APA Without AgonyAPA Without Agony

ALOP 242ALOP 242September 8, 2012September 8, 2012

http://word-crafter.net/APA

http://writebetteratwork.com/resourceshttp://writebetteratwork.com/resources

TopicsTopics Basic elementsBasic elements

in-text citationsin-text citations reference list entriesreference list entries

Two purposesTwo purposes What about…What about… In-text citations in ¶In-text citations in ¶ Free citation makersFree citation makers Sources for this classSources for this class Recommended resourcesRecommended resources

Basic principlesBasic principles Credit words and ideas from other authorsCredit words and ideas from other authors

Quotations taken word-for-word from a sourceQuotations taken word-for-word from a source Paraphrases and summaries of other authorsParaphrases and summaries of other authors’’ ideas ideas Information and ideas that are not widely known Information and ideas that are not widely known

or available in a basic reference workor available in a basic reference work Anything from a source that might be mistaken for your own words or Anything from a source that might be mistaken for your own words or

ideas if left uncitedideas if left uncited

When in doubt, citeWhen in doubt, cite

Basic principlesBasic principles

Credit words and ideas from other authorsCredit words and ideas from other authors

Give information on how to locate the source,Give information on how to locate the source, using the author-date system using the author-date system In-text In-text ((““APA,APA,”” 2011) 2011)

In the reference listIn the reference list APAAPA documentation guide documentation guide. (2011). Retrieved from University of. (2011). Retrieved from University of

Wisconsin Madison Writing Center website :http://writing.wisc.edu Wisconsin Madison Writing Center website :http://writing.wisc.edu

/Handbook/DocAPA.html /Handbook/DocAPA.html

BenefitsBenefits Avoid plagiarism by giving proper creditAvoid plagiarism by giving proper credit

Back up your opinion with authoritative sourcesBack up your opinion with authoritative sources

Opinion: If you want to write more, write oftenOpinion: If you want to write more, write oftenfor short periods. for short periods.

BenefitsBenefits Avoid plagiarism by giving proper creditAvoid plagiarism by giving proper credit

Back up your opinion with authoritative sourcesBack up your opinion with authoritative sources

Opinion: If you want to write more, write oftenOpinion: If you want to write more, write oftenfor short periods. for short periods.

Substantiated opinion:Substantiated opinion:

Writing ScheduleWriting Schedule Average Yearly OutputAverage Yearly Output

Binge write (when feel like it)Binge write (when feel like it) 17 pages17 pages

Write daily; keep progress chartWrite daily; keep progress chart 64 pages64 pages

Write daily; keep progress Write daily; keep progress chart; report progress weeklychart; report progress weekly 157 pages157 pages

Adapted from Boice, R. C. (1990). Procrastination, busyness, and binging.

Behavioral Research Therapy, 27(6), 605-611.

BenefitsBenefits Distinguish your ideas from othersDistinguish your ideas from others’’

WhatWhat’’s cited shows the quality of your researchs cited shows the quality of your research WhatWhat’’s s notnot cited shows the quality of your thinking cited shows the quality of your thinking

Many people assume that they cannot write unless they have large amounts of time available. Research by Boice (1989, 1990, 1992) shows that writers are actually most productive when they follow a routine of writing often for short amounts of time. If Boice’s findings seem counterintuitive, consider what happens to someone who starts an exercise routine by working out for hours. By the third day, good intentions are no match for sore muscles. Writers, like exercisers, need to pace themselves.

BenefitsBenefits Distinguish your ideas from othersDistinguish your ideas from others’’

WhatWhat’’s cited shows the quality of your researchs cited shows the quality of your research WhatWhat’’s s notnot cited shows the quality of your thinking cited shows the quality of your thinking

Many people assume that they cannot write unless they have large amounts of time available. Research by Boice (1989, 1990, 1992) shows that writers are actually most productive when they follow a routine of writing often for short amounts of time. If Boice’s findings seem counterintuitive, consider what happens to someone who starts an exercise routine by working out for hours. By the third day, good intentions are no match for sore muscles. Writers, like exercisers, need to pace themselves.

quotation sandwichquotation sandwich

How did APA start?How did APA start?

• • Introduce consistencyIntroduce consistency• • Simplify life for authors and editorsSimplify life for authors and editors

In 1928, guidelines were 7 pagesIn 1928, guidelines were 7 pages

• • Save spaceSave space

Non-APA vs. APA Non-APA vs. APA

““For example, Daniel For example, Daniel Goleman, author of Goleman, author of the groundbreaking the groundbreaking book book Emotional Emotional IntelligenceIntelligence, has , has [explored] how much [explored] how much IQ accounts for IQ accounts for career success”career success”(Pink, 2005, p. 57).(Pink, 2005, p. 57).

For example, For example, Goleman (1997) has Goleman (1997) has [explored] how much [explored] how much IQ accounts for IQ accounts for career success” career success” (Pink, 2005, p. 57)(Pink, 2005, p. 57)

Non-APA vs. APA Non-APA vs. APA

For example, For example, Goleman (1997Goleman (1997) has ) has [explored] how much [explored] how much IQ accounts for IQ accounts for career success” career success” (Pink, 2005, p. 57)(Pink, 2005, p. 57)

How do I learn APA?How do I learn APA?

Two common approaches:Two common approaches:

• Sweat the small stuffSweat the small stuff• Advantage: builds a sense of confidenceAdvantage: builds a sense of confidence• Disadvantage: lots of small stuffDisadvantage: lots of small stuff

• Think functionalityThink functionality• Advantage: fulfills purposeAdvantage: fulfills purpose• Disadvantage: requires persistenceDisadvantage: requires persistence

What about the small stuff?What about the small stuff?

One option: use a templateOne option: use a template

http://word-crafter.net/APA/APAtemplate_6th_edition.dochttp://word-crafter.net/APA/APAtemplate_6th_edition.doc

WhatWhat’’s the trick?s the trick?

http://word-crafter.net/APA/APAtemplate_6th_edition.dochttp://word-crafter.net/APA/APAtemplate_6th_edition.doc

Where do I start?Where do I start?

Where do APA experts live?Where do APA experts live?

Can I trust non-APA guides?Can I trust non-APA guides?

ThereThere’’s a lot of bad APA out there.s a lot of bad APA out there. If you use a citation maker, check the results.If you use a citation maker, check the results. You might find these sites helpful:You might find these sites helpful:

• Dr. Abel ScribeDr. Abel Scribe’’s Guides to APA Style and Documentations Guides to APA Style and Documentation—one of the few accurate resources to focus on writing —one of the few accurate resources to focus on writing college papers: www.docstyles.com/apaguide.htmcollege papers: www.docstyles.com/apaguide.htm

• Diana HackerDiana Hacker’’s Research and Documentation Onlines Research and Documentation Online——clearer explanations than APAclearer explanations than APA’’s own s own ManualManual::bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/resdoc5e/RES5e_ch09_o.htmlbcs.bedfordstmartins.com/resdoc5e/RES5e_ch09_o.html

• UW Madison WriterUW Madison Writer’’s Handbooks Handbook—excellent online tutorials —excellent online tutorials on format and documentation:on format and documentation:www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPA.htmlwww.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPA.html

What about students?What about students?

Dr. Abel ScribeDr. Abel Scribe’’s advice on APA for college papers:s advice on APA for college papers:http://www.docstyles.com/apalite.htm http://www.docstyles.com/apalite.htm

What about students?What about students?

UWisconsin HandbookUWisconsin Handbook::http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbookhttp://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/DocAPACitations.html/DocAPACitations.html

Why use APA?Why use APA?

Used in social sciences toUsed in social sciences to Acknowledge sources of informationAcknowledge sources of information Allow readers to locate original sourcesAllow readers to locate original sources

in-text citation reference entry

Based on publication criteria for American Based on publication criteria for American Psychological Association (APA)Psychological Association (APA)

Ferrari, J. (2000, Special Issue). Procrastination and attention: Factor analysis of attention deficit, boredomness, intelligence, self-esteem, and task-delay frequencies. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 15(5), 185-196.

Ferrari (2000) has classified procrastinators as arousal types, avoiders, and decisional procrastinators.

Author-date system

How does it work?How does it work?

Within a paper

Why do I need APA?Why do I need APA?

““A critical part of the writing process is A critical part of the writing process is helping readers place your contributions helping readers place your contributions in in contextcontext by citing the researchers who by citing the researchers who influenced youinfluenced you”” (American Psychological (American Psychological AssociationAssociation, , 2010, p. 169).2010, p. 169).

American Psychological Association. (2010). The publication manual of the AmericanPsychological Association (6th ed.). New York,

NY: Author.

REFERENCE ENTRY FOR CORPORATE AUTHOR

What patterns do you find?What patterns do you find?

BIG NAMES IN PROCRASTINATION RESEARCHBIG NAMES IN PROCRASTINATION RESEARCH

Ferrari

Choi

Tice Baumeister

Steel

ALTERNATIVE VIEWSALTERNATIVE VIEWS

Pychyl

&&

How does it work?How does it work?

How does it work?How does it work?

Citations give credit to ideas or wordsCitations give credit to ideas or wordsfrom your sources.from your sources.

IDEASIDEAS Tice and Baumeister (1997) reject Tice and Baumeister (1997) rejectthe claim made by Chu and Choi (2005) the claim made by Chu and Choi (2005) that delay can be a productive strategy.that delay can be a productive strategy.

WORDSWORDS ““Procrastination is not a neutral or Procrastination is not a neutral or innocuous form of time management, letinnocuous form of time management, letalone a helpful or beneficial one (as some alone a helpful or beneficial one (as some people claim)people claim)”” (Tice & Baumeister,1997, (Tice & Baumeister,1997, p. 456). p. 456).

Where do I fit in?Where do I fit in?

Procrastination can be a productiveProcrastination can be a productivestrategy for adapting to rapidly strategy for adapting to rapidly changing priorities (Chu & Choi, 2005). changing priorities (Chu & Choi, 2005).

Consider this real-life example. WritersConsider this real-life example. Writers’’ guidelines are often amended severalguidelines are often amended severaltimes before the client is satisfied. times before the client is satisfied. Veteran writers wait for final guidelinesVeteran writers wait for final guidelinesbefore getting too far into a project. This before getting too far into a project. This

tactic meets the criterion Chu & Choi tactic meets the criterion Chu & Choi (2005) set for productive procrastination: (2005) set for productive procrastination: delay is chosen as a proactive strategy.delay is chosen as a proactive strategy.

APA gives you flexibilityAPA gives you flexibility

Chu and Choi (2005) Chu and Choi (2005) said…, but said…, but Tice and Burmeister (1997)Tice and Burmeister (1997)……

This This author (date) author (date) said, but I say…said, but I say…

This principle This principle (author, date) (author, date) can be applied in my workplace...can be applied in my workplace...

Experts agree that…. (Experts agree that…. (Author A, date; Author B, date; Author A, date; Author B, date; Author C, dateAuthor C, date).).

Taking the ideas in Taking the ideas in Author’s date Author’s date article a step farther… article a step farther…

Where can I learn more?Where can I learn more?

Why do I need APA?Why do I need APA?

Many editors and reviewers Many editors and reviewers ““have extremely have extremely low tolerance for APA errors. Thus, it is clear low tolerance for APA errors. Thus, it is clear that authors who submit manuscripts to that authors who submit manuscripts to journals wherein APA style is required would journals wherein APA style is required would benefit from becoming as familiar as benefit from becoming as familiar as possible with the possible with the Publication ManualPublication Manual” ” (Onwnegbuzie, Combs, Slate, & Frels, 2010, (Onwnegbuzie, Combs, Slate, & Frels, 2010, p. ix).p. ix).

REFERENCE ENTRY FOR CORPORATE AUTHOR

Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Combs, J. P. Slate, J. R., & Frels, R. K. (2010). Editorial: Evidence-based guidelines for avoiding the most common APA errors in journal article submissions. Research in the Schools, 16(2), ix-xxxvi.

JOURNAL ARTICLE, MULTIPLE AUTHORS

Two elementsTwo elements

in-text citations credit words and ideasin-text citations credit words and ideas where they where they’’re used in the text (Chapter 6)re used in the text (Chapter 6) Reference list locates original sourceReference list locates original source (Chapter 7)(Chapter 7)

in-text citation reference entry

Ferrari, J. (2000, Special Issue). Procrastination and attention: Factor analysis of attention deficit, boredomness, intelligence, self-esteem, and task-delay frequencies. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 15(5), 185-196. Retrieved from Academic Search Elite database.

Author-date system

Ferrari (2000) has classified procrastinators as arousal types, avoiders, and decisional procrastinators.

Author-date system

Reference list firstReference list first

in-text citationreference entry

APA documentation guide. (2011). Retrieved from University of WisconsinMadison Writing Center website: http:// writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/DocAPA.html

Ferrari, J. (2000, Special Issue). Procrastination and attention: Factor analysis of attention deficit, boredomness, intelligence, self-esteem, and task-delay frequencies. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 15(5), 185-196. Retrieved from Academic Search Elite database.

(Ferrari, 2000)

(“APA,” 2011)

First two elements of reference list (author-date or title-date)First two elements of reference list (author-date or title-date)give you in-text citationgive you in-text citation

In-text citations never have more than three elements:In-text citations never have more than three elements:* author * date * page number* author * date * page number

DivaDee. (2010, July 1). Why I put things off. Message posted to http://lifesgreatmysteries.com/archives/july10

Procrastination. (2010, January 17). In Wikipedia. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procrastination

Which is more credible?Which is more credible?

Specter, M., & Ferrari, J. (2000, Special Issue). Time orientations of procrastinators: Focusing on the past, present, or future? Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 15(5), 197-202.

References References

Use Wikipedia?Use Wikipedia?

A Wikipedia article in your reference list is A Wikipedia article in your reference list is a badge of shame.a badge of shame.

Using Wikipedia to get an overview of the Using Wikipedia to get an overview of the topic or to find resources is smart.topic or to find resources is smart.

Can you see the problem(s)?Can you see the problem(s)?

(2009)(2009)

Steel, P. (2009). Steel, P. (2009). Theories of procrastination.Theories of procrastination. Retrieved from Retrieved fromhttp://www.procrastinus.comhttp://www.procrastinus.com

Recently Steel Recently Steel found that traditionalfound that traditionalexplanations of explanations of procrastination, including procrastination, including fear of failure, self-handi-fear of failure, self-handi-capping, capping, andand rebelliousness, rebelliousness, were not supported by research. In his view, only were not supported by research. In his view, only Temporal Motivation theory has been validated.Temporal Motivation theory has been validated.

Can you see the problem(s)?Can you see the problem(s)?

To procrastinate is “to voluntarily delay an To procrastinate is “to voluntarily delay an intended couse of action despite expecting to be intended couse of action despite expecting to be worse-off for the delay” (Piers Steel, n.d., worse-off for the delay” (Piers Steel, n.d., downloaded from http://procrastinus.comdownloaded from http://procrastinus.com/the-definition-of-procrastination/)./the-definition-of-procrastination/).

(Steel, n.d.)(Steel, n.d.)

APAAPA’’s two purposess two purposes

Author-date system

Acknowledge any words or ideasAcknowledge any words or ideasfrom other sources.from other sources.

Provide enough information Provide enough information to locate your sources.to locate your sources.

Principle 1: Credit twicePrinciple 1: Credit twice

According to Bennis According to Bennis (1997), sixteen (1997), sixteen assistants worked with assistants worked with Michaelangelo to create Michaelangelo to create the Sistine Chapel the Sistine Chapel ceilingceiling..

ReferencesReferences

BBennis, W. (1997, Winter). ennis, W. (1997, Winter). The secrets of great The secrets of great groups. groups. Leader to Leader, Leader to Leader, 33. Retrieved from . Retrieved from http://www.leadertoleader.org/http://www.leadertoleader.org/knowledgecenter/L2L/knowledgecenter/L2L/winter97/bennis.htmlwinter97/bennis.html

Reference list entries point to original.

In-text citations point to reference list.

AMBROSE

Principle 1: Credit carefullyPrinciple 1: Credit carefully

"Up, up, up…” "Up, up, up….”

CHILDERS

Can you recognize the source?Can you recognize the source? ""Up, up, up he went, until he Up, up, up he went, until he

got above the clouds. No got above the clouds. No amount of practice could amount of practice could have prepared the pilot and have prepared the pilot and crew for what they crew for what they encountered—B-24s, encountered—B-24s, glittering like mica, were glittering like mica, were popping up out of the clouds popping up out of the clouds over here, over there, over here, over there, everywhere."everywhere."

——Stephen Ambrose,Stephen Ambrose, The Wild Blue, The Wild Blue, p. 164 p. 164

""Up, up, up, groping through Up, up, up, groping through the clouds for what seemed the clouds for what seemed like an eternity. ... No amount like an eternity. ... No amount of practice could have of practice could have prepared them for what they prepared them for what they encountered. B-24s, encountered. B-24s, glittering like mica, were glittering like mica, were popping up out of the clouds popping up out of the clouds all over the sky."all over the sky."

——Thomas Childers,Thomas Childers, Wings of Morning, Wings of Morning, p. 83 p. 83

Principle 1: Quote carefullyPrinciple 1: Quote carefully

"No amount of practice "No amount of practice could have prepared could have prepared [the pilot and crew] for [the pilot and crew] for what they encountered. what they encountered. B-24s, glittering like B-24s, glittering like mica, were popping up mica, were popping up out of the clouds” out of the clouds” (Childers, 1995, p. 83) (Childers, 1995, p. 83) over here, over there, over here, over there, everywhere. everywhere.

ReferencesReferences

Childers, T. (1995). Childers, T. (1995). Wings of morning.Wings of morning.New York: Perseus.New York: Perseus.

parenthetical reference entry

……In each case, I footnoted the In each case, I footnoted the passage in question, but failed passage in question, but failed to put some words and to put some words and sentences into quotation marks. sentences into quotation marks. I am sorry and will make I am sorry and will make relevant changes in all future relevant changes in all future editions.editions.””—Stephen Ambrose—Stephen Ambrose

Ambrose’sapology

How do I avoid plagiarism?How do I avoid plagiarism?

https://www.indiana.edu/~istd/plagiarism_test.html

Principle 2: Locate the sourcePrinciple 2: Locate the source

Like Hansel and Like Hansel and Gretel, follow the Gretel, follow the breadcrumb trailbreadcrumb trail

Reference list formatReference list format

Author. (Date). Retrieval information.Author. (Date). Retrieval information.

Book

Journal

Web article

Perrin, R. (2006). Pocket guide to APA style. New York: Houghton Mifflin.

Cuddy, C. M. (2002). Demystifying APA style. Orthopaedic Nursing, 21(5), 35-42.

American Psychological Association (APA) documentation. (2009). Retrieved from University of Wisconsin Madison Writing Center website: http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/American_Psychological_Association_(APA)_Documentation_M.pdf

Reference elementsReference elements

WHO Who created this reference?

Four building blocks for any format:Four building blocks for any format:

WHEN When was it created?

WHAT What is this reference called?

WHERE Where can this reference be found?

Reference exampleReference example

1. WHO

Ferrari, J. (2005, December 7). There’s always tomorrow [live chat with E. Hoover]. Transcript available at Chronicle of Higher Education Web site: http://chronicle.com/colloquy/2005/12/procrastination/

Four building blocks for any format:Four building blocks for any format:

2. WHEN

3. WHAT

4. WHERE

1. 2. 3.

4.

Principle 2: Be completePrinciple 2: Be complete

http://www.uwisc.edu

http://www.uwisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPA.html

Which source is credible?Which source is credible?

Terrace, H. S., Petitto, L. A., Sanders, R. J., & Bever, T. G. (1979). Can an ape create a sentence? Science, 206, 891-902.

Washoe: The signing chimp. (n.d.) RetrievedFebruary 5, 2005, from Mrs. Smith’s class Web site: http://www.sdcoe.k12.ca.us/classprojects.html

One-to-one correspondenceOne-to-one correspondence

Any source in the body of your Any source in the body of your paper must be in the reference list.paper must be in the reference list.

(Plotz, 2002)(Plotz, 2002)

Any source in your Any source in your reference list must reference list must have an in-text have an in-text citation.citation.

Plotz, D. (2002, Plotz, D. (2002, December 11). The December 11). The plagiarist: Why plagiarist: Why Stephen Ambrose Stephen Ambrose is a vampire. is a vampire. Slate.Slate. Retrieved fromRetrieved from http://slate.msn.com http://slate.msn.com /?id=2060618 /?id=2060618

One-to-one correspondenceOne-to-one correspondence

Any source in the body of your Any source in the body of your paper must be in the reference list.paper must be in the reference list.

((PPlotz, 2002)lotz, 2002)

Any source in your Any source in your reference list must reference list must have an in-text have an in-text citation.citation.

PPlotz, D. (2002, lotz, D. (2002, December 11). The December 11). The plagiarist: Why plagiarist: Why Stephen Ambrose Stephen Ambrose is a vampire. is a vampire. Slate.Slate. Retrieved fromRetrieved from http://slate.msn.com http://slate.msn.com /?id=2060618 /?id=2060618

Except….Except….

Nonretrievable sourcesNonretrievable sources

Retrievable

• books

• magazines

• web articles

• newsgroup postings

• videos

Include in reference list

• letters

• emails

• in-person interviews

Cite only in text (S. Oh, personal communication, April 2, 2011)

• phone calls

Nonretrievable

In-text citation: printIn-text citation: print

Print quotations: (Author, year, page number).

Researcher-focused

Burns (2003) Burns (2003) has stated that leadership begins “where change begins” (p. 140).

Chronology-focused

In 1978, In 1978, Burns published Leadership, a seminal work in an emerging field. In 2003, In 2003, he described how leadership studies could provide solutions to global problems in Transforming Leadership.

Idea-focused The innovator’s approach to leadership is exemplified by Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s first days in office (Burns, 2003, p. 181)(Burns, 2003, p. 181).

In-text citation: paraphraseIn-text citation: paraphrase

Paraphrased or no page #: (Author, year).

Researcher-focused

Chronology-focused

Idea-focused

Mann (2005) Mann (2005) developed a (10+2)*5 method for overcoming procrastination.

In 2005, Mann2005, Mann developed a unique method for overcoming procrastination, which he calls the (10+2)*5 method.

The (10+2)*5 method for overcoming procrastination has three steps: work for ten minutes, take a two-minute break, and go back to work, repeating the cycle for an hour (Mann, (Mann, 2005).2005).

In-text citation: InternetIn-text citation: Internet

Quotations from Internet:Quotations from Internet:

(Author last name, year, Section header, (Author last name, year, Section header, paragraph #)paragraph #)

EXAMPLE

Mann (2005)Mann (2005) developed a (10+2)*5 method for overcoming developed a (10+2)*5 method for overcoming procrastination: work for ten minutes, take a two-minute break, procrastination: work for ten minutes, take a two-minute break, and go back to work, repeating the cycle for an hour. His advice and go back to work, repeating the cycle for an hour. His advice seems counterintuitive: seems counterintuitive: ““Breaks cannot be missed. Period. Go Breaks cannot be missed. Period. Go surf the web. Now. Seriously. GO!surf the web. Now. Seriously. GO!”” (Important squirrelly rules (Important squirrelly rules section, para. 3).section, para. 3).

In-text citations in ¶In-text citations in ¶

Acknowledge words Acknowledge words with quotation marks with quotation marks and in-text citation.and in-text citation.

Acknowledge ideas Acknowledge ideas with in-text citation only.with in-text citation only.

What is procrastination?Steel (2008) has described all

procrastinators as trading “short-term gain for long-term pain.” Ferrari (2000) classified those who habitually delay into three categories: arousal types, avoiders, and decisional procrastinators. While most people occasionally put things off, some are chronic procrastinators whose delays disrupt their lives: “Remember, 80% of us procrastinate, but 20% are procrastinators” (Ferrari, 2005).

Both Steel (2008) and Ferrari (2000, 2005) emphasized the negative. However, Chu and Choi (2005) found strategic delay could

Insert date the first time an Insert date the first time an authorauthor’’s name is mentioned s name is mentioned in a paragraph.in a paragraph.

In-text citations apply to one In-text citations apply to one paragraph.paragraph.

Place any remaining Place any remaining information at the end of information at the end of material from a source.material from a source.

WhatWhat’’s the error?s the error?

Plotz, D. (2002, December 11). The plagiarist: Plotz, D. (2002, December 11). The plagiarist: Why Stephen Ambrose is a vampire. Why Stephen Ambrose is a vampire. SlateSlate. . Retrieved from http://www.google.com Retrieved from http://www.google.com

247,000 results247,000 results

WhatWhat’’s the error?s the error?

Plotz, D. (2002, December 11). The plagiarist: Plotz, D. (2002, December 11). The plagiarist: Why Stephen Ambrose is a vampire. Why Stephen Ambrose is a vampire. SlateSlate. . Retrieved from http://www.google.com Retrieved from http://www.google.com

Plotz, D. (2002, December 11). The plagiarist: Plotz, D. (2002, December 11). The plagiarist: Why Stephen Ambrose Why Stephen Ambrose is a vampire. is a vampire. Slate.Slate. Retrieved from Retrieved from http://slate.msn.comhttp://slate.msn.com/?id=2060618/?id=2060618IN-TEXT CITATIONIN-TEXT CITATION

(Plotz, 2002)(Plotz, 2002)

WhatWhat’’s the error?s the error?

Gesundheit, A. (2009, August 28). Interview Gesundheit, A. (2009, August 28). Interview with Kaplan librarian.with Kaplan librarian.

Plotz, D. (2002, December 11). The plagiarist: Plotz, D. (2002, December 11). The plagiarist: Why Stephen Ambrose is a vampire. Why Stephen Ambrose is a vampire. Slate.Slate. Retrieved from http://slate.msn.com/?Retrieved from http://slate.msn.com/?id=2060618id=2060618

IN-TEXT CITATION ONLYIN-TEXT CITATION ONLY

(A. Gesundheit, personal communication, (A. Gesundheit, personal communication, August 28, 2009).August 28, 2009).

Details, detailsDetails, details

• What to quoteWhat to quote• Block quotationsBlock quotations• Placing in-text citationsPlacing in-text citations• No page numberNo page number• Missing informationMissing information• No authorNo author• More than one authorMore than one author

• No dateNo date• More than one sourceMore than one source• Quoted quotationQuoted quotation• Just one chapterJust one chapter• Sponsored siteSponsored site• DOIsDOIs

What to quoteWhat to quote

ExceptionsExceptions common languagecommon language

writ of habeas corpuswrit of habeas corpus situational leadershipsituational leadership

theory theory

Raymond Chandler declared that readers should feel that the solution of a mystery is “inevitable.”

common knowledgecommon knowledge widely knownwidely known easily availableeasily available

in standard in standard referencesreferences

Any words from Any words from the original should the original should be quoted.be quoted.

At least half the mystery novels published violate the law that the solution, once revealed, must seemto be inevitable.

—Raymond Chandler

Quotations < 40 wordsQuotations < 40 words

Set off someone elseSet off someone else’’ss exact words exact words with quotation markswith quotation marks

Chandler (1945) believed that a detective should be “the best man in his world.”

“Down these mean streets a man must go who is not himself mean, who is neither tarnished nor afraid” (Chandler, 1945).

Quotations: 40+ wordsQuotations: 40+ words

Set off long quotations Set off long quotations as block quotationsas block quotations

Down these mean streets a man must go who is not himself mean, who is neither tarnished nor afraid. The detective in this kind of story must be such a man. He is the hero, he is everything…. He must be, to use a rather weathered phrase, a man of honor…. (Chandler, 1945)

The classic definition of a detective comes from “The Simple Art of Murder”: Use a new line and Use a new line and

left indent instead of left indent instead of quotation marksquotation marks

Preview block quotesPreview block quotes

.5"

Hint: Word will count words if you highlight them and choose Tools, Word Count.

Remember in-text citations?Remember in-text citations?

Basic format: Basic format: (Author, year, page or section head)(Author, year, page or section head)

Researcher-focused

Chronology-focused

Idea-focused

Burns (2003) has stated that leadership begins “where change begins” (p. 140).

In 1978, Burns published Leadership, a seminal work in an emerging field. In 2003, he proposed solutions to global problems in Transforming Leadership.

The innovator’s approach to leadership is exemplified by Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s first days in office (Burns, 2003, p. 181).

Use only stable page #sUse only stable page #s

If author/date are given in text, If author/date are given in text, that information is not repeated that information is not repeated within parentheses at the end.within parentheses at the end.

Use only stable page numbers.Use only stable page numbers. Use section headers for Internet Use section headers for Internet

sources that have them (Steel, sources that have them (Steel, n.d., My Definition, para. 1).n.d., My Definition, para. 1).

• book

• print version

• PDF

STABLE PAGE #s

No page # / header?No page # / header?

SOURCE-REFLECTIVESTATEMENT

SOURCE““The future belongs to aThe future belongs to adifferent kind of person,”different kind of person,”

Pink says….Pink claims Pink says….Pink claims we’re living in a different we’re living in a different era, a different age. An era, a different age. An age in which those who age in which those who “think different” may be “think different” may be valued more than ever.”valued more than ever.”http://tinyurl.com/23vqazhttp://tinyurl.com/23vqaz

What about… no author?What about… no author?

Start with key words from titleStart with key words from title Use only as much as necessaryUse only as much as necessary Follow standard formattingFollow standard formatting

((““Personality,Personality,”” 2008). 2008). ((Types of Procrastinators,Types of Procrastinators, 2005). 2005). ((““Procrastination,Procrastination,”” 2008a) 2008a) ((““Procrastination,Procrastination,”” 2008b) 2008b)

What about…many authors?What about…many authors?

Consult the Consult the Publication Manual,Publication Manual, Table 6.1 Table 6.1

What about…no date?What about…no date?

Use n.d.Use n.d.

IN-TEXT

Steel (n.d.) defined procrastination as Steel (n.d.) defined procrastination as ““to voluntarily delay an intended course to voluntarily delay an intended course of action despite expecting to be worse of action despite expecting to be worse off for the delay.off for the delay.””

REFERENCE LIST

Steel, P. (n.d.). Steel, P. (n.d.). Definition.Definition. Retrieved Retrieved August 28, 2009, from ProcrastinationAugust 28, 2009, from Procrastination

Central Web site: http://procrastinus.comCentral Web site: http://procrastinus.com

What about…many sources?What about…many sources?

Separate with semicolonSeparate with semicolon Alphabetize within citationAlphabetize within citation

to match order of reference listto match order of reference list

MULTIPLE CITATION

Most researchers emphasize the negative Most researchers emphasize the negative consequences of procrastination (Ferrari, 2005; consequences of procrastination (Ferrari, 2005; Steel, 2008; Tice & Baumeister, 1997).Steel, 2008; Tice & Baumeister, 1997).

What about…quoted quotation?What about…quoted quotation?

Ideally, find the originalIdeally, find the original Second-best: use Second-best: use as citedas cited inin to direct readers to direct readers

to reference list entryto reference list entry

INDIRECT QUOTATION

Procrastinators trade Procrastinators trade ““short term gain for long term pain,short term gain for long term pain,”” according to Steel (as cited in Kahn, 2008).according to Steel (as cited in Kahn, 2008).

REFERENCE ENTRY

Kahn, U. (2008, December 7 ). Academics invent a Kahn, U. (2008, December 7 ). Academics invent a mathematical equation for why people procrastinate. mathematical equation for why people procrastinate. The The Telegraph. Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/

What about…one chapter?What about…one chapter?

If itIf it’’s by one author, cite the book.s by one author, cite the book. If itIf it’’s a chapter in a book with many s a chapter in a book with many

authors,cite the chapter authors,cite the chapter andand the book. the book.

Benedict, J. (2000). Sports cultureBenedict, J. (2000). Sports culture contributes to domestic violence. In T. contributes to domestic violence. In T. L.L.

Roloff (Ed.), Roloff (Ed.), Domestic violence: Domestic violence: Opposing viewpointsOpposing viewpoints (pp. 82-90). (pp. 82-90). Greenhaven, CT: Greenhaven.Greenhaven, CT: Greenhaven.Titles of books, movies, and other complete works are italicized.

What about…sponsored site?What about…sponsored site?

Site sponsor is identified just before URLSite sponsor is identified just before URL Readers can judge source credibilityReaders can judge source credibility

Serial murder: Multidisciplinary perspectives for Serial murder: Multidisciplinary perspectives for investigators. (2005). Retrieved from Behavioral investigators. (2005). Retrieved from Behavioral Analysis Unit, National Center for the Analysis of Analysis Unit, National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime Web site:Violent Crime Web site:http://www.fbi.gov/publications/serial_murder.htmhttp://www.fbi.gov/publications/serial_murder.htm

What about…DOIs?What about…DOIs?

Mayer, D. (2007, June). Why write? To impact patient care! Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 323. Retrieved May 20, 2008.doi:10.1188/07.CJON.323

Resolve:http://crossref.org

Citations: Follow the modelCitations: Follow the model

Citations: Check the resultCitations: Check the result

CITATION MACHINE Pink, Daniel. (Photographer). (2009). Dan pink on the

surprising science of motivation. [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.ted.com/talks/dan_pink_on_motivation.html

CORRECT APA FORMAT Pink, D. (2009). Dan Pink on the surprising science of

motivation. [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.ted.com/talks/dan_pink_on_motivation.html

Citations: Check the resultCitations: Check the result

CITATION MACHINE REFERENCE LIST ENTRY Meet the masterminds: daniel pink on a whole new mind. (2005,

August). Management Consulting News, 4(8), Retrieved from http://www.managementconsultingnews.com/interviews/pink_interview.php

CORRECT APA FORMAT: REFERENCE LIST ENTRY Meet the masterminds: Daniel Pink on A whole new mind. (2005, August). Management Consulting News, 4(8).

Retrieved fromhttp://www.managementconsultingnews.com/interviews/pink_interview.php

IN-TEXT CITATION (“Meet the masterminds:,” 2005)

IN-TEXT CITATION (“Meet the Masterminds,” 2005)

Using a citation makerUsing a citation maker

1. Launch the citation maker.2. Choose your documentation style (APA).3. Choose the type of source. Hint: You may need to explore links

like More or figure out that Web-based Media means “video.”4. Fill in the blanks with as much information as you have.5. Note formatting hints (First initial only for author’s first name.)6. If information is missing, check links like About Us to see

if you can unearth any buried nuggets. If you look for and can’t find information to put in a blank, leave it empty.

7. Click the button that creates the citation.8. Double-check the result.9. Make needed corrections and copy the citation into your

document or copy, paste, and correct in your document.

Dig before omitting infoDig before omitting info

Author

• check beginning and end

of article • visit the home page

• check links like “About Us”

• check beginning and end of article • visit the home page

• check links like “About Us”

Where info hidesWhere info hides

Author

• distinguish site titles and

subheads from article titles • visit the home page

• check “About Us”

• check beginning and

end of article • look for “last updated”

• use most recent copyrightdate (not 1997–2007)

Date

Title

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of article

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Citation makers: Cite FastCitation makers: Cite Fast

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Citation MachineCitation Machine

Citation Machine (www.citationmachine.net)

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EBSCOEBSCO

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Bedford BibliographerBedford Bibliographer

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Has built-in hints

Allows you to save, edit, and export

Account is free

Is most accurate (except for websites)

Quality: Too much missing?Quality: Too much missing?

Road rage and teens. (n.d.). Retrieved August Road rage and teens. (n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2007, from http://www.angelfire.com/al/28, 2007, from http://www.angelfire.com/al/alyplace/mystery.htmlalyplace/mystery.html

If several elements of a full citation are missing,If several elements of a full citation are missing,is the source credible enough to use?is the source credible enough to use?

Follow standard modelFollow standard model

REFERENCE ENTRY #18

Pink, D. (2005). Pink, D. (2005). A whole new mind: Why right-brainers will A whole new mind: Why right-brainers will rule the future. rule the future. New York, New York: Penguin.New York, New York: Penguin.

IN-TEXT

(Pink, 2005)(Pink, 2005)

Follow model w. tweakFollow model w. tweak

REFERENCE ENTRY

Morin, E. (2001). The reform of thinking and education in the Morin, E. (2001). The reform of thinking and education in the twenty-first century. In J. Binde (Ed.), twenty-first century. In J. Binde (Ed.), Keys to the 21st Keys to the 21st centurycentury (pp. 202 - 205). Oxford, UK: Berghahn/UNESCO. (pp. 202 - 205). Oxford, UK: Berghahn/UNESCO.

IN-TEXT (Morin, 2001)(Morin, 2001)

Adapt monograph modelAdapt monograph model

REFERENCE ENTRY #22

Gardner, H. (2007). Gardner, H. (2007). Five minds for the futureFive minds for the future [summary]. [summary].Retrieved from http://www.execubooks.comRetrieved from http://www.execubooks.com

IN-TEXT

(Gardner, 2007)(Gardner, 2007)

Follow closest modelFollow closest model

REFERENCE ENTRY #26

Goleman, D. (2000, March-April). Leadership that gets Goleman, D. (2000, March-April). Leadership that gets results (Reprint 00204). results (Reprint 00204). Harvard Business Review,Harvard Business Review, pp. 78-90. Available from Harvard Business Publishing: pp. 78-90. Available from Harvard Business Publishing: http://hbp.harvardbusiness.org/store/http://hbp.harvardbusiness.org/store/

IN-TEXT

(Goleman, 2000)(Goleman, 2000)

Adapt modelAdapt model

REFERENCE ENTRY #49

Norton, R. (2010). Reposting of how to teach a cat to operateNorton, R. (2010). Reposting of how to teach a cat to operatea light switch [Video file]. Video posted toa light switch [Video file]. Video posted to

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IkMOd9PVuKghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IkMOd9PVuKgIN-TEXT

(Norton, 2010)(Norton, 2010)

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http://apastyle.org

http://word-crafter.net/APA

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Check 1Check 1 Check 2Check 2 Citation maker cautionsCitation maker cautions In-text citations in paragraphIn-text citations in paragraph Nonretrievable sourcesNonretrievable sources Sources for ALOP 242Sources for ALOP 242 TopicsTopics

What patterns do you find?What patterns do you find?

BIG NAMES IN PROCRASTINATION RESEARCHBIG NAMES IN PROCRASTINATION RESEARCH

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