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Hey APES
Any more lab reports?
Ch. 3, continued.
Color?
Ecosystems: What are they and how do they
work?Ch. 3
Miller and Spoolman, 16th ed.
Big Idea # 1
Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environment.
Organization of Life
All living things are made of 1 or more cells
Organization of Life
A population is members of the same species, that live in a particular place at a particular time
Who, where, when The variation among
members of a population is due to its genetic diversity (DNA)
Organization of Life
A community is all the populations in an area
Populations in a community interact with each other Feeding
relationships, competition, nutrient cycles, etc
Organization of Life
An ecosystem is the community plus all the abiotic factors in the area
Biotic - living or recently living
Abiotic - nonliving
Organization of Life
The biosphere is all the ecosystems…our whole world…where we all live
Cells All living things are
made of one or more cells…
You should know the basics about cell types
Cell types
There are 2 basic cell types: prokaryotic & eukaryotic
Prokaryotic Cells
Most simple BACTERIA & Archaea
Protein construction and energyconversion occur without specializedinternal structures
DNA (no nucleus)
No nucleus No organelles DNA, ribosomes,
cell wall, cell membrane
VERY DIVERSE & SUCCESSFUL
FOUND EVERYWHERE
Eukaryotic Cells Larger More complex Nucleus for DNA
Nucleus(DNA)
Proteinconstruction
Energyconversion
Specialized organelles Plants, animals, fungi,
protists
Animals and some protists do not have cell walls
Summary Check
What are the biological levels of organization? (say it)
Venn diagram: prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells (put it in your notes)
Big Idea # 2 Life is sustained
by 3 things: The flow of
energy from the sun through the biosphere
The cycling of nutrients within the biosphere
gravity
4 Spheres of Life
All 4 spheres interact with each other
We need all four to keep us alive
1.
3.
4.
2.
Sphere 1 - the atmosphere Atmosphere = Thin
layer surrounding the earth’s surface
Closest to land is the troposphere (ground level to 4-11 miles up) Has most of our air
Air is: 78% N2
21% O2
1% methane, CO2, H2O - greenhouse gases
The Atmosphere, cont’d
Next layer up is the stratosphere (11-31 miles) Has ozone
layer - filters out most UV radiation
Sphere 2 - the hydrosphere
Hydrosphere = all the water on earth Liquid (on surface and
underground) Solid (ice) Water vapor (in
atmosphere)
Most in oceans - covers ~ 71% of the planet
Sphere 3 - the geosphere Geosphere =
super hot core, thick, fluid mantle, thin outer crust
Contains our fossil fuels and minerals (nonrenewable) and soil nutrients (renewable)
Sphere 4 - the biosphere
All the living things on earth Life exists from ~ 6 miles above the
earth’s surface to the bottom of the ocean
Biomes Large regions of
land that have characteristic climate and species adapted to them
Terrestrial Biomes Tropical forest Savanna Desert Chaparral Temperate
grassland
Temperate broadleaf forest
Coniferous forest Tundra Taiga High mountains Polar ice
Terrestrial Biomes Vertical stratification important Plants provide the stratification
Canopy Low trees Shrubs Litter layer (forest floor)
Many organisms
adapted to a particular
layer
Terrestrial Biomes Don’t have clear, defined boundaries Ecotone - area where one biome
grades into another Find different organisms here
Summary Check
What is a biome? What biome do you live in?
Biomes Also aquatic life zones
Freshwater - lakes, rivers, streams Marine - oceans, coral reefs, estuaries
The environment limits the distribution of species
– or – not everyone can live everywhere Dispersal – movement out
of a high density area Natural range expansions Species transplants –
intentional or accidental introduction of a species to a new area Actual range vs. potential
range
Climate Major components:
Temperature Water Sunlight Wind
Macroclimate – global/regional Microclimate – very small (like under a fallen log)
Macroclimate Affected by
Water Large bodies
of water have a moderating effect
Currents carry warm or cold air
Climate Affected by
Mountains Windward vs. leeward sides
Climate Affected by
Seasonality Due to changing angle of sun Causes turnover in lakes that mixes water - essential for
life
Summary Check
How might climate affect the evolution of species over time?
The Flow of Energy
It all starts with the sun
Ozone layer absorbs 95% of incoming solar radiation
The Flow of Energy
Sunlight that does reach the surface warms the planet, drives the water cycle, generates wind
The Flow of Energy
Less than 0.1% of incoming solar radiation used by plants and protists for photosynthesis
The Greenhouse Effect Heat radiated up off
the surface of the earth makes the greenhouse effect
Yay! Makes life possible on earth
The heat increases the kinetic energy of the greenhouse gases, thus raising their temperature
Big Idea # 3 Ecosystems are
made up of both biotic and abiotic components including producers, consumers, and decomposers
Populations thrive under different conditions
Every population has a range of tolerance - variations within the preferred chemical and physical environment
Populations are affected by limiting factors
Limiting factors affect the number of organisms in a population
Too much or too little of any abiotic factor can be a limiting factor
1.1. What are some abiotic factors? What are some abiotic factors? 2.2. Use one abiotic factor to explain a Use one abiotic factor to explain a
situation in which too much or too little situation in which too much or too little of it limits population growth, even if all of it limits population growth, even if all other factors are in the range of other factors are in the range of tolerancetolerance
Density-Dependent Factors
• Competition for resources
• Predation
• Parasitism
• Disease
• Poisoning
Density-Independent Factors
• Natural disasters
• Global warming ?
• Ozone depletion ?
Density Controls
Summary Check
What are some limiting factors that would affect a population of: Polar bears? Butterflies? Humans?
Trophic Levels
Trophic level = feeding level
3 main types: Producers Consumers Decomposers
Producers Producers - aka autotrophs Self- feeders Mostly plants Also algae (protists) and plankton
in water Make their own food through
photosynthesis (use CO2 and sunlight)
Some do chemosynthesis - bacteria in deep ocean (use H2S & heat)
START ALL FOOD WEBS
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
Consumers
Consumers - aka heterotrophs
Consume producers or other organisms for energy
Several levels
Levels of Consumers Primary Consumers
(herbivores) - the first consumers in a food web - they eat producers
Examples: rabbits, cows, horses, some birds, grasshoppers, etc
Levels of Consumers
Secondary Consumers - omnivores (eat both plants and animals) and carnivores (only eat other animals They eat the
primary consumers
Levels of Consumers
Tertiary (and beyond) consumers - omnivores and carnivores They eat the
secondary consumers
Levels of Consumers
Decomposers - 99% are bacteria and fungi Consumer dead organisms
to get their energy Feed by secreting enzymes RETURN NUTRIENTS IN
THE ORGANISMS TO THE EARTH!
Levels of Consumers
Detritivores - aka detritus feeders or scavengers Feed on wastes or dead organisms
Summary Check
So what’s the difference between decomposers and detritivores?
Levels of Consumers
Organisms can occupy more than one level
How we harvest that energy Both producers and consumers go
through respiration to harvest the energy from their food
Aerobic - uses oxygen, needs mitochondria
Anaerobic - does not need oxygen or mitochondria
We store the energy from our food as ATP molecules
Summary Check
What does a food web diagram show? What is the ultimate source of energy
for most ecosystems? What is the exception to the second
question?
Big Idea # 4
Energy flows through ecosystems in food webs
Energy is lost as it flows from one tropic level to the next
Plants, animals, and decomposers make up
food chains A food chain is a pathway that tells us
what eats what Food chains are over-simplified models of
nature
Food webs
A food web is more realistic
It shows us how several food chains overlap and connect to each other
Limits on Food Webs A food web can
only go so far It usually does
not go beyond the level of tertiary or quaternary consumer
EnergyWhy?
It’s all about energy! Every time energy is
passed from one organism to another, some of that energy is lost
The amount of energy transferred from one level to the next is called ecological efficiency
Ecological efficiency varies, but a good rule of thumb is 10%
This means 90% of the energy is lost and only 10% makes it to the next level
Why only 10%?
1. Not everything gets eaten There may be 1000 pounds of clover in a
field, but the rabbit does not eat it all Good thing, too, or else there would be no
clover left to make new clover
2. Not everything that is eaten gets digested In other words,
some of what you eat is lost as waste (poo).
Some animals actually eat their own poo to get some more nutrition out of it! Ew.
3. The most important reason: energy is always being lost as HEAT
Whenever something does WORK, it creates HEAT
Your body is always working (heart beat, breathing, etc)
New energy must constantly enter the
system
Since energy is always being lost, new energy is always needed.
This energy comes from the sun (which feeds the grass, which feeds the cow, which feeds the person, etc.)
Energy Pyramids
We can show how energy is lost at each stage of a food web in an energy pyramid.
In an energy pyramid: Producers
are at the bottom, because they have the most available energy. (They got it right from the source)
The next level is the primary consumers. They got 10% of the energy in the plants.
Since only 10% of the energy moves on, it takes a lot of producers to support the primary consumers.
The next level is the secondary consumers. They got 10% of the energy in the primary consumers.
It takes a lot of primary consumers to support a secondary consumer
Energy Pyramid Practice
If there is 10,000 kcal of energy available in the plants at the bottom of the pyramid, how much energy will make it to the zebras, and how much will make it to the lion?
10,000
1000
100
An energy Pyramid
Gets smaller as it goes up since there is less and less energy as you go up
Pyramid of Pyramid of numbersnumbers
How many organisms are at each level
Usually mostly producers, then primary consumers, then secondary and so on
100,000 plants
1000 voles
1 owl
Pyramid of Pyramid of numbersnumbers
Could look like this:
1 oak tree supports lots of primary consumers, which support fewer secondary consumers, then even fewer tertiary, etc.
1 oak tree
1000 caterpillars
50 bluetits
1 sparrow hawk
Pyramid of Pyramid of biomassbiomass
How much everything weighs at each level
Always pyramid shaped
Interdependence
All living things are connected to other living things, both directly and indirectly. Living things eat and/or
get eaten Living things obtain
chemicals that came from other living things
The actions of living things affect other organisms
GPP and NPP Gross Primary Productivity – all the
light energy that is converted to chemical energy in an ecosystem Not all of this is available to
consumers though, because the plants need some for themselves
Net Primary Productivity – the chemical energy available to consumers
NPP Expressed as:
Energy per unit area per unit time (J/m2/yr)
Biomass of vegetation added to the ecosystem per unit area per unit time (g/m2/yr) Not the total biomass
– the amount added Total biomass called
standing crop Forests have high
total biomass, but relatively low NPP
Ecosystems with high NPP Tropical rain forests Estuaries Coral reefs Open ocean (just because so much of the
planet is covered in it)
Aquatic Ecosystems and NPP Light is important but…
Nutrients are more important Nitrogen and phosphorus
Tend to be low in photic zones and high in aphotic zones
Upwelling brings
these nutrients up
and increases NPP
Fertilizers and sewage runoff bring nutrients in to aquatic ecosystems
Too much nitrogen and phosphorus leads to algal blooms and high numbers of cyanobacteria This leads to eutrophication Depletes water of oxygen and thus most
life
Summary Check
Choose 1 word to represent what this chapter is about.
Explain why you chose that word. Be thorough in your explanation.