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C11 Review: C11 Review: The The

Legislative Legislative BranchBranch

The Great Compromise

• Philadelphia, 1787

• Bicameral legislature

• House- proportionate representation

• Senate- equal representation

Elections, Terms. Qualifications

• HOUSE– 2 year term– 435– All– 25– 7– Resident– Formal rules– Direct election

• SENATE– 6 year term– 100– 1/3– 30– 9– Resident– Informal rules– State legislatures– 17th Amendment

Trend Toward Decentralization

•Rise of individual member

•More committees and subcommittees

•Secret ballot

•Gridlock

•U.S. Term Limits v. Thorton (1995)

Duties of the Congress

•Make Laws

•Service to Constituents (casework)

•Investigate

•Legislative Oversight

Congressional Support Staff

•Congressional Budget Office (CBO)

•Government Accountability Office (GAO)

•Congressional Research Service (CRS)

•Library of Congress (LOC)

People Hate the Congress, but like their own

Congressman

The House of Representatives

•Speaker of the House

•Decentralization

•Revenue Bills

•Rules Committee

•Ways and Means (revenue)

•Appropriations (expenditures)

•Appropriations

•Germane Debate

•Committee of the Whole

House Rules Committee

• Closed rules

• Open rules

• Restrictive rules

*Germane Debate and strict rules!

The United States Senate

•Less formal

•Non-germane debate

•Filibuster

•Cloture (60)

•Riders

•Christmas Tree bills

•Majority Leader

•President

•President Pro Tempore

•Unanimous Consent

•Senate Hold

•Confirmation

The United States Senate

•Finance (revenue)

•Appropriations (expenditures)

Incumbent Advantages

• Name recognition• Casework• Sponsor legislation• Redistricting• Franking privilege• Home visits• Pork barrel legislation• Earmarks• Logrolling• Credit/blame• Raising $$$• Sophomore surge

Reelection

H- 90%+

S- 65-85%

Incumbent Vulnerability

• Inexperience

• Quality challenger ($)

• Marginal versus Safe seat

• Wrong doing

• Senators (@ large)

• Mid-term election

• Gerrymandering

Decennial Census

• Congress– Reapportionment– Snow

belt/rustbelt– Sunbelt

• State Legislatures– Redistricting– Gerrymandering– Packing– Cracking– Compact– Contiguous– Malapportionment– Baker v. Carr– One man/one vote

Racial Gerrymandering

• Majority-minority districts

• Descriptive representation

• Substantive representation

How a Bill Becomes a Law•Hopper

•Standing Committees and Subcommittees

•Sequential referral

•Mark up session

•Pigeon holing

•Reporting Out

•Calendars

•H- Committee of the Whole

•H- Rules Committee

•Conference Committee

•Enrollment of Bill

Committee Work

• Real work• Most bills die• Specialization/ expertise• Markup session• Hearings/testimony• Standing committee• Subcommittee• Joint committee• Conference committee• Select committee

Calendars

•Calendar of General Business

•Executive

•House

•Union

•Private

•Discharge

Types of Votes in Congress

•Voice (H/S)

•Standing (Division) (H)

•Teller (H)

•Roll Call (H/S)

How Congressmen Vote

•Representational (Delegate)

•Attitudinal (Trustee)

•Organizational (Party Line)

* Delegates, Trustees, Politicos