APHG 1st Semester Final Study Guide

Chapters 1-6

Place chapter 1

• The uniqueness of a location

Reference map

• focus on accuracy in showing the absolute locations of places, using a coordinate system that allows for the precise plotting of where on Earth something is.

Thematic map

• tell stories showing the degree of some attribute or the movement of a geographic phenomenon

Absolute location

• The location of a place using a coordinate system, using degrees, minutes, and seconds. Very precise.

• Absolute locations do not change

Relative location

• the location of a place in relation to other human and physical features

• are constantly modified and change over time.

Expansion diffusion

• when an innovation or idea develops in a hearth and remains strong there while also spreading outward

Contagious diffusion

• a form of expansion diffusion in which nearly all adjacent individuals and places are affected. Ex: Silly Bandz

Hierarchical diffusion

• a pattern in which the main channel of diffusion is some segment of those who are susceptible to (or adopting) what is being diffused. Ex: Crocs footwear.

Relocation Diffusion

• Occurs most frequently through migration• Involves the actual movement of

individuals who have already adopted the idea or innovation, and who carry it to a new, perhaps distant, locale, where they proceed to disseminate it

Chapter 2

• Population density: a country’s total population relative to land size

• Assumes an even distribution of population to the land

• Total population / total land area• Slovenia - pop= 2,000,000 land area = 7,819 square miles• What is the arithmetic density?• Answer: 2,000,000/7819= 256 people per square mile.

Ecumene

• – the portion of the earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlements.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Average number of children born to a woman of childbearing age

Natural Increase

• Births – Deaths• Does not factor immigration (in-

migration) or emigration (outmigration) into the equation

Demographic Transition

• A model based on western Europe’s experience, of changes in population growth exhibited by countries going through industrialization. High birth rates and death rates are followed by plunging death rates, producing a huge net population gain. Followed by the convergence of the birth and death rates at a low overall level.

• © H.J. de Blij, P.O. Muller, and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Expansive population policies

• Government policies that encourage large families and raise the rate of natural increase

Eugenic population policies

• Designed to favor one racial or cultural sector of the population over others

Restrictive population policies

• Govt policies designed to reduce the overall rate of natural increase.e.g., One-Child Policy in China – Limitations: Sweden– Contradictions: Roman Catholic doctrine

Chapter 3 Migration

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cyclic Movement

• Involves journeys that begin at our home base and bring us back to it

Periodic Movement

• Involves a longer period of time away from the home base than cyclic movement

• You eventually return home• Migrant labor • Transhumance, • College attendance• Military service

Forced Migration

• Atlantic slave trade: the largest and most devastating forced migration in the history of humanity

Voluntary Migration

• People relocate in response to perceived opportunity, not because they are forced to move.

Distance decay

• Prospective migrants are likely to have more complete perceptions of nearer places than of farther ones.

• Since interaction with faraway places generally decreases as distance increases, prospective migrants are likely to feel much less certain about distant destinations than about nearer ones.

Chain migration

• People migrate to areas where relatives live.

refugee

• People who have fled their country because of political persecution and seek asylum in another country.

Guest worker

• A legal immigrant who has a work visa. Usually short term.

Chapter 4 Culture

Folk culture

• is small, incorporates a homogeneous population, is typically rural, and is cohesive in cultural traits.

Popular culture

• is large, incorporates heterogeneous populations, is typically urban, and experiences quickly changing cultural traits

local culture

• is a group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective or a community, who share experiences, customs, and traits, and who work to preserve those traits and customs in order to claim uniqueness and to distinguish themselves from others

• Local cultures desire to keep popular culture out, keep their culture intact, and maintain control over customs and knowledge

cultural appropriation

• the process by which other cultures adopt customs and knowledge and use them for their own benefit.

Commodification

• is the process through which something that previously was not regarded as an object to be bought or sold becomes an object that can be bought, sold, and traded in the world market.

placelessness

• the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape to the point that one place looks like the next.

• Ex. Murrieta and Temecula.

Chapter 5 Identity: Race, Ethnicity, Gender,

and Sexuality.

identity

• “how we make sense of ourselves.”

Identifying against

• define the “Other person,” and then we define ourselves in opposing terms

Succession

• New immigrants to a city often move to low-income areas being slowly abandoned by older immigrant groups.

Sense of place

• A state of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character.

Ethnicity

• Affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture.

gendered

• In terms of place. Whether the place was designed for men or women.

Chapter 6 Language

Standard language

• The variant of a language that a country’s political and intellectual elite seek to promote as for the norm for use in schools, government, the media, and other aspects of public life.

Dialects

• Variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines• Differences in vocabulary, syntax,

pronunciation, cadence, and pace of speech

Isogloss

• geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs

Sound shift

• is a slight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or through a language family from the present backward toward its origin

• Ex.: Italian, Spanish and French as members of the Romance language subfamily – think of numbers in these languages

Proto-Indo-European language

• An ancestral indo European language that is the hearth of the ancient Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit languages which would link modern languages from Scandinavia to north Africa an from north America through parts of Asia to Australia.

Nostratic

• Language believed to be the ancestral language of Proto-Indo-European.

lingua franca

• is a language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce

• Can be a single language or a mixture of two or more languages.

Pidgin language

• When people speaking two or more languages are in contact and they combine parts of their languages in a simplified structure and vocabulary.

Creole language

• is a pidgin language with a more complex structure and vocabulary that has become the native language of a group of people.