SOME IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN RESEARCH WORKCitationA reference or listing of the key pieces of information about a work that make it possible to identify and locate it again. The elements of a citation normally include author, title, place of publication, publisher, and date of publication for a book; and journal title, volume, number, issue, year, and page numbers for an article or for a journal reference

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN RESEARCH WORKReference

What we quoted in the text consists of author name (Not inverted), title and pages of sources it could be as footnote, at the end of chapter or at the end of thesis.

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN RESEARCH WORKBibliographyIn the context of academic research, a list of books or references to sources cited, for further reading, usually printed at the end of an article or in the back matter of a book includes author name inverted, title, year, place of publication, publisher.

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN RESEARCH WORKFoot NoteAny note used to further explain a detail outside of the main text. The term usually refers to notes at the bottom of a pageOP Cited (for reference already given in list)op. cited ref No 11, H.M DeitelIbid (for the same reference use )

Various Style ManualsAPA American Psychological AssociationMLA Modern Language Association Chicago Style Chicago Manual of StyleTurabian Style based on Chicago StyleHarvard Referencing SystemASA American Sociological AssociationCBE - Council of Biology Editors

What is the APA Style?Publication Manual of the American Psychological AssociationIn 1929, the APA published a manual with instructions for authors on how to prepare manuscripts for publication in psychology journalsLater used for theses, term papers, etc.Latest edition 5th in 2001Widely used in the social sciences

General Guidelines-1Type or print on one side only of heavy, white, unruled paper Paper size: 8 X 11 inchesDouble-space the entire paper(1.5 in 6th edition).Left justify text only Leave a minimum one-inch margin on the sides, top, and bottom of each page.Number pages consecutively in the top right corner, beginning with the title pageJust before the page number, use a shortened form of the title as a header

General Guidelines-2Font size 12-pointTimes Roman or Courier are acceptable typefaces.Only black tonerIndent paragraphs 5-7 spacesNo more than 27 lines of text per page

HeadingsFive levelsCENTERED UPPERCASE HEADINGCentered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading Centered, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading, ending with a period, with following text starting on the same line.

headings in 6th editionCentered, Boldface, Uppercase and lowercase Heading

2. Flush left, Boldface, Uppercase and lowercase Heading

3. Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.

4. Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.

5. Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.

Numbers in numeralsIn general write as words all numbers from one to nine and use numerals for all numbers 10 and over. Never begin a sentence with a numeral.numbers in the abstract of a paper or in a graphical display within a paper.(6th)numbers that Immediately precede a unit of measurement.( 6th)numbers that represent statistical or mathematical functions, fractional or decimal quantities, percentages, ratios, and percentiles and quartiles. For example :multiplied by 5 ( 6th)

Numbers in numeralsnumbers that represent time, dates, ages, scores and points on a scale, exact sums of money, and numerals as numerals. For example: 1 hr 34 min, at 12:30 a.m. 2-year-olds, scored 4 on a 7-point scale (6th)Exception: Use words for approximations of numbers of days, months, and years(e.g., about three months ago).numbers that denote a specific place in a numbered series, parts of books and tables, and each number in a list of four or more numbers. For example Grade 8, row 5 (6th)

SeriationWithin paragraph or sentence: use lowercase letter in parentheses

Participants considered (a) some alternative courses of action, (b) the factors influencing the decision, and (c) the probability of success.

Separate paragraphs: number each paragraph with an arabic numeral, followed by a period1. Begin with paragraph indent. Type second and succeeding lines flush left.2. The second item begins a new paragraph.

Types of figuresGraphs typically display the relationship between two quantitative indices or between a continuous quantitative variable (usually displayed as the y axis) and groups of subjects displayed along the x axis.Charts generally display no quantitative information such as the flow of subjects through a process, for example, flow charts.Maps generally display spatial information.Drawings show information pictorially.Photographs contain direct visual representations of information.

TablesTable 2( change in 6th table no. in arabic like table X )Reading Level for First Through Third Graders Children

FiguresFigure 2. Pie chart of total salesComputing Systems 42%Imaging and Printing Systems 41%IT Services 14%Other 3%

CitationsIn-text citation also called Parenthetical citation Author-date reference

Reference list

Information Needed for CitationAuthor or Authoring BodyDate of publicationTitle of the workPublisher of the work & place of publicationTitle of the Source, if work is part of something else, i.e.. journal, encyclopedia, websiteLocation information within the Source, i.e.. Volume, issue #, page or paragraph numbersRetrieval date, if electronic format

Authors Name in SentenceSchwepps (1998) states that the solution sat dormant for several months before any of the employees tested it (p. 743).

Authors Name in Parentheses( even in between)When the solution had been sitting for a number of months, the employees tested for bacteria (Schwepps, 1998).

Short QuotationsWhen fewer than 40 wordsPut prose quotations in running textPut quote marks around quoted material. Same in 6th editionAuthors last name, publication year, and page number(s) of quote must appear in the text.( same in 6th edition)In quotations less than 40 words the full stop is placed after the page (in 6th edition)

Example Short QuotationsCaruth (1996) states that a traumatic response frequently entails a delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena (p. 11).

A traumatic response frequently entails a delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena (Caruth, 1996, p. 11).

Long QuotationsWhen 40 words or moreIn block form Indent 5-7 spaces and omit the quotation marks. If the quotation has internal paragraphs, indent the internal paragraphs a further 5-7 spacesDo not use quotation marksDouble space the block quoteCite the source after the end punctuation of the quoteThe font size in a block quotation should be changed to size 10, and it should be single-spaced.

Long QuotationMaterial that was in double quotation marks in the original source should be placed within double quotation marks in a block quotation.To start a new paragraph within the quotation, indent the first line of the new paragraph, one tab key from the margin of the quotation.To emphasize a word or words in a quotation italicize the word(s). Immediately after the italicized word(s) insert within brackets the words [italics added].Material in the original source that was in double quotation marks should be placed within single quotation marks in the (short) quotation.

Long QuotationsUse three ellipses points () within a sentence to indicate that you have omitted material from the original source. Use four ellipses points (.) to indicate omission between sentences. The first point indicates the period at the end of the first sentence quoted, and the three ellipsis points follow.

Direct quotations must mention the exact spelling, punctuation, and wordings of the original source even if the source is incorrect. If any incorrect spelling, punctuation or grammar in the source might confuse the reader, insert the word sic italicized and within brackets [sic], immediately after the error in the quotation.

Example Long QuotationsMeile (1993) found the following: The placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited again, even when real drugs were administered. Earlier studies were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276)

Example Long QuotationsRubin and Thompson (1994) stated that, Some teachers also treat their students as if they were a tabula rasa [italics added], or blank slate, on which the new language information will be inscribed.The fact is that all of us possess a wealth of knowledge that can be brought to bear in learning a foreign language. Following the principle of going from the known to the unknown, if you wisely use what you know, you can make the process of learning a foreign language more efficient and rewarding. (p.63)

Example Long Quotations She stated, The placebo effect disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner (Miele, 1993, p.276), but she did not clarify which behaviors were studied.

Miele (1993) found the following:The placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited again [italics added], even when reel [sic] drugs were administered. Earlier studies (e.g., Abdullah, 1984; Fox, 1979) were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276)

Secondary ReferenceIn 1947 the World Health Organization proposed the following definition of health. Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity (World Health Organization, as cited in Potter & Perry, 2001, p. 3).

Parenthetical Citations Multiple Authors2 authors cite both names separated by & Example: (Kosik & Martin, 1999, p. 127)3-5 authors cite all authors first time; after first time, use et al. Example: (Wilson et al., 2000)6 or more authors cite first authors name and et al. Example: (Perez et al., 1992)

Parenthetical Citations Multiple Citations Multiple sources from same author chronological order, separated by comma Example: (Burke, 1998, 1999, in press)Within same year: Example: (Burke, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, in press)

Parenthetical Citations Multiple CitationsMultiple sources separated by semicolon, alphabetical order Example: (Burke, 1998; Perez, 1992; Wilhite, 2001)Personal communication (not included in references) Example: (T.K. Lutes, personal communication, September 19, 2001)

Handling Parenthetical CitationsSometimes additional information is necessary . . .More than one author with the same last name(H. James, 1878); (W. James, 1880)Two or more works in the same parentheses(Caruth, 1996; Fussell, 1975; Showalter, 1997)Specific part of a source(Jones, 1995, chap. 2)(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005, p. 10)

Handling Parenthetical CitationsIf the source has no known author, then use an abbreviated version of the title:Full Title: California Cigarette Tax Deters SmokersCitation: (California, 1999)

Sample Parenthetical CitationsRecently, the history of warfare has been significantly revised by Higonnet et al (1987), Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997) to include womens personal and cultural responses to battle and its resultant traumatic effects. Feminist researchers now concur that It is no longer true to claim that women's responses to the war have been ignored (Raitt & Tate, p. 2). Though these studies focus solely on women's experiences, they err by collectively perpetuating the masculine-centered impressions originating in Fussell (1975) and Bergonzi (1996).However, Tylee (1990) further criticizes Fussell, arguing that his study treated memory and culture as if they belonged to a sphere beyond the existence of individuals or the control of institutions (p. 6).

Reference ListPlace the list of references cited at the end of the paperStart references on a new pageBegin each entry flush with the left marginIndent subsequent lines five to seven spaces (hanging indent)Double space both within and between entriesItalicize the title of books, magazines, etc.

Abbreviation ed.Rev. ed.2nd ed.Ed. (Eds.)Trans.n.d.p. (pp.)Vol.Vols.No.Pt.Tech. Rep.Suppl.Book or publication parteditionRevised editionsecond editionEditor (Editors)Translator(s)no datepage (pages)Volume (as in Vol. 4)Volumes (as in Vols. 1-4)NumberPartTechnical ReportSupplement

Abbreviations ( from 6th edition)

Capitalization in Reference ListCapitalize only the first word of the title, the first word after a colon or dash, and proper nouns in titles of books, articles, etc.Capitalize all major words and all words of four letters or more in periodical titles.

Reference List OrderArrange sources alphabetically beginning with authors last nameIf author has more than one source, arrange entries by year, earliest firstWhen an author appears both as a sole author and, in another citation as the first author of a group, list the one author entries firstIf no author given, begin entry with the title and alphabetize without counting a, an, or theDo not underline, italicize or use quote marks for titles used instead of an author name

Example Reference List OrderBaheti, J. R. (2001a). Control Baheti, J. R. (2001b). Roles of Kumpfer, K. L. (1999). Factors Kumpfer, K. L. (2002). Prevention Kumpfer, K. L., Alvarado, R., Smith, P., Yoshikawa, H. (1994). Preventions

Group AuthorAmerican Psychological Association.(2001). Publication manual of theAmericanPsychological Association (5th ed.). Washington,DC: Author.

multiple-author entries beginning with the same surname(edition 6th)One-author entries precede multiple-author entries beginning with the same surname even if the multiple-author work was publIshed earlier :Alleyne, R. L. (2001).Alleyne, R. L., & Evans, A. J. (1999)

Book with one authorCarter, R. (1998). Mapping the mind.Berkeley, CA: University ofCalifornia Press.

Book - Electronic (edition 6th)

Will, R. J. (2002). The characteristic symphony in the age of Haydn and Beethoven [Ebrary Reader version]. Retrieved from Ebrary database.

N.B. If you are submitting work to a publisher and there is no DOI, you are now required to give the URL of the Ebook's homepage (in this example, http://www.ebrary.com/corp/).For undergraduate students, give the name of the database, as in the example above (do not include the URL).

Book with two authorsStruck, W., Jr., & White, E. B. (1979).The elements of style (3rd ed.).New York: Macmillan.

Book with six or more authorsWolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N.,Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L.,et al. (2000). An experimentalevaluation of

Book with no authorMerriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary(10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA:Merriam-Webster.

Book with editorsAllison, M. T., & Schneider, I. E. (Eds.).(2000). Diversity and the recreationprofession: Organizationalperspectives. State College, PA:Venture.

Chapter in BookStern, J. A., & Dunham, D. N. (1990).The ocular system. In J. T. Cacioppo & L. G. Tassinary (Eds.),Principles of psychophysiology:Physical, social, and inferentialelements (pp. 513-553). Berkeley,CA: University of California Press.

Multivolume bookKoch, S. (Ed.). (1959-1963). Psychology: A study of science (Vols. 1-6). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Journals with Continuous PaginationBekerian, D. A. (1993). In search of thetypical eyewitness. AmericanPsychologist, 48, 574-576.

Journals with Pagination by IssueSellard, S., & Mills, M. E. (1995).Administrative issues for use ofnurse practitioners. Journal ofNursing Administration, 25(5),64-70.

Article in pressJones, R. (in press). The new healthcare lexicon. Journal of Health.

AbstractMisumi, J., & Fumita, M. (1982). Effectsof PM organizational development insupermarket organization. JapaneseJournal of Experimental SocialPsychology, 21, 93-111. [Abstract]Psychological Abstracts, 1982, 68,Abstract No. 11474

Thesis (except from the US) - print version (edition 6th)

Dewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance teaching at the University of Waikato (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.N.B. For PhD use: Unpublished doctoral dissertation after the title or Unpublished master's thesis for Master's degree (Publication Manual, p. 207).

Thesis (except from the US) - electronic version (edition 6th)

Dewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance teaching at the University of Waikato (Master's thesis, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2241

Thesis from US -electronic version (edition 6th)

Rose, S. L. (2006). Essays on almost common value auctions (Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University). Retrieved from http://www.ohiolink.edu/etdN.B. For further examples, see the Publication Manual, pp.207-208.

Online discussion (edition 6th)

Chalmers, D. (2000, November 17). Seeing with sound [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from http://groups.google.com/group/sci.psychology.consciousness/

N.B. Do not italicise titles of unpublished works.

Blog post (edition 6th)

Wadard. (2009, June 15). Australia's climate bill may be scuttled [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://globalwarmingwatch.blogspot.com/N.B.Do not italicise titles of unpublished works.

Video blog post (edition 6th)

Leelefever. (2007, May 29). Wiki in plain English [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dnL00TdmLY

MagazinePosner, M. I. (1993, October 29).Seeing the mind. Science, 262,673-674.Full date is used for weekly magazines; month and year for monthly magazines.

NewspaperSchwartz, J. (1993, September 30).Obesity affects economic, socialstatus. The Washington Post, pp.A1, A4.

EncyclopediaBlaser, L. (1996). Relativity . In Galeencyclopedia of science (Vol. 15,pp. 82-86). New York, GaleEncyclopedia Co.

ThesisHo, M. (2000). Coping strategies ofcounselling professionals.Unpublished masters thesis,Nanyang Technological University,Singapore.

VideotapeNational Institute on Mental Health. (1980).Drug abuse [videotape]. Bethesda:Author.

Electronic sourcesVelmans, M. (1999). When perceptionbecomes conscious. BritishJournal of Psychology, 90, 543-566. Retrieved May 25, 2001,from the Expanded AcademicASAP database.

Web pageGreen, C. (2000, April 16). History & philosophy of psychology web resources. Retrieved May 22, 2001,from http://www.yorku.ca/dept.htm

it is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval, unless webpage content is likely to be updated (e.g. Wiki).(NEW)

Professional paper from InternetJacob, B. & Shoemaker, N. (n.d.). The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: An interpersonal tool for system administrators. Retrieved October 19, 2003 from: http://www.mindspring.com/~nancyshoemaker/nes/mbti/mbtipaper.pdf

Stand-Alone Web Document with no author or date

GVUs 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.).

Retrieved January 17, 2003, from

http://www.ccgatech.edu/gvu

Sample Reference List References Calvillo, D. (1999). The theoretical development of aggression. Retrieved August21, 2002 from: http://www.csubak.edu/~1vega/dustin2.html Flory, R. K. (1969a). Attack behavior as a function of minimum inter-foodinterval. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 12, 825-828. Flory, R. K. (1969b). Attack behavior in a multiple fixed-ratio schedule ofreinforcement. Psychonomic Science, 16, 383-386. Flory, R. K. & Everist, H.D. (1977). The effect of a response requirement onschedule-induced aggression. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 9,383-386. Gentry, W. D. (1968). Fixed-ratio schedule-induced aggression. Journal of theExperimental Analysis of Behavior 11, 813-817.

Formatting for ThesesPreliminary pagesBibliography instead of Reference ListLeft-hand margin 1 inchSingle spacing in tables, long quotations, within referencesFigure caption is typed below

For More InformationAPA Manual Website:www.apastyle.orghttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml