APG APG 11stst Semester Semester

Exam ReviewExam Review

Political Culture

•Shared!

•Democracy

•Individual Liberty

•Political Equality

•Equality of Opportunity/ Not Result

•Legal Equality

Political Ideology

•Differences

•Liberal vs. Conservative

•Government involvement Economically

•Government involvement in Personal Conduct

Political Ideology

•Liberals

•Conservatives

•Libertarians

•Communitarians

•D’s, R’s, and I’s Today

Elections in the United States

•Congressional/ Midterm

•Off-Year

Likely Voters•Higher Levels of Education (SES)

•White

•Older

•Married

•Church Goers

•Strong Party ID

Non-Voters

•Young (18-24)

•Low Education

•Non-White

Federalist #10 Publius, Madison

•Extended Republic Argument

•Factions will occur (inevitable)

•Ambition Check Ambition

•Public Weal

•Representative Government

Federalist #51 Publius, Madison

•Men are not angels (nor gals)

•Those governing are not angels

•Separation of Powers

•Federalism

Checks and

Balances

Evolution of the Nominating Process

•King Caucus

•National Nominating Convention

•Primary and Caucus

Framers Distrust of Public Opinion

•Representative Democracy

•Electoral College

•Extended Republic

•Separation of Powers

•Federalism

Controlling the White House (1968 – Present)

•1968

•1972

•1980

•1984

•1976

•1992

•1996

•2008

•1988

•2000

•2004

Changes in Party Organization (1968 – 1972)

•Highly Organized

•Well Funded

•Computer Mailings

•Advice and Information

•Fragmented

•In-Fighting

•Traditional versus New Democrats

Democratic Party Has Lost Voters

•Catholics

•Unions

•Southerners

•Women

•African-Americans

•Jews

Direct Democracy in the U.S.

•Initiative

•Referendum

•Recall

•17th Amendment

•New England Town meeting

•Direct Primary

Expansion of Sufferage

•15th Amendment

•17th Amendment

•19th Amendment

•23rd Amendment

•24th Amendment

•26th Amendment

•Voting Rights Act of 1965

•Poll taxes

•Literacy tests

•White primaries

•Grandfather Clause

Voting Reform/ End of Fraudulent Voting

•Repeaters and floaters

•WVA turnout of 108% (1888)

•Australian Ballot

•Residency Requirements

•Strict Voter Registration

Political Participation

•U.S.- voter turnout lower, participation in other ways higher (compared to European nations)

•Conventional vs. Unconventional

•Direct Action

•Supporting vs. Influencing Behavior

Unconventional Participation

•Lack of Trust

•Increased Political Efficacy

•Strong Sense of Group Consciousness

Political Socialization

•Family

•Schooling and Information

•Religion

•Peers and Occupation

•Spouse

Voter Turnout, U.S. vs. Others

•No automatic registration

•No compulsory voting laws

•Two-step process (w/ registration)

•Cost of Registering

•Amount of elections in the U.S.

•Voter Fatigue

Crosscutting Cleavage and Voting in the U.S.

•Race

•Ethnicity

•Gender

•Religion

•Region

* Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Political Ideology: Conservatives

•Individual Responsibility

•“Rugged Individualism”

•Lassiez Faire (Business)

•Market Driven Economy

•Regulation of Community Standards

Political Ideology: Liberals

•Government remedy of social injustices

•Government regulation of economy

•Affirmative Action

•Separation of Church and state

Types of Votes

•Majority

•Simple majority

•Super Majority

•Plurality

U.S. Political Parties•Two Major Parties (single-winner)

•Minor Parties

•Bolter

•Economic Protest

•Ideological

•Single-Issue

•Political Machines

Political Machines

•Patronage

•Informal Welfare System

•Pendleton Act

•Social Security Act

•Laws Reducing Voter Fraud

Natural Rights•John Locke

•Thomas Jefferson

•Property!

•Life

•Liberty

•Property

•Pursuit of Happiness

United States Constitution•Separation of Powers

•Federal System

•Strong National Government

•Checks and Balances

•Congress- Commerce and Taxation

•Delegated Powers

•Implied Powers

•Bicameral Legislature

Critical Elections

•Two Types

•Party Realignment

•1860, 1896, 1932

•Also, 1800 and 1824

The Electoral College•538 Total Votes

•Votes per State

•Majority (270) to Win

•General and Electoral Elections

•Twelfth Amendment

•Role of the House (1800, 1824)

Key Elections•1800

•1824

•1860

•1896

•1912

•1932

•2000

Weaknesses of the Articles

•Inability to tax

•Inability to regulate commerce

•No Executive or Judiciary

•Unicameral House

•Equal representation

Success Under the Articles

•Land Ordinance of 1785

•Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Rights Imbedded in the Constitution

•Habeas Corpus

•Ex Post Facto

•Bill of Attainder

•Trial by Jury

•No Religious Test for Office

Federalism

•Amendment Process

•Election Laws

•Points of Access

•Diversity of Public Policy

Federal Elections•Direct Election

•House of Representatives

•Senate (17th Amendment)

•Indirect Election

•Presidency

•Nomination and Confirmation

•The Federal Judiciary

Compromises in Philadelphia

•Great Compromise

•Three-fifths Compromise

•Slavery Compromises

•Executive Compromises

•Commerce Compromises

Separation of Powers

•Checks and Balances

•Veto/ Override

•Impeachment Process

•Bicameral Legislature

•Marbury v. Madison (1803)

•Appointments/ Treaties

Civil Rights

•Black Codes

•Literacy Tests

•Poll Taxes

•White Primaries

•Jim Crow Laws

•Brown v. B.O.E. Topeka (1954)

Road to Philadelphia

•Articles of Confederation

•Mt. Vernon Conference

•Annapolis Convention

•Shays’ Rebellion

•Philadelphia Convention

Functions of Political Parties

•Sponsor/Nominate Candidates

•Structure the Voting Choice

•Propose Alternative Programs

•Coordinate Governing Process

Devolution Revolution

•Nixon- New Federalism= Block Grants

•Reagan- New Federalism (also)

•Rehnquist Court= Lopez Case (1995)

•AFDC TANF (1996)

New Deal Coalition

•Liberals

•Unions

•Catholics

•Jews

•European Ethnics

•Urban Workers

•City Dwellers

•Southern Whites (Solid South)

The Amendment Process

•Proposal

•2/3 Vote

•Both House and Senate

•Conventional called at request of 2/3 of the States

•Ratification

•3/4 Vote

•State Legislatures

•Specially called Conventions in each State