APES Water TestASSIGNMENT: Complete the following test by Tuesday, April 2nd. In addition to filling in the correct answers on the scantron, you must elaborate on each answer explaining either more detail, or describing the “why.” This must be done on a separate sheet of

paper. Descriptions can be anywhere from a sentence to a paragraph each.

Questions 1-4 refer to the following quantities of water samples.

(A) Acidity (B) Turbidity (C) Hardness(D) D.O. (E) Salinity

1. Measured on the pH scale 2. Caused by suspended particles 3. Decreased by the breakdown of organic waste 4. Measured by the amount of Ca+ and Mg+

5. Of the following, which constitutes the greatest percentage of domestic use of water in the United States? a. Flushing toiletsb. Drinkingc. Cookingd. Washing dishese. Washing clothes

6. The presence of high levels of fecal coliform bacteria in a water source indicates that the water a. Is safe to drink b. Is safe to swim in c. Contains too little oxygen to support fish life d. Has been recently chlorinated at a sewage treatment plant e. Has been contaminated by untreated human or animal waste

7. Of the following, which is the best example of a point source of water pollution? a. Factory effluentb. Storm waterc. Acid precipitation d. Agricultural runoffe. Residential pesticide runoff

8. The amount of sediment deposited at the mouth of a river is likely to be increased by the presence upstream of which of the following?

I. Artificial levees and embankments II. DamsIII. Extensive natural wetlands

a. I onlyb. II onlyc. III onlyd. I and II onlye. II and III only

9. In the removal of a pollutant from wastewater, which of the following is true of the cost per unit of pollutant removed? a. It decreases as the toxicity of the pollutant increases b. It decreases as the time passed before remediation increasesc. It increases as the concentration of the pollutant decreases d. It increases as the volume of the wastewater decreases e. It does not change over time or with concentration of pollutant

10. The goal of the second state of a septic treatment plant is to a. Remove the large solid material b. Aerate the water c. Make muddy water clean d. Remove chemicals such as DDT or PCBs e. Lower the amount of organic materials in the water

11. Which of the following organisms is the first to be adversely affected by thermal pollution in a stream? a. Trees along the bankb. Insect larvae in the waterc. Large fish migrating upstream d. Birds drinking the water e. Bacteria in the water

12. Which of the values below best represent the Ld50 in this experiment? a. 3.0 b. 3.5c. 3.7d. 4.0e. 5.0

13. At what pH value do the fewest fish hatch?a. 7.0b. 4.0c. 3.7d. 3.5e. 3.0

14. Which of the following best describes the goal of the above experiment? a. To test the hypothesis that the bigger the fish, the smaller the pH tolerance range b. To observe how many fish would hatch at different pH levels c. To find out how many fish live in streams with different pH levelsd. To find out how many acid rain affects life in streams e. To see what chemical is best at changing the pH of water

15. The pH value is a measure of the a. Amount of heavy metals in the waterb. BOD of the waterc. Concentration of oxygen in the waterd. Concentration of hydrogen ions in the watere. Depth the scientist can see under the water

16. Oxygen-depleted zones of the ocean, such as the one at the mouth of the Mississippi River, are most likely caused by a. large numbers of fish that are using up all the oxygen in the waterb. a reduction in the plant life of rivers that empty into the ocean near the dead zonec. excessive fertilizers carried into the ocean, which cause algal bloom that lowers the oxygen level d. thermal pollution in the ocean e. acid precipitation falling on the ocean

17. The highest priority of the Clean Water Act is to provide a. Funds to increase recycling participation b. Guidance to refer to toxic chemicals c. Funds to reclaim old strip minesd. Policies to lessen the amount of oil spills in the ocean e. Policies to attain fishable and swimmable waters in the United States

18. A certain chemical has a concentration of 10 ppm in water. Which statement most accurately describes its concentration?a. There are 10 molecules of the chemical in one million molecules of waterb. There are 10 million molecules of the chemical in the sample c. There are 10 million molecules of the chemical in a 1-liter beakerd. There are 10 molecules of water in one million molecules of the chemical e. There are 10 molecules of the chemical in 10 million molecules of water

19. Salt intrusion into freshwater aquifers, beach aquifers, and the disruption of coastal fisheries are all possibly results of which of the following?

a. Rising ocean levels as a result of global warming b. More solar ultraviolet radiation on the earth c. More chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere d. Reduced rates of photosynthesise. Use of the oceans as waste disposal areas

20. Which of the sources below would produce non-point source pollution? a. The smoke stack of a factory b. A volcano c. A pipe leading into a river from a sewage treatment plant d. A car’s exhaust pipe e. A large area of farmland near a river

21. The shrinking of the Aral Sea and the ecological disaster that followed was mainly caused by a. The diversion of the sea’s two feeder rivers for agricultural use b. Withdrawing groundwater from the area c. The major earthquake that hits the region d. The loss of swamplands in the areae. The massive use of pesticides

22. The release of chemicals from underground storage tanks is most likely to pollute which of the following? a. A landfillb. The atmospherec. The ecotoned. Aquiferse. The hydrosphere

23. All of the following are useful methods for reducing domestic water use EXCEPT a. Using low-flow shower headsb. Using low-flush volume toiletsc. Turning off water while brushing your teeth d. Fixing leaks as soon as they starte. Lowering the temperature of the water heater

24. Which of the following pairs correctly matches the source of gray water with its most frequency use in the home?a. Dishwater and sink water used to flush toiletsb. Flushed toilet water used to irrigate garden plantsc. Dishwater and sink water used to irrigate garden plants d. Water collected from rainfall used to flush toiletse. Water from showers used for dish washing

25. Which of the following is a non-point source of water pollution?a. Drainpipesb. Ditchesc. Sewer outfalld. Atmospheric deposition e. Leaking gasoline tank

26. Which of the following is a source of thermal pollution?a. Magmatic activity b. Geothermal springsc. Agricultured. Increased organic activity e. Power plant cooling systems

27. What impact could an influx of agricultural waste or manure have on an aquatic ecosystem?a. Increase in dissolved oxygen b. Excessive growth of algae c. Reduction in photosynthesisd. Lower BODe. Thermal shock

28. What impact does the introduction of thermal pollution have on an aquatic ecosystem?a. Reduces the ability of the water to hold dissolved carbon dioxide b. Increases the ability of the water to hold dissolved carbon dioxide c. Reduces the ability of the water to hold dissolved oxygend. Increases the ability of water to hold dissolved oxygen e. No impact on dissolved carbon dioxide or dissolved oxygen

29. Worldwide, most of the available freshwater is used for which of the following? a. Oil and gas productionb. Power plant coolingc. Industrial processingd. Public drinking watere. Agriculture

30. What consequences of overusing groundwater would affect areas that are distant from the point of use? a. Groundwater contaminationb. Salt water intrusion c. Subsidence d. Depletion of stream flow e. Aquifer replenishment

31. Distillation and reverse osmosis are methods for which of the following processes? a. Tapping groundwaterb. Transferring watersheds c. Desalination d. Curbing water wastee. Minimizing water losses from irrigation

32. High levels of which nutrient can lead to eutrophication? a. Carbonb. Phosphorus c. Oxygend. Carbon dioxide e. Water

33. A body of water is considered to be safe for swimming if there are no more than 200 colonies of coliform bacteria per 100 a. Liters of waterb. Microliters of waterc. Milliliters of waterd. Ppm of watere. Gallons of water

34. At which of the following ranges in pH will the ecology of a lake environment begin to be significantly impacted? a. 3.0-5.0b. 4.5-5.0 c. 5.0-6.0d. 6.5-9.0e. 9.0-9.5

35. The majority of ocean pollution comes from which of the following sources? a. Runoff from pesticides, fertilizers, and sewer discharges b. Acid rainc. Marine sources such as oil spills d. Ocean dumpinge. Oil exploration and production

36. Damming the Colorado River in the United States had which of the following effects?a. No effects on the carrying capacity for humans of the Southwestern United States and Mexicob. Increases the carrying capacity for humans of the Southwestern United States and Mexico c. Decreases the carrying capacity for humans of the Southwestern United States but decreases the carrying capacity

for humans in Mexico d. Increases the carrying capacity for humans for the Southwestern United States, but decreases the carrying

capacity for humans in Mexico e. Decreases the carrying capacity for humans of the Southwestern United States, but increases the carrying capacity

for humans in Mexico

37. Which of the following is NOT a provision of the Law of the Sea? a. Established an Exclusive Economic Zone of 12 miles for coastal nationsb. Covers rights to fishing, marine life, and miningc. Establishes general guidelines for safeguarding marine life and protecting the freedom of scientific research on the

high seasd. Creates a legal mechanism for controlling mineral resource exploitation in international waterse. Created the International Seabed Authority

38. Aquifers provide almost ____ of the world’s water. a. 1/6 b. 1/4 c. 1/3 d. 1/2 e. 2/3

39. Currently, groundwater in the U.S. is being withdrawn at ______ its replacement rate. a. At one-halfb. Equal toc. Two timesd. Four timese. Five times

40. It is most economically and environmentally sound to focus water resource management on a. Increasing the water supplyb. Controlling the “mining” of groundwaterc. Increasing the efficiency of the way we use waterd. Developing desalination plantse. Cloud seeding and towing icebergs to arid regions

41. World Resource Institute estimates that ____ of the water people use throughout the world is wasted by evaporation, leaks, and other losses.

a. 25-30% b. 45-50%c. 65-70% d. 75-80%e. 78-90%

42. The main human activity that increases flooding isa. Constructing damsb. Directing stream flow c. Destroying vegetation d. Irrigation e. Urbanization

43. Nitrates and phosphates are examples of a. Disease-causing agentsb. Oxygen-demanding wastesc. Inorganic plant nutrientsd. Organic chemicalse. Sediment

44. Over half of the total mass of pollutants entering stream sand lakes comes from a. Point pollution from sewage treatment plants b. Point pollution from industrial plantsc. Non point pollution from roadside runoffd. Non point pollution from agriculture e. Non point pollution from construction

45. Oxygen sag curves can occura. May occur during spring floodsb. Occur when oxygen-demanding wastes are added to the waterc. Develop in fast-flowing riversd. May occur upstream from a sewage treatment plante. All of these answers

46. The majority of the oil pollution in the ocean floor comes from a. Blowouts (rupture of a borehole in an oil rig in the ocean) b. Tanker accidentsc. Environmental terrorism d. Runoff from lande. Normal operations of off shore wells

47. Of the following, the most ecologically responsible way to dispose of sewage sludge is a. Incineration b. Dumping into the deep trenches of the ocean c. Conventional landfillsd. Treating with heat to kill harmful bacteria, removal of toxic chemicals, and using as fertilizer e. None of these answers

48. Which of the following substances are removed to the greatest extent by combined primary and secondary waste treatment?

a. Organic pesticidesb. Organic oxygen-demanding wastes c. Toxic metals and synthetic chemicalsd. Radioactive isotopes e. All of these answers

49. According to the EPA, about _____% of the country’s lakes and 40% of the country’s streams are too polluted for swimming or fishing.

a. 10 b. 25c. 40d. 55e. 80

50. A change in the U.S. Drinking Water Act that is least likely to be recommended by an environmentalist is a. Banning all lead in plumbing pipes, faucets, and fixturesb. Increased reliance on voluntary compliance to drinking water standards c. Strengthening public notification on requirements of drinking water violations d. Reducing testing and administrative costs and improving treatment by combing smaller water systems into larger

onese. Combing small water treatment facilities with larger ones nearby