvd.

Fnst hrtd`hmts `rnf ted sgtds gavdstgjhtdk hrd fhkd n` medrt, quhrtzgtgm rnml, ohshbt hak hfpegonbgtd.

Medrt, quhrtzgtd hak quhrtz hrdagtd nr "shakstnad" nmmur ga hbfnst hbb Durnpdha mnuatrgds hs prgfhry

hak/nr hs mnastgtudats ga sdmnakhry kdpnsgts (sdkgfdathry kdpnsgts). Yrgfhry ohshbtgm hak dspdmghbby

hfpbggonbgtgm rnmls nmmur jdnbnjgmhbby ga fnrd rdstrgmtdk hrdhs (sdd bhtdr). [ed rnml mnfpnadats n`

sdkgfdathry kdpnsgts wdrd trhaspnrtdk oy jbhmghb gmd (Ybdgstnmdad) hak/nr rgvdrs ga kg``drdat kgrdmtgnas.

Jbhmghb kdpnsgts ga ted anrtedra phrt n` Mdatrhb Durnpd hrd anrtedra ga nrgjga (]mhakgahvgh< dambnsurds 0

hak :) hak gambukd hbb ted honvd-fdatgnadk rnml typds.

* Ahtgnahb Fusduf n` Jdnbnjy hak FgadrhbnjR', Bdgkda, [ed Adtemrbhaks.



HYYDAKGU GP ?9=

nrgjga n` ted rnml hspdmt n` ted rnml prnmdssds

jdnbnjgmhbby prgfhry

snurmd3 mrysthbbgad

ohsdfdat

fnrd nr bdss `rdse

nutmrnps

rnml `nrfgaj prnmdssds

ga ted dhrte's mrust

' O jdnbnjgmhbby sdmna- sdbdmtdk onubkdrs ,

khry snurmd3 mnoobds, pdoobds

sdkgfdathry kdpnsgts

(eufha gatdr`drdamd)

sdbdmtgna oy jdnbnjgmhb

prnmdss, g.d. wdhtedrgaj,

drnsgna, trhaspnrt

shfpbgaj sgtd nr quh rry g.d. rnml `rhjfdats eugaha sdbdmtgna

eufha trhaspnrthtgna(gurtedr sdbdmtgna)

B

wnrlsenp

pbhmd n` usd

(d.j. sdttbdfdats)

sdmnak pbhmd n` usd

dtm.

whstd,

rnuje-nuts,

gfpbdfdats

gfpbdfmats,

rmwnrlmk gfpbdfdats,

whstd

gfpbdfdats,

rdwnrldk gfpbdfdats,

whstd

dtm.

eufha trhaspnrthtgna

(ùrtedr sdbdmtgna)

eufha trhaspnrthtgna(ùrtedr sdbdmtgna)

@gj. =:. Mnfpbgmhtgnas ga ted sdhrme `nr "ted snurmd" n` prdegstnrgd hrtd`hmts.



?9; YN]]GOBD N_GJGA N@ H_[D@HM[]

Gt hppdhr s, enwdvdr, teh t ted hrtd`hmts `nuak ga ted prdegstnrgd sgtds fdat gnadk ga tegs hrtgmbd hrd Mdat rhb

Durnpdha ga nrgjga hs vvgbb od kgsmussdk ga bhtdr phrhjrhpes.

HPHGBHOBD Y_DEG][N_GM H_[D@HM[]

EGDUEDGF

Hbb ted hkzds, hkzd `rhjfdats, rnuje-nuts hak whstd fhtdrg hb dxmhvh tdk ht ted Egdaedg f prdegstnrgd sgtd

hak mbhssg`gdk hs odbnajgaj tn ted Bgadhrohakldrhfgl mubturd (BOL) wdrd fhkd `rnf hfpegonbgtgm rnmls.

Hkzds n` ohshbtgd rnml nr obhml sgbgmdnus sehby rnml wdrd ant damnuatdrdk, hbtenuje snfd n` ted lanwa

nutdrnps n` ohshbt gd rnml bgd naby 884 lf AAD n` Egdaed gf (damb. :< ]truaz 87:4). [e d qudr a `rhjfdats

mnasgst n` uafdthfnrpensdk quhrtz hrdagtds hak quhrtzgtd.

DB]BNN, ]G[[H_K HAK ][DGA

Ga mnatrhst tn ted Egdaedgf prdegstnrgd sgtd, ted gfpbmfdats `nuak ht ted BOL sgtds ga ted snutedhstdraphrt n` ted Adtedrbhaks wdrd fhkd ant naby `rnf hfpegonbgtgm rnml out hbsn `rnf ohshbtgd hak sgbgmgmbhstgm

rndls, g.d. (fdth)quhrtzgtds hak obhml sgbgmdnus sehbds gambukgaj bykgtd.

@rhjfdats n` qudras hak jrgakgaj-stnads mnasgst n` uafdthfnrpensdk quhrtz hrdagtds hak quhrtzgtds.

YD[_NBNJGMHB GAPD][GJH[GNA]

[e d hvhgbhobd prdegs tnrgd hrtd`hmts wdrd gavdst gjhtdk wgte ted hgk n` h bnvv-fhjag`ygaj oganmubh rfgmrnsmnpd< naby h `dw tega sdmtgnas wdrd mut `nr ùrtemr hahbysgs.

Zeda pnssgobd ted tega sdmtgnas `rnf hfpegonbgtds wdrd fhkd oy muttgaj ted rnml `rhjfdats pdr-

pdakgmubhr nr nobgqud tn ted `nbghtgna pbhad (bgadhtgna), ha gfpnrthat prdrdqugsgtd weda sume rndls hrd

mnfphrdk ga hay kdthgb.

Hbb ted rdbdvhat Ga`nrfhtgna mnamdragaj ted hfpegonbgtgm hak ohshbtgd hrtd`hmts whs jrnupdk hmmnrkgaj

tn ted prnpdrtgds n` ted mnastgtudat fgadrhb s, ted rnml strumturds ha k ntedr prnpdrtgds< sdd thobds ?? hak ?=

(dambnsurds 5 hak 7). H sdbdmtgna n` pentn(fgmrn ) jrhpes n` sur`hmd tdxturds hak gatdr ahb `dhturds ehvd odda

hkkdk hs gfpnrthat snurmds n` Ga`nrfhtgna `nr mnrrdbhtgna.

[n noth ga mnadbusgvd dvgkdamd n` ted dnrrdbhtgnas, fnrd dxtdasgvd fdtenks (fhgaby jdnmedfgmhb ) sddf

gadvgthobm `nr ùturd gavdstgjhtgnas. [rhmç dbdfdat hahbysgs hak phttdra rddnjagtgna (kd Oruga dt hb. 87:?)

fgjet pnssgoby od hppbgdk summdssùTy `nr mnrrdbhtgna n` ohshbtgd hak hfpegonbgtgm fhtdrghb. H sdrgdus

nocdmtgna tn fnst gavdstgjhtgnas gs teht ted fdtenks hrd jdadrhbby kdstrudtgvd, hbtenuje gt gs hbwhys pnssgobd

tn bgfgt ted "khfhjd".

@gahbby gt fust od dfpehsgzdk teht h ornhk rd`drdamd mnbbdmtgna n` hrmednbnjgdhbby "prnpdr" snurdd

rnmls gs n` prgfhry gfpnrthamd `nr hay d`bdmtgvd mnrrdbhtgna.

[ed gavdstgjhtgnas mhrrgdk nut `nr tegs stuky gambukdk naby ted fnrd mnavdatgnahb fdtenks< fnrdnvdr

ted rdbdvhat prnpdr rd`drdamd mnbbdmtgnas hrd stgbb sfhbb. [ed mnambusgnas fhkd edrd fust tn h mdrth ga dxtdat

od rdjhrkdk hs prdb gfgahry. , • ' •



HYY DAK GU GP ?94

HFb'EGONBG[D] @_NF MDA[_HB DT_NYDHA ]NT_MD]

Hfpegonetds hrd khrl-mnbnurdk fdthfnr pegm rnmls jdadrhbby kgspbhygaj h smegstnsd strum turd, g.d. phrhbbdb

nrgdathtgna n` ted khrl fgamrhbs (hfpegonbds, ogntgtds).

Mhbmhrmnus sdkgfdats hak ohsgm rnmls n` pbutnagm nrgjga, bglm jhoorns, nr n` vnbmhagm nrgjga, bgld ohsgm

tu`[s, ohshbts, dtm. hak ohsgm kglds nr knbdrgtds, fhy mehajd prnjrdssgvdby (fdthfnrpegsf) gatn hfpeg

onbgtms kud tn gamrdhsgaj prdssurd hak tdf pdr htu rd. Gt gs hbsn pnssgobm teht ted hfpegon bgtms hrd ted rdsubt n`

h rmtrnjrdssgvd fdthfnrpegsf n` rnmls n` h egjedr fdthfnrpegm jrhkd (jrhaubgtds, dmbnjgtms).

Fdthfnrpegm prnmmssms nmmur na h rdjgnahb smhbd ga mrusthb hrdhs n` fnuathga-ougbkgaj. [ed ubtgfhtd

fdthfnrpegm prnkumt fhy om gsnmedfgmhb vvgte rdspdmt tn ted phrmat rnmls. out gt gs hbsn pnssgobm teht ted

memfgmhb mnfpnsgtgna ehs mehajdk (fmthsnfhtgsf). Gt senubk om strdssdk teht ted honvd-fdatgnadk

jdadtgm hspmmts n` ted fdthfnrpegm rnmls, d.j. hfpegonbgtms, pbhy ha gfpnrthat rnbd ga ted dvhbuhtgna n`

ted jdnbnjgmhb .snurmd hak egstnry n` ted fhtdrghb gavdstgjhtdk.

Hs hfpegonbgtms fhy nmmur ga hbb fdthfnrpegm tdrrhgas, ted bdvdb n` mrusthb drnsgna wgbb kmtdrfgad

wedtemr hfpegonbgtms hr d damnuatdrdk nr ant. Onte ted Hbps hak ted Mhrphte ghas hrd phr t n` h jdnbnjgmhbby

ynuaj fnuathga rhajd (Hbpgad Nrnjda)< ted nrgjgahbby kddpdr phrts anw mrnppgaj nut na ted Dhrte'ssur`hmd n`tda mnathga hfpegonbgtgm rnml. Out adhrdr tn ted prdegstnrgd sgtds n` ted prdsdat stuky ted

rdfahats n` ha nbkdr fnuathg a rhajd drnp nut, g.d. ted Phrgsmha nr Emrmyagh a Nrnjd a n` Mdat rhb Durnpd

(damb. 0). .Ufpegonbgtds `rnf ted Phrgsmha ehvd hbsn odda `nuak ga fhay bnmhbgtgds hak, hs mha od sdda `rnf

ted fhp, tedy nmmur fnst `rdqudatby ga ted snutedhst hak hrd ho.smat ga ted anrtewdst.

[ED PH_G]MHA N_NJDA GA MDA[_HB DT_NYD

[egs nbk fnuathga rhajd mha od kgvgkdk jdntdmtnagmhbby gatn smvdrhb znads (Bntzd 87:8)< phrts n` tedsd

znads drnp nut hak hrd lanwa tn us uakdr rdjgnahb ahfds. [edy hrd gakgmhtdk na ted fhp (damb. 0).

[n ted anrtewdst ted _emanedrmyagha Snad gambukds ted Hrkdaads-_egad Fhssg` ted Euasròml-

[huaus Fhssg` hak ted Ehrz. Kd`nrfhtgna strumturds trdak AD-]PP hak naby ted snutemhstmra rgfs n` ted

Euasròml, [huaus hak Ehrz kgspbhy h bnw-jrhkd fdthfnrpegsf.

.•RkChmdat tn ted `nrfdr znad gs ted ]hxnteòrgajda znad wegme mnathgas mrysthbbgad ohsdfdat rnmls n` bnw

tn fdkguf-jrhkd fdthfnrpegsf wgte AD-]Z strumturds. [ed Pnsjds, Obhml @nrdst, Nkdawhbk, ]pdsshrt

hak ted anrtewdstdra phrt n` ted Onedfgha Fhssg` odbnaj tn tegs znad wegbd ted ]ukdtda _hajd hak

]gbdsgmuf mha od dxpbhgadk hs h AZ-]D trdakgaj mnatgauhtgna (Pdcahr 87:8). [ed Fòameodrjdr Fhss

hak ted Jrhaubgtjdogrjd hrd ohsdfdat mnrds n` h egjedr fdthfnrpegm jrhkd. @hrtemr tn ted snutedhst ted

Fnbkhauogha Snad, strumturhbby emtmrnjdadnus, mnasgsts n` ohsdfdat uagts wgte kgb`drdat nrnjmagm hak

fdthfnrpegm egstnrgds. [n ted wdst ted Nodrp`hbz @nrdst, Ohvhrgha @nrdst hak Onedfgha @nrdst ehvd

APP-]D strumturds hak senw h fdkguf tn egje-jrhkd fdthfnrpegsf.@rnf ted honvd gt gs hpphrd at teht ted kddpmst phrts n` ted Phrgsmha h rd dxpnsdk ga ted snutedhstdra phrt

n` ted rhajd. Hjd kdtdrfgahtgnas hak strumturhb-pmtrnbnjgmhb khth gakgmhtd teht phrts n` ted ohsdfdat hrd

pnbyfdthfnrpegm , g.d. uakdr wdat dhrbgdr (Yrm-Phrg smha) pehsds n` kd`nrfhtgna hak fdth fnrpe gsf

(Pdcahr 87:8< ]tdttadr 87:4).



?90 YN]]GOBD N_G JGA N@ H_[D@HM[]

OH]HB[GM _NML] GA MDA[_HB DT_NYD

[e d vnbmhagm rnmls n` Mdat rhb Durnp d, wegme jrh kd `rnf hmgk tn (ubtrh) ohsgm typds, wdr ddx trukd k rnujebv

kurgaj twn fhga pdrgnks n` vnbmhagm hmtgvgty.

[ed nbkdr vnbmhagm hmtgvgty whs mnaadmtdk wgte ted Phrgsmha Nrnjday. Gt sthrtdk wgte gagtghb fhjfhtgsf(ohsgm rnmls) ga znads n` jdnsyambgahb sdkgfdathtgna bhstgaj `rnf ted Bnwdr Kdvnagha tn ted Bnwdr

Mhronag`drnus - d.j. ga ]hudrbhak, Ehrz, ]megd`drjdogrjd, Pnsjds, [eòrgajda, dtm. - hak mnatgaudk

fhgaby ga ted Ydrfgha wgte fhjfhtgsf hs h rmsubt n` obnml fnvmfdat ga ted hbrmhky rgjgk Phrgsmha

Nrnjda (Lamtsme 870=)< bnmhbby tegsmhusdk bhrjd-smhbd dxtrusgnasn`quhrtz pnrpeyrgds, ohshbts, dtm, d.j. ga

ted ]hhr-Ahed hrdh.

[ed ynuajdr pdrgnk n` vnbmhagm hmtgvgty, bhstgaj `rnf ted Tppdr Mrdthmdnus tn ted Xuhtdrahry, gs hjhga

mbnsdby mnaadmtdk wgte bhrjd-smhbd mrusthb kgsbnmhtgnas ga h znad wdst hak anrte n` ted Hbpgad Nrnjda. [ed

dda trds n` vnbmhagsf wdrd rdstrgmtdk fhga by tn hrdhs adhr nr wgtega jrhoda(-bgld) strumtu rds, d.j. ted

@rdame Mdatrhb Fhssg`, ted _egad Jrhoda hak Emssgha Kdprdssgna, hak ted Anrtewdstdra Onedfgha

Fhssg` (damb. :). [edsd vnbmhagm rnmls mha om `nuak ant naby hs dxtrusgnas adhr ted jrhoda out hbsn ht ted

cu am tg nas n` mrnss-mutt gaj `hubt systdfs. [ed fh ga Mdat rh b Du rn pd ha [d rtg hr y vnbmhagm kgstr gmts hrd ted

Enmedg`db - Anrkdg`db - ]gdodajdogrjd hrdh, Pnjdbsodrj, Zdstdrwhbk, _eða - Bnwdr Edssda hrdh,

Lhgsdrstueb, Knupnvlç Enry, Mdslç ]t`dknenrg hak ted Bhusgtz-]gbdsgha hrdh. Pnbmhagsf ga ted Bhhmedr

]dd hrdh hak ted Zdstdra Dg`db gs n` Xuhtdrahry nrgjga.

Ydtrnbnjgmhbby ted Durnpdha adnvnbmhagm rnmls hrd hblhbgad rnmls wedrmoy hblhbg nbgvgad ohshbts `nrf

ted fhcnr rnml typd. [edy nmmur ga spdmg`gm h.ssnmghtgnas, d.j. nbgvgad ohshbt - tdpergtd - penanbgtm, wegme

hrd rdprmsdathtgvd n` rdbhtgvdby sthobd mrusthb hrdhs wgte fhcnr `hubtgaj (Zgffdahudr 87:?, 87:;). Fhay

ohshbts wdrd gatru kdk (suo-vnbmhagm) hs kglds hak kgld swhrfs, wegbd ohshbtg m vnbmhagm pbujs hs wdbb hs

ohshgtgm bhvhs hak tu``s hbsn nmmur.

EGDAEDGF

HFYEGONBG[GM FH[D_GHB

H tnthb n` sgxty-sgx hfpegonbgtd shfpbds, sgxty n` wegme wdrd mbhssg`gdk hs BOL, whs hvhgbhobd `nr

dxhfgahtgna. [ega sdmtgnas wdrd fhkd `rnf twdaty `rhjfdats.

Kdsmrgptgna n` ted shfpbds

Na ted ohsgs n` jrhga sgzd, strumturd, pnbgse hak dnbnur n` ted phtgah,' tegs pnpubhtgna ehs odda tdathtgvdby

suokgvgkdk gatn twn fhga jrnups n` ?8 (gambukgaj : tega sdmtgnas) hak ;4 (gambukgaj 8= tega sdmtgnas)

spdmgfdas, rdspdmtgvdby.

Fhmrnsmnpgmhbby ted fdfodrs n` ted `grst jrnup hrd vdry `gad jrhgadk wgte tega hak n`tda grrdjubhrbhydrgaj. Bdumnmrhtgm fnrd mnhrsdr jrhgadk bhydrs hak mrnss-muttgaj vdgabdts hrd mnffna. Kud tn tedsd

prnpdrt gms ted hrtm`hmts kgspbhy h gad pnbgse hak h spbga tdry `rhm turd (`gj. =5) . Na ted ohsgs n` ted mnbnur n`

ted phtgah h ùrtedr suokgvgsgna whs fhkd. [ed gfpgdfdats vhry `rnf bgjet ornwagse jrdda (Gh) hak

ornwagse jrdda (Go) tn khrl jrdy (Gd).

' [ed T.]M n`' sur`hmd pnbgse hak phtgah mnbnur `nr ted mbhssg`gmhtgna n` hrtm`hmts gs ehzhrknus kud tn kg``drdamds ga wdhtedrgajmnakgtgnas ht kgb[drdat pbhmds hak bdvmbs n` ted sgtd.



HYYDAKGU GP ?9:

Jrnup Egdaedgf G mnasgsts n` ted `nbbnwgaj shfpbds3

G h 3 88;9-?, 88;9-=, 488, =;; t.s. 8,449, 85=-8 t.s., =47* t.s. hak :?5

G o3 890=-8, 077 t.s., 85=-=, 85=-? hak ?04,

:?8-8, :0;-8 t.s. hak 4=9* t.s.

Gd3 :?0-8 hak 8957,

=;7, =59 hak ?00 t.s.

H suokgvgsgna n` ted gfpbdfdats n` ted sdmnak jrnup whs ohsmk upna ted jrhga sgzd. [edy vhry `rnf vdry

`fm jrhgadk (G bh ), h sbgjetby mnhrsdr jrhga (Gb o) tn fnrd mnhrsdr jrhgadk (b gm ). [ed gakgvgkuhb kg``drdamds

ga jrhga sgzd n` ted fgadrhb mnastgtudats fhy od prnanuamdk, dspdmghbby vvgtega ted fnrd mnhrsdr jrhgadk

shfpbds. Gakgvgkuhb fgadrhbs hak fgadrhb mbustdrs fhy od vgsgobd vvgte ted ahldk dyd (`gj. =5). [ed

gfpbdfdats n` ted sdmnak jrnup hbsn vhry ga mnbnur `rnf bgjet jrdda hak ornwagse jrdda tn khrl jrdda.

[ed sur`hmd pnbgse gs ant hs sfnnte hs teht sdda ga ted `grst jrnup.

Jrnup Egdaedgf GG mnasgsts n` ted `nbbnwgaj shfpbds3

GG h3 =9:-8, 4;4, 895= t.s., 85?-? t.s., :84*, :=:, 09:, :?9, 09?, ?7?-8 t.s., 890=-= hak 47=

GG o3 ?90* t.s., 4?0, 85?-8, :?7, :?0-?, 7?7 t.s., 890? t.s., 890=-? t.s., ?:8, :0;-?, ?7?-?, ;57, ;98,08: hak 895?-?

b g m 3 =9:-=, ;::, ;8?, :?8-? t.s., ;:0, 054* t.s., :98, :9=,

88;9-8 t.s., 895?-8 t.s., 8?, =?4 hak =9:-?

b g k 3 :85*t.s., 787t.s., :;5, =; =h ak 7? 8

[ed shfpbds n` suojrnup bgk hrd rhtedr grrdjubhr vvgte rdspdmt tn jrhga sgzd, strumturd hak mnbnur. ]hfpbd

:;5 gs h rnuje-nut teht mnathgas rdbhtgvdby bhrjd pnrpeyrnobQtgm enraobdakd mbustdrs hak ornwa

enraobdakd gs ted fhga mnastgtudat n` hkzd =;=.

[ega sdmtgna hahesgs

[ed fgadrhb mnfpnsgtgna hak ntedr pdtrnjrhpegm prnpdrtgds n` ted hfpegonbgtds hrd bgstdk ga thobd ??

(dambnsurd 5P .R sehrp kdfhrmhtgna odtvvdda ted twn gfpbdfdat jrnups wgte rdspdmt tn fgadrhb

mnfpnsgtgna hak prnpdrtgds gs ant prdsdat, hbtenuje dhme jrnup kgspbhys mdrthga mehrhmtdrgstgms.

[ed fnst gfpnrthat mnastgtudat ga hbb ted hfpegonbgtds gs ha hbfnst mnbnurbdss tn bgjet obugse-jrdda

enraobdakd. [ed hbfnst mnbnurbdss \hmtganbgtgm) enraobdakd gs dspdmghbby houakhat ga ted hfpegonbgtds n` ted

`grst jrnup, wegbd obugse-jrdda enraobdakd gs fnrd houakhat ga ted sdmnak jrnup, dspdmghbby ga ted fnrd

mnhrsdby jrhgadk vhrgdtgds. [ed tdxturhb phttdra n` ted enraobdakd gs egjeby mehrhmtdrgstgm. Gt fhy nmmur

`grstby hs gakgvgkuhb addkgds nr sedh`s nrgdatdk phrhbbdb tn ted `nbghtgna nr (fnrd n`tda) ht rhaknf, sdmnakby

hs fgmrnmrysthbbgad mrysthb hjjrdjhtds wgte ousey nutbgads (`gj. ;?), hak tegrkby hs ha grrdjubhrby sehpdk

mnhrsdr vhrgdty (`gj. ;=).

Hfpegonb gtds rgme ga rhkghb nr sedh`-bgld enrao bda kd mbustdrs ( gj. ;;) hrd lanwa ga Jdr fha bgt drhturd hs"]trheb stdgasmegd`dr" (Ohuodrjdr dt hb. 87:=). [e d bhrjdr mrysthbs nr sedh`s hrd phrtgmu bhrby wdbb-kdvdbnpdk

weda tedy nmmur tnjdtedr wgte rdmrysthbbgzdk quhrtz hak hbogtd (`gj. ;4). ]nfdtgfds rdbhtgvdby bhrjdr

enraobdakd pnrpeyrnobhsts ehvd kdvdbnpdk (`gj. ;0).

' t.s. 6 tega sdmtgna

* ant BOL




[ed bhrjdr enraobdakd jrhgas kgspbhy h kddpdr obud-jrdda mnbnur. Ga h `dw mhsds trhmds n` ha nbkdr

ornwagse enraobdakd hrd vgsgobm,

H`tdr enraobdakd ted fhga mnastgtumats hrd nrd fgadrhbs, quhrtz hak/nr pbhjgnmbhsd (hbogtd). H typgmhb

hspdmt n` hbfnst hbb ted hfpegonbgtgm gfpbdfdats gs ted prdsdamd n` aufdrnus nrd fgadrhb jrhgas nr mbustdrs.

Nrd fgadrhbs ga Mdatrhb Durnpdha hfpegonbgtds wdrd gkdatg`gdk oy ]menbz (8705) hs fhgaby gbfdagtd, wgtesnfm fhjamtgtd hak pyrgtd, hak oy ]tdbmb dt hb. (87:9) hs hrsdanpyrgtd. Xuhrtz gs dgtedr `gad jrhgadk nr

rdmrysthbbgzdk. H pnbyjnahb nr fnshgm `horgm n` rdmrysthbbgzdk quh rtz ga bhydrs nr bdasds gs n`tda mehrhmtdr gs-

tgm.

Ybhjgambhsd (hbogtd), sdbknf twgaadk, fhy hbsn nmmur hs sfhbV jrhgas ternujenut ted rnml nr mnamdatrhtdk

wgte quhrtz ga bhydrs hak bdasds. Ha gagtghb pnrpeyrnobhstgm rdmrysthbbgzhtgna fhy om nosdrvdk.

Dpgkntd gs jdadrhbby prdsdat ga vhrghobd hfnuats out sddfs fnrd `rdqudat ga ted `grst jrnup. Ga hkkgtgna

tn shussurgtgm fhssds rdbhtgvdby bhrjd mrysthbs nmmur. Ntedr mnastgtudats hrd ogntgtd, mebnrgtd, fusmnvgtd hak

tgthagtd, ted bhttmr snfdtgfds hs aufdrnus sfhbb rnuakdk jrhgas mnamdatrhtdk ga quhrtz hak `dbksphr.

Ga tega .sdmtgnas bhydrgaj nr `nbghtgna gs jmad rhbby mbdhrby vgsgobd hak snfdtgfds prnan uamdk (`gj. ;:) . [ed

bhydrgaj n` snfd n` ted gfpbdfdats n` ted `grst jrnu p fhy rd`bdmt ha nrgjgah b kdpnsgtgnahb bhydrgaj (tu``s).]trgajs n` nrd fgadrhbs hrd nrgdatdk ph rhbbd b tn ted bhydrgaj . ]fhbb-smhbd `hubts wgte mrdaubht gna d` dmts

hmtdk upna snfd n` ted hfpegonbgt ds, od`nrd hs wdbb hs h`tdr fdthfnrpe gsf.

Ynssgebd pravdahamd n` ted hfpegonbgtds

Fnst n` ted hfpegonbgtds `rnf Egdaedgf hrd mehrhmtdrgzdk oy ted bnw-jrhkd fmthfnrpegm fgadrhb

hssdfobhjd hmtganbgtgm enr aobdakd g ogntgtd ¸ mebnrgtd ¸ dpgkntd g pbhjgnmbhsd (hbogtd) g quh rt z

(jrddasmegst `hmgds). _dbgds n` h egjedr jrhkd n` fdthfnrpegsf ehvd ant odda damnuatdrdk.

[ed mnhrsd-jrhgadk vhrgdtgds ehvd rdhmedk egjedr sthjds n` bnw-jrhkd fdthfnrpegsf wgte bhrjdr

hfpegonbds (pnrpeyrnobhsts) hak h kddpdr obud-jrdda mnbnur.

[ed sedh` nr jhrvda-bgld phttdra n` ted hfpegonbd addkgds, wegme gs ted mhusd n` ted tnujeadss n` ted

"]trhebstdgasmegd`dr" hfpegonbgtds, gakgmhtds teht ted nrgjgahbby fh`gm rnmls mrysthbbgzdk uakdr rdbhtgvdby

bnw prdssurd hak egje tdfpdrhturd fdthfnrpegm mnakgtgnas. ]trdss-`horgms wdrd rhrdby damnuatdrdk hak

h`tdr fdthfnrpegsf an pdadtrhtgvd kd`nrfhtgna h``dmtdk ted hfpegonbgtds.

rggd prdsdamd n` h wdbb-kdvdbnpdk tega "sdkgfdathry" bhydrgaj, snfdtgfds wdhlby `nbkdk, ga mnf-

ogahtgna wgte h bhrjd quhatgty n` nrd fgadrhbs fgjet gakgmhtd teht tedsd rnmls wdrd nrgjgahbby fh`gm

vnbmhagm rnmls (Ohuodrjdr dt hb. 87:=).

[er dd jdnbnjgmhb pnssgogbgtgds fhy od fdat gnad k wgte rdjhrk tn ted snurmd n` ted hfpego nbgt gm hrtd`hmts3

`grstby ted quhtdrahry jbhmghb kdpnsgts kmrgvdk fhgaby `rnf ]mhakgahvgha (prgfhry) .snurmds, sdmnakby ted

Hbpgad Nrnjda (Hbps hak Mhrphteghas< ]tdbmb dt hb. 87:9) hak tegrkby ted Phrgsmha ohsdfdat n` Mdatrhb

Durnpd.

Edrfhaa & ]meòbbdr (G74G) ga h stuky n` hrtd`hmts `rnf ]nutedra ]hxnagha prdegstnrgd sgtds `nuak tehtnaby ga dxmdptgnahb mhsds wdrd gfpbdfdats fhkd `rnf anrtedra drrhtgms. An hrtd`hmts n` hfpegonbgtgm

mnfpnsgtgna wdrd kdsmrgodk hak hmmnrkgaj tn ]menbz (8705) tegs rnml typd gs h rhrd mnastgtudat n` ted

jbhmgnjdagm kdpLCsgts.

Na ted ohsgs n` ted jdnbnjgmhb hak (smhrmd) pdtrn-hrmednbnjgmhb b gtdrhturd gt gs fnst bgldby teht ted snurmd

n` fnst n` ted hfpego nbgt gm hrtd`hmts `rnf Mda trh b Durn pdha prdegstnrgd sgtds gs Phrg smha . [e d shfd hppbg ds

`nr Egdaedgf, hak h mengmd n` snurmds sddfs tn od adhroy.

Ga ted `grst pbhmd ted wdstdra fhrjga n` ted Fnbkhauogha znad senubk od mnasgkdrdk. Edrd fdkguf tn



HYYDAKGU GP • ' ?97

egje-jrhkm pnbyfdthfnrpegm rnmls drnp nut teht gfkdrvvdat Bhtd-Yrdmhforgha tn Phrgsmha pehsds n`

kd`nrfhtgna hak fdthfnrpegsf. _htedr sfhbb hfpegonbgtds hak ntedr fdthohsgtds (sdrpdatgagtds,

fhrobds, efm-sgbgmhtd rnmls) nmmur smhttdrdk ternujenut ted Ohvhrgha hak _djdasourjdr @nrst ([rnbb &

Ohuodrjdr 8705< [rnbb 87:4< ]tdttadr 87:4). [ed fhga fh`gm mnastgtudat n` ted hfpegonbgtds gs n`tda

ornwa enraobdakd, d.j. ]tdgaoòjdb adhr Zðrte 49 lf DAD n` Egdaedgf. [ed fhcnrgty n` ted hfpegonbgtds, enwdvdr, hrd fdthjhoorns. Hbb ted hfpegonbgtds mnathga obud-jrdda enraobdakd hs h rgf hrnuak

ornwa enraobdakd hak/nr pyrnxdad nr rdpbhmgaj tedsd fgadrhbs mnfpbdtdby. Ga snfd fdthjhoorns h obud-

jrdda enraobdakd rgf dambnsds h bgjetdr obud-jrdda nr mnbnurbdss enraobdakd, onte sdmnakhry tn pyrnxdad.

[ed obud-jrdda enraobdakds hrd Phrgsmha hak ted mnrrdspnakgaj fdthfnrpegsf ehs odda kdsmrgodk hs h

bnw-prdssurd hak egje- tdf pdrhtu rd (" Hou luf h" ) typd n` fdth fnrpe gsf (Pdcahr 87:8). [e d prdsdamd

n` ornwa enraobdakd, enwdvdr, fgjet pnssgoby od mnaadmtdk wgte prnjrdssgvdby egjedr jrhkd dbdfdats n`

ted shfd `hmgds sdrgds (]merdydr & Obòfdb 87:;).

[wdaty-nad hfpegonbgtd nutmrnps wdrd shfpbdk ga ted Zdstdra Fnbkhauogmuf out an hfpegonbgtgm

rnmls sgfgbhr tn ted fhcnrgty n` ted Egdaedg f hrtd`hmts wdrd damnuatdrd k. Naby ga nad mhsd knds h Zds tdra

Fnbkhauogha prnvdahamd sddf dvgkdat, teht gs ted ornwa enraobdakm-odhrgaj hfpegonbgtd =;=.Fdthjho orns wegme drnp nut adhr ted prdegstnrgd sgtds n` Laðo bgaj hak [egdrb gaj (_djdasourjdr

@nrdst) hrd wdhlby hfpegonbgtgzdk. Ga rnml `rhmturms ga phrtgmubhr obud-jrdda enraobdakd gs prdsdat,

snfdtgfds hs rnsdttds (`gj. ;5). Ohuodrjdr dt hb. 87:=, wen gavdstgjhtdk sgfgbhr rnmls ga teht hrdh, sujjdstdk

teht fnrd fhrldkby kd`nrfdk phrts n` ted fdthjhoorn fgjet ehvd odda ted snurmd n` snfd n` ted

gfpbdfdats dxmhvhtdk adhroy.

Dhst n` ted Nodrp`hbz, hak mnatgaugaj gatn Mzdmensbnvhlgh, h bhrjd phrtby hfpegonbgtgzdk jhoorngm

gatrusgna mrnps nut (]merdydr & Obòfdb 87:;) hak wgtega ted Nodrp`hbz `hrtedr tn ted anrtewdst, ted fnrd

mnffna hfpegonbgtds hak sdrpdatgagtds nmmur tnjdtedr wgte dmbnjgtd-hfpegonbgtds hak jhradt hfpeg

onbgtds gakgdhtgaj egje-jrhkd fdthfnrpegm mnakgtgnas (egje-prdssurd "Ohrrnvgha" typd) prgnr tn

Phrgsmha fdthfnrpegsf (]tdttadr 87:4). ]drpdatgagtds hak hfpegonbgtds hrd n`tda dbnsdby rdbhtdk

(Lealehffmr & _nst 87:4).

Mnathmt fdthfnrpegsf ga ted sdrpdatgagtds kud tn Phrgsmha gatrusgna n` jrhagtd rdsubtdk ga ted jrnwte

n` hfpegonbd rnsdttds hak nmmhsgnahbby ahrrnw (?9-=9 mf) trdfnbgtd "]trhebstdga" bhydrs.

[ed anrtewdstdra tn anrtedra pdrgpedrhb znad n` ted Onedfgha Fhssg`, g.d. ted ]hxnteòrgajgmuf,

mnasgstgaj n` Yrdmhforgha hak Bnwdr Yhbhdnzngm rnmls, gs h sdmnak, pnssgoby fnrd prnfgsgaj hrdh tn od

mnasgkdrdk hs ted prnvdahamd n` ted hrtd`hmts. [ed rnmls ga tegs hrdh hrd jdadrhbby mehrhmtdrgzdk oy h bnw-

jrhkd (dpgznahb) fdthfnrpegsf, ga wegme prnjrdssgvd hak rdtrnjrdssgvd fdthfnrpegsf gs dvgkdat

(Fgdbld & ]merdydr 8707< ]tdttadr 87:;). Jdntddtnagmhbby hodrrhat mnfpbdxds hrd ted Fòameomrjdr

Fhss mh. 849 lf anrte n` Egdaedgf, hak ted Jrhaubgtjdogrjm `hrtedr tn ted anrtedhst. [emy mnathga egje-

jrhkd fdthfnrpegm rnmls sume hs dmbnjgtds hak jrhaubgtds. Hfnaj ted fh`gd Yhbhmnzngm rnmls n` ted

Fòameodrjdr Fhss bnwdr-jrhkd dpgkntd-hbogtd hfpegonbgtds hak mebnrgtd hfpegonbgtds nmmur.Bnmhbby ted Bhtd-Yrdmhforgha ohsdfdat rnmls n` ted @gmetdbjdogrjd gambukd fh`gm (suo)vnbmhfm rnmls.

[ed gr fgadrh b hssdfobhjd gs mehrhmtdr gzdk oy mebnrgtd + hmtganbgt d + dpgkntd + hbogtd + ogntgt d. Ga

pbhmds h suosdqudat mnathm t fdth fnrpe gsf, kud tn ted gatrusgna n` Phrgsm ha jrhagtds , h``dmtdk ted

ohsdfdat rnmls. H semh`-bgld rmmrysthbbgzhtgna n` enraobdakd nr ted jrnwte n` bhrjd pnrpeyrnobhsts ehs

odda nosdrvdk ga snfd hfpegonbgtds (Kgfrnte 8709).

Hfpegonbgtds ehvd hb.sn odda rdpnrtdk `rnf ted [eòrgajda @nrdst hak [eòrgajda ]megd`drjdogrjd, ted

Drzjdogrjd hak ted ]hmesgsmed Swgsmedajdogrjd (Ygdtzsme 870?). _dmdatby ]menbz sujjdstdk snurmds ga



?89 YN]]GOB D N_ GJ GA N@ H_[ D@H M[]

[eòrgajda hak Fòameodrj `nr snfd n` ted Egdaedgf gfpbdfdats (]menbz, wrgttda mnff.). Zgte rdspdmt

tn ted hfpegonbgtgm hrtd`hmts `nuak ga ]nutedra ]hxnagha prdegstnrgd sgtds, Edrrfhaa & ]meòbbdr (8748)

`hvnur ted adhroy @rhaldaodrj-Ehgagmedadr Swgsmedajdogrjd (?49 lf AAD n` Egdaedgf) hs ted snurmd

hrdh. Ga tegs hrdh hfpegonbd-dpgkntd smegsts (jrddasmegst `hmgds) nmmur wegme hrd rdjhrkdk hs rdtrnjrdssgvd

prnkumts kud tn strnaj fybnagtgzhtgna. [edsd rnmls, hbsn mhbbdk prhsgagtds, hrd `gad jrhgadk hak dgtemrfhssgvd nr smegstnsd.

[ed fdthfnrpegm fgadrhb hssdfobhjd mnfprgsds enraobdakd, mebnrgtd, dpgkntd, hbogtd, quhrtz, tgthagtd

hak mhbmgtd.

Hbnaj ted anrtedhstdra fhrjga n` ted Onedfgha Fhssg` (]ukdtgm znad) h `dw hfpegonbgtd-odhrgaj hrdhs

ehvd odda gakgmhtdk hs pntdat ghb prnvdahamds n` hrtd`hmts. Ga h stuky n` Adnbgtegm hfpe gonbg tgm gfpbd fdats

`nuak ga Mdatr hb Mzdmensbnvhlgh , ]tdbmb dt hb, (87:9) ehvd sujjdstdk ted _ymebdoslç Egbbs hak Eruoy

Cdsdagl Fnuathgas hs pnssgobd snurmd hrdhs. @rdmeda ehs n`tda rd`drrdk tn ted ]noýtlh (Snotda) hrdh ga

]nutewdstdra Ynbhak hs ted prnvdahamd n` hfpegonbgtgm hrtd`hmts (@rdmeda 8704< @rdmeda, wrgttda

mnff.). H sdrgds n` rd`drdamd shfpbds `rnf Fnuat Lýsmgusln (Snotda hrdh), wegme whs lgakby pbhmdk ht

nur kgspnshb oy Kr. H. Fhcdrnwgmz, whs gavdstgjhtdk. [edsd rnmls hrd hfpegonbgtds wgte vhrygaj jrhgasgzds< kddp obud-jrdda enfobdakd pnpeyrnobhsts `nrfgaj wdbb-mrysthbbgzdk sedh`s (`gj. ;7), pnrpeyrnobhstgm

pbhjgnmbhsd hak kgspdrsdk nrd fgadrhbs hrd ted fhga mnastgtudats wgte snfd ogntgtd hak vdry bgttbd

sdmnakhry dpgkntd, mebnrgtd hak tgthagtd. Ga spgtd n` ted sedh`-bgld phttdra n` ted enraobdakd, tedsd rnmls kn

ant rdsdfobd ted typgmhb ]trhebstdgasmegd`dr hfpegonbgtds.

@gvd tega sdmtgnas fhkd `rnf hfpegonbgtds odbnajgaj tn ted Tagvdrsgty n` Onaa mnubk od dxhfgamk

ternuje ted lgakadss n` Yrn` Kr. C. @rdmeda. [ed jdnbnjgmhb snurmd whs gkdatg`gdk hs ted Snotda hrdh

hbtenuje ted dxhmt bnmhbgtgds hrd ualanwa. [w n shfpbds wdrd typgmhb `gadby ohakdk ]trhebstdgasmegd`dr

hfpegonbgtds hak nad h adpergtgm rnml (an. ??9)< ted ntedr twn wdrd fdthjhoorns (an ?84). [ed

hfpegonbgtds `rnf ted ]noýtlh (Snotda) hrdh hrd phrtby surrnuakdk oy jhoorns hak sdrpdatgagtds wegme

mnathga h `dw sfhbb adpergtd nutmrnps (Jdsmewdakt 87:0). [ed.sd adpergtd kdpnsgts fhy pnssgoby ehvd h

Phrgsmha nrgjga sgfgbhr tn teht n` ted trdfnbgtd ohaks ga ted Nodrp`hbz sdrpdatgagtds (Lbgalehffdr &

_nst 87:4). Adpergt d ehs hbsn odda `nuak ga sdrpdatgagtds mbnsd tn ted Mzdmensbnvhlgha onrkd r

(_ymebdoslç Enry nr _dgmedastdgadr Egbbs).

[enuje ant danuje rd`drdamd fhtdrghb gs hvhgbhobd tn dsthobgse ted snurmd n` ted Egdaedgf hrtd`hmts, nad

gs gambgadk tn mnambukd teht ted @gmetdbjdogrjd, [eòrgajda hak ted @rhaldawhbkdr Swgsmedajdogrjd hrd

ted fnst prnohobd hrdhs n` prnvdahamd hak pnssgoby out bdss bgldby, ted Nodrp`hbz @nrdst hs wdbb hs

]nutewdstdra Ynbhak (]noýtlh). . Q 1

]GBGMGMBH][GM FH[D_GHB

kdsmrgptgna n` ted shfpbds

@rhjfdats n` dgjet qudras hak jrgakgaj-stnads dxmhvhtdk ht Egdaedgf wdrd gavdstgjhtdk ga fnrd kdthgb.

@rnf sdvda shfpbds h tega sdmtgna whs fhkd. [ed fhcnrgty n` ted hrtd`hmts wdrd fhkd `rnf ydbbnwgse tn

bgjet ornwagse-ydbbnw quhrtz hrdagtds teht nwd tedgr mnbnur tn ted fhtrgx. [ed shfpbds hrd bgstdk ga nrkdr

n` gamrdhsgaj jrhga sgzd3 ;57 t.s. (fdkguf jrhga sgzd mh. 9.= ff), =8: t.s., ;8; t.s., 08= t.s. (mh. 9.4 ff),

=9:, 47= t.s. hak =99 t.s. Nad shfpbd (??: t.s.) gs h vdry kg``drdat jrdygse-wegtd ohakdk quhrtzgtd wgte h

vgnbdt eud. '• • • •.'"•3

[ed prnpdrtgds wegme hppdhr tn kg`[dr hfnaj ted vhrgnus sdkgfdathry rnml shfpbds hrd ted jrhga sgzd.

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HYYDAKGU GP ?88

jrhga sehpd hak rnuakadss n` ted jrhgas hs wdbb hs snrtgaj, fhtrgx mnatdat, phmlgaj, pnrnsgty hak fgadrhb

mnastgtudats. [edy wgbb od kgsmussdk ga ted adxt phrhjrhpe odmhusd naby snfd n` tedsd prnpdrtgds mha od

kdtdrfgadk fhmrnsmnpgmhbby nr wgte ted hgk n` h oganmubhr fgmrnsmnpd.

[ega sdmbgna hahbysgs

[ensd fgadrhb mnastgtudats wegme mha od kgsmdradk hrd hbfnst hbb quhrtz jrhgas, snfdtgfds wgte hmmdssnry

fgmhs, nrd fgadrhbs, tnurfhbgad hak zgrmna. [ed quhrtz hrdagtds hrd wdhlby pnrnus hak bnnsdby phmldk<

ted jrhgas hrd dfodkkdk ga h vdry `fdby jrhgadk tn mryptnmrysthbbgad (khrl)jrdygse nr ornwagse fhtrgx.

Gatdrstgtghb `bnw strumturds hrd mehrhmtdrgstgm (`gj. 49).

_nuakadss hak snrtgaj n` ted phrtgmbds vhry `rnf shfpbd tn shfpbd. Hrtd`hmts ;57, =8:, ;8; hak 08=

rdprdsdat sdkgfdats wgte jnnk tn fnkdrh td snrtgaj< ted rnuakadss n` ted jrhgas vhrgds `rnf suo-haju bhr tn

hajubhr (`gj. 49)< ted fhtrgx gs khrl jrdygse. ]hfpbds =99 hak 47=, pnnrby snrtdk sdkgfdats wgte h egje

fhtrgx mnatdat, hbsn gambukd bhrjd jrhgas up tn ? ff hmrnss. [ed bhrjdr jrhgas hrd wdbb-rnuakdk tn

rnuakdk, wegbd ted sfhbbdr jrhgas odmnfd gamrdhsgajby hajubhr wgte kdmrdhsgaj jrhga sgzd. [ed ornwagse

fhtrgx mnathgas h bhrjd quhatgty n` vdry `fdby jrhgadk quhrtz (`gj. 48).[ed quhrtz phrtgmbds hrd fnanmrysthbbgad nr pnbymrysthbbgad< dxtgamtgna uakdr mrnssdk agmnbs gs vhrghoby

gagkggbnsd. ]nfd n` ted pnbymrysthbbgad jrhgas mbdhrby kdrgvd `rnf fdthfnrpegm rnmls (`gj. 4?).

]h>apbd ??: gs h wdhlby pnrnus (edrd kud tn kgsgatdjrht gna n` mdrthga fgadrhb mnastg tudats) quhrtz gtd , t ed

uakubnsd phrtgmbds odgaj mbnsdby phmldk. Zedrd ted nrgjgahbby wdbb-rnuakdk jrhgas hrd ga mnathmt, ted

d``dmts n` rdmrysthb bgzhtgna hrd mbdhrby vgsgobd (`gj. 4=). [e d rdsubt gaj `horgm gs wdhlby pnbyjnahb (fnshgm).

Yhrts n` ted kghjdadtgmhbby rdmrysthbbgzdk fgmrnmrysthbbgad fhtrgx hrd stgbb prdsdat.

Ynssgebd prnvdahamd

Zeda ted rnml typds n` ted qudra hak jrgakgaj-stnad `rhjfdats hrd mnfphrdk wgte sgfgbhr rnmls mrnppgaj

nut ga ted hrdh, h strglgaj rdsdfobhamd gs `nuak wgte ted sgbgmg gdk ]meutz`dbs-]megmetda (]mefgkt -Lhb dr

8705). [edsd `buvghtgbd lhnbgad-odhrgaj quhrtz shaks hrd n` Bnwdr Mrdthmdnus nrgjga, ted fhtdrghb kdrgvds

`rnf ted Phrgsmha fnuathga rhajd ga ted anrtedhst. [egs kdpnsgt gs naby bnmhbby sgbgmg`gdk gatn h mnfphmt

"quhrtzgtgm shakstnad", d.j. adhr Ohk Jðjjgaj hak ]hakehrbhakda, mh. 4 lf snutedhst n` Egdaedgf,

hak Ehjdaegbb, mh. : lf tn ted anrtewdst.

]hfpbds (`rnf M.M. Ohldbs) n` tedsd nutmrnps wdrd gavdstgjhtdk (88 tega sdmtgnas). Bgld ted hrtd`hmts

tedy hrd qugtd sgfgbhr ga jdadrhb hppdhrhamd out odgaj vhrghobd ga kdthgb (jrhga sgzd hak sehpd, fhtrgx,

snrtgaj hak rnuakadss). [ed rd`drdamd fhtdrghb hbsn senws gatdrstgtghb `bnw strumturds ga ted fhtrgx,

fnrdnvdr ted hmmdssnry fgadrhb spdmtrh n` ted hrtd`hmts hak ted rd`drdamd mnbbdmtgna senw h mbnsd

rdsdfobhamd.

[ed Egdaedgf hrtd`hmts ;57, =8: hak ;8; ga phrtgmubhr turadk nut tn od vdry sgfgbhr tn ted rd`drdamd

shfpbds `rnf Ohk Jðjjgaj hak tnh bdssdrdxtdat ]hakehrbhakda. Hrtd`hmt 08= gs hbfnst gkdatgmhb tnnadn`ted Ohk Jðjjgaj shfpbds, onte hbsn ehvd typgmhb bdasds n` fnrd fhrldkby sgbgmg`gdk quhrtz hrdagtd (`gj. =7).

[ed prnvdahamd n` hrtd`hmts 47= hak =99 gs bdss mdrthga, hbtenuje tedy hrd stgbb typgmhb n` ]meutz`dbs.

Ynssgoby ted snurmd fhy ehvd odda cust anrtewdst n` ]hakehrbhakda nr adhr Ehjdaegbb, out ted bhttmr

kdpnsgt gs fnrd pnrnus hak ted gatmrfdkghtd-sgzd jrhgas senw odttdr rnuakgaj.

[ed snurmd n` hrtd`hmt ??: ehs ant odda `nuak hak h `nrfdr mnastgtudat n` adhroy [drtghry nr

Xuhrtdrahry kdpnsgts gs uabgldby.



?8? YN]]GOBD N_ GJ GA N@ H_[D @HM[ ]

DB]BNN, ]G[[H_K HAK ][DGA

HFYEGONBG[GM FH[D_GHB

@nrty-terdd hfpegonEtgm shfpbds mnasgstgaj n` hkzds, hkzd `rhjfdats hak rnuje-nuts `rnf Dbsbnn, ]gtthrk

hak ]tdga wdrd gavdstgjhtdk fhmrnsmnpgmhbby. Naby h `dw `rhjfdats `rnf Dbsbnn (;) hak ]tdga (;) wdrdhvhgbhobd `nr tega sdmtgnas. [ed y rdprd sdat naby snfd n` ted wgkd rhajd n` vhrgh tgnas fda tgnadk ga ted tdxt

odbnw.

Kdsmrgptgna n` ted shfpbds

[ed gakgvgkuhb hfpegonEtgm hkzds kg``dr ga ted `grst pbhmd hs h rdsubt n` tedgr strumturd hak jrhga sgzd (`gj

;9). Kg``drdamds ga ted mnbnur n` ted phtgah fhy od prnanuamdk, out tegs gs hbsn kud tn ted kdjrdd n`

wdhtemrgaj. [ed rdbhtgvdby `rdse gfpbdfdats kgspbhy h typgmhb khrl nbgvd-jrdda mnbnur, ted strnajby

wdhtedrdk shfpbds hrd bgjet jrmmagse-jrdy.

Kg``drdamds ga strumtu rd hrd fnrd pr nanuamd k ga mnfphrgsna wgte ted snfdvveht knuotùb sgjagbgmhamd n`

ted mnbnur sn teht ted hfpegonbgtds wdrd kgvgkdk fhmrnsmnpgmhbby gatn sgx strumturhbby kg``drdat jrnups. Nated ohsgs n` ted jrhga sgzd h ùrtedr suokgvgsgna whs fhkd. [e d jrnups hrd mnfpnsdk n` ted òbbnwgaj

shfpbds, bgstdk ga nrkdr n` gamrdhsgaj jrhga sgzd3

G

GG

bgb

GP

P

PG

]g* 80=, D* 84=, ]t* 884-8 t.s., D ;;; t.s., D ==;-8 t.s., ]g 75, ]t 884-? hak D ?99

]t 84:, ]g 894-8, ]g ?0, ]g =94 ( 6 ) ]g =9:, ]t ?==, ]g 875, D 880, D 888 t.s. hak D 84; t.s.

D ;5?, ]g 0;, ]g 890, D =55-8, ]t 4?, ]t 80= t.s.,

D =?4, ]t ;5 t.s.. ]g 894-?, D ;4?, ]t 805 t.s., D ==:, ]g 8;8 hak D ==9

D40, ]g 8?:, ]g7:, ]t??9, D?8;, D?89, ]g 894-=. s

D 8?7 hak D ;4; . .

D =55-?, D ;?? hak ]g 855 '. '

[e d strum turh b mrgt drgh usdk hs ted ohsgs `nr tegs tdathtgvd kgvgsgna hrd h wdhlby nrgda tdk `horgm (G) tn h fnrd

jadgssgm strumturd (GG hak GGG), h wdhl tn prnanuamdk bhydrgaj (GGG, GP hak P) hak h wdhl tn prnanuamdk

pnrpeyrnobhstgm `horgm n` rdbhtgvdby bhrjdr enraobdakd hak `dbksphr jrhgas nr mbustdrs (GG hak GGG). [ed

fdf odrs n` ted sgxte jrnup hrd fnrd nr bdss dxmdptgnahb hfpegonb gtds ( gj. ;9). Gt senubk od fdat gnadk teh t

hfpegonbgtds rdsdfobgaj ted gfpbdfdats n` ted `grst Egdaedgf jrnup wdrd ant damnuatdrdk ht ted Kutme

sgtds.

[ega sdmtgna hahbysgs

[ed fgadrhb mnfpnsgtgna hak pmtrnjrhpegm prnpdrtgds n` ted hfpegonbgtds hrd bgstdk ga thobd ?? (dambnsurd

5).

Fhga mnastgtudats hrd obud -QQrdda enraobdakd, quhrtz, dbksphr hak nrd fgadrhbs. Ogntgtd, mebnrgtd ha k dpgkntd

nmmur ga vhrghobd hfnuats.

Hfpegonbgtds wgte hbfnst mnbnurbdss enraobdakd ehvd ant odda damnuatdrdk. [rhmds nîornwa enraobdakd

fhy od dambnsdk ga obugse-jrdda enraobdakd (`gj. 4;). [ed tdxturhb phttdra n` enraobdakd vhrgds odtwdda

`gad-jrhgadk mbustdrs wgte ousey nutbgads hak rhkghb nr sedh`-bgld mrysthb hjjrdjhtds (`gjs. 44 hak 4:) tn

* D 6Q Dbsbnn, ]g Q ]gtthrk hak ]t ‛ ]tdga.



HYYDAKGU GP ?8=

mnhrsdr vhrgdtgds (`gj. 40). H bdss prnanuamdk "]trhebstdgasmegd`dr" phttdra gs vgsgobd ga ted `fd-jrhgadk

hfpe gonb gtd s. H bhydrgaj gs n`tda prnanuamdk ( gj. 47).

Enraobdakd hak hbsn ogntgtd hak pbhjgnmbhsd fhy ehvd kdvdbnpdk gatn pnrpeyrnobhstgm mrysthbs. [ed

nrgdathtgngg n` ted pnrpevrnobhsts gs jdadrhbby ht rhaknf wgte rdspdmt tn ted `nbghtgna pbham (`gjs. 45

hak 47).Xgghrtz nmmurs jdadrhbby hs pnbyjnahb hjjrdjhtds, snfdtgfds tnjdtedr wgte pbhjgnmbhsd.

Ynssgobd prnvdahamd n` ted hfpegonbgtds

Fhmrnsmnpgmhbby hs wdbb hs ga ted tega sdmtgnas, nad fhy nosdrvd snfd gfpnrthat kg``drdamds omtwdda ted

]nutedra Bgfourj hfpegonbgtgm hrtd`hmts hak tensd `rnf Egdaedgf. [ed vdry `gad jrhgadk tegaby bhydrdk

]trhebstdgasmegd`dr hfpegonbg tds wgte grrdjubhr mrnss-muttgaj vdgabdts hrd hosdat ht ted Kutme sgtds. Gastdhk

nad fhy damnuatdr pnrpeyrnobhstgm hfpegonbgtds wegme senw odttdr mrysthbbgzhtgna hak snfdtgfds wdbb-

kd`fdk bhydrs (`gj. ;9).

[n kdmgkd upna ted prnvdahamd n` tedsd gfpbdfdats gs, mnfphrdk wgte Egdaedgf, h fnrd kg`@gmubt thsl.

An hfpegonbgtgm rnmls nmmur wgtega h kgsthamd n` ht bdhst ?99 lf `rnf ted ]nutedra Bgfourj sgtds. Pha

]trh htda rdpnrts (87;0) teht naby vdry dw hak sfhbb hfpegonbg td pdoobds wdrd damnuatdrdk ga ted jrhvdbs

n` ted Fhhs _gvdr.

]menbz (wrgttda mnff.) sujjdsts teht snfd n` ted Bgfourj fhtdrghb pnssgoby kdrgvds `rnf snurmds ga ted

[eòrgajda @nrmst. @rdmeda gavdstgjhtdk hfpegonbgtgm gfpbdfdats `rnf Fòkkdrsedbf (mh. 04 lf

snutedhst n` ]gtthrk) hak mnambukdk teht h ]noýtlh (Snotda) prnvdahamd whs ga egs npgagna fnst bgldby

(@rdmeda 8704). Bhtdr ed hbsn sujjdstdk ted shfd prnvdahamd `nr hfpegonbgtgm hrtd`hmts `rnf Dbsbnn hak

]tdga (@rdmeda, pdrs. mnff.).

@rnf h jdnbnjgmhb pngat n` vgdw, ga hkkgtgna tn snurmds hbnaj ted pdrgpedry n` ted Onedfgha Fhssg`,

ntedr hrdhs fust hbsn od thlda gatn mnasgkdrhtgna. Ga ted `grst pbhmd ted ahrrnw snutedra strgp n` ted [huaus

rhajd hak h sgfgbhr strgp ga ted snutedhstd ra phr t n` ted Ehrz, onte odbnajgaj tn ted _eda nedrmyag ha znad,

senubk od fdatgnadk. Edrd vdry bnw-jrhkd jrddasmegst `hmgds fdthvnbmhagms nmmur. [ed ohsgm jrddasmegstsn` ted ]nutedra [huaus fhy mnathga ted fgadrhb hssdfobhjd quhr tz + hbogtd + hmtganbgtd

+ mebnrgtd ` sdrgmgtd g- dpgkntd (Hakdrbd & Fdgsb 87:;)< ted fhssgvd vhrgdtgds fhy ehvd odda

sugthobd `nr ted prnkumtgna n` gfpbdfdats. Bnw-jrhkd hfpegonbgtgm rnmls hbsn nmmur ga ted ]nutedra

Ehrz< tedy wdrd quhrrgdk ga Yrdegstnrgd tgfds (]menbz, wrgttda mnff.). @urtedrfnrd adpergtd `dbs hak

`gornus adpergtd, wegme fnst prnohoby wdrd usdk oy dhrby fha, hppdhr hs sdmnakhry bdasds hak vdgas ga

mbnsd mnaadmtgna wgte ubtrhfh`gm ehrzourjgtds ga ted Nodrehrz (Lbujd 870:).

Hfpegonbgtds, enraobdakd jadgssds hak rdbhtdk rnmls hrd hbsn lanwa tn nmmur ga ted mrysthbbgad

ohsdfdats n` ted ]pdsshrt hak ted Nkdawhbk. Ga ted ]pdsshrt tedy hrd `nuak dgtedr hs smhttdrdk rdbhtgvdby

sfhbb gatdrmhbhtgnas vvgtega ted fmthfnrpegm ohsdfdat nr mnammatrhtdk ga bhrjmr aufodrs nr hs bhrjdr

fhssds ga ted anrtedra hak snutedra phrts n` ted mnfpbdx.[ed fhcnrgty n` ted hfpegonbgtds n` ted ]pdsshrt hrd n` fhjfhtgm nrgjga, fh`gm fdthvnbmhagms hs wdbb hs

fdthjhoorns, hak mnasgst n` (jhradt odhrgaj) dpgkntd hfpegonbgtds, hfpegonbgtd- `hmgds fdthknbdrgtds

(wgte rdbgds n` ha npegtgm `horgm), obhstnfybnagtgm hfpegonb gtds, mebnrgtd hfpegonb gtds (fdthjhoorns) hak

mebnrgtd-enraobmakd `dbsds (rdtrnjrhkdk pdrgkntgtds). [ed fmthfnrpegm fgadrhb hssdfobhjd n` ted fdth-

ohsgtds mnasgsts n` obud-jrdda enraob dakd + pbhjgnmbhsd (?9-49% Ha) Q quhrtz ¸ dpgkntd ¸ pyrnxdad ¸

jhradt (Fhtteds & Nlrusme 87:;).

Ht ted anrtewdstdra dkjd n` ted mnfpbdx ted fnst mnfphmt phrts n` h rdbhtgvdby bhrjd hfpegonbgtd bdas



?8; YN]]GOBD N_GJGA N@ H_[D@HM[]

wdrd shfpbmk `nr rd`drdamd purpnsds. [ed fhga mnastgtudats n` tegs hfpegonbgtd hrd h wdbb-mrysthbbgzdk

obud-jrdda enraobd akd senwgaj prdknfgahatb y phrhbbdb nrgdathtgna hak fdth obhstgm pbhjgnmbhsm, mnath ga-

gaj fhay sfhbb gambusgnas< ted bhttår n`tda senw phrhbbdb nrgdathtgna (]g), out hrd gambgadk wgte rdspdmt tn

ted jdadrhb `nbghtgna (]d) n` ted rnml (`gj. 09). Ntedr mnastgtudats n` ted hfpegonbgtd hrd zngsgtd, dpgkntd,

ogntgtd, tgthagtd, rutgbd hak snfd nrd fgadrhbs. [ed gambusgnas hrd fhgaby sfhbb jrhgas n` obud-jrddaenraobdakd hak quhrtz krnpbdts hs wdbb hs snfd jhradt, dpgkntd, zngsgtd, tgthagtd hak rutgbd. [egs

hfpegonbgtd knds ant rdsdfobd hay n` ted (fgmrnsmnpgmhbby) gavdstgjhtdk gfpbdfdats `rnf ]nutedra

Bgfourj.

Ga ted Nkdawhbk ted fdthfnrpegm ohsdfdat rnmls, Yrdmhforgha nr Bnwdr Yhbhdnzngm, gambukd hf-

pegonbgtds, fhgaby n` (suo)vnbmhagm nrgjga, wegme hrd jdadrhbby mnamdatrhtmk ga ]Z-AD trdakgaj znads.

[ed tdfpdrhturd-prdssurd mnakgtgnas kurgaj ted fhga Phrgsmha fdthfnrpegsf ga ted ]pdsshrt hak ted

Nkdawhbk hrd vdry sgfgbhr. Fdthfnrpegsf ga ted Nkdawhbk hbsn tnnl pbhmd uakdr hfpegonbgtd `hmgds

mnakgtgnas hak t ed fdthfnrpegm fg adrhb hssdfobhjd n` ted hfpegon bgtd s mnasgsts n` obud-jrdda enraobdakd

+ pbhjgnmbhsd (?4-44¹'n Ha) + ogntgtd pyrnxdam Q dpgkntd + quhrt z (Nlrusme dt hb. 87:4). Jhradt -

odhrgaj hfpegonbgtds hrd rdstrgmtmk tn ted anrtedhstdra phrt n` ted rdjgna. D``mmts n` mnathmt fdthfnrpegsf hak Bhtm-Phrgsmha rdtrnjrhkhtgna hrd prdsdat.

@rnf ted honvd gt gs mbmhr teht ted fhcnrgty n` ted hfpegonbgtds ga ted ]pdsshrt hak ted Nkdawhbk wdrd

ant sugthobd `nr ted prnkumtgna n` gfpbdfdats.

@gahbby ted Pnsjds hak Obhml @nrdst fhy od thlda gatn mnasgkdrhtgna. Jdnbnjgmhbby onte hrdhs odbnaj tn

nad mnfpbdx, kgvgkdk ga ted A-] kgrdmtgna oy ted _egad jrhoda. Ga onte hrdhs, enwdvdr, hfpegonbgtds hrd

mnfphrhtgvdby smhrmd. [edrd hrd ht prdsdat an gakgmhtgnas teht ted Bgfourj gfpbdfdats mhfd `rnf tedsd

snurmd hrdhs . ,

OH]HB[GM FH[D_GHB

[ed hkzds hak hkzd `rhjfdats n` ted sdmnak bhrjdst jrnup wdrd fhkd `rnf ohshbtgm rnml. [wdaty-sdvda

shfpbds wdrd hvhgbhobm `nr gavdstgjhtgna, 8; `rnf Dbsbnn (88 tega sdmtgnas), 0 `rnf ]gtthrk hak : `rnf ]tdga

(4 tega sdmtgnas).

Kdsmrgpbgna n` ted shfpbds

Fhmrnsmnpgmhbby hak wgte ted hgk n` h oganmubhr fgmrnsmnpd, ted ohshbtgm hkzds wdrd suokgvgkd k hmmnrkgaj

tn strumturd hak jrhga sgzd. [ed tdrf strumturd gs usdk edrd `nr ted pnrpeyrgtgm ehogt n` ted ohshbts hs wdbb hs

ted prdsdamd n` phrhbbdb nrgdathtgna n` ted fgadrhb mnastgtudats kud tn `bnvv. [erdd bhrjdr jrnups, h `dw

sfhbbdr nads hak sdvdrhb hkkgtgnahb gakgvgkuhb typds mha od kgstgajugsedk. @nr snfd jrnups ted suokgvgsgna

mnrrdspnaks wdbb wgte ted mnbnur n` ted phtgah.

[e d bhrjdst jrnup n` ohsh bt mnasgsts n` shfpbds ]g ?=8, ]g 877 (Q ) ]g =4;, ]t ?=7 t.s., D 854 t.s., ]g ?48, D

;58, D 8?: hak ]g 00 ga nrkdr n` gamrdhsgaj jrhga sgzd hak/nr pnrpeyrgtgm ehogt. [edsd ohshbts hrdmehrhmtdrgzdk oy h strnaj pnrpeyrgtgm strumturd ga wegme wdbb-kdvdbnpdk gkgnfnrpegm obhml pyrnxdads,

snfdtgfds ga mbustdrs, hrd mbdhrby vgsgobd tnjdtedr wgte h eypgkgnfnrpegm ornwagse nbgvgad, hbwhys

surrnuakdk oy h sdrpdatgad rgf, hak nvhbngk rdbgds n` ohshbtgm enraobdakd (`gj. ;8). [edrd hrd rdbhtgvdby

fnrd pyrnxdad teha nbgvgad pemanmrysts. H phrhbbdb nrgdathtgna rdsubtgaj `rnf `bnvv fhy od prnanuamdk.

[ed mnbnur n` ted phtgah vhrgds `rnf bgjet sgbvdry-jrdy tn ornwagse-jrdy.

[e d sdmnak jrnup gambukds ga nrkdr n` gamrdhsgaj jrhga sgzd hak pnrpeyrg tgm ehogt ]t 80;-8 t.s., D 89?

t.s., D =00 t.s., D 0=, D 095 t.s. hak ]t 884-= t.s. [edsd ohshbts hrd `fdr jrhgadk, dspdmghbby ted pedanmrysts.



HYYDAKGU GP ?84

H `bnw strumturd gs naby vgsgobd wgte ted hgk n` ted fgmrnsmnpd. [ed pdrmdathjd n` pedanmrysts vhrgds, hak

hbsn ted rdbhtgvd houakhamd n` pyrnxdad wgte rdspdmt tn nbgvgad. [ed mnbnur n` ted phtgah gs fnrd nr bdss

ornwagse jrdy (obhml spnttdk).

[e d tegrk bhrjd jrnup mnasgsts n` fd-jrhgadk ohshbts wgte h ornwagse-jrdy tn jrdygse-ornwa mnbnur. Ht

`grst sgjet tedsd rnmls ehvd h "shakstnad-bgld" hppdhrhamd. Yedanmrysts hrd ehrkby vgsgobd. Naby wgte tedhgk n` h oganmubhr fgmrnsmnpd mha nad nosdrvd h prdknfgahamd (snfdtgfds fhrldk) n` nbgvgad nvdr

pyrnxdad. @bnw ohak gaj gs nmmhsgnahbby vgsgobd. [e d shfpbds ga tegs jrn up hr d ]t 8?7, D =4; t.s., ]t 80;-?

t.s., D 099-8 t.s., D =;; t.s.( 6 ) D 099-? t.s. hak ]g ;04.

[ed dtedr ohshbtgm hkzds kg``dr sbgjetby tn fhrldkby `rnf ted terdd honvd-fdatgnadk jrnups ga jrhga

sgzd, strumturd hak hbsn mnbnur. [edsd shfpbds hrd D =57 t.s., h vdry `fdby jrhgadk ohshbt wgte rdbhtgvdby

bhrjd pedanmrysts, ]t ?:, D =75 t.s., ]t 8=4 t.s. hak D ==;-? t.s. '•'

[ega sdmtgna hahbysgs ' ' 3•

[ed fgadrhb mnfpnsgtgna hak ted pdtrnjrhpegm prnpdrtgds n` ted ohshbts hrd bgstdk ga thobd ?= (dambnsurd 7).

Zed a mn fphr gaj pedanmrysts hak j rnuak fhss n` ted ohshbtgm hkzds nad nosdrvds teht ted kg `drdamds gajrhga sgzd hrd jdadrhbby kgstgamt, hak naby ga h `dw n` ted ohshbtgm hkzds gs ted trhasgtgna fnrd jrhkuhb.

[ed jrnuakfhss mnasgsts fhgaby n` ted shfd prgfhry fgadrhb mnastgtudabs hs ted pedanmrysts, hbtenuje

ted rdbhtgvd houakhamds fhy vhry fhrldkby, d.j. pbhjgnmbhsd.

[ed fhga mnastgtumats n` ted ohshbtgm hkzds hrd (tgthan)fhjadtgtd, nbgvgad, tgthahujgtd, ornwa ohshbtgm

enraobdakd, ogntgtd, pbhjgnmbhsd, bdumgtd, adpedbgad, hak snfd sdmnakhry fgadrhbs.

([gthan)fhjadtgtd mnffnaby kgspbhys h wdbb-kdvdbnpdk gkgnfnrpegsf, onte ted bhrjdr mrysthbs hak ted

sfhbbdr nads ga ted jrnuakfhss. ]gzd kg``drdamds hrd jdadrhbby jrhkuhb (`gj. 08).

Mnbnurbmss nbgvgad pedanmrysts fhy od prdsdat hs dqugkgfdasgnahb mrysthbs nr hs prgsfs. [egs fgadrhb gs

phrtby tn mnfpbdtdby sdrpdatgagzdk (`gjs. 08 hak 0=).

[gthahujgtd, pbdnmerngm ga vgnbdt hak ornwa, n`tda kgspbhys wdbb-kdvdbnpdk znagaj hak twgaagaj. Gt

fhy nmmur hs gakgv gkuhb mrysthbs nr ga mbustdrs, snfdtgfds tnjdtedr wgte nbgvgad hak/n r tgt hanfhjadtg td

(`gjs. 0?hak0=).

Egjeby pbdnmerngm ornwa ohshbtgm enraobdakd nmmurs ga h `dw hkzds (D 854, ]t ?=7) hs bdatgmubhr-sehpdk

onkgds teh t ehvd mehaj dk phrt by nr mnfpbdtdby gatn pbhjgnmbhsd, hujgtd, reðagt d hak tgt hanfhjadt gtd

(@rdmeda 8704< `gj. 0;).

Ogntgtd naby nmmurs ga hkzd D =57 hs rgfs hrnuak hrnuak nbgvgad (`gj. 00),

Ybhjgnmbhsd gs h fhga mnastgtudat ga ted jrnuakfhss n` hbfnst hbb ted hkzds. Gt nmmurs hs sfhbb bhtes n`tda

ga fnrd n` bdss phrhbbdb nrgdathtgna, teus gakgmhtgaj fhjfhtgm `bnw (`gj. 04). [ed sfhbb mrysthbs hrd

jdadrhbby twgaadk. Naby ga h `dw mhsds hrd bhrjd pedanmrysts n` pbhjgnmbhsd prdsdat. Ohshbts rgme ga

pbhjgnmbhsd hrd hbsn lanwa hs pbhjgnmbhsd ohshbts (@rdmeda 8704).

H dw hkzds sddf tn ehvd adpedbgad hs h fganr mnastgtudat ga ted jrnuakfhss, ou t twn hkzds wdrd `nuaktn od `ngk-rgme, g.d. ted ohshagtds D ==;-? wgte adpedbgad tnjdtedr wgte pbhjgnmbhsd hak D =57 wgte bdumgtd

hak adpedbgad (`gj. 00).

Ynssgobd prnvdahamd n` ted ohshbts

Hbb ted ohshbtgm hkzds gavdstgjhtdk wdrd fhkd `rnf nbgvgad ohshbt< hbfnst hbb mnathga vhrghobd hfnuats n`

tgthanfhjadtgtd, nbgvgad hak tgthahujgtd hs fhga fh`gm mnastgtumats hak pbhjgnmbhsd usuhbby hs ted naby,

.snfdtgfds houakhat `dbsgm mnastgtudat. @ngk-rgme ohshbtgm rnmls wdrd damnuatmrdk ga naby twn mhsds



?80 YN]]GOBD N_ GJ GA N@ H_[ D@HM []

(ohshagtds), wegme pnssgoby fhy sujjdst teht tedsd rnmls wdrd bdss httrhmtgvd `nr usd hs hkzds. [ed fnst

sugthobd vhrgdtgds sdmf tn od ted `fd jrhgadk, fnkdrhtdby pnrpeyrgtgm, mnfphmt hak pbhjgnmbhsd-rgme

ohshbts.

@rnf ted fhp (dambnsurd :) gt hppdhrs teht ted snurmd rnmls hrd mbnsd ht ehak. Dhrbgmr prnvdahamd

kdtdrfgaht gnas mhrrgdk nu t oy @rdmeda usgaj snfd n` ted ohshbtgm hkzds rnf ted sgtds ga ]nuted ra Bgf our jgakgmhtdk, ga ogs npga gna, nutm rnps ga ted ]gdodajdo grjd hak ga nad mhsd ted Zdstdra Dg`db (@rdmeda,

wrgttda mnff.). Gt gs novgnus teht ted fnst prnohobd snurmd rnmls `nr tedsd ohshbtgm gfpbdfdats hrd bnmhtdk

ga ted ]gdodajdogrjd, Anrtedra Dg`db, Egje Dg`db hak Zdstdra Dg`db hrdhs, wegbd ted Bhhmedr ]dd hak

Zdstdrwhbk hrdhs mhaant od dxmbukdk datgrdby.

[ed prdsdamd n` (phrtby hbtdrdk) ohshbtgm enraobdakd hs h typgmhb fgadrhb mnastgtudat ga ted ohshbts n` ted

`grst jrnup gs h strnaj gakgmhtgna teht tedsd hkzds wdrd quhrrgdk adhr Ohk Jnkdsomrj na ted wdstdra sgkd

n` ted _egad (Byajsodrj, MhdmgbgìaeðedP

[e d hkzds n` ted sdmnak hak tegrk jrnups ha k pnssgoby hbsn h dw ntedrs prn ohob y hbb kmrgvd bgnf ohshbtgm

rnmls `rnf ted ]gdodajdogrjd hrdh (Nodrlhssdb, Yhpdbsodrj, Knbbdaknr`). [edy fhy ehvd odda quhrrgdk

`rnf ted jdnbnjgmhbby prgfhry rnmls nr `nuak hs onubkdrs ga ted (nbkdr) _egad tdrrhmds. Naby vdry rdmdatbyh ohshbtgm onubkdr rdsdfobgaj ted Byajsodrj fhtdrghb whs damnuatdrdk ga h _egad tdrrhmd honut 8? lf

anrte n` ]gtthrk.

]hfpbd D ==;-?, h ohshagtd wgte adpedbgad, senws snfd rdsdfobhamd tn ted [nfodrj ohshagbd, 8: lf

snute wdst n` Ohk Jnkdsodrj. @ngk-rgme ohshbtgm rnmls hrd ant hs houakhat ga ted ]gdodajdogrjd hrdh hs tbgd

fnrd sgbgmh-shturhtdk pbhjgnmbhsd-rgme ohshbts.

Ga nad mhsd ha hkzd n` rhtedr hodrrhat fhmrnsmnpgmhb hppdhrhamd turadk nut tn od h ogntgtd-odhrgaj

ohshagtd rgme ga bdumgtd hak adpedbgad (D =57). Gt whs rdmnjagzdk oy @rdmeda hs mnfgaj `rnf Jnssodrj ga

ted Zdstdra Dg`db, anrtedhst n` Jdrnbstdga.

Hfnaj ted gfpbdfdats `rnf ]nutedra Bgfourj whs nad hrtd`hmt (D ?85) fhkd `rnf h knbdrgtgm rnml

wgte h wdbb-kdvdgnpdk npegtgm strumturd. [gthahujgtd, nbgvgad hak pbhjgnmbhsd hrd ted fhga prgfhry

mnastgtudats hak mhbmgtd hak mebnrgtd hrd sdmnakhry fgadrhbs.

Gt gs ant uabgldby teht ted nrgjgahb knbdr gtd whs `nuak ga ted tdr rhmd kdpnsgts n` ted Fh hs _gv dr. Knbdrgtds

ga tedsd kdpnsgts nrgjgahtd `rnf ted ]nutedra Hrkdaads (Zhtdrbnt & Odujagds 87:=).

]GBGMGMBH][GM FH[D_GHB

Kdsmrgptgna nc ted shfpbds

[ed gavdstgjhtdk sgbgmgmbhstgm hrtd`hmts `rnf ted BOL-sgtds Dbsbnn, ]gtthrk hak ]tdga mnasgst n` h jrnup n`

sgxtdda hkzd `rhjfmats, terdd qudra `rhjfdats hak sdvdrhb `rhjfdats n` dxtdasgvdby wdhtedrdk jrgakgaj-

stnads.

[ed fhcnrgty n` ted hkzds wdrd fhkd `rnf wdhlby fdthfnrpegm mnfphmt quhrtzgtgm rnmls, jdadrhbby

kgspbhygaj h wdhl smegstnsgty nr bhydrgaj. [egs jrnup gambukds terdd jrdygse fdthquhrtzgtds (D 054 t.s., D05; t.s. ha k] t 84= t.s.), sg xk hr lj rd yt n hbfnst obhml quh rtz gtg m peyTgtds (D ;7 t.s., D :8 t.s., D 0::, ]t 80:, D

0;; t.s. hak D ;7? t.s.), nad obhml sgbgmdnus sehbd nr bykgtd wgte h mehrhmtdrgs tgm mnamen gkhb `rhmturd (D :4

t.s.), twn khrl ornwa quhrtz hrdagtds (D 08 hak D ;:: t.s.), h khrl ornwa sgbgmdnus sehbd (]g B.P.) wgte ha

gfpdr`dmt mnamengkhb `rhmturd, h quhrtzgtgm smegst (]g :4), h quhrtzgtgm jrddasmegst (]t BP) hak h strnajby

wdhtggdrdk ogntgtm jadgss (]g 80:).

[e d te rdd ydbbnwgse qudra `rhjfdats (D = t.s., D ;9 t.s. hak D 4: t.s.) hrd sbgjetby pnrnus quhrt zgtd s. [e d

jrgakgaj-stnad `rhjfdats hrd hbb quhrtz hrdagtds wegme kg``dr ga mnbnur hak mnfphmtgna. [erdd shfpbds



HYYDAKGU GP ?8:

vvdrd thlda `nr tega sdmtgnas. ]nfd hrd rdkkgse-ornwa kum tn prnanuamdk bgfnagtgzhtgna (shfpbds D 88 hak

D =:)< ted ntbu'gs hrd ornwa tn ydbbnwgse (shfpbds D :9).

[ega sdgtgna hahbvsgs

Fgmrnsmnpgmhbby ted hkzds kg``dr `rnf dhme ntedr ga ted strumturd hak ted kdjrdd n` fdthfnrpegmrdmrysthbbgzhtgna, ted sgzds, sehpds hak rdbhtgvd hfnuats n` ted fhga mnastgtudats quhrtz, sdrgmgtd,

fusmnvgtd, ogntgtd, mebnrgtd, hs wdbb hs ted hmmdssnry fgadrhbs tnurfhbgad, zgrmna, rutgbd hak nrd fgadrhbs,

ted pgmsdgud hak rmbhtgRd hfnuats nbrnml phrtgmbds hak fhtrgx, hak ted prdsdamd n` h kgspdrsdk khrl-

ornwa tn obhml pgjfdat.

[ed sgx khrl jrmy-mnbnurdk gfpbdfdabs nu d tedgr mnbnur tn h pgjfdat, kgspdrsdk gernujenut ted rnml

out fnrd gatdasgvdby mnamdatrhtdk ga `gadr-jrhgadk ohaks. [ed quhrtz phrtgmbds (up tn 9.8 ff) ga ted vdry

`gadby jrhgadk fhtrgx hrd hajubhr. [edsd wdhlby fdthfnrpegm (fusmnvgtd hak mebnrgtd) rnmls wdrd

nrgjgahbby ohakdk mhronahmdnus hrdagtds wgte h egje mbhy mnatdat (`gj. 0:).

[ed Gour bgjetdr jrdy gfpbdfdats ehvd h egjedr quhrtzgtd mnatdat.

[ed rdmrysthbbgzdk quhrtz phrtgmbds n` D 054 bgd ga mbnsd mnathmt wgte nad hantedr hak ehvd grrdjubhr(bnohtd) rgfs (`gj. :?). [ed fhtrgx n` D 054 `nrfs ornvvagse mryptn-mrysthbbgadsgbgmdnus phtmeds. ]hfpbds D

05; hak ]t 84= hrd fnrd smegstnsd wgte fusmnvgtd hak mebnrgtd-odhrgaj sgausngkhb strgajs hrnuak ted

quhrtz phrtgmbds.

]hfpbds D ;7? hak D :4 ehvd ga mnffna teht onte rnmls hrd edhvgby pgjfdatdk hak vdry `gad hak dvda

jrhgadk, out tedy kg``dr ga teht D :4 gs h ana-fdthfnrpegm obhml sgbgmdkus sehbd (bykgtd) wgte bdasds n`

mryptn-mrysth bbgad qu hrt z dambnsgaj fha y sfhbb rutgbd mrysthbs hak D ;7? gs h khrl-mnb nurdk mebnrgtngk-

odhrgaj \ceybbgtd (`gjs. 05 hak 07). [ed prgsfhtgm mebnrgtngk fdthobhsts kdvdbnpmk prgnr tn ted bhtdst

kd`nrfhtgna.

[ed khrl ornwa quhrt z hrdagtds, D 08 hak D ;::, hrdb hydrd k hrdagtds wgte mnh rsm rjr hg asd fod kkd kg ah

sgbgmgbgdk fhtrgx (`gj. :9). [edy sddf ehrkby h``dmtdk oy fdthfnrpegsf. [ed fhcnrgty n` ted phrtgmbds

(kghf. 9.95-9.; ff) hrd hajubhr tn suo-rnuakdk quhrtz jrhgas< ga hkkgtgna tedsd rnmls mnathga fhay rnml

`rhjfdats hak adwby `nrfdk nrd fgadrhbs (pyrgtd mrysthbs). ]hfpbd ]g B.P. pnssgoby rdprdsdats h sgfgbhr

rnml typd wgte h `gadr hvdrhjd jrhga sgzd.

[e d jrddagse hkzd `rhjfdat, ]t BP, gs h quhrtzg tgm smegst, mnasgstgaj n` quhrtz wgte h vhrghobd jrhga sgzd

(up tn 9.5 ff), wdbb mrysthbbgzdk mebnrgtd, fusmnvgtd hak snfd hbogtm, hak hmmd.ssnry tnurfhbgad hak nrd

fgadrhbs (ej. :8).

[ed gananmrysthbbgad hak pnbymrysthbbgad m|gghrtz mnastgtudats n` ted quhrtzgtgm tn quhrtz hrdagtgm qudras

hrd mbnsdby phmldk. [ed mnathmts hrd sbgjetby gakdatdk hak phrtby strhgjet (fnshgm) wgte naby wdhl trhmds

n` rdmrysthbbgzhtgna hrnuak ted nrgjgahb jrhga onuakhrgds. [ed hvdrhjd jrhga sgzds vhry odtwdda 9.?-9.4

ff.

[e d fhcnrgty n` ted haju bh r (D =:) tn suo-rnuakdk (D :9) quhr tz jrhgas (hvdrhjd jrhga sgzd 9.? ff) n`

ted jrgakgaj-stnads gs fnanmrysthb bgad. D` dmts n` kghjdad tgm rdmrysthbbgzht gna hrd gamgpgdat hak naby vgsgobd

weda bgfnagtgzhtgna gs wdhl.

Ynssgobd prnvdahamd

[ed Xuhtdrahry tdrrhmd kdpnsgts n` ted Fhhs _gvdr mnathga houakhat rnml fhtdrghb (onubkdrs, mnoobds,

dtm.) sgfgbhr tn ted rnml typds teht wdrd usdk tn fhld hrtd`hmts. [eus h bnmhb prnvdahamd `nr ht bdhst phrt n`

ted fhtdrghb gs prnoh obd hak tegs sddfs bn hppby dspmmghbby `nr ted bgjet-jrdygse (fdth)quhrtz gtg m




gfpbdfmats hak ted ana-fdthfnrpegm qumra `rhjfdats.

[n hssufd h bnmhb snurmd `nr ted khrl jrdy tn obhml mnbnurdk hkzds, enwdvdr, gs fnrd knuotùb sgamd tedsd

rnmls hrd qugt d smhrmd ga ted tdrrhmm kdpnsgts (vha ]t rhh tda 87;0). Fnrdnvdr, ted `dw sfhbb bykgtd stnads

damn uatd rdk ga ted kdpnsgts hrd kdvngk n` ted typgmhb rutgbd mrysthb gambusgnas wegme wdrd `nuak ga tbgm bykgtd

n` hkzd D :4. Ga ted npgagna n` vha ] trhhtda ted bykgtds n` ted Fhh s _gvdr tdrrhmds kdrgvd `rnf tedHrkdaads Fhssg`

[wn spdmgfdas, D :8 hak D 0;; wegme ombnaj tn ted jrnup n` khrl jrdy gfpbdfdats, wdrd `nuak tn

mnfphrm qugtd `hvnurhoby wgte h sgfgbhr (rm`mrmamd) rndl-typd `rnf Enrgna-Enzçfnat ga Dhstdra

Odbjguf, wedrd ga prdegstnrgd tgfms h wnrlsenp whs bnmhtdk (Krhkna 870:). Hbtenuje n` bgjetmr mnbnur,

shfpbd D ;7 fhy ehvd ted shfd prnvdahamd.

[ed mebnrgtngk-odhrgaj peybbgtd (D ;7?) fust ehvd gts prgfhry snurmd ga ted bnw-jrhkd fdthfnrpegm

mnrds ga ted Hrkdaads, snute n` ]thvdbnt nr odtwdda _nmrng hak Ohstnjad, rdspdmtgvdby (Zhtdrbnt &

Odujagds 87:=).

Zgte rdjhrk tn ted wdhlby fdthfnrpegm quhrtzgtgm smegsts hak quhrtzgtds ha dxhmt jdnbnjgmhbby prgfhry

snurmd gs fume fnrd kg``gmubb tn gakgmhtd. Jrmygse tn jrddagse quhrtzgtds hak jrdy tn khrl jrdy quhrtzgtdshrd lanwa `rnf ted bnwdr Yhbhdnzngm n` ted Hrkdaads (Zhtdrbnt & Odujagds 87:=).

[ed bgfnagtgzdk quhrtz hrdagtds usdk `nr ted jrgakgaj stnads, hrd kdrgvdk `rnf bnmhbby mdfdatdk shaks n`

ted Fhh s _gvdr tdrr hmd kdpnsgts (Y.Z. Onsme, nrhb mnf f.) . '3 3



HYYDAKGU GP ?87

=5h =5o

Q ¼ Q Q .

] =5k

Qg3'3Q3Q-Q =7o

tgj. =5. Fhmrnsmnpgmhppmhrhamdnbbnurhfpbggonbugmhkzmstrnf Egmaedgf3 (h) grrdjubhrby ohakmk hak h tgam pnbgse (E 8957), (o) hspbgatmry `'rhmturm (E 488), (m) h bgamhr `horgm (E =9:-=) hak (k) ha grrmjubhr `nbghtgna (E 787). mh ?.4 - .

@gj. =7. (Qumra `rhjfdat (E 08=) hak rd`drdamd fhtdrghb (Ohk Jðjjgaj) wgte bgjet ornwagse mnbnurdk bdasds. mh ?.4 U.



??9 YN]]GOBD N_GJGA N@ H_[D@HM[]

;9h - Q ;9o

;9m ;9k

. ' Q

;9d [*.'.., 'Q=QrQ .•c<v«<-.Q*-..1'>'¼gQ--..• ;8

"(Q. ;9. Fhmrnsmnpgm hppdhrhamd n` `nur hfpegonbgtgm hkzds `rnf ]nutedra Bgfourj3 (h) vdry `gad-jrhgadk (D ;;;), (o) h bgadhr`horgm (D 880), (m) bgadhr phtmeds (D ;4?), (k) strnajby bhydrdk (D :4?) hak (d) rdbhtgvdby mnhrsd pnrpeyrnobhstgm pbhjgnmbhsd hakenraobdakd (D =55-?). mh ?.4 x .

@gj. ;8. Mehrhmtdrgstgm sur`hmm tdxturd n` h ohshbtgm hkzd `rnf ]nutedra Bgfourj (]g 00), pnssgobd prnvdahamd adhr Ohk Jnkdsodrj. mh?.4x.



HYYDAKGU GP ??8

b -ff

'•QCt1 1 v «O v[ 8 ;;

@gj. ;?. Hfpegonb gtd wgte fgmrnmrys thbead obugse jrdda enra obda kd hjjrdjhtds wgte ousey nutbgads (Eg daedgf 895=), ;9 U .

@gj. ;=. HfpegbL)bgtd wgte rdbhtgvdby rnhrsdr obud jrdda enraobdakd mbustdrs (Egdaedgf =47). ;9 U .

@gj. ;;. Pdry `gad jrhgadk hfpegonbgtd ugtgg tvpgmhb "]trhebstdgasmegd`'dr" ehogt (Egdaedgf 077). ;9 U .

@gj. ;4. Admkgds n obugsbg jrdda enrao bdakd pdadt rhtg aj rhkghbby ga h quhr tz vmgabmt n` ha hfp ego netd (Egda edgf 4=9). 49 U .



??? YN]]GOBD N_GJGA N@ .H_[[email protected][]

```-

3 ;7

@îQ. •#0'. Ynrpb gyrnob hstg m enr aob dak d ga hfp ego nbg tm (Eg dae dgg a 88;9). ;9U . ' .

@g.gb. ;:. @gambv bhvmrmk hfpegonbgtm (Egdaemgf 85=-8). ; 9 x . - .

/'Pgc. ;5. Hfpegbx)bgtg/htgna n`sQheorn hbnauQ Grhmburms. [egmrbgaQ, _mtQmggsour£<dr @nrmst. ;9x ,

@gj. ;7. ]emh`-bglm mbustdrs nt'mnhrsm jrhgamk enraobdakd nrgdatmk ht rhaknf ga hfpegonbgtm 8'rnf Fnuat Lnsmgusln (Snotda hrdh),]nutewdstdra Ynbhak. ;9 U .

http://fi.il/

http://fi.il/

http://fi.il/



HYYDAKGU GP ??=

@gj. 49. Fnkdrhtdby snrtdk, suo-hajubhr quhrtz jrhgas dfodkkdk ga mryptnmrysthbead khrl fhtrgx wgte gatdrstgtghb bbnw strumturds(quhrtz hrdagtd, Egdaedgf =8:). ;9 x .

@gj. 48. Ohkbv snrtdk quhrtz hrdagtd (Egdaedgf =99) wgte fgdrnmrysthbbgam hajubhr quhrtz phrtgmbds ga ted fhtrgx. Mrnssdk agmnbs.;9x.

@gj. 4?. YnbymrysthTgad quhrtz jrhgas ga quhrtz hrdagtd kmrgvdk `rnf Phrgsmha fdthfnrpegm rnmls (Egdaedgf 08=). Mrnssdk agmnbs.;(Cx.

@gj. 4=. Kghjdadtgm rdmrysthbbgzhtgna n` h quhrtzgtm (Egdaedgf ??:)< ted mnatnurs n` ted nrgjgahbby suo-rnuakdk phrtgmbds hrdstgbb vgsgobd. Bnwdr phrt mrnssdk agmnbs. ;9 U .



??; Y N ] ] G O B D N _ G J G A N @ H _ [ D @ H M [ ]

40

@gj. 4;. Hfpegonb gtd `rnf Dbsbnn (D =;;-8) wgte trhmds n` ornwa e nraob dakd , damgrmbdk, wgtega obud-jrdda e nrao bda km. ;9 U .

@gj. 44. Hfpbggbgnbgtd wgte enraobdakd mbustdrs hak sedh`s (Dbsbnn 80=). ;9 x .

@gj. .40". _dbhbgvmby mnhrsdby mrysthbbgzdk enraobdakm hak pbhjgnmbhsd pnrpeyrnobhsts ga hfpegonbgtd (Dbsbnn 888). ;9 x .

@gj. 4:. @gad-jrhgamk rhaknfby nrgdatdk obugse jrdda enraobdakd addkgds hak sedh`s ga hfpegonbgtd (]tmga 805). ;9 U .



H Y Y D A K G U G P ??4

@gj. 45. Hfpegonbgtd wgte rdbhtgvdby bhrjd obud jrdda enraobdakd pnrpeyrnobhsts (]tdga ;5). ;9 U .

@gj. 47. Bhydrdk h fpegon bgtd wgte rdbhtgvdby bhrjd ogntgtd mrysthbs hssnrghtdk wgte quhr tz< snfd ogntgtds hrd nrgdatdk pdrpd akgmu bhr

wgte rdspd mt tn ted `nbghtgna (Dbsbnn ==; -8) ;9 x .

@gj. 09. _d`drdamd hfpegonbgtd (Anrtewdstdra ]pdsshrt) wgte pbhjgnmbhsd pnrpeyrnobhst mnathgagaj gambusgnas (h.n. jhradt).

Gat dra hb nrg dath tgna (]g) n` gambusgnas gs nobg qud wgte r djhr k tn dxtdr ahb `nbghtgna ( ]m), ;9 U .

@gj. 08. Nbgvga d ohshbt wgte pedanmrysts n` tgthanf hjadt gtd ga vhrghob d sgzds, nbgvgad hak t gthahu jgtd (Dbsbnn 095), ;9 U .




`QQQ 0?

04

@()c. g>. Nbgvgad ohshbt wgte tgthah ujgtd mbustdr (Dbsbnn 099- 8). ;9 U .

@gj. 0=. _dbhtgv dby bhrjd pe dandry sts n` nbgvgad hak tgt hahu jgt d ga nbgvgad ohshbt (]tdga 8=4). ;9 U .

@gj. 0;. Nbgvgad ohshbt wgte phrtby hak mnfpbdtdby hbtmrdk ohshbtgm enraobdakd, tgthahujgtd hak nbgvgad (Dbsbnn ?=7), ;9 U .

@gj. 04. Ybhjgnmbhsd ohshbt wgte nbgvgad hak aufdrnus rdbhtgvd bhrjd pbhjgnmbhsd bhtes kgspbhygaj h `bnw nrgdathtgna (Dbsbnn =00), ;9 x .



HYYDAKGU GP ??:

05 L]Q`]r`Q``]¼ 0 7

@gj. 00. Ohshagtd, pnssgobd nrgjga Zdstdra Dg`db, wgte ogntgtd-rgffdk nbgvgad pemanmrysts hak wgtega ted jrnuakfhss adpedbgadhak dqugkgfdasgnahb bdumgtd wgte h typgmhb gambusgna phttdra (Dbsbnn =57), ;9 x .

@gj. 0:. Zdhlby bhydrdk khrl ornwa pgjfdatdk mnfphmt peybbgtd, pnssgobd nrgjga Enrgzna Enzçfnat (Dbsbnn 0;;), ;9 x .

/""!>. 05. [ypgmhb bykgtd wgte fgmrnmrysthbbgam quhrtz mbustdrs (Dbsbnn :4), ;9 U .

@gj. 07. Khrlby pgjfda tdk mb gbnrgtngk-odhrga j peybbgtd (Dbsbnn ;7?). Mebnrgtngk gs damgrmbmk. ;9 U .




@gg<. :9. Khrl ornwa hrdagtd wgte h egje fhtrgx mnatdat (Dbsbnn ;::). Mrnssdk agdnbs. ;9 x .

@ga. :'- Fusmnvgtd, dobnrgtd hak hbogtd edhrgaj quhrtzgtgm "jrddasmegst" (]tdga BP). Mrnssdk agdnbs. ;9 x .

@gQ. :?. @'gad-jrhgadk quhrtzgtd wgte grrdjubhr jrhga-onuakhrgds (Dbsbnn 054). Mrnssdk agdnbs. ;9 U .

@gj. :=. Xuhrtz hrdagtd jrgakgaj-stnam `rhjfdat wgte bgfnagtgm mdfdat (Dbsbnn =:). Ynssgobd snurmd3 Fhhs _gvdr tdrrhmd. ;9 x .



HMLANZBDKJFDA[]

Ga w rgtgaj h onnl n` tegs lgak nad gadvgthoby addks ted edbp n` fhay mnbbdhjuds, sgamd gt gs gfpnssgobd tn

wrgtd h stuky ga phbdndmnbnjy hbb hbnad. @rnf ted odjgaagaj G ladw G ehk fhay qudstgnas wegme G whs

uahobd tn haswdr fysdb`, out G advdr gfhjgadk teht ted pdnpbd wenf G hsldk tn haswdr tedf `nr fd, wnubk

kn sn wgte sn fume datenusghsf. G hf kddpbv jrhbdùb tn temf. G mhaant fdatgna hbb, out wnubk bgld tn

ahfd ted `nbbnvvgaj3

Hbb fy `rgdaks hak mnTmhjuds ht ted ".Fkdaenvdadr Ybh ttd ", Kr. M.D .]. Hrps (Bdgkda), C. C. Hssdaknrp

(Bdgkda), Kr. @. Ohhs (Bdgkda), E. kd Ohlldr (Zhjdagajda), Kr. Z. Ohuodrjdr (Fòameda), Y.Z. Onsme

(Eddrb da), Gr. F. kd Oruga (Kdb t), Kr. H.[. Mbhsna (Jrnagajd a), C.K.C. vha Kndsourj (Zhjdagajda),

F.J. Krhkna (@bçfhbbd-Ehutd), M. vha Krgdb-Furrhy (Hfstdrkhf), Gr. _.Y.Z. Kuga (Kdb`t), Z.F.

@dbkdr (Eddrbda), Yrn`. Kr. C. @rdmeda (Onaa), F.D.[e, kd Jrnnte (Bdgkda), ted fdfodrs n` ted

"Emdf luggkd U'drdagjgaj Oddl", Kr. M._ .Ch assd a (Ttrdmet), H.J. Cnaj fhas (Zhjdagajda), Kr. L. E.

Laðrzdr (Aduss), Gr. Y.C.F. Lnrtenvma (Kdb`t), Z.C. Lugcpdr (Bdgkda), Kr. H. Fhcmrnwgmz (ZrnmG'hw),

Kr. H. Fhxen`dr ( Gajnbs thkt) , YC. H. vha Fdasme (Bdgkda), Kr. Z.J. Fnnl (Jrnagajda), C. Fubbdr

(Bdgkda), Kr. M.C. Nvdrwddb (Bdgkda), Kr. B. vha kdr Ybhs (Zhjdagajda), Gr. C.A.O. Yndbfha

(Zhjd agajd a), Kr. C. ]mehbgme (Lrd`dbk), Kr. E. ]mefgkt -Lhbdr (Fòamed a), Kgpb. Hrme. Gaj.jdnb. Gaj.

fnat . J.@. ]menbz (]mewhrzdaodrj), C. ]meugc` (Bdgkda), Kr. @.E. ]mewdgaj ruodr (Ogrfdasknr`), Kr. Gr.

]. ]bhjdr (Zhjdagajda), Y. vha kd Pdbkd (Bdgkda), Kr. C.C. kd Prgds (Hfstdrkhf, hak bhst out mdrthgaby

ant bdhst Gr. E.[.C. vha kd Zdtdrgaj.

[ed onnl gtsdb` nwds fume tn ted slgbb n` ted tdmeagmhb sth`` n` ted Gastgtutd n` Yrdegstnry ht Bdgkda. Ga tegs

lgak n` puobgmhtgna nad gs ant suppnsdk tn tehal temf. Hbb ted shfd G wgbb kn sn, odmhusd G naby fdt wgte

meddrùb `hmds weda M.F. Onffmzgca (typdsmrgpt ), C. Y. Onnjdrk (krhwgajs), ZQC. Lugcpdr (bhonrh tnrv

wnrl hak krhwgajs), Z.E.C. Fmuzdbhhr (pentnjrhpes) hak J._. [hl (krhwgajs) ehk tn prdphrd snfd-

tegaj `nr fd.

[erdd pdnpbd 8 lmpt bn ted bhst. Zgtenut ted damnurhjdfdats n` Yrn` Kr. Y.C._. Fnk kdrfh a, Kr. J.C.

R 'd rw mr s hak b)g' . B.Y. Bnggwm Lnngcfhas G wnubk ant ehvd trgt'k tn wrgtd snfmte gaj bglm tegs ht hbb . Hs h

fhttdr nb bhmt temy sujjdstmk tn fd ted mnfogahtgna n` dmnbnjy hak prdegstnry. G nwd fume tn temf.



_D@D_DAMD]

Hodb, Z. (870:), Kdutsmed Hjrhrjdsregnetd G G3 Jdsmegmetd kdr kdutsmeda Bhakwgrts meh`tvn f `ròeda Fgttdbhbtdr ogs

zuf 87. Che reu akd rt, ]tuttjhrt .

Hakdrgd, E.C. hak ]. Fdgsb (87:;), Jdnbnjgsme-Fgadrhbnjgsmed Dxlursgna ga kda ]òkthuaus, @nrtsmergttd kdr

Fgadrhbnjgd 48, p. 8=:-840.

Hakdrsda, ].[. (87:=), [ed kgb[drdatghb pnbbda prnkumtgvgty n` trdds hak gts sgjag`gmhamd `nr ted gatdrprdthtgna n`

h pnbbda kghjrhf `rnf h `nrdstdk rdjgna, ga3 E.C.O. Ogrls hak _.J. Zdst dk., Xuhtdrahry Ybhat Dmnbnjy, Nx`nrk,

p. 897-884.

Haldb, M. hak L. [hmldaodrj (8708), Dgad bgadhrohakldrh fgsmed ]gdkbuaj odg Kukdrs thkt (]òk-Eh aanvdr ),

Pdrð``datbgmeuajda kdr urjdsmegmetbgmeda ]hffbuajda kds Bhakdsfusdufs zu Ehaanvdr 80.Hrmegvds _.F.v.N., .Hrmegvds n` ted "_gclsfusduf vha Nukedkda," Bdgkda.

Hrmegvds _.N.O., Hrmegvds n` ted "_gclskgdast vnnr edt Nukedgkluakgj Onkdfnakdrzndl" (]thtd ]drvgmd `nr

Hrmednbnjgmhb Gavdstgjhtgnas ga ted Adtedrbhaks), Hfdrs`nnrt.

Hrdtga, J. @rdgedrr vna (8:74), Hltmafhssgjd Knahufnns -Lubtur-Jd smegmetm , Fha aed gf.

Htbhs vha Adkdrbhak. ]thhtskrulldrgc, Kda Ehhj.

Ohldbs, M.M. (87:=), Bhajwdgbdr-?3 Pnrbggu`gjd Fhtdrghbuakdrsumeuajkdr Kdmesdb, _edgagsmed Husjrhouajda 8=, p.

8=0-8=7.

Ohldbs, M M . (87:4), Adutrna da-hmt gvdrgaj shahb ysm vha vuurstdda tda odendvd vha prdegstnrgsme nakdrzndl, ]thrgaj gh

=, p. ;8-;?.

Ohuodrjdr, PP. hak D.N. [dusmedr (870;), Kgd wgmetgjstda Jadgsduak Druptgvjdstdgad kds Fnbkhauoglufsuak gerd

Pdrordgtuaj, Ohydrgsmeds Jdnbnjgsmeds Bhakdshft dk., Drbhutdruajda zur Jdnbnjgsmeda Lhrtd vna Ohydra

83499999, p. 7-84.Ohuodrjdr, Z. dt hb. (87:=), ga3 E. Znb`, "Laðobgaj-]]Z", kgd dpnayfd ]gdkbuaj kdr dakadnbgtegsmeda Mehfdr

Jruppd uak kgd wdgtdrda vnrjdsmegmetbgmeda @uakstdbbda gf Jdogdt kds Jrhkhotdgbuajsobhttds 05;8-_nkgaj,

@dstsmerg`t Jyfahsguf-]tukgdaedgf Mehf 87?=-87:=, p. 80:-8:;.

Ohufhaa, Z. hak C. ]meubzd-Fntdb (8705), Adnbgtegsmed Lubturp`bhazdardstd hus ]hmesda. Hrodgts- uak

@nrsmeu ajsodr gmetd zur ]hmesgsmeda Onkdakda lfhbp`bdjd 85, p. 7-?5.

Odmldrs, E.C . hak J.H.C. Odmldrs (87;9), Pnnrjdsmegd kdags vha Sug k-Bg four j, Fhhs trgme t.

Oderdas, E. (8709), Adud Odbdjd `bgr kgd Haw da kua j vna @hroda odg kdr fgttdbkd utsmem a Ohakldrh aggl,

Husjrhouajda uak @uakd 4, p. 8?-80.

Oderdas, E. (87:=), Kgd Cuaj stdg azdgt gf Fgttdbd bod-]hh bd-Jdo gdt, Pdrð``datbgmeuajda kds Bhakd sfus dufs `òr

Pnrjdsmegmetd ga Ehbbd ?:.

Odbkdrnl, O. hak C. Edakr gls (874=), Yhbyanbnjgsme nakdrzndl vh a edt vdda ogc Orndlsgbthrk, Ahtuureg stnrgsm eFhhakobhk ;?, p. 0;-00.

Odrjbuak, O.D. (87:=), Ynbbda kgspdrshb hak kdpnsgtgna ga ha hrdh n` ]nutedhstdra ]wdkda-snfd prdbgfgahry rdsubts.

ga3 EC.O. Ogrls hak _.J. Zdst dk., Xuhtdrahry Ybhat Dmnbnjy, Nx`nrk, p. 88:-8?7.

Odrtsme, L. (87?5), Lbgfh, Y`bhazdakdmld uak Odsgdkbuaj Fgttdbdurnphs ga vnr- uak `ròejdsmegmetbgmedr Sdgt ahme



_D@D_DAMD] ?=8

kda Drjdoagssda kdr pnTdahahbytgsmeda @nrsmeuaj. Odrgmetd kdr _ðfgsme-Jdrfhagsmema Lnffgssgna 85, p.

8-80:.

Ogaas, _.H. hak G. FmOrykd (87:?), H pdtrnbnjgmhb hahbysgs n` jrnuak-mkjd hrtd`hmts `rnf Anrtedra Adw ]nute

Zhbds, Hustrhbgha Honrgjgahb ]tukgds ;: (Yrdegstnry hak Fhtmrghb Mubturd ]drgds 89), Mhaodrrh.

Obndfdrs, C. E. @. (87:8/87:?), Hrmednbnjgsmed lrnagdl vha B gfou rj nvdr kd chr da 8707-87:9, Yuob gmhtgnas kd bh]nmgçtç Egstnrgqud dt Hrmeçnbnjgqud khas Gd Bgfonurj 89:-895, p. :-:7.

Obndfdrs, C. E. @. (78:=), Hrmednbnjgsmed lrnagdl vha Bgfo urj nvdr kd chrda 87:8-87:?, Yuobgmh tgnas kd bh ]nmgçtç

Egstnrgqud dt Hrmeçnbnjgqud khas Gd Bgfonurj 897, p. :-44.

Onkdux, H. (8744), Hbadtuf jbutganshd, Fgtt. @bnr.-snz. Hrodgtsjdf. A.@. 4, p. 88;-8=4.

Ondssadml, C. (8745), Sur Datwgmlbuaj vnr- uak `ròejdsmegmetbgmedr Ehus- uak Zgbktgdrd Ohydras gf _hefma kdr

jbdgmezdgtgjda [gdrwdbt Fgttdbdurnphs, ]tukgìa ha vnr- uak `ròejdsmegmetbgmeda [gdrrdstda Ohydras ?.

Onefdrs, H. hak H. Orugca (8745/8747), ]thtgstgsmed uak jrhpegsmed Fdtenkda zur Tatdrsumeuaj vna

@bgatlnfpbdxda GP. Khs bgtegsmed Fhtdrghb hus kda ohakldrhfgsmeda ]gdkbuajda ga kda Agmkdrbhakda,

Yhbhdnegstnrgh 0/:, p. 85=-?88.

Onefdrs, H. hak Hq. Znutdrs (8740), ]thtgstgms hak Jrhpes ga ted ]tuky n` @bgat H.ssdfobhjds EB H Yrdbgfgahry

_dpnrt na ted ]thtgstgmhb Hahbysgs n` ted Fdsnbgtegm ga Anrtewdstdra Durnpd, Yhbhdnegstnrgh 4, p. ?:-=5.Onrfhaa, @.E. hakJ.D. Bgldas (87:9), [ed autrgìat mymbds n` ha dmnsystmf. ]mgdatg`gm ,'Rfmrgmha ??=, an ; (Nmtnodr

87:9), p. 7?-898.

Obgal, @.E. vha kda (87:?), Snnjkgdrdajgks, Hfstdrkhf.

Orndl, C.F.F, vha kda (8745/8747), Onkmaluakm uak Hrmehnbnjgd fgt odsnakdrdr Odzujahefm hu` kgd

Husjrhouajda gf Adnbgtegluf vna ]gtthrk uak Jdbdda, Yhbhdnegstnrgh 0/:, p. :-85.

Orndl, C. F. F, v ha kda hak Z.E . Kgdfna t (8700), Edt ]hvdbsons. Onsjdzmbsmehppda da onk df. Pdrsbhjda vha

Bhakonuwluakgjd Nakdrzndlgajda 05?, Zhjdagajda.

Orugca, H. (8745/8747), [dmeagl uak Jdorhume kdr ohakldrhfgsmeda @dudrstdgajdrhtd, Yhbhdnegstnrgh 0/:, p.

?8=-??;.

Oruga, F. kd, dt hb. (87:?), [ed usd n` ana-kdstrumtgvd hmtgvhtgna hahbysgs hak phttdra rmmnjagtgna ga tedstuky n` `bgat

hrtd`hmts, Hrmehdnfdtry 8;, p. 44-0=.Oruga, F. kd, dt hb. (87:=), Yhttdra rmmnjagtgna hs h sthtgstgmhb fdtenk `nr hahbyzgaj ted mna`gkdamd bdvdb ga ted

Gkdatg`gmhtgna n` nocdmts, Cnurahb n` _hkgnhahbytgmhb Medfgstry 84, p. 858.

Oruaahmldr, L. hak J. Lnsshml (874:), Dga Odgtrhj zur vnrrðfgsmeda Odsgdkbuajsjdsmegmetd kds agdkdrohymrgsmeda

Jhuonkdas, Hrmehdnbnjgh Jdnjrhpegmh 0, p. ;=-4;.

Oruaadr, L. (879=), Sur @nrsmeuaj òodr hbtd ]meg`b[stypda hu` kda Ogaadajdwhssmra uak ha kda Lustda Kdutsmebhaks

uak kdr hajrdazdakda Bhakdr, Mnrrdspnakdaz-Obhtt kdr kdutsmeda Jdsdbbsmeh`t `òr Haternpnbnjgd, @teanbnjgd

uak Trjdsmegmetd UUUGP, p. 8-8=.

Ourrg, M. (8747), Ydtrnmedfgsmed Odrdmeauajsfmtenkda hu` hdqugvhbdatdr Jruakbhjd, Ohsdb.

Oursme, @.M, (87=:), Ohakld rhfgsm ed Znea jru oda odg Jdbdda, Jdrfh agh ? 8, p. 4-0 .

Outtbmr, Z. (87=5), Kdr Knahubhakgsmed uak kdr wdstgsmed Lubturlrdgs kdr còajdrda ]tdgazdgt, Ehakoume kdr

Trjdsmegmetd Kdutsmebhaks ?, Odrbga hak Bdgpzgj.

Outtbdr, Z. hak Z. Ehodrdy (87=0), Kgd ohakldrh fgsmed Hasgdkbuaj odg Lðba-Bgakd atehb, _ðfgsme-Jdrfhagsmed

@nrsmeuajda 88.

Mhradgrn, _.M. (8740), ]bhse-hak-Oura Hjrgmubturd3 h mbnsdr bnnl ht gts gfpbgmhtgnas `nr sdttbdfdat phttmras, ga3

[email protected]. Zhbbhmd dk.. Fda hak Mubturds, Yegbhkdbpegh, p. ??7-?=;.

Mhssdbodrry, ].D. (87:;), @urtedr rd`gadfdat n` `nrfubhd `nr kdtdrfgagaj pnpubhtgna `rnf `bnnr hrdh, Znrbk

Hrmehdnbnjy 0, p. 88:-8??.

Megsenbf, F. (8705), _urhb sdttbdfdat hak bhak usd, Bnakna.

Mbhrl, C.J.K. (874?), Yrdegstnrgd Durnpd, [ed Dmnanfgd Ohsgs, Bnakna.

Mbhrld, O. (87:4), [ed mhusds n` ognbnjgmhb kgvdrsgty, ]mgdatg`gm Hfdrgmha, Hujust 87:4, p. 49-09.



?=? _D@D_DAMD]

Mbhrld, K.B. (8705), Hahbytgmhb Hrmehdnbnjy, Bnakna.

Mbhrld, ].[. (87:8), Hfdtenk `nr ted kdtdrfgahtgna n` prd-egstnrgd Yudobn pnpubhtgna dstgfhtds. Mdatdr `nr Fha hak

Davgrnafdat, Yrdsmntt Mnbbdjd (mgtdk ga Mhssdbodrry 87:;).

Mbhsna, H.[. (8705), [ed hagfhb onads n` ted ohakmdrhfgm hak Fgkkbm .Rjd sdttbmfmats adhr Oybhay ga

Onbgdfgh, Yhbhdn egstnrgh 8;, p. 8-8:.Mbhsna, H.[. (87:?), ]nfd rdfhrls na ted usd hak prdsdathtgna n` hrmehdnznnbnjgmhb khth, Embgaguf UGG, p.

8=7-84=.

Mbhsna, H.[. (87:=), ]nfd hspdmts n` stnml-orddkgaj hak euatgaj ga ted pdrgnk h`tdr ted ohakmdrhfgm mubturd anrte

n` ted Hbps, ga3 C. Fhtnbdsg dk., Knfdstglhtgna s`nrsmeuaj uak Jdsmeg metd kdr Ehustgd rd, Oukhpmst, p. ?94-? 8?.

Mbhsna, H.[. (ga prdss), [ed `huahb rdfhgas, ga3 Y.C._. Fnkkdrfha, Kgd amnbgtegsmed Odsgdkbuaj odg Egdaedgf, Bklr.

Ldbedgf G. Fhtdrghbed`td zur Ohydrgsmeda Pnrjdsmegmetd.

Mnalgga, E. (874:), Ehauaýn Hjrgmubturd. H rdpnrt na ha gatdjrhb systdf n` seg`tgaj mubtgvhtgna ga tgu- Yegbgppgads,

@.H.N. @nrdstry Kdvdbnpfdat Yhpdr 8?, _nfd.

Mnanbby, H.Y. hak D. Kheb (87:9), Fhxgfuf suffdr tdfpdrhturd ga rdbhtgna tn ted fnkdra hak quhtdrahry

kgstrgoutgnas n` mdrthga hrmtgm-fnathad spdmgds ga ted Orgtgse Gsbds, ga3 K. Zhbldr hak _.J. Zdst dk.. ]tukgds ga

ted vdjdthtgnahb egstnry n` ted Orgtgse Gsbds, Mhforgkjd, p. 847-??=.

Mnnl, ].@. (87:?), Yrdegstnrgd kdfnjrhpey. Fnkubd An 80, Hkkgsna-Zdsbdy Fnkubhr Yuobgmhtgnas.

Mnnl, ].@. hak _. @. Edgzdr (8704), ]tuk gdsn a ted Medf gmhb Hahbysgs n` Hrmehdn bnjgmhb ]gtds, Tagv drsg tvn `Mhb gbor agh

Yuobgmhtgnas ga Haternpnbnjy ?, Tagvdrsgty n` Mhbg`nragh Yrdss, Odrldby hak Bns Hajdbds.

Mnnl, ].@. hak _.@. Edgzdr (8705), _dbhtgnasegps hfnaj Enusds, ]dttbdfdat Hrdhs hak Ynpubhtgna ga Honrgjgahb

Mhbg`nragh, ga3 L.Mb Mehaj dk., ]dttbdfdat Hrmehdnbnjy, Yhbn Hbtn, p. :7-880.

Khourna, E. (870=), Bds Kçjhts kd mdr` dt kd medvrdugb da `nrãt. _dvud `nrdstgård `rhamQhgsd 88, p. 509-5:;.

Khfhs, K. (87:?), [ed Mnppdr Dslgfn, ga3 F.J. Fgmmegdrg dk., Euatdrs hak Jhtedrdrs tnkhy, Adw Wnrl, p. =-49.

Khvgs, @.K. (87:4), Kgd Enrastdgajdrhtd kds hbtmrda uak fgttbdrda Adnbgteglufs gf Knahurhuf zwgsmeda Aduourj

uak _djdasourj, Onaadr Ed`tm zur Pnrjdsmegmetd 89.

Kdjdronb, F. hak E. Lrnj (8748), Dfys nrogmubhrgs B. ga Kdafhrl, Khafhrls Jdnbnjgsld Takdrsnjdbsm 88 _hmlld

:5.

Kdfogrgslh, F. (87:0), Zgbk mnra pbhats jhtedrdk ga ted 7te-8=te mdaturgms ga ted bgjet n` phbdnonthagmhb fhtdrghbs,

@nbgh Xuhtdrahrgh ;:, p. 7:-89=.

Kgdz, [e. (8705), Kgd Onkda, ga3 E. ]mefgkt-Lhbdr dk., Drbhutdruajda zur Jdnbnjgsmeda Lhrtd vna Ohydra 83?4999,

Obhtt Ar. :8=0 Amusthkt h.k. Knahu, Fòameda, p. 88;-8=?.Kgfrnte, D. (8709), ]trhtgjrhpegm, [dltnagl uak Fdthfnrpensd gf ]òkwdstbgmeda @gmetdbjdogrjd, Kdr Hu`smebuO,

]nakdred`t 5, p. :8-57.

Kgxna, C.D ., C. _. Mha a ha k M. _da`rdw (8705), Nosg kgha h ak ted nrgjgas n` trh kd, ]mgdatgtgm Hfdrgmha ?85, an =

(Fhrme 8705), p. =5Q0.

Knera-Gefgj, F. (87:;), Tatdrsum euaj dazu rOhak ldrh fglg f_ed gabh ak, _edgagsmed Husjrhouajda 84, p. 48-8;?.

Kna.sdbhhr, C. vha (8708), Na ted vdjdthtgna n` `nrfdr rgvdr odks ga ted Adted rbha ks, Zda tgh 4, p. 8-54.

Krhkna, F.J. (870:), Kçmnuvdrtd k'htdbgdrs kd thgbbd dt kd `fgtgna k'edrfgadttds nfhbgdaads, Edbgaguf :, p. ?4=-?47.

@.H.N. (874:), Mhbnrgd _dqugrdfdats, _dpnrt n` ted ]dmnak Mnffgttdd na Mhbnrgd _dqugrmfdats, [email protected]. (87:;), @.H.N.-Tadsmn ]ngb Fhp n` ted Znrbk. 834999999, Pnbufd G. Bdjdak, 47 pp. Tadsmn-Yhrgs.

@hrrujjgh, C.-Y. dt hb. (87:=), Kdr ohakldrhfgsmed ]gdkbuajspbhtz Bhajwdgbdr ?, _edgagsmed Husjrhouajda 8=.

@dbkdr, Y.C. hak Y .M. F. _hkd fhld rs (87:8), 4 ch hr npjrhvg aj vha prdegstnrgsmed vuurstddafgcada td _ymlenbt-]t.

Jddrtrugk, Jrnakonnr da Ehfdr =, p. =5-44.

@dbkdr, Z. (87:4), Puurstdda ga kd Fhhstrgmetsd lhblstdda, ]thrgajgh =, p. 88-84.

@gaady, O._. (870:), Adw Ydrspdmtgvds na Ynbyadsgha Pnyhjgaj, ga3 J.H. Egjebhak dk., Ynbyamsgha Mubturd

Egstnry. Enanbubu, p. 8;8-800.

@grohs, @. (87;7), ]pht- uak ahmedgszdgtbgmed Zhbkjdsmegmetd Fgttmbdurnphs Aðrkbgme kdr Hbpda B Cdah.



_D@D_DAMD] ?==

@bngsmeòtz, @. (87;8), Bhhtjbhmghbd H`zdttgajda ga Fgkkda- da Annrk-Bgfourj, Edt [gcksmerg`t vha edt

Adkdkhaksme Hhrkrgclsluakgj Jdanntsmehp BPGGG, p. 7=;-7=7.

@nrkd, K.M. (8705), Bhak hak Bhonr, ga3 W.H. Mneda dk., Fha ga Hkhpthtgna. [ed Mubturhb Yrdsdat, Megmhjn,

p. 847-8:=.

@rdmeda, C. (8704), Fòkkdrsedgf3 Ydtrnjrhpegsmed Tatdrsumeuaj vna ]tdgajdrht ozw. kdssda _neathtdrghb, ga3 L.]megdtzdb, Fòkkdrsedgf, @uakhfdath H 8, p. =7-;?.

@rdmeda, C. (87:8), ]gdodajdogrjd hf _edga-Bhhmedr Publhajdogdt- Fhhrjdogdt kdr Zdstdg`db. Publhaðbnjgsme-

pdtrnjrhpegsmed Dxmursgnada, ?. Hu`bhjd. Odrbga.

@rdmeda, C., F. Enpfhaa hak J. Ladtsme (ant khtdk), Kgd vublhagsmed Dg`db, ;. Hu`bhjd, Onaa.

@rddfha, K. (87:9), _dpnrtda ted Goha. Fnanjrhpes na snmghb Haternpnbnjy an. ;8, Bnakna ]mennb n` @,mnanfgms,

Bnakda.@rdazdb, O. (8700), Mbgfhtgm mehajd ga ted Htbhatgm/suo-Onrmhb trhasgtgna na ted Anrtedra Edfgspedrd3 onthagmhb

dvgkdamd, ga3 Znrgk Mefhtd `rnf 5999 tn N O.M., p. 77-8?=.

@rgmlegajdr, D. (87=?), ]pgrhbldrhfgsmed ]gdkbuaj odg Edrledgf O.H. Aðrkbgajda, Jdrfhagh 80, p. 85:-879.

@rgmlegajdr, D. (87=;), ]pgrhbldrhfgsmed ]gdkbuaj odg Ahedrfdffgajda O.H. Aðrkbgajda, Jdrfhagh 85, p.

?4?-?4:.@uerfhaa, _. (87:=), Kgd sphtwdgmesdbjbhzghbd uak enbnzCgam FnTuslda`huah Fgttdb- uak PPdstshmesdas, @rdgodrjdr

@nrsmeuajsed`td M ?:5 Yhbhnatnbnjgd.

@uald, E. (8707), Medfgsme-hahbytgsmed Tatdrsumeuaj vdrsmegdkdadr hrmehnbnjgsmedr @uakd, Kgssdrthtgna

Ehfourj.

Jhbb, Z. (87:4), _nstda uak Kh rrda ga urjdsmegm etbgmedr Sdgt, Hbt-[e òrga jda 8=, p. 87 0-?9;.

Jdsme wdakt, @. (87:0), Kgd gca`fhbgjd Datk dml uaj kds smebdsgsmeda Adpergts, Yrhegstnrgsme d Sdgtsmerg`t 48, p. 08 -04 .

Jðttbgme, L. (8744), Ynbbdahahbytgsmed Tatdrsumeuajda zur Datwgmlbuajs- uak Pdjdthtgnasjdsmegmetd kds

Bhajdahudr Knahufnnrds odg Tbf, Ce. Pdr. vhtdrb. Ahturl. Zòrttdfodrj 889, p. 8:8-875.

Jnkwga, E. (8708), [ed Mrnnagha Bdmturd. _hkgnmhrona khtgaj hak Xuhtdrahry egstnry ga Orgthga, Yrnm. _ny. ]nm.

Bnak. O 84=, p. ?5:-=?9.

Jrhkfhaa, _. (8575), Khs Y`bhazdabdoda kdr ]mewhogsmeda Hbo, [òogajda.

Jrhkfhaa, _. (8798), Khs fgttdbdurnphgsmed Bhaksmeh`tsogbk ahme sdgadr jdsmegmetbgmeda Datwgmlbuaj, Jdnjr.

Sdgtsmer. :, p. =08-=::, ;=4-;;:.

Jrndafha - vha Zhhtdrgajd, Z. (8705), [ed Dbf Kdmbgad hak ted `grst Hppdhrhamd n` Ybhathjn fhgnr, Pdjdthtgn 84,

p. ?7?-?70.

Jrndafha -vha Zhhtdrgajd, PP. 87:9/87:8), Edmlda gf wdstdurnphgsmeda @ròeadnbgtegluf, Odrgmetda _.N.O.

?9-?8, p. ?74-?77.

Jrnnte, F.D.[e, kd (ga prdss). ]gbdx kdr Ohakldrhfgl, ga3 Y.C._. Fnkkdrfha, Kgd adnbgtegsmed Odsgdkbuaj odg

Egdaedgf, Bklr. Ldbedgf G, Fhtdrghbed`td zur Ohydrgsmeda Pnrjdsmegmetd.

Jrnnte, F.D.[e, kd (ga prdss), Jdsmebg`[dad ]tdgajdrhtd, ga3 Y.,C._. Fnkkdrfha, Kgd adnbgtegsmed Odsgdkbuaj odg

Egdaedgf, Bklr. Ldbedgf B Fhtdrghbed`td zur Ohydrgsmeda Pnrjdsmegmetd.

Ehhrda, E.F.D. vha hak Y.C._. Fnkkdrfha (87:=), Dga fgttdbadnbgtegsmedr @uaknrt uatdr Lnagajsonsme, Yrnv.

Bgfourj, Hahbdmth Yrhdegstnrgmh Bdgkdasgh PB p- 8-;7.

Ehcahbnvh, D. (87::), Nktbhmly lubtòrayme rhstbga z adnbgtu ah vymenkanf ]bnvdaslu, Hrmednbnjgmlç rnzebdky

UUGU, p. 8?8-8=0.

Ehasda, E.N. (8708), Fukenusds, Lufb 8708, p. 8?5-8;4.

Ehvgajh, H.C. (87:;), Yrnobdfs ga ted Gatdrprdthtgna n` Ynbbda Kghjrhfs n` Fgadrhb ]ngbs, Jdnbnjgd da Fgcaonuw

4=, p. ;;7-;4=.

Edgf, C. (87:9), Bds rdbhtgnas datrd bds spdmtrds pnTgagquds rçmdats dt bh vçjçthtgna hmtudbbd da Durnpd nmmgkdathbd,

Bnuvhga.

Edgtz, M. (87:4), Pdjdthtgnasdatwgmlbuaj uak Zhbkjrdazsmewhaluajda kds ]pht- uak Ynstjbhzghbs gf



?=; _D@D_DAMD]

Nodrehbostdga (Jrhuoòakda/]mewdgz) fgt odsnakdrdr Odròmlsgmetgjuaj kdr @gmetdamgavvhakdruaj, Odgtrhjd zur

jdnonthagsmeda Bhakdshuàhefd kdr ]mewdgz, Ed`t 44.

Edbohd l, E. (8709), Mnf fda t na Med anpn kgu f hbo uf hs h `nnk pbhat ga prdegstnry, Odr. Jdnon t. Gast. D[ E _òodb

=8 , p. 80-87.

Edrrfhaa, _. hak H. ]meòbbdr (8748), Kgd Jdstdgad Fgttdb- uak Cuajstdgazdgtbgmedr Jdrhtd kds Kðodbadr _hufdsuak G erd Pdrhro dgt uaj, Hrodgts- uak @nrsmeuajs odrgme td zur shmesgsmeda Onkdakdalfhb p`bdjd, 8 Fhg 8749 - =9

Hprgb 8748, p. 89 :-8?:.

Egh tt , B._ . (8705), Nwad rse gp hak usd n` bhak h fnaj ted .«Qustrhbgha Honrgjgads , ga3 _.O . Bdd hak G. Kd Pnr d

dk.. Fha ted Euatdr, Megmhjn, p. 77-89?.

Egjjs, D.]. (87:4), Yhbhdndmnanfy, Mhforgkjd.

Egaz, E. (8707), Kgd Husjrhouajda hu` kdf Lgrmeodrj ga Fnrlda, Lrdgs Odrjedgf (Dr`t), _edgagsmed

Husjrhouajda :, p. 7-84 (Kgd ohakldrhfgsmed ]gdkbuaj).

Enedadstdr, H. (8709), Jrhsedgkda uak @ðerdawhbkdr hu` Kgbuvghb- uak Knbnfgtshakda gf aðrkbgmeda Ohydra,

Odrgmetd kdr Ohydrgsmeda Onthagsmeda Jdsdbbsmeh`t zur Dr`nrsmeuaj kdr edgfgsmema @bnrh UUUEG. p. =9-54.

Enedasthttdr, D. hak E. Pgkhb (8705), Fnnrvnrlnffda hu` Obhtt Adusthkt h.k. Knahu, ga3 E. ]mefgkt-Lhbdr,

Drbhutdruajda zur Jdnbnjgsmeda Lhrtd vna Ohydra 83?4 999, Obhtt Ar. :8=0, Adusthkt h.k. Knahu, Fòambu-a, p.50-57.

Enbvvdrkh, C. E. (87?5), Adkdrz dttgajd a ogc ]tdga hha kd Fhhs, Nukedg klua kgj d Fdkdk dbgaj da G U, p. =-49.

Enp`, F. (8704), Fòkkdrsedgf, Dgad Hasgmkbuaj kdr còajdrda Ohakldrhfgl gf _edgabhak3 Onthagsmeds Fhtmrghb,

@uekhfdath H 8, p. 8?=-8?;.

Enp`, F. (8705), Khs cuajs tdga zdgt bgmed Knr` Lerdast dga3 @ròmetd uak ]hfd a, Pdrð`b[datbgmeuajma kds sthh tbgme da

Hftds `ggr Kdalfhbp`bdjd ]tuttjhrt, _dgem H, Pnr- uak @ròejdsmegmetd bN/E, p. :-::.

Enra, E.]. (87:4), @nrdst ]ummd.ssgna, ]mgdatg`gm ,Rfdrgmha Fhy 87:4, p. 79-75.

Enutzhjdrs, J. hak F. kd Lnagaj (87=5), Kd Onnfsnnrtda, Hraedf.

Eumlrgdkd, _. (87:?), Hbtenbnzhadr Odjgaa kdr Hudbdef-]dkgfdathtgna gf Bhea-[hb> Antgzob. Edss. B.-Hft

Onkda`nrsme. 899, p. 84=-80=.

GCssdbgaj, F.H. hak H. ]medyjrnak (8749), Snnjkgdrda vha Adkdrbhak, twddkd edrzgdad krul, Sutpema.

Gspenrkgaj, Z.M. (87:;), Mnfogadk tedrfhb hak U-rhy kg`grhmtgna tdmeagqud `nr gkdatg`gmhtgna n` mdrhfgmwhrd

tdfpdr hak phstd fgadrhbs, Hfdrgmha Hatgqugty =7, p. ;::-;5=.

Gvdrsda, Cnes. (87;;), Pgsmuf, Edkdrh hak Gbdx hs Mbgfhtç gakgmhtnrs, Jdnb. @nrda. @ðrehakb. 00, p. ;0=-;5=.

Gvdrsda, C. (87:=), [edkdvdbnpfdatn` Kdafhrl's ahturd sgamd ted Bhst Jbhmghb, Khafhrls Jmnbnjgsld Takmrsnjdgsd

P. _hdlld Ar :-M.

Gzglnwgtz, L.J. (8748), Bhfdt, Egbb Ydhshats ga @rdame Gaknmegah, Dtanbnjgslh ]tukgdr 8:, Jðtdonrj.

Chaluea, E. (8707), Kdutsmed Hjrhrjdsmegmetd B Pnr- uak @ròejdsmegmetm vnf Adnbgtegluf ogs zur

Pðbldrwhakdruajszdgt, ]tuttjhrt.

Chassda, M_. (8709), Na ted bhtd-jbhmghb hak pnst-jbhmghb vdjdthtgna n` ]nute Bgfourj (Adtedrbhaks), Hfstdrkhf.

Chas sda, M _ . (87:9), Yrnog dfsg a ted rdmnjagtgna n` pbhat mnffu agtg dsga pnbbda kghjr hfs, Pdj mth tgn ?9, p. 85:-875.

Chassda, M _ . (87:;), Pdrldaagajda ga kd phbyanbnjgd, Ttrd met.

Cneastnad, Y. (87:?), Ornazd Hjd sdh trghb, Hatgqugty UBPG, p. ?07-?:;.Cnaj, C.K. kd (870:), [ed Xuhtdrahry n` ted Adtedrbhaks, ga3 L. _halhfh dk., [ed (lghtdrahry Pnb ?, Adw Wnrl,

p. =98Q?0.

Lhppdb, G (8707), Kgd Jrhpegttnaldrhfgl vna Fhamegaj. Kgd Husjrhouajda ga Fhamegaj ?, Zgdsohkda.

Lbgalehffdr, O. hak @. _nst (87:4), Kgd ]mrpdatgagtd kds Nodrp`hbzdr Zhbkds, Kdr Hu`smebu`g, ]nakdrohak ?0,

p. =7-0;.

Lbðtzbg, @. (8704), Xuh bgt ht uak Xuha tgt ht kdr _dehs uaj ga Zhbk - uak Jròabhak-Jdsdbbsm eh`tda kds aðrkbgmeda

]mewdgzdr Fgttdbbhakds, Pdrð`b`datbgmeuajda kds Jdnonthagsmeda Gastgtutms kdr Dgkj. [mmea. Enmesmeubd, ]tg`tuaj

_òodb, ga Sòrgme =5.



_D@D_DAMD] ?=4

Lbnns, Y. (87:8), [ed Fhrnag _gvdr Mhrgos n` ]urgahf, Hssda.

Lbnp`bdgsme, @. (855;), Pnrjdsmegmetbgmed Hbtdrtòfdr kdr Yrnvgaz ]hmesda uak hajrdazdakdr Jmogmtd GG, Ehbbd.

Lbujd, E. (870:), Sur Datkdmluajsjdsmegmetd kdr Ehrzourjdr Adpergtvnrlnffda, Kdr Hu`smebuO 85, p. 884-8?8.

Ladtsme, J. (870=), Jdnbnjgd vna Kdutsmebhak uak dgagjda _hakjdogdtda, ]tuttjhrt.

Laðrzdr, L.-E. (870:h), ]uo`nssgbd Y`bhazdardstd vna ohakldrhfgsmeda @uakstdbbda gf _edgabhak, Hrmehdn-Yeysglh ?, p. =-?7.

Laðrzdr, L.-E. (870:o), Kgd _njjdatrdspd (Ornfus sdmhbgaus B.) hbs prhegstnrgsmed Autzp`bhazd, Hrmehdn-Yeysglh

?, p. =9-=5.

Laðrzdr, L. -E. (87:8h), Yrhegstnrgsmed Fneash fda gf _edgabha k, Onaadr Che roò me dr 8:8, p. =;-=7.

Laðrzdr, L.-E. (87:8o), Trjdsmegmetbgmed Talrhutdr gf _edgabhak. Dga Odgtrhj zur Datstdeuajsjdsmegmetd kdr

]djdthbjdsdbbsmeh`tda, Pdjdthtgn ?=, p. 57-888.

Laðrzdr, L. -E. (87:?), ]uo`nssgbd Y`bhazdardstd huskdr ohakld rhfgsmeda ] gdkbuaj Bhajwdgbd r = uak 0, Lrdgsc òbgme ,

uak dga urada`dbkdrzdgtemedr Jdtrdgkdùak gaadrehbo kgdsdr ]gdkbuaj, Onaadr Cheroòmedr 8:?, p. =74-;9=.

Laðrz dr, L. -E. (87:=), Bhajwdgbd r-?3 Y`bhazbgmed JrnOrdstd, _edgag smed Husjrhou ajda 8=, p. 8=7-84 ?.

Laðrzdr, L.-E. (87:;), Ohakldrhfgsmed Y`bhazdaùakd vna Odkourj-Jhrsknr`, Lrdgs Odrjedgf/Dr`t, _edgagsmed

Husjr houa jda 84, p. 8:=-87?.Lnme, B. (87=0), Ydtrnjrhpegsmed Odstgffuaj kdr ]tdgajdrhtd, ga3 Z. Outtbdr hak Z. Ehodrdy, Kgd ohakldrhfgsmed

Hasgdkbuaj odg Lðba-Bgakdatehb, p. 8=;-8;0.

Lðrodr-Jrnead, T. (870:), Jdnonthagsmed Tatdrsumeuajda hu` kdr @dkkdrsda PPgdrkd, Zgdsohkda.

Lneb, @. (87J?), Kgd Onkda, ga3 D. _uttd dk., Drbhutdruajda zur Jdnbnjgsmeda Lhrtd vna Ohydra 83?4999, Obhtt Ar.

:9=: Ldbedgf, Fòameda, p. ?94-??=.

Lneb, J. hak E. (.eggtth (870=), Onrbga - _hkgnlhronakhtda hrmehnbnjgsmedr Yrnoda G, Husjrhouajda uak @uakd 5,

p. ?75.

Lrul, C. (87:=), ]tukgh nshkagmzd ahk adnbgtdf wyzya bdssnwyme, PPrnm`hw, Zhrszhwh, Lrhlýw, Jkhasl.

Lugcpdr, Z.C. (87:4), Tapuobgsedk typdsmrgpt, Gastgtutd n` Yrdegstnry, Bdgkda.

Lupdr, _. dt hb. (87>;), Tatdrsumeuajda zur adnbgtegsmeda Odsgdkbuaj kdr Hbkdaenvdadr Ybhttd GP, Onaadr

Cheroòmedr 8:;, p. ;?;-495.Lupdr, _. hak C. Bòagaj (87:4), Tatdrsumeuajda zur adnbgtegsmeda Odsgdkbuaj kdr Hbkdaenvdadr Ybhttd, ga3

Husjr houa jda ga Kdut smebh ak, jdòrtdrt vna kdr Kduts meda @nrsmeuajsjdfdgasmeh `t 8749-87:4, 8, Fhg az ,

p. 54-7:.

Luyb, N.]. (87:8), Jdnbnjgsmed Nvdrzgmetslhhrt vha Sugk-Bgfourj (Lwhrthgr h`jdkdlt) 83899 999, Eddrbda.

Bhorgca, H. (87;4 hak 87;5), Edt lbgfhht vha Adkdrbhak jdkurdakd kd bhhtstd twdd da dda ehbvd dduw, LAFG,

Fdkdkdbgajda da Pdrehakdbgajda ;7 da 4= (]drgd H), 's-Jrhvdaehjd.

Bhdt, ].C. kd (87:?), Khs hbtdrd uak fgttbdrd Adnbgtegluf ga Odbjgma (vna dtwh ;=99 ogs mtwh ?999 v.k. S.),

@uakhfdath H/= - Ph, p. 854-?=9.

Bhdt, ].C. kd (87:;), Yrdegstnrgsmed lugturda ga edt Sugkda kdr Bhjd Bhakda, Zdttdrda.

Bhf o, E. E. )8704), [e d Dhrby Fdkgdvhb whrf Dpnme hak gts ]dqudb. Yhbhdnjdnjrhpey, Yhbhdnmbgfhtnbnjy,

Yhbhdndmnbnjy 8, p. 8=-=:.

Bhfo, E.E. (87:8), Mbgfhtds hak Mgrmubhtgna rdjgfds kdvdbnpdk nvdr ted anrtedra emfgspemrd kurgaj hak sgamd ted

bhst Gmd Hjd. Yhbhdnjdnjrhpey, Yhbhdnmbgfhtnbnjy, Yhbhdndmnbnjy 89, p. 8?4-80?.

Bhfo, E.E. (87:;), Mbgfhtd, vdjdthtgna hak `nrdst bgfgts ga dhrby mgvgbgzdk tgfds, Yegb. [rhas. _. ]nm. Bnak H?:0, p.

874-?=9.Bhfo, E.E., _.Y. Bdwgs hak H. Znnkrn`gd (8700), Htfnspedrgm mgrmubhtgna hak ted fhga mbgfhtd vhrghobds odtwdda

5999 hak N O.M.3 fdtdnrnbnjgmhb dvgkdamd, ga3 Znrbk Mbgfhtd `rnf 5999 tn N O.M., Bnakna, p. 8:;-?8:.

Bhfodrts, K. (8745), Onkdfs ugt kd Bgfourjsd Ldfpda, Ydknbnjgd PGGG, p. ??;-?=9.

Bhfodrts, K. hak B. Ohdydas (870=), GCzdrpnkznbda ga kd Ldfpda, Ydknbnjgd UGGG, p. ?4-=:.

Bhajd, D. (8704), Sur Pdjdthtgnasjdsmegmetd kds zdatrhbda [eòrgajdr Odmldas, Krukdh 4, p. =-=5.



?=0 _D@D_DAMD]

Bhatgaj, C.A . hak C.K . vha kdr Z'hhbs (87:;), Nuked gklua kgj nakdrzndl ogc ]whbfma, Nukedgk luakgj d

Fdkdkdbgajda BP, pp. 8-888.

Bd _ny Bhkurgd, D. (87:8), [gfds n` @dhst, [gfds n` @hfgad. H egstnry n` Mbgfhtd sgamd ted ydhr 8999, Adw Wnrl.

Bdordt, [. (87:0), Kd odvdr da edt ahtuurodeddr. Ahtuur da Bhaksmehp 87:0 (8), p. 85-?=.

Bdd, _.O. (8705), Zeht euatdrs kn `nr h bgvgaj, nr, enw tn fhld nut na smhrmd rdsnurmds, ga3 _.O. Bdd hak BKd Pnrd dk., Fh a ted Eu atd r, M egmhjn, p. =9-; 5.

Bdd, _.O. (8707), !Luaj Ousefha suosgstdamd< ha gaput-nutput hahbysgs, ga3 H.Y. Phykh, mk. Lggvgrkufmat hak

('ubturhb Odehvgnur, Adw Wnrl, p. ;:-:7.

Bðer, E. (87:4), Omfdrluajda zu kda bgtegsmema @uakda kds Odrgmetszdgtrhufms, ga3 _. Lupdr dt hb.,

Tatdrsumeuajda zur amnbgtegsmeda Odsgmkeugj kdr .Pbkdaenvmadr Ybhttd P (p. ??=-??0), Onaadr Cheroòmemr 8:4,

p. 878-??7.

Bntzd, @. (87:8), Knra-Bntzd3 Jdnbnjgd Fgttdbmurnphs. ;. .Qu`bhjd, ]tuttjhrt.

Fhagh, K. (87:=h), Yhbhnðlnbnjgd, @huadadatwgmlbuaj uak ]trhtgjrhpegd kds Dgszdgthbtdrs gf fgttbdrda Dbod-

]hhbdjdogdt hu` Jruak vna FnTusldajmsdbbsmeh`tda, Odged`t zur Sdgtsmerg`t Jdnbnjgd Ar. :5/:7, p. 8-8:4.

Fhagh, K. (87:=o), Dgszdgtbgmed Bhaksmeh`tsdawgmlbuaj gf Lhrtdaogbk, khrjdstdbbt hf Odgspgdb kds fgttbdrda Dbod-

]hhbd-Jdogdtds, Csmer. fgttdbkt. Pnrjdsme. 4:, p. 8:-;:.

Fhtteds, ]. hak F. Nlrusme (87:;), Fgadrhbnjgsme-Ydtrnjrhpegsmed Dxlursgna ga khs lrgsthbbgad Jruakjmogrjd kds

]pdsshrts, @nrtsmergttd kdr Fgadrhbnjgd 48, p. 84:-8:4.

FmHrteur, F. (8709), _dpnrt n` ted Autrguna Tagt, ga3 Me.Y. Fnuat`nrk dk.. _dmnrks n` ted Hfmrgmha-

Hustrhbgha smgdatg`gm Dxpdkgtgna tn Hraedf Bhak ?, Haternpnbnjy hak Autrgtgna, Fdbonurad, p. 8-8;=.

Fdgdr-Hrdakt, RP. (8700), Kgd ohakldrhfgsmed Lubtur gf Tatdrfhgajdogdt, Pdrð`b`datbgmeuajda kds /Rfbms bòr

Onkdgubmgglfhbp`bdjd gf _djgdruajsodzgrl Khrfsthkt =.

Fdrmdr, C. E. (870:), Jbhmghb rdsurjdamd ht ted Htbhatgm /suo-Onrdhb trhasgtgna, (.Ughrtdrby Cn ura hb nb' ted _nyhb

Fdtdnrnbnjgmhb ]nmgdty Pnb. 7=, p. 4?5-4=;.

Fdydr, O. hak T. Zgbbdrkgaj (8708), Onkdaprnòbd, Y`bhazdardstd uak @uakfhtdrghb vna adumrsmebnssdada

amnbgtegsmeda uak dgsdazdgtbgmeda ]gdkbuajsstmTda gf Jðttg ajdr ]thk tjdogdt , Jðttgaj mr Cht gro ume 8708, p. ??-==.

Fdydr-Mergstgha, Z. (87:0), Kgd W-Y`nstdastdbbuaj ga Ehusdra kdr Hbtdrda Bgadhrohakldrhfgl, Onaadr Cher-

oòmedr 8:0, p. 8-?4.

Fgdbld, E. hak PP. ]merdydr (8707), Fgadrh bphr hjda dsd a ga Fdt hsdk gfda tda kds @gmetdbjdogrjms, Jdnbnjgmh Oh vhrgh

09, p. ?7-;;.

Fgbgshuslhs, ]. (87:?), Ha hahbysgs n` Bgadhr mubturd bnajenusds ht Nbszhagmh OG, Ynbhak, Znrbk ,Rrmehdnbnjy ;, p.

4:-:;.

Fgbgshuslhs, ]. (87:0), Ha dhrby `hrfgaj vgbbhjd ga Ynbhak, ,Rrmehdnbnjy ?7, p. =9-;8.

Fgtzlh, PP. (87==), Kdutsmed Ohudra- uak @gsmedronntd, Zðrtdr uak ]hmeda. Odged`t 0, Engkdbodrj.

Fnkkdrfha, Y.C._. (8745/8747h), Kgd jdnjrhpegsmed Bhjd kdr ohaklmrhfgsmeda ]gmkbuajda ga kda Agdkdrbhakda,

Yhbhdnegstnrgh 0/:, p. 8-0.

Fnkkdrfha, Y.C._. (8745/8747m), Ohakldrhfgsmed ]gdkbuajsspurda ga Dbsbnn (Jrhouaj 87,49), Yhbhdnegstnrgh 0/:,

p. ?:-=8.

Fnkkdrfha, Y.C._. (8745/8747k), Kgd ohakldrhfgsmed ]gdkbuaj vna ]gtthrk, Yhbhdnegstnrgh 0/:, p. ==-8?9.Fnkkdrfha, Y.C._. (8704/8700), Bgadhrohakldrhfgsmed Ohutda hus Egmaedgf gf Bhaklrdgs Ldbedgf,

Cherdsodrgmet kdr Ohydrgsmeda Onkdakdalfhbp`bdjd 0/:, p. :-8=.

Fnkkdrfha, Y.C._. (8707), Husjrhouajda ga Egdaedgf, Bklr. Ldbedgf, Swdgtdr Pnrodrgmet, Cherdsodrgmet kdr

Ohydrgsmeda Onkdakdalfhbp`bdjd 89, p. :-?0.

Fnkkdrfha, Y.C._. (87:9), Bgadhrohakldrhfgl hus Dbsbnn uak ]tdga, Hahbdmth Yrhdegstnrgmh Bdgkdasgh 888.

Fnkkdrfha, Y.C._. (87:=), Odspgdjdbgaj nvdr kd mnastrumtgd vha dda ohakldrhfgsme eugs, ga3 Z.H. vha Ds, dt hb.

dk., Hrmednbnjgd da Egstnrgd, p. 8=8-8;9.

Fnkkdrfha, Y.C._. (87:4), Onkdfvnrfgaj ga jrhèduvdbs, Hahbdmth Yrhdegstnrgmh GQdgkdasgh PGG, p. 88-?8.



_D@D_DAMD] ?=:

Fnkkdrfha, b'.C._. (87:0), Hosmewdffuaj uak adnbgkggsmed ]gdkbuajspbhtzd ga Agmkmrohydra, Hrmehnbnjgsmeds

Lnrrdspnakdazobhtt 0, p. 894-895.

Fnkkdrfha, Y.C._. (ga prdss), Kgd adnbgtegsmed Odsgdkbuaj odg Egdaedgf, Bklr. Ldbedgf G. Kgd Husjrhouajda hf

Zdgaodrj 8704 - 87:9, Fhtdrghbed`td zur Ohydrgsmeda Pnrjdsmegmetd.

Fnathjad, K.J. (87:8), Puurstdda ga hbbd tgckda. Jrnakonnr da Ehfdr =, p. 8==-8;5.Fòml dae husd a, D. (870?), ga Sush ffm ahro dgt fgt @. Emgar gme, PP. Bhhtsme uak @. Pnjdb, Da tstd euaj ,

Dgjdasmeh`tda uak ]ystdfhtgl kdr Onkda kdr Ouakdsrdpuobgl Kdutsmebhak, @rhal`nrt hf Fhga.

Fubbdr, E. (874=/874;), Sur spht- uak ahmedgszdgtbgmema Pmjdthtgnasjdsmegmetd kds fgttmbkdutsmeda

[rnmldajdogdtds, Anvh Hmth Bdnpnbkgah A.@. 80, p. 8-0:.

Fubbdr, E.-E. (870;), Kgd Ehustgdrd kdr fgttmbkdutsmeda Ohaklmrhfglmr, Kdutsmed Hlhkdfgd kdr Zgssdasmeh`tda zu

Odrbga. ]merg`tda kdr ]dltgna ùr Pnr- uak @ròejdsmegmetd 8:.

FòTdr-Lhr pd, E. (8705), Eha kou me kdr Pnrjdsmegmetd GG3 Cuajstdgazdgt, Fòam eda.

Fuahut, H.P. (870:), _dmedrmeds phbdn-dmnbnjgqums da Ohssm dt Fnydaad Ombjgqud, Hmth Jdnjrhpegmh Bnvhagmasgh

0.

Ahodr, @.O. (87:=), Kgd fgttbdrd ]tdgazdgt uatdr odsnakdrdr Odròmlsgmetgjuaj vna @uakma hus kdf Hbtfòebthb,

Hrodgtsobggttdr kdr Egstnrgsmeda Hrodgtsjdfdgasmeh`t, Zdbtdaourjdr Hlhkdfgd Ed`t =.

Ahrngb, _. (870?), @bnnr hrdh hak sdttbdfdat pnpubhtgna, Hfdrgmha Hatgqugty ?:, p. 45:-457.

Adwdbb, _._. (87:9), [ed @bgat Gakustry n` ted Kutme Bgadhrohakldrhfgl, Hahbdmth Yrhdegstnrgmh Bmgkdasgh GGG, p.

8;;-85=.

Adwdbb, _._. (87:=), [ed Ynst-Jbhmghb Hkhpthtgnas n` ted Gakgjdanus Ynpubhtgna n` ted Anrtewdst Durnpdha

Ybhga, ga3 ].L. Lnzbnwslg dk., [ed Fdsnbgtegm ga Durnpm, p. =77-;;9.

Agqudt, @. (870=), Kgd Yrnomjrhouajda hu` kdr `ròeohakldrhfgsmeda ]gdkbuaj odg Dgtzuf, Lrdgs Znb`daoòttdb,

Adud Husjrhouajda uak @nrsmeuajma ga Agdkdrshmesda 8, p. ;;-:;.

Nodrknr`dr, D. (87:9), Y`bhazdasnzgnbnjgsmed Dxlursgnas`bnrh `òr ]òkkdutsmebhak, Krgttd mrwdgtdrtd Hu`bhjd,

]tuttjhrt.

Nodrk nr`dr D. dt hb. (870:), ]ystdfhtgsmed Òomrsgmet kdr wdst-kdutsmeda Ye had rnj hfd a uak Jd`hOlryptnjhfd a -

Jdsdbbsmeh`tda. Dga Kgslussgnasdatwur` ]merg`tmardged `òr Pdjdt htgna sluak d ?, p. :-0?.

Nkuf, D.Y. (87:8), @uakhfdathbs n` Dmnbnjy. [egrk Dkgtgna. Yegbhkdbpegh, Bnakna, [nrnatn.

Nlrusme, F., C. vna _huf dr, ]. Fht tem sha k Z. ]meuodrt (87:4), Fgadrhb`hzgms uak ]tmbbuaj kdr F dthf nrpeg tm gf

lrgsthbbgada Nkdawhbk, Kdr Hu`smebuss, ]nakmrohak ?:, p. 897-8=;.

Yhrdt , N. (87=9), Kgd Dgaoh ufd gf @dkdrsmdrgdk uak gf òorgjda Du rnp h, Yrhegstnrgsme d Sdgtsmerg`t ?8, p. :0-88 0.

Yhrdt, N. (87;?), Pnrjdsmegmetbgmed Zneajruoda, Jmrfhagh ?0, p. 5;-89=.

Yhtzdbt, J. (87:?), Kgd sphtjbhzghbma ]thkgìa uak pnstjbhzghbda ]mewhaluajma vna Nsthbpdajbdtsmemra, Omr.

Kdutsme. Ont. Jds. 54, p. ;:-4:.

Yhubgssda, D. (8700), Ddrstd rdsubthtda vha dda fnr`nbnjgsme nakdrzndl ga kd vhbbdg vha kd Fhhs ga Odbjgsme Bgfourj,

Hmth Jdnjrhpegmh Bnvhagdasgh ;, p. 88;-8?5.

Yhubgssda, D. (87:=), Kd Fnr`nbnjgd da kd Lwhrthgrstrhtgjrh`gd vha kd Fhhsvhbbdg ga Odbjgsme Bgfourj,

Pdrehakdbgajda vha kd Lnagalbgcld Hmhkdfgd vnnr Zdtdasmehppda, Bdttdrda da ]menad Luastda vha Odbjgì,

Lbhssd kdr Zdtdasmehppda UUUP ar 8?:, Orussdb.

Ydtdrs, G. (8705), Nphbpeytnbgted - Gerd Orhumeohrlmgt uak Pmrwdakuajsfðjbgmelmgtma hbs p`bhazbgmed

Fglrn`nssgbgda, Yhbhdnatnjrhpegmh Hot. O 8?=, p. ?;=-?40.

Ydtdrsma, Z. (87:4), H kdfnjrhpedr's vgdw n` prdegstnrgd kdfnjrhpey, Murrdat Haternpnbnjy 80, p. ??:-?=:.

Ygmtzsme, L. (870?), Jdnbnjgd vna ]hmesda, Odrbga.

Ygjjntt, ]. (8704), Hamgdat Durnpd, Dkgaourje.

Ybhs, B. vha kdr hak C. vha ]meuybdaonrje (87:9), Ydtrnmedfgmhb mhbmubhtgnas hppbgdk tn sngbs, Jdnkmrfh ;, p.

=4:-=54.

Ynspgsgb, B. (870=), Lhphulu Yhpuha Dmnanfy, Whbd uagvdrsgty Yuobgmhtgnas ga Haternpnbnjy 0:, Adw Ehvda.



?=5 _D@D_DAMD]

Xugtth, E. (8709), Sur @rhjd kdr hbtdstda Ohakldrhfgl ga Fgttdbdurnph, Yrhegstnrgsmed Smgtsmerg`t =5, p. 8-=5 hak

p. 84=-855.

Xugtth, E. (8707), Sur Kmutuaj ohakldrhfgsmedr ]gdkbuajsùakd hus Huda uak jruakwhssdraheda ]thaknrtda, ga3

L.-E. Nttn h a k c . Edrrfha, dk. ]gdkbuaj, Ourj uak ]thkt, Kdutsmed Hlhkdfgd kdr Zgssdasmeh`tda zu Odrbga,

]merg`tda kdr ]dltgna `òr Pnr- uak @ròejmsmegmetd ?4, p. ;?-44._hpphpnrt, _.H. (8705), Ygjs `nr ted hamdstnrs, Adw Ehvda, Bnakna.

_dgsme, B. (87:;), Kdr vnrjdsmegmetbgmed Enrastdgahoohu odg Bdaj`dbk, Bklr. Ldbedgf, Fhtdrghbed`td zur

Ohydrgsmema Pnrjdsmegmetd ?7.

_gmehrks, H.G. (87=7), Bhak, bhonur hak kgdtga Anrtedra _enkmsgh. Ha dmnanfgd stuky n` ted Omfoh[rgod, Bnakna,

Adw Wnrl, [nrnatn.

_ntefhbd r, RP. hak B Ahten (874:), Ohakldrhfgsmed Lubtu rp`bha zdard stdh us[eò rgajda uak ]hmesda, Omgtrhjd zur

@ròejmsmegmetd kdr Bhakwgrtsmeh`t Eb, p. :=-75.

_ut td, D. (870?), Drbhut drua jda z ur Jdnbnjgsmeda Lh rt d vna Ohydra 83 ?4 999, Obhtt Ar. :9=: Ldbedgf, Fòa med a.

_yoagmdl, L. (87:=), H mnfphrgsna n` ted prdsdat hak phst fgrd mnffuagtgds n` Mdatrhb Durnpd, ga3 E.C.O. Ogrls

hak _.J. Zdst dk., Xuhtdrahry Ybhat Dmnbnjy, Nx`nrk, p. ?=:-?08.

]mehbgme, C. (87:=), Kdr Ohakldrhfgsm ed ]gdkbuajs pbhtz Bhajwd gbdr ?3 Onkda- uak Bhaksmeh`tsjdsmegmetd ,

_edgags med Husjrhou ajma 8=, p. 4-80.

]medys, J. (8744), Onkdfluakd da Yrhdegstnrgd, Hjrgmubturh =, p. ;7=-498.

]medys, J. (870?), Onkdfluakgjd stukgd vha dda vrndjadnbgtegsmed a dkdrzd ttgaj np kd ]thodrj td [nsfd dr, Ydknbnjgd

Ua, p. 49-04.

]medys, J. (870=), Ynkznbvnrfgaj odbgmet knnr hrmednbnjgsmed whhradfgajda, Ydknbnjgd UGGG, p. ?80-?=9.

]megdtzdb, L. (8704), Fòkkdrsedgf, @uakhfdath H 8.

]mebgz, H. (8790), Kdr smeaurldrhfgsm ed Lub turlrdg s uak sdgad ]tdbbuaj zu kda hakdrda adnbgtegsmema Lubtur` nrfma

ga ]òkwdstkdutsmebhak, Sdgtsmerg`t `ggr Dteanbnjgd =5, p. =8?-=;4.

]mefgk, J. (8707), Jruakshtz`rhjda zur ]hagdruaj kdsKn ahufnn sds, Ohydrgsmeds Bhakwgrtsmeh`tbgm edscheroum e ?,

p. ??;-?;4.

]mefg kt-Lh bdr, E. (8705), Drbhutd ruajd a zur Jdnbnjgsmeda Lh rtd vna Ohydra 83 ?4 999, Obhtt Ar. :8=0 Amust hkt h.k.

Knahu, Fîfmeda.

]meðawdgss, Z. hak E. Zdradr (87:;), Fdsnbgtegsmed Zneahabhjda vna ]hrmegaj, Bklr. _djdasourj, Ohydrgsmed

Pnrjdsmegmetsobhttdr =7, p. 8-?7.

]menbz, J.@. (8705), Fgadrhbnjgsme-pdtrnpeysglhbgsmed Tatdrsumeuajda ha ]tdgawdrlzdujda kds Adnbgteglufs vna

[eòrg ajda, Hus jrhouajma uak @ uakd 8=, p. ?50-?7;.

]mentt, M. (87=0), Bhakahefd uak Lnbnagshtgna ga Mhahkh hf Odgspgdb ]òknathrgns, ]merg`tda kds Jdnjrhpeg.smeda

Gastgtuts kdr Tagvdrsgtht Lgdb, Ohak PG.

]merdydr, Z. hak Y. Obòfdb (87:;), Yrnjrdssgvd fdthfnrpegsf ga ted Fnbkhauogmuf n` ted anrtedra Ohvhrgha

@nrdst, @nrtsmergttd kdr Fgadrhbnjgd 4? p. 848-804.

]mewhrz, L., E. [gbbfhaa hak Z. [rdgos (8704/8700), Sur sphtbhtåadzdgtbgmeda uak fgttdbhbtmrbgmeda

Dgsmadrzjmwgaauaj hu` kdr sòkbgmeda @rhaldahbo odg Ldbedgf, Cherdsodrgmbgt kdr Ohydrgsmeda

Onkdakdalfhbp`bdjd 0/:, p. =4-00.]mewdga jruodr, @. (87:=), Bhajwdgbd r-?3 Engzhrtd a, _edgagsmed Husjrh ouajm a 8=, p. 84?-840.

]mewdgajruodr, @.E. (87:0), Yrhegstnrgsmeds Enbz, Hmhkdfgmh Edgvdtgmh ?.

]dgodrt, Y. (8705), Òodrsgmetslhrtd kdr ahtòrbgmema Pdjdthtgnasjdogdt vna Ohydra 83 499999 fgt Drbhutdruajda,

]merg`tdardged Gggr Pdjdthtgnasluakd =.

]dgtz, E.C. (8704), Kgd ]tdgazdgt gf Knahufnns, ]tukgìa zur Jdsmegmetd kds Ohydrgsmeda ]mewhodas _dged 8, Ohak

89, Hujsourj.

]ehrp , B. (874?), ]tddb hxds `nr ]tnad-Hjd Hustrhbghas, Eu fh a Nr jhag zht gna 88, p. 8:-??.

]edphrk, H.N. (870=), Mdrhfgms `nr ted Hrmehdnbnjgst (`nurte prgatgaj), Zhgsegajtna, K.M.



_D@D_DAMD] ?=7

]gdbfhaa, O. (87:8), Kdr Dga`buO kdr Tfwdbt hu`kgdadn bgtegsm edOdsgd kbuaj]ò kwdstkdu tsmebh aks uatdr odsnakdrdr

Odròmlsgmetgjuaj kdr Pdrehbtagssd hf Aðrkbgmeda Nodrremga, Hmth Yrhmegstnrgmh dt Hrmehdnbnjgmh ?, p. 04-87:.

]gdbfhaa, O. (87:?), Kgd `ròeadnbgtegsmed Odsgdkbuaj Fgttdbdurnphs, @uakhfdath H/= - Ph, p. 8-04.

]gdbf haa, O. (87:0), Kdr Dga buO kdr jdnjrhpeg smeda Tfwd bt hu` kgd bgagda- uak stgmeoh akld rhfg smem Odsgdkbuaj

kds Fgttdbdbod-]hhbd-Jdogdtds, Cherdssmerg`t `ggr fgttdbkdutsmed Pnrjdsmegmetd 09, p. =94-=?7.]gbodrohudr, J.O. (87:?), [ed J/wg Ousefda, ga3 F.J. Ogmmegdrg dk., Euatdrs hak Jhtedrdrs tnkhy, Adw Wnrl,

p. ?:8-=?0.

]gffnas, G.J. (87:4), [ed dmnbnjgmhb sdttgaj n` Fdsnbgtegm fha ga ted Egjebhak Snad, [ed Mnuamgb `nr Orgtgse

Hrmehdnb njy, _dsdhr me _dp nrt an 88, p. 4:-0=.

]gfs, _.D. (87:=), [ed haternpnjdagm `hmtnr ga Lhst Hajbgha vdjdthtgnahb egstnry3 ha hpprnhme usgaj H.Y.@.

tdmeagquds, ga3 E.C.O. Ogrls hak _.J. Zdst dk., Xuhtdrahry Ybhat Dmnbnjy, Nx`nrk, p. ??=-?=0.

]gajdr, M. dt hb. (874;), H Egstnry n` [dmeanbnjy B

]gaeh, K.Y. (87:?), [ed Ogrenrs, ga3 F.J. Ogmmegdrg dk., Euatdrs hak Jhtedrdrs tnkhy, Adw Wnrl, p. =:8-;9=.

]bgmedr vha Ohte, O.E. (87:9), Nnjstda, lefhht da mnacuamtuur ga edt vdrbdkda, H.H.J. Ogckrhjda 84, p. 885-8==.

]fgte, H.J. (87:9), [ed ga`budamd n` Fdsnbgtegm hak Adnbgtegm fha na Orgtgse vdjdthtgna3 h kgsmussgna, ga3 K. Zhbldr

hak _.J. Zdst, dk. ]tukgds ga ted vdjdthtgnahb egstnry n` ted Orgtgse Gsbds, Mhforgkjd, p. 58-70.

]nuksly, O. (870?), [ed adnbgtegm sgtd n` Oybhay, Hatgqugty =0, p. 879-?99.

]nuksly, O. (8707), Dtukd kd bh fhgsna açnbgtegqum, ]bnvdaslh Hrmemnbýjgh UPE-b, p. 4-70.

]nuksly, O. hak G. Yhvb`b (87:?), [ed Bgadhr Ynttdry Mubturd sdttbdfdat phttdras n` mdatrhb Durnpd, ga3 Y.C. Tmln hak

M.Z. Kgfobdoy dk., Fha, ]dttbdfdat hak Trohagsf, Bnakna, p. =8:-=?5.

]pðttbd, C. (8570), Lurzd Khrstdbbuaj kdr Lubturda twgmlbua j gf Knahufnns, Hujsourj.

].].]. (]ngb ]urvd y ]th gV (87:=), ]ngb [h xn an fy , h Ohsgm systdf n` ]ngb Mbhssgòmhtgna `nr Fhlgaj hak Ga td rprd tgaj

]ngb ]urvdys. Yrdbgfgahry, Horgkjdk [dxt, T]KH, ]ngb Mnasdrvhtgna ]drvgmd, Zhsegajtna K.M., ==9 p.

]thfp`bg, E._. (8704), [gdrrdstd kdr Jrhouaj Fòkkdrsedgf, Lr. Kurda, @uakhfdath H 8, p. 884-8?=.

]thrlmb, B. (8700), [ed Fnubkgaj n` Durnpdha _dbgd`, ga3 Znrbk Mef ht d `rnf 5999 tn N O.M., Bnak na, p. 84-==.

]tmma.somrj, H. (8744), ]nfd rdmdat Khagse Dxpdrgfdats ga Adnbgtegm Hjrgmubturm, '@ed Hjrgmubturhb Egstnry _dvgdw

4, p. 00-:=.

]tdebg, @. (87:=), Bhajwdgbdr-?3 Ldrhfgl, _edgagsmed Husjrhouajda 8=, p. 4:-899.

]tmbmb, C., @. Lhbnusdl hak C. Fhbgah (87:9), H pdtrnhrmehdnbnjgmhb stuky n` h kdpnsgt n` Adnbgtegm stnad tnnbsht ]thrh

Og'dmbhv, Mzdmensbnvhlgh, Yrnmddkgajs n` ted Yrdegstnrgd ]nmgdty =0, p. ?==-?;9.

]tmttadr, J. (87:;), Fdthfnrpegsf hak [dmtnagms ga ted Fòameodrjdr Fhss hak ted @gmetmbjdogrjd, @nrtsmergttd kdr

Fgadrhb njgd 4?, Odged`t 8, p. 47 -07 .

]tdttadr, J. (87:4), Sur jdnbnjgsme-tdltnagsmema Jbgdkdruaj kds Nodrp`hbzdr Jruakjmogrjds, Kdr Hu`smebuO,

]nakdrohak ?0, p. 88-=5.

]tdvdas, Me. (87=;), Bds vhbbçds såmeds kd bh Edsohyd bgçjngsm. Oubbdtga kd bh ]nmgçtç Odgjd kd Jdnbnjgd UBGP, p.

?:-;8.

]tgonlh (]tgmetgaj vnnr Onkdflhrtdrgaj) (87:9), Onkdflhh rt vha Adkdrbha k 8349999 Obhk 47 (Yddr), Obhk 09 Zdst

da 09 Nnst (]gtthrk), Zhjdagajda.

]trhhtda, B.F .C. T. vha (87;0), Jrgaknakdrz ndl ga Sugk-Bg fourj, Fdkdkdbgajd a vha kd jdnbnjgsmed ]tgmetgaj sdrgd

M-PG, an ?.

]truaz, E. (87:4), Kgd Ohshbtd kdr Nodrp`hbz uak gerd Fgadrhbgma. Kdr Hu`smebuO, ]nakdrohak ?0, p. =?7-=;?.

'@hohmzyaslg, ]t. (87:?), Jdsdbbsmeh`tsnrkauaj uak Jòtdrhusthusme gf Adnbgtegluf Fgttdbdurnphs, Adnbgtegsmed

]tukgìa G, Odrbga, p. =8-70.

[huodr, E. (8704), Kg`gdrdatghb pnbbda kgspdrsgna hak ted gatdrprdthtgna n` pnbbda kghjrhfs, Khafhrls Jdnbnjgsld

Takdrs9jdbsd GG _hdlld 57.

[hutd, Z. (8700), Khs @dbskhme Bhutdrdml, dgad fdsnbgtegsme-adnbgtegsme-ornazdzdgtbgmed ]trhtgjrhpegd ha kdr

nodrda Knahu, Yhbhmnegstnrgh 8?, p. ;5=-49;.



?;9 _D@D_DAMD]

[hutd, Z. (87:=/87:;h). Adud @nrsmeuajda zur Mernanbnjgd vna ]phtphbhnbgtegluf uak Fdsnbgtegluf ga

]ggkkdutsmebhak, Hrmehnbnjgsmed Ga`nrfhtgnada ?-=, p. 47-00.

[hutd, PP. (87:=/87:;o), Adnbgtegsmed Fglrnbgteda uak hakdrd adnbgtegsmed ]gbdxhrtd`hltm hus ]ggkkdutsmebhak uak

Ðstdrrdgme, Hrmehnbnjgsmed Ga`nrfhtgnada ?-=, p. :8-8?4.

[hvdragdr, _. hak _. Fhrçmehb (8745), Mhrtd kds Hssnmghtgnas kd snbs kd bh Odbjgqud, Ydknbnjgd PGGG, p. 8=;-85?.

[dfpgr, S. (8700 (87:8)), Dgagjd Drjdoagssd kdr Hrmehnhjrnonthagsmeda Tatdrsumeuajda kds .Qaohus vna

Lubturp`bhazda hu` kdf Jdogdt kdr M]]_, Hmtds ku PGGQ Mnajrds Gatdrahtgnahb kds ]mgdamds Yrçegstnrgqums dt

Yrntnegstnrgquds, Yrhjud, Yrheh, p. 8=?0-8=?7.

[dfpgr, S. (8705), Hrmednbnjgmhb @gakgajs n` hjrgmubturhb pbhats hak wddks ga Onedfgh hak Fnrhvgh, Pìkdmlç Yrhmd

Mdslnsbnvdaslçen zdfåkìbslçen Fuzdh 5, p. 84-55.

[dfpgr, S. hak RP. Jhbb (87:?), @rumetlnrahokròmld ha ohakldrhfgsmeda ]medroda hus Adrlmwgtz, Lr. Cdah,

Husjrhouajda uak @uakd 8:, p. ??0-??7.

[enratewhgtd, M.Z. (8740), Fnkg`gmhtgna n` _urhb Fgmrnmbgfhtds, ga3 Z.B. [enfhs dk., Fha's rnbd ga mehajgaj

ted `hmd n` ted dhrte, p. 40:-45=.

[gb bfh aa, E . (870;), Lrdg kd, ga3 Ohydrgsmeds Jdnbnjgsmeds Bhak dsh ft dk., Drbh utdru ajda zur Jdnbnjgsmeda Lhr td

vna Ohymra 83499999, p. 8;8-808.

[gakhbd, A.O. (87:?), [ed Ygtchakhrh, ga3 F.J. Ogmmegdrg dk., Euatdrs hak Jhtedrdrs tnkhy, Adw Wnrl, p. ?8:-?05.[rhament-lhhrt, kd, vha edt jdogdk tussda Fhhs da _gca. Adkdrbhaks Jdkddbtd 859=-8590, `hmsgfgbd-rdprnkumtgd

870:-87:8, Lðba hak Fhhstrgmet.

[rgdr, O. (8707), Khs Ehus gf Anrkwdstda kdr Jdrfhagh Bgodrh, Pdrð`[datbgmeuajda kdr Hbtdrbufslnffgssgna gf

Yrnvgazgheastgtut ùr Zdst`hbgsmed Bhakds- uak Pnblsluakd GP, Fuastdr.

[rgajehf, _. (87:8), Euatdrs, @gsedrs hak @hrfdrs n` Dhstdra Durnpd 0999-=999 O.M., Bnakna-

[rnT, J. (870:), @òerdr zu jdnbnjgsme-pdtrnjrhpegsmeda Dxlursgnada gf Ohydrgsmeda Zhbk, [dgb G3 Hu`smebòssd gf

Fgttdb- uak Nsttdgb, Jdnbnjgmh Ohvhrgmh 45.

[rnT, J. (87:4), Ohu`nrfda uak Jdstdgam gf Fnbkhauogluf kds _djdasourjdr uak sòkbgmeda Nodrp`hbzdr Zhbkds.

Kdr Hu`smebuO, ]nakdrohak ?0, p. ?08-?:0.

[rnT, J. hak Z. Ohuodrjdr (8705), @òerdr zu jdnbnjgsme-pdtrnjrhpegsmeda Dxlursgnada gf Ohydrgsmeda Zhbk, [dgb

GG 3 Hu`smebòssd gf Zdsttdgb3 _djdasourjdr Zhbk, Jdnbnjgmh Ohvhrgmh 47.[smedrfhl, B. (8749), Zhbkohu hu` p`bhazmajdnjrhpegsme-ðlnbnjgsmedr Jruakbhjd, Zgda.

[urm, B. (874;), Bd ogbha k'dhu kds snbs3 rdbhtgnas datrd bds prçmgpgthtgnas, b'çvhpnrhtgna dt b'çmnubdfdat, ga3 Ybugm,

Dvhpnrhtgna, @gbtrhtgna dt Dmnubdfdat. Mn fptd _ daku kds trngsgåfds cnuraçds kd b'eykrhubgqu d, Hbjdr,

Jrdanobd.

Tdmldrfhaa, D. (874:), Zgbksthaksodwgrtsmeh`tuaj uak Zgbksmehkdasvdreòtuaj odgf _dewgbk, Aduwgdk/_edga.

Tdmldrfhaa, D. (8709), Zgbksthaksodwgrtsmeh`tuaj uak Zgbksmehkdavdreòtuaj odgf _ntwgbk, Ehfourj uak

Odrbga.

Pdkdb, E . hak C. Bhajd (870;), Onfda da struglda ga ons da vdbk (vdrt. C. Y. E hjd ), Hfst drkh f.

Pdcahr, S. (87:8), Jruak`rhjda kds Fnbkhauoglufs uak sdgad ]tdbbuaj ga kdr Oðefgsmeda Fhssd, Jdnbnjgsmed

_uaksmehu 09, p. 8;44-8;04.

Pdrwdrs, J.C. (87:?), Khs Lhfps Pdbk ga Ehps ga Adnbgtegluf, Ornazdzdgt uak Dgsdazdgt, Hahbdmth YrhdegstnrgmhBdgkdasgh P.

Pgth-@gazg, M. hak D.]. Egjjs (87:9), Yrdegstnrgd dmnanfy ga ted Fnuat Mhrfdb hrdh n` Yhbdstgad3 sgtd mhtmefdat

hahbysgs, Yrnmddkgajs n` ted Yrdegstn rgd ]nmgdty =0, p. 8-=:.

Pnjdb, @. (8708), @1bhutmruajma zur Onkdaluakbg meda Òodrs gmetsl hrtd vna Ohydra 83499999, Fòa med a.

Pnn, D.D.gyhakdr hak P. Zdsten``(G708), Ha hutdmnbnjgmhb stuky n` snfd bgfanpevtds hak edbnpeytds ga ted hrdhn`

ted bhrjd rgvdrs, Zdatgh 4, p. 80=-?45.

Zhbldr, K. (87:9), Kgrdmtgna hak rhtd ga snfd Orgtgse Ynst-jbhmghb eykrnsmrds, ga3 K. Zhbldr hak _.J. Zdst dk..

]tukgds ga ted vdjd thbg nahb egstnry n` ted Orgtgse Gsbds, Mhforgk jd , p. 88:-8 =7. •



_D@D_DAMD] ?;8

Zhldr, E. hak E. Bgdte (8709 hak 870;), Lbgfhkghjrhff-Zdbthkhs, Gd Bgd`druaj 8709, ?m Bgd`druaj 870;, Cdah.

Zhtdronbl, E.[. (8745/8747), Kgd ohakldrhfgsmed ]gdkbuaj vna Jdbdda, Yhbhdnegstnrgh 0/:, p. 8?8-808.

Zhtdronbl, E.[, (87:4), Dvgkdamd n` mhttbd sthbbgaj ga dxmhvhtdk prd- hak prntnegstnrgm enusds, ga< H.[. Mbhsna dk.,

Hrmehdnznnbnjgmhb stukgds, p. =5=-=7;.

Zhtdrbnt, J. hak H. Odujagds (87:=), Jugkds Jdnbnjgquds _djgnahux< Hrkdaads, Yhrgs.

Zdsten``, P. (870:), Kd gavbndk vha edt wgbk np kd vdjdthtgd, Adkdrbhaks Onsonuw [gcksmerg`t =7, an 4, p. ?85-?=?.

Zdsten``, P. hak H.C. kda Edbk (8707), Ybhatdajdfddasmehppda ga Adkdrbhak, Sutpeda.

Zdtdrgaj, E.[.C. vha kd (87:;), Pnnrbnpgj vdrsbhj vha edt onkdfluakgj nakdrzndl Egdaedgf, Kdphrtfdat n` ]ngb

]mgdamd hak Jdnbnjy, Hjrgmubturhb Tagvdrsgty, Zhjdagajda, gatdra rhppnrt.

Zdtdrgaj, E.[.C. vha kd (87:4h), ]ngb `nrfhtgna ga bndss hak ga hrmehdnbnjgmhb pgts ga Egdaedgf, Zdstdra Jdrfhay.,

Kdphrtfdat n` ]ngb ]mgdamd hak Jdnbnjy, Hjrgmubturhb Tagvdrsgty, Zhjdagajda, gatdra rhppnrt.

Zdtdrgaj, E.[.C. vha kd (87:4o), Lwhrthgrd vnrfda da h`zdttgajda ga kd nfjdvgaj vha Egdaedgf, Odgdrda, Zdst

Kugtsbhak, Kdphrtfdat n` ]ngb ]mgdamd hak Jdnbnjy, Hjrgmubturhb Tagvdrsgty, Zhjdagajda, gatdra rhppnrt.

Zgbbdfs, C. E. (870:), Yrdegstnrgsmed vnakstda vha kd nnstdbgcld Ld fpd a, Bgf our j UB PG (:/5), p. 8;7 -840.

Zgbbdrkgaj, T. (8704), Trjdsmegmetbgmed ]gdkbuajsrdstd ga _nsknr`, Lrdgs Jðttgajda3 Kgd Y`bhazdardstd hus kdr

ohakldrhfgsmeda ]gdkbuaj, Adud Husjrhouajda uak @nrsmeuajda ga Agdkdrshmesda ?, p. ;;-09.

Zgbbdrkgaj, T. (87:9), Pnr- uak `ròejdsmegmetbgmed Lubtu rp`bhazd aùakdga Fgttdbdur nph, Adud Husjrhouajda uak

@nrsmeuajda ga Agdkdrshmesda 4, p. ?5:-=:4.

Zgffda hudr, Z. (87:?), Jdstdgashssnzghtgnama kds cuaj da Fh jfhtgsf us ga Fgttdbdurn ph, [smedrfh ls Fgamrhb .

Ydtrnjr. Fgtt dbua jda 85, p. 40-0=.

Zgffdahudr, Z. (87:;), [ed hblhbgad prnvgamd n` Mdatrhb Durnpd hak @rhamd, ga3 [ed hblhbgad rnmls, Adw Wnrl,

Bnakna,p. ?=5-?:8.

Znb` E. (87:=), "Laðobgaj-]]Z", kgd dpnayfm ]gdkbuaj kdr dakadnbgtegsmeda Mehfdr jruppm uak kgd wdgtdrda

vnrjdsmegmetbgmeda @uakstdbbda gf Jdogdt kds Jrhkhotdgbuajsobhttds 05;8-_nkgaj, @dstsmerg`t Jyfahsguf-

]tukgdaedgf Mehf 87?=-87:=, p. 8;:-?8?.

Znn kou ra, C. (8705), Ha Gatr nku mtg na tn Eh kz h Dmnbnjy, ga< _.O. Bdd hak B Kd Pnrd dk.. Fha ted Euatd r, Megmh jn,

p. ;7- 44. •< ,

Znutdrs, Hq. (874?/874=), Edt Yhbhdnòtegmuf da Fdsnbgtegmuf ga Bgfourj, Yuobgmhtgnas kd !h ]nmgçtç Egstnrgqud dt

Hrmemnbn jgqud kha s Gd Bgfo nurj 55/57, p. 8-85.

Wdajnyha, H.H. (8705), Kdfnjrhpegm hak dmnbnjgmhb ga`budammsna Honrgjgahb Hustrhbgha fhrrghjd sdmtgnas, ga< _.O.

Bdd hak B KdPnrd dk.. Fha ted Euatdr, Megmhjn, p. 854-877.

Shjwgca, Z.E. hak M.C. vha ]thhbkugada (87:4), [ndbgmetgaj ogc Jdnbnjgsmed Nvdrzgmetslhhrtda vha Adkdrbhak,

_gcls Jdnbnjgsmed Kgdast, Ehhrbdf.

Sdgst, Z. vha (8745/8747), Yhbyanbnjgsmed Tatdrsumeuaj dgads [nr`prn`gbs odg ]gtthrk, Yhbhdnegstnrgh 0/:, p. 87-?;.

Sgppdbgus, H. (874:), ]thak uak Hu`jhvma kdr adnbgtegsmeda Ehus`nrsmeuaj ga Fgttdbkmutsmebhak, ga< D. _nte-

fhbdr hak Z. Yhkodrj dk., Omgtrhjd zur @ròjdsmegmetd kdr Bhakwgrtsmeh`t GE, Odrbga, p. 85-=:.

Snbbmr, E. (8709), Ynbbdahahbytgsmed Tatdrsumeuajda zur Pdjdthtgnasjdsmegmetd kdr gasuorgsmeda ]mewdgz, Kdal-

]merg`tda kdr ]mewdgzdrgsmeda Ahtur`nrsmedakda Jdsdbbsmeh`t, Ohak BUUUEG, Hoe. ?, p. ;4-840.



BG][ N@ @GJT_D]

Yhjd @gj. 8

88

8: @gj. ?,

?; @gj. =,

?0 @gj. ;,

=8 @gj. 4.

=? @gj. 0.

== @gj. :.

48@gj.

5.

4? @gj. 7.

0; @'_- 89,

899 >"gj.88.

Mbgtahtgd kghjrhfs n` ted wdhtedr sthtgnas ht ]gtthrk, Fhhstrgmet, Gajnbsthkt hak _djdasourj. [ed kghjrhfs hrd

ohsdk na khth up tn 87;9 gambusgvd. Hmmnrkgaj tn Yrn`. Kr. E. Zhbt mr ted usd n` fnrd rdmdat khth w nubk a't fhld

hay dssdatghb kg`gdrdamd (Zhbtdr 87:4, wrgttda Ga`nrfhtgna).

[ed suostrhbd wgtega h rhkgus n` 89 lfs hrnuak ted BOL sdttbdfdats ga ]nutedra Bgfourj. ]mhbd 83 ?99999.

[ed suostrhtd wgtega h rhkgus n` 89 lfs hrngfrg Egraedgf. ]mhbd 83 ?99999. @nr ted bdjdak sdm `gj. ?.

Mnatnur fhp n` ted sdttbdfdat hrdh "Hf Zdgaodrj" adhr Egdaedgf. ]mhbd 834999. Bd`t3 rdmnastrumtgna n` ted

nrgjgahb rdbgd`. _gjet< rdmdat sgtuhtgna.

_dmdat hbkdr mhrr ga ted "Orndleugzdrorndl", prnv. Bgfourj, Adtedrbhaks (pentn3 D.D. vha kdr Pnn).

_dmdat rgvdr-vhbbdy `nrdst, ted "Bgasmentdrons", prnv. Ttrdmet, Adtedrbhaks (pentn D.D. vha kdr Pnn).

_dmdat enraodhf-`nrdst, ted "]hvdbsons", prnv. Bgfourj, Adtedrbhaks (pentnC.[e. tdr Enrst).

Mgdamrhbgsdk kgstrgoutgna n` BOL sdttbdfdats wgtega h =9 lf kgsthamd n` ]gtthrk, ]tdga hak Dbsbnn. ]mhbd 83

;99999.

Jdadrhbgsdk kgstrgoutgna n` BOL sdttbdfdats wgtega h =9 lf kgsthamd n` Egdaedgf. ]mhbd 83 ;99999.

Hssdfobhjds n` mhronagzdk sddks hak `rugts `rnf BOL .sdttbdfdats.

[ypgmhb medrts. ]mhbd 838.

ans. 8 hak ?3 medr t `rnf ted Jubp da @n rfh tgn a, `bhlds dxmhv htdk ht Dbsbnn.

an =3 medrt `rnf ted Curhss gm, `bhld `rnf h ankubd, dxmhvht dk ht Egda edgf .

an ;3 medrt `rnf ted,Curhssgm, mnrd `rnf h pbhtd, dxmhvhtdk ht Egdaedgf.

890 @gj. 8?. Hkzds. ]mhb d 83 8. •

ans 8 hak 43 Dbsbnn ;4; hak ==:, hfp ego nbg tds .

an ?3 Egdaedgf :9=, "enfnjdadnus" hfpegonbgtd.

an =3 Egdaedgf 8957, "`fd gaenfnjdadnus" hfpegonbgtd.

an ;3 Dbsbnn :4, bykgtd.

an 03 ]tdga 8?7, ohshbt wgbe sfhbb pedanmry.sts.

an :3 ]gtthrk 00, oh.shbt wgte rdbhtgvdby bhrjm pedanmrysts.88; @gj. 8=. Xggd ra- `rhj fdat `rnf ted BOL sdttb dfdat ht Dbsbnn. ]mhbd 83 ? Bd`t3 sur`hmd, wnr a knw a oy jrg akg aj _gje t3

rdvdrsd n` ted shfd `rhjfdat senwgaj gts prnvdahamd `rnf h jrhvdb odk.

88: @gj. 8;. Ed fht gt d `rnf ted BOL sdtt bdfd at ht Dbsbnn. ]mhbd ?38 . Bd`t3 nðbgteg m typd . _gj et3 mnf phm t typd.

8?7 @gj. 84. Kgst rgou tgna n` bhak.smhpd uagts wgte ga h rhkg us n` 89 lfs hrn uak ted BOL sdt kdfd ats . 83 bndss pbh tdh u, ?3

kgssdmtdk bndss bhaksmhpd, =3 tega mnvdr n` shaky bndss na jrhvdb, ;3 rgvdr-vhbbdy bhaksmhpd, 43 dnbgha shak hrdh, 03

bgfdstnad hrdh, :3 [drtghry kdpnsgts, 53 shaks hak jrhvdbs n` ted egjedr [drrhmd.

8=9 @gj. 80. Kgstrgoutg na n`ted BOL sdttbdfdats ga ]nute dra Bgfou rj. ]mhbd 83 :4 999. Ahf ds mha od`nuak ga tho bd =. bdjdak

uagts3 G3 ynuajdr hbbuvghb mbhys, fnstby wdt< ?3 nbkmr hbbuvghb mbhys, wdt< =3 nbkdr hbbuvghb mbhys, kry< ;< shaks, wdt<

43 shaks, kry< 03 shaky bndss, wdt< :3 shaky bndss, kry< 53 bndsspbhtdhu< 73 vhbbmys hak vhbbmy sbnpds { 1 89%) w gtega

ted bndss bhaksmhpd< 89< shaks hak jrhvdbs dxpnsdk ga sbnpds.

8=? @gj. 8:. Kg.strgoutgna n`t ed BOL sdttb dfdats adh r Egd aed gf. ]mhbd 8349999. 83 Egdaedgf " hf Zdga odrj", ?3 Egdaedgf-

@umesbnme, =3 Grasgaj-]mehazd, ;3 Grasgaj-G. bdjdak uagts3 83 ynuajdr hbbuvghb bnhfs< ?3 bndss< =3 dnbbuvghb

fhtdrghb< ;3 shaks< 43 jrhvdbs< 03 sehbbnw, stnay sngbs na shakstnad< :3 `gad shaky tn sgbty bnhfs na bgfdstnad< 53

sehbbnw, stnay sngbs na bgfdstnad.8=; @gj. 85. Egd aed gf, mna tnu r fhp , smhbd 83 ?4 999< sdmtgna, enrg znat hb smhbd 83 5 999< vdrtgmhb smhbd 83 599< 83 bndss< ?3

mnbbuvguf.

8=0 @gj. 87. Fh p n` ]nuber rgg Bgfourj senwgaj ted fdha haau hb prdmgpgthtg na ga ff, ted kgstrgoutgn a n`te d bndss (wegtd)

hak ted whtdr mnursds wgtega ted bndss-mnvdrdk hrdhs. [ed knts gakgmhtd ted pnsgtgna n` ]gtthrk, ]tdga hak Dbsbnn,

wegm e rdprdsd at ted wenbd mbustdr n` BOL sdttbd fdats . ]mhbd 83?99999.



B G ] [ N @ @ G J T _ D ] ? ; =

YQ]'" @gj. ?9. Fnkd b gggr ted bnmht gna n` ted BOL sdt tbd fdat s. [e rd d hed rah tg vds hrd jgvda `nr ted sehp d n`'sgtd tdrrg tnrgd s (ans 8,

8;8 ? ha k =).

84; @gj. ?8. rggd Edgbg jdasth ktdr Fnns3 pnsgtgna, surrnua kgajs hak sdmtgna. [ed mrnss gakgmht ds ted pbhmd n`sh fpbg aj. Fh p,

smhbd 83 49999< sdmtgna, enrgznathb smhbd 83 ?9999 vdrtgmhb smhbd 8< ;99.

800 @gj. ??. [e d ].PP.-phrt n` ted Kna hu fn ns ha k gts surrnu akgajs . Fh p, smhbd 83 49 999< sdmtgna, enrgz nath b smhbd 83 8? 499,

vdrtgmhb smhbd 83 ?49.[egmladss3 Ordhkte gakdx `nr [rgtgmuf `rnf ted shfpbds Egdaedgf =?4, ;8; hak :0;.

Kgfdasgnas ga ff `nr spglmbdt`nrls `rnf Egda edgf =?4. H 6 ordh kte n` ted `nrl,O - ordh kte n` ted jbu fd ohsd.

sfhbb knt ‛ nad spdmgfda, bhrjd knt 6 sdvdrhb spdmgfdas.

Fh xg fuf kg hfd tdr n` Ygsuf shtgv uf `rnf Egdaed gf ;8; hak :98, A - ?99.

]gzds n` mhronagzdk pdhs `nuak ga BOL mnatdxt.

Mnatnurs n` ]nbhauf agjruf sddks `rnf Egdaedgf 8859. smhbd uagt 8 ff.

Mhro nagz dk `rugts hak sddks `rnf Eg daed gf< smhbd uagt 8 ff . 8, ? hak =3 Ygsuf shtgvuf ;3 Bdas mubgahrg s 43 m`

[rg`nbguf sp. 03 Bhteyrus tuodrnsus :3 Bgauf usgthtgssgfuf 53 Bhpshah mnffuags.

Mhro nagz dk `rugts ha k sddks `rnf E gdae dgf < smhbd uagt G ff 83 Ornfus m` hrvdasgs ?3 Ornfus td mtnruf/st drgbgs =

hak ;3 Ornfus sdmhbgaus/fnbbgs 43 ]dthrgh vgrgkgs/vdrtgmgbbhth 03 Dmeganmebnh mrus-jhbbg.

Mhron agzd k `rugts hak sddks `rnf E gdae dgf3 smhbd uagt 8 ff 83 Ynbyjnau f mnavnbvubus ?3 Y nbyjnauf

mnavubvubus, khfhjdk, trud sddk vgsgobd =3 _ufdx sp. ;3 _ufdx hmdtnsdbbh 43 Jhbguf spurguf.

Mhro nagz dk `rugts hak sddks `rnf Eg daed gf< smhbd uagt 8 ff 83 ]gbdad mumuo hbus ?3 Yhphvdr ku ogu f/r enmh s =3

Medanpnkguf eyorgkuf ; hak 03 ]nbhauf agjruf, ga ; mngbdk dforyn vgsgobd 4< Pdrnagmh sp.Mhronagzdk `rugts hak sddks `rnf Egdaedgf< smhbd uagt 8 ff 8 hak =3 Ygsuf shtgvuf ?< egbuf n` Ygsuf shtgR'uf;3

Bhpshah mnffuags 43 Bdas mubgahrgs 03 m` [rg`nbguf sp. :3 Ynbyjnauf mnavnbvubus 53 _ufdx sp.

Mhro nagz dk `rugts hak sddks `rnf Eg daed gf< smhbd uagt 8 ff 8 hak ?3 Ornfus sdmhbgaus/fnbbgs =3 Ornfus

tdmtnruf/stdrgbgs.

Mhronagzdk `rugts hak sddks `rnf Egdaedgf< smhbd uagt 8 ff 83 ]gbdad mumuoh bus ?3 Med anpn kgu f eyo rgk uf =<

]gahpgs/Orhssgmh sp. ;3 Jhbguf spurguf 43 Bgauf usgthtgssgfuf 0 hak :3 ]nbhauf agjruf, ga : mngbdk dforyn

vgsgobd.

_dsubt s n` ted [J hahb ysgs n `nur BOL sedrks `rnf E gd aed gf .

_dsubts n` ted K[ H hahbysgs n` `nur BOL sedrks `rnf Egda edgf .

Mnfpbgmhtgnas ga ted sdhrme `nr "ted snurmd" n` prdegstnrgd hrtd`hmts.

Fhmrnsmnp gm hppd hrh amd n` nur hfp ego net gm hkzds `rnf Egda edgf 3 (h) grrdjubh rby ohak dk hak h `fd pnbgse (E

8957), (o) h spFatdry `rhmturd (E 488), (m) h bgadhr`horgm (E =9:-=) hak (k) ha grrdjubhr `nbghkna (E 787). mh

?.4U.

Xud ra `rhjfdat (E 08=) hak rd`drmamd fhtdrgh b (Ohk Jðjjgaj) wgte bgjet ornwagse mnbnurdk bdasds. mh ?.4U .

Fhmrnsmnp gm hppd hrh amd n` nur hfp ego net gm hkzds rnf ]nutedra B gfou rj3 (h) vdry `fd-jrhgadk (D ;;;), (o)

h bgadhr `horgm (D 880), (m) eadhr phtmeds (D ;4?), (k) strnajby bhydrdk (D :4?) hak (d) rdbhtgvdby mnhrsd

pnrpeyrnobhstgm pbhjgnmbhsd hak enraobdakd (D =55-?). mh ?.4U.

Mehrhmtdrgstgm sur`hmd tdxturd n` h ohshbtgm hkzd `rnf ]nutedra Bgfourj (]g 00), pnssgobd prnvdahavm adhr Ohk

Jnkdsodrj. mh ?.4U.

.'Rfpegonbgtd wgte fgmrnmrysthbbgad obugse jrdda enraobdakd hjjrdjhtds wgte ousev nutbgads (Egdaedgf 895=).

;9U.

Hfpegonbgtd wgte rdbhtgvdby mnhrsdr obud jrdda enraobdakd mbustdrs (Egdaedgf =47). ;9U.

Pdry `fd jrhgadk hfpegonbgtd wgte typgmhb "]trhebstdgasmegd`dr" ehogt (Egdaedgf 077). ;9U.

Addkgds n` obugse jrdda enraobdakd pdadtrhtgaj rhkghbby ga h quhrtz vdgabdt n` ha hfpegonbgtd (Egdaedgf 4=9).

49U.

Ynrpeyrnobhstgm enraobdakd ga hfpegonetd (Egdaedgf 88;9). ;9U.

@gadby bhydrdk hfpegonetd (Egdaedgf 85=-8). ;9U.Hfpegonbgtgzhtgna n` jhoorn hbnaj `rhmturds. [egdrbgaj, _djdasourjdr @nrdst. ;9U.

]edh`-bglm mbustdrs n` mnhrsd jrhgadk enraobdakd nrgdatdk ht rhaknf ga hfpegonbgtd `rnf Fnuat Lnsdgusln

(Snotda hrdh), ]nutewdstdra Ynbhak. ;9U.

Fnkdrhtdby snrtdk, suo-hajubhr quhrtz jrhgas dfodkkdk ga mryptnmrysthbbgad khrl fhtrgx wgte gatdrstgtghb `bnw

strumturds (quhrtz hrdagtd, Egdaedgf =8:). ;9U.

Ohkby snrtdk quhrtz hrdagtd (Egdaedgf =99) wgte fgmrnmrysthbbgad hajubhr quhrtz phrtgmbds ga ted fhtrgx.

MQrnssdk agmnbs. ;9U.

YnbymrysthTgad quhrtz jrhgas ga quhrtz hrdagtd kdrgvdk `rnf Phrgsmha fdthfnrpegm rnmls (Egdaedgf 08=).

Mrnssdk agmnbs. ;9U.

8:; @gj. ?=.

8:4 @gj. ?;.

8:0 @gj. ?4.

8:: @gj. ?0.

85? @gj. ?:.

850 @gj. ?5.

85: @gj. ?7.

855 @gj. .=9.

857 @gj. =8.

879 @gj. =?.

878 @gj. ==.

87? @gj. =;.

877 @gj. =4.

?99 @gj. =0.

?9= @gj. =:.

?87 @gj. =5.

?87 @gj. =7.

??9 @gj. ;9.

??9 @gj. ;8.

??8 @gj. ;?.

??8 @gj. ;=.

??8 @gj. ;;.

??8 @gj. ;4.

??? @gj. ;0.

??? @gj. ;:.??? @gj. ;5.

??? @gj. ;7.

??= @gj. 49.

??= @gj. 48.

??= @gj. 4?.

http://%27/mphibolite





?;; BG][ N@ @GJT_D]

Yhjd @gj. 4=.

??=

??; @gj. 4;.

??; @gj. 44.

??; @gj. 40.??; @gj. 4:.

??4 @gj. 45.

??4 @gj. 47.

??4 @gj. 09.

??4 @gj. 08.

??0 @gj. 0?.

??0 @gj. 0=.

??0 @gj. 0;.

??0 @gj. 04,

??: @gj. 00.

??: @gj. 0:.

??: @gj. 05.

??: @gj. 07.

??5 @gj. :9.

??5 @gj. :8.

??5 @gj. :?.

??5 @gj. :=.

Kghjdadtg m rdmrysthbbgzhtgna n` h quhrt zgtd (Egda edgf ??:)< ted mnatnurs n` ted nrgjgahbby suo-rnu akdk phrtgmbds

hrd stgbb vgsgobd. Bnwdr phrt mrnssdk agmnbs. ;9U.

Hfpegonbgtd `rnf Dbsbnn (D =;;-8) wgte trhmds n` ornwa enraobdakd, damgrmbdk, wgtega obud jrdda enraobdakd.

;9U.

Hfpegonbgtd wgte enraobdakd mbustdrs hak sedh`s (Dbsbnn 80=). ;TU.

_dbhtgvdby mnhrsdby mrysthbbgzdk enrao bdak d hak pbhjgnmbhsd pnrpeyrnobhsts ga hfpego nbgtd (Dbsbnn ! 88). ;9U.@gad-jrhgadk rhaknfby nrgdatdk obugse jrdda enraobdakd amdkbds hak sedh`s ga hfpegonbgtd (]tdga 805). ;9U.

Hfpegonbgtd wgte rdbhtgvdby bhrjd obud jrdda enraobdakd pnrpeyrnobhsts (]tdga ;5). ;9U.

Bhydrdk hfpegonbgtd wgte rdbhtgvdby bhrjm ogntgtd mrysthbs hssnmghtdk wgte quhrtz< snfd ogntgtds hrd nrgdatdk

pdrpdakgmubhr wgte rdspdmt tn ted `nbghtgna (Dbsbnn =;;-8). ;9U.

_d`drdamd hfpegonbgtd (Anrtewdstdra ]pdsshrt) wgte pbhjgnmbhsd pnrpeyrnobhst mnathgagaj gambusgnas (h.n.

jhradt). Gatdrahb nrgdathtgna (]g) n` gambusgnas gs nobgqud wgte rdjhrk tn dxtdrahb `nbghtgna (]d). ;9U.

Nbgvgad ohshbt wgte pedanmrysts n` tgthanfhjadtgtd ga vhrghobd sgzds, nbgvgad hak tgthahujgtd (Dbsbnn 095). ;9U.

Nbgvgad ohshbt wgte tgthahujgtd mbustdr (Dbsbnn 099-8). ;9U.

_dbhtgvdby bhrjd pedanmrysts n` nbgvgad hak tgthahujgtd ga nbgvgad ohshbt (]tdga 8=4). ;9U.

Nbgvgad ohshbt wgte phrtby hak mnfpbdtdby hbtdrdk ohshbtgm enraobdakd, tgthahujgtd hak nbgvgad (Dbsbnn ?=7).

;9U.

Ybhjgnmbhsd ohshbt wgte nbgvgad ha k auf drn us rdbhtgv d bhrjd pbhjgnmbhsd bhtbgs kgspb hygaj h bbnw nrgd atht gna (Dbsbnn

=00). ;9U.

Ohshagtd, pnssgobd nrgjga Zdstdra Dg`db, wgte ogntgtd-rgffmk nbgvgad pedanmrysts hak wgtega ted jrnuakfhssadpedbgad hak dqugkgfdasgnahb Gmumgtd wgte h typgmhb gambusgna phttdra. (Dbsbnn =57). ;9U.

Zdhlby bhydrdk khrl ornwa pgjfdatdk mnfphmt peybbgtm, pnssgobd nrgjga Enrgna Enzçfnat (Dbsbnn 0;;). ;9U.

[ypgmhb bykgtd wgte fgmrnmrysthbbgad quhrtz mbustdrs (Dbsbnn :4), ;9U.

Khrlby pgjfdatdk mebnrgtngk-odhrgaj peybbgtd (Dbsbnn ;7?). Mebnrgtngk gs damgrmbdk. ;9U.

Khrl ornwa hrdagtd wgte h egje fhtrgx mnatdat (Db.sbnn ;::). Mrns.smk agmnbs. ;9U.

Fusmnvgtd, mebnrgtd hak hbogtd edhrgaj quhrtzgtgm "jrddasmegst" (]tdga BP). Mrnssdk agmnbs. ;9U.

@gad-jrhgadk quhrtzgtd wgte grrdjubhr jrhga-onuakhrgds (Dbsbnn 054). Mrnssdk agmnbs. ;9U.

Xuhrtz hrdagtd jrgakgaj-stnad `rhjfdat wgte bgfnagtgm mdfdat (Dbsbnn =:). Ynssgobd snurmd3 Fhhs _gvdr tdrrhmd.

;9U.

Dambnsurd 8. Bdjdak tn ted pnbbda kghjr hfs.Dambnsurd ?. [e d Edgbgjdasthkt dr Fnns, kghj rhf n` pnbbda typds gambukdk ga ted pnbbdasuf.

Dambnsurd =. [e d Edgbgjdasthktdr Fnns, kghj rhf n` pnbbda typds mxmbukdk `rnf ted pnbbdasuf.

Dambnsurd ;. [e d Knahufnn s, kghj rhf n` pnbbda typds gambukdk ga ted pnbbdasuf.

Dambnsurd 4. [e d Knahu fnns, kghjrhf n` pnbbdatypds dxmbukdk rnf ted pnbbdasuf.

Dambnsurd 0. Hfpegonb gtds `rnf Mdatrhb `curnpmha snurmds.

Dambns urd :. Ohshbtgm rnmls ga Mda trh b Dur npd .



BG][ N@ [HOBD]

Yhjn [hobd

5 8

8? ?

49 =

47 ;

08 4

5? 0

54 :

79 5

7; 7

89? 89

89= 88

89: 8?

889 8=

8?? 8;

85= 84

85; 80

854 8:

87; 85

87; 87

870 ?9

875 ?8

Dambnsurd 5. ??

Daknsurd 7. ?=

[ed sgzd n` ted hrdh, wegme gs vgsgtdk khgby grnf h sdttbdfdat3 snfd khth `rnf ted bgtdrhturd na

euatdrs/jhtedrdrs hak swgkkda mubtgvhtnrs.

[ed Htbhatgm mbgfhtd hmmnrkgaj tn Fhagh 87:=.

[ed BOL sdttbdfdat hrdhs odtwdda Fhhs hak Jdbdda hak ted pehsds kurgaj wegme tedy wdrd nmmupgdk<

pehsds hmmnrkg aj tn Fnk kdr fha 87:9.

Mhronagzdk sddks `rnf ]nutedra Bgfourj.

[e d rhtgn jrhgas/spgldbdt ohsds ga ted wedht `fks `rnf Egda edgf.

[ed kurhogbgty n` ted edhrtwnnk n` h aufodr n` gakgjdanus wnnks.

[ed fgagfuf aufodr n` trdds usdk ga ted mnastrumtgna n` h BOL enusd.

[ed quhatgty n` rddk admdsshry `nr ted rnn` n` h BOL enusd.Kdsmrgptgna n` sedrks usdk `nr hahbysgs.

Adutrna hmtgvhtgna hahbysgs n` ]nutedra Bgfourj medrts, suffhry n` ted rdsubts n` phttdra rmmnjagtgna.

Adutrna hmtgvhtgna hahbysgs n` Dbsbnn ==; tbhlms, phttdra rdmnjagtgna.

.•Rkzds hak hkzd `rhjfdats `rnf Dbsbnn, ]tdga hak ]gtthrk.

Hkzds, hkzd `rhjfdats hak whstd `rnf Egdaedgf (dxmhvhtgnas up tn hak gambukgaj 87:=).

Mehrmnhb `rnf 54 whstd hssdfobhjds `rnf ted BOL sdttbdfdat Bhajwdgbdr-?.

Ybhat rdfhgas `rnf ted BOL sdttbdfdat ht Egdaedgf.

_dfhgas n` wgbk pbhats `rnf ted BOL sdttbdfdat ht Egdaedgf.

Znnk rdfhgas `rnf ted BOL sdttbdfdat ht Egdaedgf.

Kdsmrgptgna n` ted sedrks.

[dfpdr n` ted pntsedrks ga % n` wdgjet.

Medfgmhb hahbysds n` ted `nur sedrks, terdd mbhy shfpbds hak bnhf `rnf h pgt, `gbbmk wgte sdttbdfdat whstd.

_dbhtgvd rhtgn n` ted pdhl hrdhs n` ted mbhy `rhmtgna n` ted terdd mbhy shfpbds.

Xuhethtgvd fgadrhbnjgmhb mnfpnsgtgna hak ntedr pdtrnjrhpegm prnpdrtgds n` hfpegonetgm hrtd`hmts `rnf

Egdaedgf (Ohvhrgh, Jdrfhay), Dbsbnn hak ]tdga (]nute-dhstdra Adtedrbhaks).

Xuhethtgvd fgadrhbnjgmhb mnfpnsgtgna hak ntedr pdtrnjrhpegm prnpdrtgds n` ohshbtgm gfpbdfnats `rnf

Dbsbnn hak ]tdga (]nute-dhstdra Adtedrbhaks).

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