Running head: APA HELP GUIDE

APA Help Guide

RRU Writing Centre

December 2018

© Royal Roads University. Authors should use this resource as a supplemental resource to the Publication

Manual of the American Psychological Association. This guide does not replace the Publication Manual of the

American Psychological Association.

APA HELP GUIDE 2

Table of Contents

Formatting Guidelines.....................................................................................................................7

Alignment....................................................................................................................................7

Bulleted/Numbered Lists.............................................................................................................7

Font..............................................................................................................................................7

Footnotes.....................................................................................................................................7

Headings......................................................................................................................................8

Indentation...................................................................................................................................9

Line Spacing................................................................................................................................9

Margins........................................................................................................................................9

Page Numbers..............................................................................................................................9

Running Head..............................................................................................................................9

Tables and Figures Formatting..................................................................................................10

Title Page...................................................................................................................................11

More Information......................................................................................................................11

Quoting and Paraphrasing...................................................................................................11

Adding Words or Emphasis......................................................................................................12

Block Quotations.......................................................................................................................12

Changes in Quotations Requiring no Explanation....................................................................12

Incorrect Grammar or Spelling Within a Quotation..................................................................12

Omitting Words in Quotations..................................................................................................13

Paraphrasing..............................................................................................................................13

Quotation Punctuation...............................................................................................................13

More Information......................................................................................................................13

In-Text Citations............................................................................................................................13

One Author................................................................................................................................14

Two Authors..............................................................................................................................14

Three to Five Authors................................................................................................................15

Six or More Authors..................................................................................................................15

APA HELP GUIDE 3

Corporate or Group Author.......................................................................................................15

Ebook Without Page Numbers..................................................................................................16

Multi-Author Citation...............................................................................................................16

Personal Communication (Non-Recoverable Materials)..........................................................16

Results of Original Research.....................................................................................................17

Secondary Source Citations.......................................................................................................17

Two or More Works by the Same Author and in the Same Publication Year..........................18

Works by Anonymous or Without a Listed Author..................................................................18

More Information......................................................................................................................19

References: General Information...................................................................................................19

Alphabetize References.............................................................................................................20

Author Information...................................................................................................................20

Publication Date........................................................................................................................21

Title Information.......................................................................................................................21

Publication Information.............................................................................................................22

More Information......................................................................................................................22

Reference Examples.......................................................................................................................23

Monographs.............................................................................................................................23

Book (Print)...............................................................................................................................24

Book Chapter (Print).................................................................................................................24

Dictionary Entry (Online).........................................................................................................24

Doctoral Dissertation or Master’s Thesis from a Commercial Database..................................24

Ebook........................................................................................................................................25

Ebook Chapter...........................................................................................................................26

Periodicals................................................................................................................................26

Periodical: General Reference Format......................................................................................27

Journal Article With DOI..........................................................................................................27

Journal Article Without DOI.....................................................................................................27

Newspaper Article (Online)......................................................................................................28

Newspaper Article Without Identified Author (Print)..............................................................28

APA HELP GUIDE 4

Technical and Research Reports (Grey Literature)............................................................28

Annual Report (Online).............................................................................................................29

Authored Report, Government Department (Print)...................................................................29

Corporate Author, Agency Website..........................................................................................29

Corporate Author, Government Report (Online)......................................................................29

Issue Brief (Print)......................................................................................................................30

Web Page..................................................................................................................................30

Web Page, No Identified Author, No Date...............................................................................30

Website (Not a Specific Document)..........................................................................................30

Video (e.g., YouTube or Ted Talks)......................................................................................30

Canadian Legislative Documents...........................................................................................31

More Information......................................................................................................................31

APA HELP GUIDE 5

List of Figures

Figure 1. The hanging indent option used to format a paragraph.................................................20

APA HELP GUIDE 6

APA Help Guide

The goal of the APA Help Guide is to provide an introductory overview of the APA Style

rules. While the APA Help Guide reflects the information provided in the Publication Manual of

the American Psychological Association (2010) (hereafter referred to as the APA Style manual),

this guide does not replace the APA Style manual. Rather, the guide aims to provide sufficient

information for authors to start using the rules, as well as show where authors can find more

information. If you have a question that is not answered within this document, it is your

responsibility to search out the information you need. For more information on APA Style,

please refer to the APA Style section of the Writing Centre website. If you are looking for an

answer to a specific APA Style question or you would like to contact the Writing Centre for

assistance, please visit WriteAnswers . All of the information in this document is available via

WriteAnswers FAQs, but WriteAnswers also has a lot more information as we regularly add new

details and FAQs to the database.

The APA Style rules usually align with the expectations of RRU programs, but if your

instructor or your thesis/major paper has a different requirement, your program’s requirements

take precedence over the APA Style rules. If your program’s requirement is that you follow the

APA Style rules, then the program’s rules and those of the APA Style manual are the same thing.

If you are unsure of what is expected in your work, please check with your instructor or

supervisor. This document has been formatted according to the APA Style rules, with the

exception of line spacing. In the interests of shortening the overall length of the document to

make it less expensive to print, 1.5 line spacing has been used instead of the standard double-

spacing.

The APA Help Guide has been organized into the same sections as those provided within

the Writing Centre’s “Introduction to APA Style ” video: formatting, quoting and paraphrasing,

in-text citations, and references. For easy navigation through the document, please use the table

of contents or open the View tab in Microsoft Word, and in the “Show” section, click the

“Navigation Pane” option.

APA HELP GUIDE 7

Formatting Guidelines

Alignment

Align the text in the body of your paper flush against the left margin with a ragged right

margin (e.g., the alignment of this page) (American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 229). Do

not use justified alignment, which involves spacing the text equally across the width of the page

(p. 229).

Bulleted/Numbered Lists

When considering the use of a bulleted or numbered list in your academic writing, please

take a moment to consider if the list will encourage understanding of the topic, or if the list is a

technique to avoid using full sentences to explain a concept. As you might imagine, the latter is

not a valid reason to use a bulleted or numbered list in a formal academic paper because bulleted

lists do not generally include analysis, but instead only provide surface-level information. Since

the focus of academic writing is to demonstrate your critical thinking, you will more fully

communicate your ideas by writing complete sentences. However, should you choose to use

bullets to separate three or more elements within a sentence, “capitalize and punctuate the list as

if it were a complete sentence” (American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 64). See “Lists,

Part 4: Numbered Lists” and “Lists, Part 5: Bulleted Lists” from the APA Style Blog for more

information. To provide examples of the formatting shown in those blog posts and on pages 64

and 65 of the APA Style manual, bulleted lists in this document begin flush at the left margin.

Font

Serif fonts (Times New Roman, Century Schoolbook etc.) are preferred over sans serif

fonts (Arial, Comic Sans etc.) (American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 228). The

preferred font within APA style is Times New Roman in a 12 point font (p. 228).

Footnotes

The APA divides footnotes into two categories: content or copyright permission

footnotes. Content footnotes “supplement or amplify substantive information in the text; they

should not include complicated, irrelevant, or nonessential information. Because they can be

distracting to readers, such footnotes should be included only if they strengthen the discussion”

(American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 37). The APA Style manual further notes that,

“in most cases, an author integrates an article best by presenting important information in the

text, not in a footnote” (p. 38).

APA HELP GUIDE 8

Use a copyright footnote to indicate that you have received permission from a publisher

to reproduce another author’s content in your text (American Psychological Association, 2010, p.

38). Under RRU’s Fair Dealing Policy, obtaining copyright permission is only required for

documents that will be made public outside of course work (e.g., blog posting, major research

project, thesis, dissertation). Please visit Copyright for Students for more information. For the

correct wording for a copyright permission footnote, please refer to page 38 in the APA Style

manual.

Headings

Section headings help to give structure to your document and allow your reader to

understand the levels of organization within your paper:

Levels of heading establish the hierarchy of sections via format or appearance. All topics

of equal importance have the same level of heading throughout a manuscript. For

example, in a multiexperiment paper, the headings for the Method and Results sections in

Experiment 1 should be the same level as the headings for the Method and Results

sections in Experiment 2.

Avoid having only one subsection heading and subsection within a section, just as

you would in an outline. Use at least two subsection headings within any given section,

or use none. (American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 62)

Please see below for the five levels of headings and their respective formatting:

Centred, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading (1)

Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading (2)

Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. (3)

Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. (4)

Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. (5)

(p. 62)

When using paragraph headings, begin your paragraph text on the same line after the heading.

Use Microsoft Word styles to format your headings, and format them consistently within each

level throughout the entire document. Use the levels sequentially e.g., Level 1 headings for

section headings, Level 2 headings for sub-sections. For example:

Literature Review

Definitions

APA HELP GUIDE 9

Historical perspective

Pre-1700s.

Modern history. (Sentence text starts on same line as the heading)

Indentation

Indent each line of a new paragraph one tab space, which should be set at 1.27 cm or 0.5

inch (American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 229).

Line Spacing

Unless directed otherwise by an instructor or a program handbook, double-space

“between all text lines of the manuscript. Double-space after every line in the title, headings,

footnotes, quotations, references, and figure captions” (American Psychological Association,

2010, p. 229).

Margins

For regular assignments, format margins to 2.54 cm or one inch at the top, bottom, and on

both sides of the text (American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 229). If you are writing a

thesis or dissertation, there may be other requirements. Please refer to your thesis or dissertation

handbook and “When you are ready to publish your thesis or dissertation” for more information.

Page Numbers

Use Arabic numerals (e.g., 1, 2, 3) throughout the document, and continue the page

numbers sequentially to the end of the report, including all appendices (American Psychological

Association, 2010, p. 229). Page numbers should be right-aligned in the header (Lee, 2010, para.

3); see the page numbers in the “Sample One-Experiment Paper” and in this guide for examples

of this formatting. Though the APA Style manual asks for page numbers on title pages to journal

article manuscripts, academic title pages often do not show a page number, though the title page

is included in the overall page count. If you are taking that approach in your essay, the page

numbering would start at “2” on page two. If you are uncertain whether to provide a page

number on the title page of your work, please check with your instructor or advisor. For more

information, please see “What are the APA rules regarding page numbers?” and “Aligning the

running head and page numbers”.

Running Head

The running head is an abbreviated title that is printed at the top of the pages of a

published article to identify the article for readers. The running head should be a

APA HELP GUIDE 10

maximum of 50 characters, counting letters, punctuation, and spaces between words. It

should appear flush in all uppercase letters at the top of the title page and all subsequent

pages. (American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 229)

In this document, you can see the running head in the top left corner of each page. Note that the

running head has a different format on the title page than on the other pages. For another

example, please see the sample papers created by the American Psychological Association via

APA Style Sample Papers. Please also see “Aligning the running head and page numbers ” for

instructions on how to create the running head.

Tables and Figures Formatting

Present tables and figures according to the rules provided in Chapter 5 of the APA Style

manual. Please see below for more information about formatting tables and figures, and refer to

the manual for detailed instructions.

Tables. Please refer to pages 127-150 of the APA Style manual for rules for formatting

tables, but here are some of the basics:

Tables may be single- or double-spaced, depending on what is best for readability (American

Psychological Association, 2010, p. 141).

Include a table title (p. 133), table headings (pp. 133-137), the table body (pp. 137-138), and

a table note (general, specific, probability) (pp. 138-141).

Limit the use of ruling, or lines, “to those that are necessary for clarity” (p. 141).

Using tables from another copyrighted source in a work that will be made public (e.g., blog

post, thesis, or dissertation) requires copyright permission; note the granted permission in the

table note and include the source in the references. See “Navigating Copyright for

Reproduced Images: Part 4. Writing the Copyright Statement” from the APA Style blog for

information and examples.

See pages 129-149 in the APA style manual for sample tables, and page 150 for a table

checklist.

Figures. Please see pages 150-167 of the APA Style manual for rules for formatting figures,

but here are some of the basics:

Figures are any type of illustration other than a table, including graphs, charts, maps,

drawings, and photographs (American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 151).

See pages 152-156 in the APA Style manual for the standards for figures.

APA HELP GUIDE 11

A legend and a caption are required (p. 158-159):

o “Figure legend should be positioned within the borders of the figure” (p. 159).

o Italicize “Figure x.” that precedes the caption but not the caption text (p. 159).

Lettering in a figure should be in a simple typeface (e.g., Arial), and should be no smaller

than 8 points and no larger than 14 points (p. 161).

Using figures from another copyrighted source in a work that will be made public (e.g., blog

post, thesis, or dissertation) requires copyright permission; give credit in the figure caption

(p. 167) and include the source in the references. See “Navigating Copyright for Reproduced

Images: Part 4. Writing the Copyright Statement” from the APA Style blog for information

and examples.

See pages 152-166 in the APA Style manual for sample figures and page 167 for a figure

checklist.

Title Page

Instructors may have individual preferences for title page content, so use the title page

approved by your instructor. The title page may include, but not be limited to, the “title, running

head, author byline, [and] institutional affiliation” (American Psychological Association, 2010,

p. 229). For your thesis or major project, check with each of your supervisors and sponsors who

are listed on your title page to see what academic degrees they would like listed after their name.

For information on creating an effective title, see “Creating Strong Titles”.

More Information

“Formatting” (3:04 section of the “Introduction to APA Style ” video) “APA Style Formatting Checklist ” Search WriteAnswers by keyword or see the APA Style: Formatting topic

within WriteAnswers. Quoting and Paraphrasing

Quoting from another source involves integrating words or phrases taken directly from

another author’s work. In order to avoid plagiarizing material, be sure to enclose short quotations

(fewer than 40 words) within double quotation marks and properly cite the source material (see

“In-Text Citations” within this document). Format a quotation of 40 words or more as a block

APA HELP GUIDE 12

quotation; see “Block Quotations” in this section, and page 170 in the APA Style manual for

more information.

Adding Words or Emphasis

To insert material in a quotation, “use brackets, not parentheses” (American

Psychological Association, 2010, p. 173). To “emphasize a word or words in a quotation,

italicize the words or words. Immediately after the italicized words, insert within brackets the

words emphasis added, that is, [emphasis added]” (p. 173). For example, “They [the judges]

were convinced that the swimmer had missed the two-handed [emphasis added] turn.”

Block Quotations

A quotation 40 words or more in length must be formatted as a block quotation

(American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 171). Do not use quotation marks, and indent the

quotation 1.27 cm or one-half inch from the left margin (i.e., the same position as a new

paragraph) (p. 171). When a block quotation exceeds one paragraph, indent the first line of each

paragraph a further 1.27 cm or one-half inch (p. 171). If there is a quotation within the block

quotation, use double quotation marks to indicate the quotation (p. 92). The parenthetical citation

should follow the last punctuation mark in the quotation, and as with all quotations, the author,

year, and location reference (e.g., page or paragraph number) must be provided. Double-space

the entire quotation (p. 171). Please see the block quotations in the “Running Head ” and

“Corporate or Group Author” sections of this document for examples.

Changes in Quotations Requiring no Explanation

In order to better integrate your quotation into your text, you can change the

capitalisation of the first letter of the first word without indicating that you changed the text

(American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 172). As well, the closing punctuation mark at

the end of a quoted sentence may also be changed, and single and double can quotation marks be

exchanged, where appropriate (p. 172). Note all other changes according to the APA Style rules.

Please refer to page 172 in the APA Style manual for more information.

Incorrect Grammar or Spelling Within a Quotation

If “incorrect spelling, grammar, or punctuation in the source might confuse readers, insert

the word sic, italicized and bracketed, immediately after the error in the quotation” (American

Psychological Association, 2010, p. 172). For example, “they made they're [sic] lunches.”

APA HELP GUIDE 13

Omitting Words in Quotations

If you remove words from the middle of quotation, use three spaced ellipsis points (. . .)

to indicate the change from the original quotation (American Psychological Association, 2010, p.

172). If you remove text from the end of a sentence but continue quoting from the following

sentence, use four spaced ellipsis points (. . . .) to indicate the removal of material from between

the sentences (pp. 172-173). Start your quotation at the point where the text is relevant; ellipses

are not necessary at the beginning or end of a quotation (p. 173).

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing refers presenting another author’s work in your own words; simply

rearranging words or changing a few words is not sufficient to qualify as paraphrasing. Since the

text is not quoted directly, do not use quotation marks to indicate a paraphrase. See

“Summarizing and Paraphrasing” for information and examples.

Citations to paraphrases do not need to include a page or paragraph number; however, the

APA Style manual encourages authors “to provide a page or paragraph number, especially when

it would help an interested reader locate the relevant passage in a long or complex text”

(American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 171). See #3 in the “APA Style Citations

Checklist” for more information.

Quotation Punctuation

For a quotation of 39 words or fewer in the text, place the sentence punctuation after the

closing bracket of the reference: “A terrible storm started last night as I took the dog for our

nightly walk” (Jamieson, 1999, p. 12). For a block quotation, the closing punctuation appears

before the reference citation. See the block quotation in the “Running Head” section of this

document for an example.

More Information

“Quoting and Paraphrasing ” (2:11 section of the “Introduction to APA Style ” video) “Quoting, Summarizing, and Paraphrasing”

Search WriteAnswers by keyword or see the Quotations topic within WriteAnswers

In-Text Citations

An in-text citation provides sourcing information about quoted or paraphrased text. The

purpose of the citation is to indicate which information originated with someone else and to give

APA HELP GUIDE 14

your reader sufficient information that they can then find the corresponding entry in your

reference list. Please note that, “if the quotation appears in mid-sentence, end the passage with

quotation marks, cite the source in parentheses immediately after the quotation marks, and

continue the sentence” (American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 171). The same approach

would also apply to paraphrased information. The standard format for a citation is (Author’s last

name/corporate or group author, year of publication/copyright, location reference). For a printed

resource or a document in PDF format, the location reference will be a page number. For

electronic resources that are not paginated, use a paragraph number (e.g. para. 4) or “if the

document includes headings and neither paragraph nor page numbers are visible, cite the heading

and the number of the paragraph following it” (p. 172). For example: (Government of Canada,

1968, p. 5), (Kim, 2008, para. 7), or (Jones, 2006, Recommendations section, para. 4). See “How

to Cite Part of a Work” from the APA Style Blog for more examples of in-text citations to

resources that don’t have page numbers.

For additional examples of in-text citations, please see page 177 in the APA Style manual

for a chart that compares the basic citation styles, as well as the information provided below. For

information on how to create a citation when source information such as the author name or date

is missing, please see “Writing in-text citations in APA Style”.

One Author

When citing a resource by one author, provide the last name of the author and the date of

publication at the appropriate point. To decide the placement of the citation, “if the name of the

author appears as part of the narrative…cite only the year of publication in parentheses.

Otherwise, place both the name and the year, separated by a comma, in parentheses” (p. 174).

For example, according to the American Psychological Association (2010), “cite only the year of

publication in parentheses” (p. 174). Equally correct is, “cite only the year of publication in

parentheses” (American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 174).

Two Authors

If a work has two authors, insert an ampersand (&) between the authors’ names in the

citation. Cite both authors every time the resource is referenced (American Psychological

Association, 2010, p. 175). For example, (Green & Doble, 1988, p. 34).

APA HELP GUIDE 15

Three to Five Authors

Cite all the authors in the first reference citation, but “in subsequent citations, include

only the surname of the first author followed by et al. (not italicized and with a period after al)”

(American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 175).

First citation of source: The study concluded that the sky is not actually blue (Smith, Robertson,

& White, 1999, p. 14).

Second citation of source: Smith et al. (1999) further concluded that clouds are not actually white

(p. 16).

Reference list entry:

Smith, A., Robertson, B., & White, C. (1999). What colour is your sky? Victoria, Canada:

Authors.

Six or More Authors

For documents that have six or more authors, “cite only the surname of the first author

followed by et al. . . . and the year for the first and subsequent citations” (American

Psychological Association, 2010, p. 175). If you have two references that shorten to the same

form, please refer to page 175 in the APA Style manual for instructions on the proper citation

format. Please refer to page 198 in the APA Style manual for a sample reference with more than

six authors.

Corporate or Group Author

You may use a corporate or group author name in place of a person’s name. When using

a source that uses an abbreviation as its title, you must spell out the full title in the first citation

of that source and insert the abbreviation in parentheses after the full title. Regarding whether to

abbreviate the title of the author,

the names of groups that serve as authors. . . are usually spelled out each time they appear

in a text citation. The names of some group authors are spelled out in the first citation and

abbreviated thereafter. In deciding whether to abbreviate the name of a group author, use

the general rule that you need to give enough information in the text citation for the

reader to locate the entry in the reference list without difficulty. If the name is long and

cumbersome and if the abbreviation is familiar or readily understandable, you may

abbreviate the name in the second and subsequent citations. If the name is short or the

APA HELP GUIDE 16

abbreviations would not be readily understandable, write out the name each time it

occurs. (American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 176)

Use the full name of the author in the reference list. See page 176 in the APA Style manual for

more information.

Example citation: (Royal Roads University, n.d., para. 3)

Reference list entry:

Royal Roads University. (n.d.). About the campus. Retrieved from

http://www.royalroads.ca/about-rru/the-university/

Ebook Without Page Numbers

Citing from an ebook can be a bit more challenging because some ebooks do not have

page numbers. Please see the “Ebook” section of this document and “How Do You Cite An E-

Book (e.g., Kindle Book)?” for information and examples of how to cite an ebook. For more

information regarding citing a work without page numbers, please visit “How to Cite Part of a

Work” in the APA Style Blog.

Multi-Author Citation

Use a semi-colon between authors in a multi-author citation; listing of authors must be in

alphabetical order (American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 178) e.g., (Anderson, 1988;

Lee, n.d.-a; Lee, n.d.-b; Roy, 1999; Smart & Weston, 2001).

Personal Communication (Non-Recoverable Materials)

The APA Style rules consider material or information that is not recoverable or not

publicly available as personal communication. Examples of this type of sources include a phone

call, conversation, email, class lecture, materials posted to Moodle that are not available

elsewhere (e.g., an instructor's PowerPoint presentation or unpublished paper), and

organizational documents that only available via a company’s intranet. When citing personal

communication, provide the first initial and last name of an individual or the organizational

name, the words “personal communication”, and a date. The date could be the date of the email,

lecture, or posting; in the case of an unpublished resource, the date may identify the completion

date of the resource or the date that you accessed it. It is unnecessary to specify the type of

communication within your citation. For example:

A. Lastname (personal communication, Month day, year) said “quotation”.

In 2014, paraphrased text (Organizational name, personal communication, Month day, year).

APA HELP GUIDE 17

Since the source doesn’t provide recoverable information, it isn’t necessary to provide a page or

paragraph number in the citation, nor should the resource be included in the references. See

“How do I cite or reference personal communication in APA style?” for more information.

Results of Original Research

If you are writing up the results of your original research for your major project, thesis, or

dissertation, please check with your academic supervisor to see how he or she would prefer you

present quoted or paraphrased information taken from your research results. The usual approach

is that a citation is not necessary; rather, please provide sufficient information, such as an

attribution, within the text so that your reader can tell that the information came from your

original research. A citation is not necessary since the information is a product of your original

and as yet unpublished research. For example, “in response to the first survey question,

Participant A noted that, ‘insert response here’, whereas Participant B stated that, ‘insert

statement here’”. If you have promised anonymity to your research subjects in your ethical

review, please make sure that you use pseudonyms or otherwise mask your participants’ identity

when you provide the attribution to the quoted or paraphrased information. See “Let’s Talk

About Research Participants” from the APA Style Blog for more information.

Secondary Source Citations

When referencing a secondary source, name the text where you found the information

(American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 178). For example, if you quoted Souper’s text,

which you found in Green’s book, you should reference Green because you read Green’s book:

“Souper (as cited in Green, 1999) notes that . . .”. Please note that it is always best to work with

original research; for example, if Souper’s study is important to your research, read Souper’s

original work so that you can derive your own conclusions, rather than relying on Green’s

interpretation. If you need help finding primary sources, please contact the RRU librarians.

In the reference list, provide the author of the secondary text that you read (e.g., Green),

not the primary author. Do not list the primary source (e.g., Souper) in your reference list unless

you directly refer to it elsewhere in your text.

For more information on secondary source citations, please see #9 in the “APA Style

Citations Checklist”.

APA HELP GUIDE 18

Two or More Works by the Same Author and in the Same Publication Year

To distinguish between works by the same author with the same publication date, use the

suffixes a, b, c, etc. after the year (American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 178). This

format must also be used in the corresponding references. To determine which resource gets

what suffix, order the resources alphabetically by the title of the article (excluding "a" or "the")

(p. 178). The first resource would be (2013a), the second resource would be (2013b), and so

forth. You can append the lowercase letters to n.d. as well: n.d.-a, n.d.-b (Krupa, 2013, para. 6).

In your in-text citations, please make sure that you're using the same lower case letter as you

used in your references. For example, (Royal Roads University, n.d.-a, para. 3) and (Royal

Roads University, n.d.-b, para. 2) would correspond to the following references:

Royal Roads University. (n.d.-a). Education & technology. Retrieved

from http://www.royalroads.ca/prospective-students/programs/education-technology

Royal Roads University. (n.d.-b). Humanitarian studies. Retrieved

from http://www.royalroads.ca/prospective-students/programs/humanitarian-studies

Works by Anonymous or Without a Listed Author

If your document was authored by “Anonymous”, instead of the author’s last name, cite

“Anonymous” in the citation (American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 177). For example,

(Anonymous, 2005, p. 42). “Anonymous” would also appear in the author field in the reference

list.

If the work you are referencing does not name an author (which is different than

Anonymous being the identified author), you can instead use the first few words of the title

(American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 176). Before using the first few words of the title,

check to determine if the resource has a corporate or group author. For example, a report

obtained from an organization’s website may not list the specific authors of the text, but if the

organization is responsible for or produced the resource, the organization can be listed as the

group author. See the “Corporate or Group Author” section of this guide for more information. If

neither an individual nor a group author can be identified, identify the resource by the first few

words of the resource’s title, and “use double quotation marks around the title of an article, a

chapter, or a web page and italicize the title of a periodical, a book, a brochure, or a report” (p.

176). For example, “quoted text” (“First Few Words”, year, p. X). Since the title of the work is

APA HELP GUIDE 19

taking the place of the author’s name in the citation, the formatting of the reference also shifts;

please see Daily Newspaper Article, No Author in this guide for an example reference.

More Information

“Introduction to APA Style ” video

o “In-text citations” (6:01)

o “Personal communication” (3:08)

o “Secondary source citations” (1:47)

“APA Style Citations Checklist ”

Search WriteAnswers by keyword or see the APA Style: In-Text Citations topic within WriteAnswers. WriteAnswers has more examples of citations than what is provided in this guide, so please try the tool if you haven’t found the example you need in this resource.

References: General Information

When formatting a document according to the APA Style rules, provide a list of

references rather than a bibliography or a list of works cited (American Psychological

Association, 2010, p. 180). All recoverable resources cited in the text must be included in the

reference list; sources that do not provide recoverable data (e.g., personal communication)

should not be included in the references (p. 180). Likewise, all resources listed in the reference

page must be cited within the text.

Start references on a new page (American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 230).

Unless your program or instructor directs you to do otherwise, your references should be double-

spaced (p. 180) and since “References” is a page title, not a section heading, the title should not

be formatted as a section heading. Accordingly, centre the title, but do not bold, italicize, or

underline the text (as shown on page 9 in the “Sample One-Experiment Paper” and “References”

in this document). If only one reference appears on the page, the page title should be

“Reference”.

Format each reference with a hanging indent, which means that the first line of each

reference entry starts at the left margin and each subsequent line is indented 1.27 cm or 0.5

inches (American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 180). See “References” in this document

for examples of that formatting. The text should wrap naturally, so do not hit “Enter” at the end

APA HELP GUIDE 20

of each line of information. To format a hanging indent, use the appropriate path for your version

of Microsoft Word to access the Paragraph format options, and choose the “hanging indent”

option. See below:

Figure 1. The hanging indent option used to format a paragraph.

Alphabetize References

Alphabetize your references by the last name of the author (American Psychological

Association, 2010, p. 181). You may encounter situations where you are unsure of how to order

your references; please refer to pages 181-183 in the APA Style manual for more information

and examples.

Author Information

In references,

invert all authors' names; give surnames and initials for up to and including seven authors

(e.g., Author, A. A, Author, B. B., & Author, C. C.). When authors number eight or

more, include the first six authors' names, then insert three ellipsis points, and add the last

author's name. (American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 184)

When presenting an organisational or group author, "spell out the full name of a group

author. . . . In a reference to a work with a group author. . ., a period follows the author element"

(p. 184). 

See “Entire Book” in this document for general examples, and "How should I reference an

author with "Jr." or "III" in his name?", "How should I reference a work with an author listed as

"with" in APA Style?", and "How do I cite a resource by "Anonymous" or without a stated

author in APA style?" for more information and examples.

Choose “Hanging” under “Special” in “Indentation”.

APA HELP GUIDE 21

Editor Information

In a reference to a book authored by an editor, "place the editors' names in the author

position, and enclose the abbreviation Ed. or Eds. in parentheses after the last editor's name. The

period follows the parenthetical abbreviation (Eds.)" (American Psychological Association,

2010, p. 184). To see a general example of reference with an editor listed as the author, see the

last example of “Entire book” in this document. When referencing a chapter in an edited book,

the editors' names appear after the title of the book and are not inverted; see “Chapter in a book

or entry in a reference book” in this document for general examples and "How do I reference a

chapter of an edited book/ebook in APA Style? " for more information and examples. When

presenting the name(s), "provide initials and surnames for all editors (for substantial reference

works with a large editorial board, naming the lead editor followed by et al. is acceptable) (p.

184).

For more information, please see page 184 in the Publication Manual of the American

Psychological Association (American Psychological Association, 2010).

Publication Date

In general, “give in parentheses the year the work was published” (American

Psychological Association, 2010, p. 185). Please refer to page 185 in the APA Style manual for

more information regarding presenting the publication date of resources, including magazines,

newsletters, and newspapers, as well as in-press publications and papers and posters presented at

meetings. If it’s appropriate to provide the full date of publication, the order of information in the

is (year, Month day) without any abbreviations or suffixes: (2013, October 31). For resources

where no date is available, use (n.d.), which stands for “no date” (p. 185). For information on

and examples of how to cite multiple sources with the same author and the same or no

publication date, please see "How do I cite in-text two or more resources by the same author that

were published in the same year in APA style?".

Title Information

In an article or chapter title, “capitalize only the first word of the title and of the subtitle,

if any, and any proper nouns; do not italicize the title or place quotations marks around it. Finish

the element with a period” (American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 185). In a periodical

title (e.g., journals), “give the periodical title in full, in uppercase and lowercase letters. Italicize

the name of the periodical” (p. 185). In a non-periodical title (e.g., books and reports), “capitalize

APA HELP GUIDE 22

only the first word of the title and of the subtitle, if any, and any proper nouns; italicize the title”

(p. 185). For materials found on a web page, use the formatting outlined above. For example, the

title of an article would use sentence case but wouldn’t be italicized; the title of a report would be

presented using sentence case but would be italicized. For more information about formatting

more complicated titles (e.g., edition or volume number) and other non-routine information,

please refer to pages 185-186 in the APA Style manual. For additional information on how to

format titles of works in both references and within the body text, see “How to Capitalize and

Format Reference Titles in APA Style” in the APA Style Blog.

Publication Information

Publication information (e.g., volume and issue numbers, publisher location) give the

reader additional information about the resource. When referencing periodicals, “give the

volume number after the periodical title; italicize it” (American Psychological Association, 2010,

p. 186). If an issue number is provided and “if the journal is paginated separately by issue” (p.

186), present “the issue number in parentheses immediately after the volume number; do not

italicize it” (p. 186). See “How to Determine Whether a Periodical Is Paginated by Issue” in the

APA Style Blog for more information.

When citing a book chapter or journal article, “give inclusive page numbers on which the

cited material appears” (American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 186).

When referencing print books and reports (non-periodicals), “give the location (city and

state or, if outside the United States, city and country) where the publisher is located as noted on

the title page” (American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 186). If two or more locations are

provided, note the first location in your reference list (p. 187), and “use a colon after the

location” (p. 187). When providing the publisher name, be as brief as possible: “Write out the

names of associations, corporations, and university presses, but omit superfluous terms, such as

Publishers, Co., and Inc…. Retain the words Books and Press” (p. 187). It is not necessary to

note the publisher’s name and location in electronic resources; instead, provide the electronic

retrieval details for the resource, such as a DOI (See Periodicals in this document for information

about DOIs) or URL. When referencing periodicals, “publisher names and locations are

generally not included in the references” (p. 186).

Please see pages 186-187 in the APA Style manual for more detailed information about

presenting publication information.

APA HELP GUIDE 23

More Information

“References” (11:33 section of the Introduction to APA Style video)

“APA Style References Checklist”

Search WriteAnswers by keyword or see the APA Style: References topic within WriteAnswers

Reference Examples

For detailed information on how to reference authors, publication dates, titles, and

publication information, and electronic sources and locator information, please refer to pages

184-192 of the APA Style manual. See the examples below for some common resource types,

but if you do not see your resource type, please look at the comprehensive index on pages 193-

198 in the APA Style manual and/or refer to pages 198-224 for specific examples. You may also

find it helpful to search in WriteAnswers as we have FAQs on how to reference a wide range of

resource types. Finally, the APA Style Blog also has extensive information and examples.

Monographs

Monographs are resources that are unique, such as a book or reference books (e.g., dictionary or

encyclopedia). Please see pages 202-210 of the APA Style manual and/or search WriteAnswers

by keyword for more information. See below for generic references to some of the more

commonly-used resource types:

Entire book. For more information, please see page 202 in the APA Style manual.

Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.

Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. Retrieved from http://www.xxxxx

Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. doi:xxxx OR http://dx.doi.org/xxxxx

Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.

Chapter in a book or entry in a reference book. For more information, please see

pages 202-203 in the APA Style manual.

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of chapter or entry. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C.

Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx). Location: Publisher.

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of chapter or entry. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C.

Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx). Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxx

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of chapter or entry. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C.

Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx). https://doi.or/xxxxxx OR

APA HELP GUIDE 24

http://dx.doi.org/xxxxxxx OR doi: xxxxxxx

Entry in a reference book with no byline. Please see page 203 in the APA Style manual

for more information.

Title of entry. (year). In A. Editor (Ed.), Title of reference work (xx ed., Vol. xx, pp. xxx-xxx).

Location: Publisher.

Title of entry. (year). In Title of reference work (xx ed., Vol. xx). Retrieved from

http://www.xxxx

Book (Print)

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological

Association. Washington, DC: Author.

See example #18 on page 203 of the APA Style manual.

In this example, the publisher is the author, so "Author" is all that is needed to note the

publisher. If the publisher is different than the author, please list the name of the publisher

e.g., Oxford University Press.

In-text citation: (American Psychological Association, 2010, p. X)

Book Chapter (Print)

Maasing, X. (1982). Foreign affairs in Canada. In J. D. Sampson & M.M. Millstone (Eds.),

International trade Canada (pp. 1009-1020). Boston, MA: Oxford University Press.

See example #25 on page 204 of the APA Style manual.

In-text citation: (Maasing, 1982, p. X)

Dictionary Entry (Online)

Heuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary (11th ed.). Retrieved from

http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/heuristic

See example #30 on page 205 in the APA Style manual.

In-text citation: (Heuristic, n.d.)

Doctoral Dissertation or Master’s Thesis from a Commercial Database

Author, A. A. (year). Title of doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis (Doctoral dissertation or

master’s thesis). Retrieved from Name of Database. (Accession or Order No.)

Aspirot, S. (2004). Academic coaches and leadership (Master’s thesis). Available from Proquest

Dissertations and Theses database. (Publication No. AAT MQ93716)

See examples #40-44 on pages 207-208 in the APA Style manual

APA HELP GUIDE 25

In-text citation: (Author, year, p. X)

Ebook

Gladwell, M. (2008). Outliers: The story of success [Kindle DX version]. Retrieved from

Amazon.com

Patterson, K., Grenny, J., McMillan, R., & Switzler, A. (2012). Crucial conversations: Tools for

talking when stakes are high (2nd ed.). Retrieved from

http://www.books24x7.com/books24x7.asp

OR

Patterson, K., Grenny, J., McMillan, R., & Switzler, A. (2012). Crucial conversations: Tools for

talking when stakes are high (2nd ed.). Retrieved from the Books24x7 database.

See examples #19-22 on pages 203-204 in the APA Style manual.

Keep in mind that, "if the book was read or acquired through an online library (e.g., Google

Books, ebrary, NetLibrary) and not on an e-reader device, omit the bracketed information

from the reference” (Lee, 2011, para. 2). Therefore, if you accessed the ebook through the

RRU Library’s subscription to an online database, such as Books24x7 or ebrary, you don’t

need to note the version of the book after the title of the resource in the reference.

See “Journal Article with DOI” in this document for information regarding how electronic

retrieval details should be presented for resources with assigned DOIs.

See “Journal Article without DOI” in this document for information regarding how electronic

retrieval details should be presented for resources that don’t have DOIs.

See “How do you cite an e-book (e.g., Kindle Book)?” for more information on formatting an

ebook in-text citation or reference

o Sample first in-text citation: (Patterson, Grenny, McMillan, & Switzler, 2012,

Chapter 2, Dialogue)

o Sample subsequent in-text citation: (Patterson et al., 2012, Chapter 9, How to choose)

Ebook Chapter

Rogers, K. (2009). Leadership giftedness: Is it innate or can it be developed?. In L. Shavinina

(Ed.), International handbook on giftedness (pp. 633-645). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-

4020-6162-2_31 OR http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6162-2_31 OR doi:

10.1007/978-1-4020-6162-2_31

APA HELP GUIDE 26

See “Ebook” and “How do you cite an e-book (e.g., Kindle Book)?” for information and

examples on formatting an ebook reference and in-text citations.

In-text citation: (Rogers, 2009, p. X)

Periodicals

A periodical is anything that is published on a regular, predictable schedule, such as a

journal, a report from an annual conference, or a corporate annual report. For examples of many

types of periodical references, please see pages 198-202 of the APA Style manual and/or search

by keyword in WriteAnswers. The primary method used by the APA Style manual to identify the

retrieval location of electronic periodical articles is the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) system. A

DOI “is a unique alphanumeric string assigned by a registration agency (the International DOI

Foundation) to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the Internet”

(American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 189). The DOI may “be hidden under a button

labeled Article, Crossref, PubMed, or another full-text vendor name” (p. 189) when you retrieve

the article from one of RRU’s electronic databases. Click on the button to see the DOI. If a DOI

is available for an article, no other retrieval information is required; however, if the article hasn’t

been assigned a DOI but was retrieved from a password-protected database, you can either

provide the home page URL for the database or provide the name of the database. To check if

your resource has a DOI, use this search tool: http://www.crossref.org/guestquery/. To check

your entire reference list for available DOIs, give this tool a try:

http://www.crossref.org/SimpleTextQuery/. You will need to sign up for that function, but it is a

free tool. If you are unsure whether you should be providing a DOI or URL, please see the “DOI

and URL Flowchart” for help. Finally, “do not include retrieval dates unless the source material

may change over time (e.g., Wikis)” (p. 192).

Periodical: General Reference Format

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of Periodical,

vol#(issue#), pp-pp. https://doi.org/ xxxxxxxxx OR http://dx.doi.org/ xxxxxxxxx OR doi:

xxxxxxxxx

Please refer to pages 198-202 in the APA Style manual or search WriteAnswers by keyword for

more information and examples regarding referencing periodicals. See below for example

references to some of the more commonly-used resource types:

APA HELP GUIDE 27

Journal Article With DOI

Godfrey, D. (2005). Adapting historical citations to APA style. Journal of Broadcasting &

Electronic Media, 49(4), 544-547. https:// doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4904_15 OR

http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4904_15 OR doi:

10.1207/s15506878jobem4904_15

See example #1 on page 198 of the APA Style manual.

In this example, “49” is the volume number, and “(4)” is the issue number of the journal. As

per APA rules, “if each issue of a journal begins on page 1, give the issue number in

parentheses immediately after the volume number” (American Psychological Association,

2010, p. 198).

In-text citation: (Godfrey, 2005, p. X)

CrossRef, which is one of the organizations that assigns DOIs to resources, updated the

format for DOIs to include https:// doi.org/ before the identifier (McAdoo, 2017, para. 2) to

improve the security of the URLs (para. 2). To reflect this shift while also allowing for a

period of adjustment to the new approach, the APA is allowing the three variations of

providing the DOI as shown in the examples above (McAdoo, 2017, para. 8). Please use the

same approach consistently throughout the references. See "What is a DOI and how is it used

in APA style?" in WriteAnswers for more information.

Journal Article Without DOI

Cuddy, C. (2002). Demystifying APA Style. Orthopaedic Nursing, 21(5), 35-42. Retrieved from

https://www.ebscohost.com/academic/academic-search-premier

OR

Cuddy, C. (2002). Demystifying APA style. Orthopaedic Nursing, 21(5), 35-42. Retrieved from

Academic Search Premier database.

See example #9 on page 200 of the APA Style manual.

In-text citation: (Cuddy, 2002, p. X)

The standard APA Style approach to referencing resources without DOIs from a

subscription-based database is to provide the database’s home page URL after the “Retrieved

from” (American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 191). However, if you accessed a

subscription-based database by going through the RRU Library’s website, rather than directly

from that database’s home page, you had to log in to gain that access. The requirement to log

APA HELP GUIDE 28

in means providing the database’s home page URL isn’t a useful step for RRU students, and

providing a direct URL to the resource via the Library's access isn’t useful to anyone outside

the RRU community. Therefore, to simplify the process of creating references, students can

provide either the home page URL for the database or name the database as shown above.

This advice is based on the American Psychological Association's (2009) DOI and URL

flowchart.

Newspaper Article (Online)

Brody, J. E. (2007, December 11). Mental reserves keep brain agile. The New York Times.

Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com

See example 11 on pages 200-201 of the APA Style manual.

“Give the URLs of the home page when the online version of the article is available by

search to avoid nonworking URLs” (American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 201).

In-text citation: (Brody, 2007, para. X)

Newspaper Article Without Identified Author (Print)

New drug helps Alzheimer patients. (2002, October 30). The Times Colonist, p. A2.

In text, “use a short title (or the full title if it is short) enclosed in quotation marks for the

parenthetical citation” (American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 200). For example:

(“New Drug”, 2002).

See example #10 on page 200 of the APA Style manual.

Technical and Research Reports (Grey Literature)

Grey literature is a category of information that includes technical and research reports

self-published by government departments, business, and industry. Though grey literature is not

peer-reviewed, students often refer to grey literature because the materials provide original

research. Examples of grey literature include white papers, annual reports, policy briefs, and

working papers. See below for generic references as well as specific example references.

Author, A. A. (date). Title of work (Report No. xxx). Location: Publisher.

Organizational author. (date). Title of work (Report No. xxx). Retrieved from URL

“For reports retrieved online, identify the publisher as part of the retrieval statement unless

the publisher has been identified as the author: Retrieved from Agency name website:

http://www.xxxx” (American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 205).

APA HELP GUIDE 29

Annual Report (Online)

City of Colwood. (2017). 2016 Annual financial statements and management discussion and

analysis. Retrieved from

https://www.colwood.ca/sites/default/files/plans-reports/documents/2017-annual-report-

web9.pdf

In-text citation: (City of Colwood, 2006, para. X)

Authored Report, Government Department (Print)

Milko, R., Dickson, L., Elliot, R., & Donaldson, G. (2003). Wings over water: Canada's

waterbird conservation plan (Catalogue no.: CW66-219/2003). Ottawa, Canada:

Canadian Wildlife Service.

First in-text citation: (Milko, Dickson, Elliot & Donaldson, 2003, p. X)

Subsequent citations: (Milko et al, 2003, p. X)

Corporate Author, Agency Website

BC Hydro. (2013). Environmental impact statement executive summary.  Retrieved from

Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency

website: http://www.ceaa-acee.gc.ca/050/documents_staticpost/63919/85328/

Executive_Summary.pdf

In-text citation: (BC Hydro, 2013, p. X)

Corporate Author, Government Report (Online)

Environment Canada. (2011). Best practices for capturing, transporting and caring for relocated

Canada geese (Catalogue no.: CW66-293/4-2011E-PDF). Retrieved

from http://ec.gc.ca/Publications/0391513D-33B1-4ED7-A8E8-

5DA5AE65E767%5CBestPracticesForCapturingTransportingAndCaringForRelocatedCa

nadaGeese.pdf

In-text citation: (Environment Canada, 2011, p. X)

For more information on referencing government reports, please visit "How to Cite a

Government Report in APA Style" in the APA Style Blog.

Issue Brief (Print)

Employee Reform Office. (1988). Sources of unrest in the private sector (Issue Brief No. 344).

Victoria, Canada: Author.

See example #35 on page 206 in the APA Style manual.

APA HELP GUIDE 30

“Use this form for issue briefs, working papers, and other corporate documents” (American

Psychological Association, 2010, p. 206). Use the appropriate document number where the

“issue brief number” is listed in the example above.

In-text citation: (Employee Reform Office, 1988, p. X)

United Nations Report (Online)

United Nations Development Programme. (2014). Human development report 2014: Sustaining

human progress: Reducing vulnerabilities and building resilience. Retrieved from

http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-report-en-1.pdf

First in-text citation: (United Nations Development Programme [UNDP], 2014, p. X)

Subsequent in-text citations: (UNDP, 2014, p. X)

Web Page

Royal Roads University. (n.d.). Create a preliminary document plan. Retrieved from

http://library.royalroads.ca/writing-centre/writing-essay-start-here/create-preliminary-

document-plan

In-text citation: (Royal Roads University, n.d., para. X)

Web Page, No Identified Author, No Date

Leadership. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://management.about.com/od/leadership/Leadership.htm

In-text citation: (“Leadership”, n.d., para. X)

Website (Not a Specific Document)

Provide the URL for the website in the text. For example, “There are many great images

of Hatley Castle on the Hatley Park National Historic Site website (http://hatleypark.ca/)”. Refer

to “How do you cite an entire website (but not a specific document on that site)? for more

information regarding this type of citation.

Video (e.g., YouTube or Ted Talks)

Poster of video. (copyright year). Title of video. Retrieved from URL

In-text citation: (Screen name, year, time of quoted material within video e.g. 1:25) 

See "Timestamps for Audiovisual Materials in APA Style" in the APA Style Blog for

more information on creating in-text citations for videos, movies, podcasts, and television

shows.

Fields, J. (2012). Brene Brown on the power of being vulnerable [Video file]. Retrieved

from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sd3DYvBGyFs

APA HELP GUIDE 31

TED. (2007, January 6). Do schools kill creativity|Sir Ken Robinson|TED Talks [Video file].

Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iG9CE55wbtY

See “How do I reference an online video (e.g., YouTube or TED Talk) in APA style?” in

WriteAnswers for more information and many examples, as well as relevant links to the APA

Style Blog.

Canadian Legislative Documents

Appendix 7.1 of the APA Style manual explains that legal materials are referenced in a

different manner than what is provided in the APA Style manual. Appendix 7.1 provides the

rules for referencing American documents, but to cite the Canadian versions (e.g. House of

Commons proceedings (Hansard), Parliamentary committees, bills, statutes), authors should use

the McGill Law Journal's Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation, which is also referred to

as the McGill Guide. Please refer to “Canadian Statutes, Cases, and Legislation ” to be directed to

resources and examples. Please note that the McGill Guide uses footnotes rather than in-text

citations.

More Information

“References” (11:33 section of the “Introduction to APA Style ” video)

“APA Style References Checklist”

Search WriteAnswers by keyword or see the APA Style: References topic within WriteAnswers. WriteAnswers has more examples of references than this guide provides, so please try the tool if you have not found the example you need in this resource.

APA HELP GUIDE 32

APA Style Resources

APA Style (Royal Roads University)

o “Introduction to APA Style” (video available via APA Style)

APA Style Blog (American Psychological Association)

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.) (American

Psychological Association)

WriteAnswers (searchable FAQs and contact point for the RRU Writing Centre)

Writing Tips (APA Style column)

o “APA Style Citations Checklist ” (Royal Roads University)

o “APA Style Formatting Checklist ” (Royal Roads University)

o “APA Style References Checklist ” (Royal Roads University)

APA HELP GUIDE 33

References

American Psychological Association. (2009). DOI and URL flowchart. Retrieved from

http://blog.apastyle.org/files/doi-and-url-flowchart-8.pdf

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological

Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Krupa, T. (2013, January 3). Alphabetizing “in press” and “no date” references [Blog post].

Retrieved from http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2013/01/alphabetizing-in-press-and-no-

date-references.html

Lee, C. (2010, November 11). Running head format for APA Style papers [Blog post]. Retrieved

from http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/11/running-head-format-for-apa-style-

papers-.html

Lee, C. (2011, June 3). How do you cite an e-book (e.g., Kindle book)? [Blog post]. Retrieved

from http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2011/06/how-do-you-cite-an-e-book.html

McAdoo, T. (2017, March 1). DOI display guidelines update (March 2017) [Blog post].

Retrieved from http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2017/03/doi-display-guidelines-update-

march-2017.html