PRESENTED BYJIMPELE AMBAUSENIOR EXECUTIVE/ LIBRARIAN REFERENCE & RESEARCH UNITUNIVERSITY LIBRARYlibref@umtech.edu.my

December 2, 2011

We are here to assist…

CITATION& REFERENCES

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APA STYLE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION

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Example of citation for book

Rumsey, Sally. (Eds.). (2008). How to find information: a guide for researchers. England: Open University Press.

Author Edition Year of Publication Title

Place of Publication Publisher

CITATION

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The APA style includes three kinds of information in in-text citations.

• The author's last name*• The work's date of publication*• The page number, appears only in a citation to a direct quotation.

(*these items must match exactly the corresponding entry)

AUTHORS (AND EDITORS)

• Take names from the first page of an article or from the title page of a book.• Authors’ or creditors names are listed in the order in which they appear (not alphabetical order), and initials are used instead of first or middle names.• Authors are listed with the last name first, followed by a comma and the initials of the authors.• The names of group, institutional, or organizational authors are spelled out completely.Am

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PUBLICATION DATES

• For journals and books, include the publication year in parentheses. • For sources that use specific dates, such as popular magazines, newspapers, television broadcasts, or websites, include the year and the month or the year, month, and day in parentheses.• If the source has no author, the entry begins with the title, followed by the date.

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TITLES

• List titles completely, taking information from the first page of an article or from the title page of a book.• Include both titles and subtitles, no matter how long they are.

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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

• Include any of the following information in the order presented here if it is listed on the first page of the article, essay, chapter or other subsection, or the page of the book:

Translator Edition number Volume number Issue number (if journal is paginated separately by issue) Inclusive pages

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FACTS OF PUBLICATION

• For periodicals, take the volume number, issue number (if needed), and date from the first few pages in journals and magazines. • For books, use the first city listed on the title page and provide a two-letter abbreviation for the state or the full name of the foreign country.• Take the publisher full name of the foreign country. Take the publisher’s name from the title page, presenting in it abbreviated form. • Use the recent date of from the copyright page.

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RETRIEVAL INFORMATION

• For electronic sources, provide a retrieval statement to direct readers to the electronic copy.

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When should I use it?

What do I really need to know?

How should I best use this resource?

• APA style is primarily used in the social sciences, so if you're taking a psychology or sociology course, chances are you'll be expected to write papers in APA style.• Your instructor will let you know whether you need to use APA style for your papers.

• In any paper that refers to other sources, you MUST cite these sources properly.• Failure to do so could result in charges of plagiarism by your instructor.

• Determine what types of sources you have (journal articles, books, or interviews, etc.). Then use these pages to learn how to cite them within the body of your paper using APA parenthetical citations and also how to create an APA reference list.•Once you've cited everything properly, refer to the APA Headings and APA Formatting pages to find out how to make your paper visually conform to APA guidelines.•When in doubt whether to use a particular aspect of APA style, always ask your lecturer to clarify.

There are three options for placing citations:

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Option Description Sample Citation

1. Idea-focused

Place the author(s) and date(s) in parentheses at an appropriate place in or at the end of a sentence

Researchers have pointed out that the lack of trained staff is a common barrier to providing adequate health education (Fisher, 1999) and services (Weist & Christodulu, 2000).

2. Researcher-focused

Place only the date in parentheses

Fisher (1999) recommended that health education be required for high school graduation in California.

3. Chronology-focused

Integrate both the author and date into your sentence

In 2001, Weist proposed using the Child and Adolescent Planning Schema to analyze and develop community mental health programs for young people.

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• Within a paragraph, omit the year in citations after the first one if no confusion with other studies will result• Fisher (1999) administered a questionnaire … Fisher's results indicated…• [new paragraph] The questionnaire administered by Fisher (1999) was used by…

A source with 1 or 2 authors

• Cite name(s) in first and all subsequent citations• (Adkins & Singh, 2001)• Adkins and Singh (2001)

Authors with the same surname

• Use initials even if the years are different • D. Baldwin (2001) and M. L. Baldwin (1999)

A source with 3 - 5 authors

• In all citations after the first, use the first author’s name followed by et al.• First citation : (Baldwin, Bevan & Beshalke, 2000)• Subsequent citation : (Baldwin et al., 2000)

A source with 6 or more authors

• Use the first author’s name followed by et al. in all citations• 6 authors: (Utley et al., 2001)• 7 authors : (Yawn et al., 2001)• [Note: In the reference list, use of et al. Begins with 7 author-author references.]

Sources with 2 or more 6-author groups with same

first surname

• If 2 or more 6-author groups shorten to the same surname, cite the surnames of as many subsequent authors as needed to distinguish refereences• (Baldwin, Utley et al., 2001)• (Balwin, Bevan et al., 2000)

A source with no author

• Use the first few words of the title – in quotation marks for article or chapter, in italics for self-contained item• (“Mad Cow,” 2001)• (Sleep Medicine, 2001)

An editor’s work with no author

• Use editor(s) names in the author position• See guidelines for citing authored work

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REFERENCING

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TITLEType the word “References” at the top of a new page, centered.

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Title

SPACINGAll entries should be double-spaced, unless your assignment/ lecturer instructs you otherwise.

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Double spacing

INDENTATIONThe standard for indentation is as follow:• First line flush left• Following lines five spaces indent• For references used only single spacing

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Indentation

1st line

Following lines , 5 spaces

CAPITALIZATIONCapitalize only the first word of titles of books and articles and the first word after a colon (:), question mark (?) or Exclamation mark (!).

Abualuda, A. (2003). Quality management practices and perceived organizational performance : An exploratory study of Malaysian hospitality industry in Klang Valley (Master’s thesis). Universiti Tun Abdul Razak, Kelana Jaya.

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Capitalization

1st word of the title

Capitalization

1st word after colon

PUNCTUATIONUse a comma (.) to separate• surname from initials• a newspapers title from p. or pp.• a journal title from volume number• a volume number from page numbers• when given, an issue number from page numbers • (Ed.) from book title (editor)• city of publication from state

Abualuda, A. (2003). Quality management practices and perceivedorganizational performance : An exploratory study of Malaysian hospitality industry in Klang Valley (Master’s thesis). Universiti Tun Abdul Razak, Kelana Jaya.

Shetty, Y.K. and Ross, J.E. (1987). Quality and its management in service business. In Sepehri, Mehran (Eds.), Quest for quality (pp. 187-192). Norcross, G.A. : Industrial Institute of Engineering.

After a comma, must followed by a space tab.

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QUOTING

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IN-TEXT QUOTATIONSWhen using APA format, follow the author-date method of citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear in the reference list.

• Examples:Smith (1970) compared reaction times . . .In a recent study of reaction times (Smith, 1970), . . .In 1970, Smith compared reaction times . .

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SHORT/ BRIEF QUOTATIONS

• To indicate short quotations (fewer than 40 words) in your text, enclose the quotation within double quotation marks. • Provide the author, year, and specific page citation in the text, and include a complete reference in the reference list. • When paraphrasing, the citation (author and page number) must still be included. Paraphrasing is preferred over direct quoting.• Examples:

She stated, "The placebo effect disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner" (Miele, 1993, p. 276), but she did not clarify which behaviors were studied.According to Miele (1993), "The placebo effect disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner" (p. 276).Miele (1993) found that "the placebo effect disappeared" in this case (p. 276), but what will the next step in researching this issue be?

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LONG QUOTATIONS• Quotations longer than 40 words in a freestanding block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. • Start the quotation on a new line, indented five spaces from the left margin. • Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation five spaces from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. • The parenthetical citation should come after closing punctuation mark.

• Example:

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Miele's 1993 study found the following: The placebo effect disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited again, even when real drugs were administered. Earlier studies conducted by the same group of researchers at the hospital were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276)