=(nFu,I

.J-Ovu,o-

?@.^-u l-t:

-+ G-r

-

Mt-f:N rr-O,^E|-.:-f--

4-{-v--

, hrl

-At

r-lY

rEo--{fta-

-

'--Q:--

-\E-tl-_

-\Er _ooQD-^..-l\t-t

-

o

z(,ou'lrosroO.

+{t}

rnfo+.c!o+c.Eo-

o)4.=oECah l-=(l):E O

-! ; !rs g ;N-a^.F ER

He;7sloHe€!Fr=g-.€ "a'3 Ib'= -R€ ? s

This chart is a basic guide to the two most commonly usedreferences on format of research papers and other forms ofacademic writing:. Americon Psychologicol Associotion IAPAI style. Modern Longuoge Associotion (MLAI styleThis chart is only a summary and does not provide a com-prehensive guide to all APA or MLA writing rules. Completeguidelines can be found only in the two associations' officialstyle handbooks:. Publication Manual of the American Psychological

Association (currently in 5th edition). MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (currently

in 6th edition)Some instructors and editors prefer that their students andwriters follow other style manuals, such as The ChicagoManual of Style or Strunk and White's The Elements of Style.Always be sure to follow your instructor or editor's specificguidelines. lf you're unsure about which rules to use, ask forclarification.

APA style is the standard used for writing in the social sci-ences, psychology, sociology, criminology, health sciences,business, economics, and education.MLA style is the standard used for writing in the humanities(l iteratu re, history, phi losophy, art, etc.).APA and MLA style rules are similar in many ways, but thereare a number of specific differences that reflect the differentneeds of scientific research vs. research in the humanities.For example:r ln the sciences, scholars place emphasis on current, time-

ly research. Therefore, APA rules require that all citationsinclude not only the author but also the date of the citedwork. This rule applies both to in-text citations and to cita-tions on the final "References" page.

. ln the humanities, scholars place emphasis on the authorand the structure and quality of the argument. Therefore,MLA rules for in-text citations emphasize the authorDates of cited works are listed only on the final "WorksCited" page.

ln all cases, follow the guidelines thot you've been given.

. Regardless of the speciflc style rules you're following, univer-sal techniques for clear and effective writing always appty:. Always write cleorly ond simply. Don't adorn your writing

unnecessarily in an attempt to sound more scholarly.. Make sure each paragraph begins with a topic sentence

that develops your argument. Develop only one specificcomponent of your argument in each paragraph.

. Use tronsitionol words ond phroses to guide your readerthrough the flow of your argument. Sudden, unintroducedleaps in your reasoning disorient your reader-

r Vsry sentence lengfh ond stnrture Too many short sen-tences make your writing choppy, whereas too many longsentences make your writing tedious and hard to follow.

. Check spelling ond grommor carefully. Enors distractyour reader and make your writing less effective.

. Make sure that you do not plogiorize in any way. Plagiarism,even if unintentional, is a serious offense that immediatelydamages your credibility. Be sure to keep track of all yoursources carefully and cite them using the guidelines below

I. FORMATTING THE MANUSCRIPT

. Poper ond morgins: Use standard 8.5"x11" paper with margins of at least 1" on all sides.

. Foni: Preferred font is 12-point Times Roman, although Courier also is acceptable

. Spocing: Double-space every line, including references.

. Numbering: Number all pages starting with the title page, except pages containing art or fig-ures. Place numbers in the upper right-hand corner. Put:the first few words of the title to theleft of the page number on every page.

. Running heod: Abbreviated title printed at the top of each page of the manuscript. The run-ning head should be 50 characters maximum, including spaces and punctuation, and shouldappear in all capital letters on the upper left-hand corner of the title page.

. Order of sections: Put pages in the following order, each starting on a separate pager Titlepage (p. 1); Abstract (p. 2);Main text (starting on p.3), References, Appendixes, Author note,Footnotes, Tables, Figure captions, Figures.

. Tifle: Concise (10-12 words) and self-explanatory. Avoid redundancies like 'An Analysis of . "or'An lnvestigation of . . . ." The title should appear in upper- and lower-case letters on the titlepage, centered and on the top half of the page lf it runs longer than one line, double-space it.

. Authors: Listed in order of contribution, after the title, centered, and double-spaced. lncludefirst name, middle initial(s), and last name. Separate any suffixes (e g, Jr. or lll) from the lastname with only a space, not a comma.

. Affiliotion: Name of the institution where the research was conducted. lnclude two affiliationsonly if both institutions contributed financially to the study; never include more than two. lfthe affiliation is not a university or college, include a city or state. For affiliations outside theUnited States, include the city, state or province, and country.

. Running heod: An abbreviated title (50 characters or less) in all caps, flush left, introducedby the words "Running head:" at the top of the title page but below the page number

Effects of Contrast

Running head: EFFECTS OF CONTRAST ON REACTION TIME

EffectsofContrastonReactionTimeinaSemanticCategorizationTask

John Q. Author and Susan G Coauthor

UniversitY of the West

Sara P' Thirdauthor

UniversitY of the East

A clear, precise summary of the article. The abstract should be only one block paragraph in

length (with no indentations) and should not exceed 120 words.Place the abstract on the page following the title page (p. 2), with the title 'Abstract" centeredat the top of the page.

aegin with the most importont informotion but do not repeat the paper titlelnclude only information that appears in the paper itself State only four or five of the mostimportant points, theories, and/or findings.Cite previous research relevant to your study.Define all obbreviotions and speciol terms, except for units of measurement

Specific content of the abstract will vary depending on the nature of your paper:. Reseorch report: Abstract should include the research topic, characteristics of partici-

pants, experimental method, results (including significance levels), and conclusions.Theoreticol orticle or review: Abstract should include the topic, organizlng thesis" sources,and conclusions.Cose study: Abstract should include the individual or organization under study, the prob-lem addressed, and the questions raised.Methodologicol poper: Abstract should include the type of method used, its main fea-tures, the scope of its applications, and its reliability.

Effects of Contrast l

Abstract

Beginwiththemostimportantinformationbutdonotrepeatthepapertitle.

Include only information that appears in the paper itself' State onl-v tbur or

flveofthemostimportantpoints,theories,and/orfindings.Citeprer-tous

research relevant to your study Define all abbreYiations and special terms'

except for units of measurement' Do not exceed 120 *-ords

aegins on the page following the abstract (p. 3). The paper title should appear at the top ofthe page, centered. The text of the introduction should appear one double space below tiepaper's title No "lntroduction" label is necessary.Give the appropriate bockground and context for your study by presenting the probler:n,explaining its importance, and recognizing previous works that are relevant to your study.State the specific purpose of your study. lnclude a formal statement of your h)?ottle{* and a

description of the voriobles tested (why they were chosen, how they were manipufaied, lrhatresults you expected them to yield and why)

Effects of Contra-st

EffectsofContrastonReactionTimeinaSemanticCategorizationTa-<k

Thetextofthepaperstartshere'inanindented(0.5''orfir.etoSe\-en

spaces), left-justified, and double-spaced paragraph that provides atr lntru-r-

ductiontothesubjectofthepaperTheintroductionshouldbeginonedoubie

space below the paper's title' No "Introduction" label is necessary'

The introduction continues here ' ' '

lmmediately follows the introduction The heading, "Method," should be centered and con-tinuous with the preceding section (do not begin a new page)

lnclude enough details so that a reader can replicate your study but not so many details thatthe reader gets bogged down in minutiae lf there are any detailed but necessary descrip-tions, put them in the nppendixDivide the Method section into three continuous subsections labeled "Participants,""Materials," and "Procedure." The titles for these subheadings should be in italics, flush left,and continuous with the preceding text:l. Porticiponts (or Subiects): Describe the selection process for subjects, the total number

of subjects chosen, and the number in each subgroup or sample* lf the subjects are humon, describe basic demographic characteristics, including age,

sex, racelethnicity, socioeconomic status, and other relevant variables

" lf the subjects are onimols, describe genus, species, subspecies identification, sex, age,

weight, physiological condition, and details of raising and handling2. Moteriols (or Apporotusl: Describe specialized equipment by giving the model number

and the name and location of the commercial supplier3. Procedure: lnclude a step-by-step summary of the research or experiment Paraphrase all

instructions unless the details are crucial to the experiment oescribe counterbalancing,randomization and other aspects of experimental design lf you used a language other thanEnglish to gather information, specify the method of translation used, if any

lf you are reporting the results of multiple experiments:u Use separate Methods and Results sections for each experiment* Use centered headings before the Methods section of each experiment: e g, Experiment 1,

Experiment2, eIc

Effects of Contrast

Method

Participants

chosen, and the number in each subgroup or sample

Materials

Describe specialized equipment by giving the model number and the

name and location of the commercial supplier

Procedure

Include a step-by-step summary of the experiment Paraphrase all

instructions unless the details are crucial to the experlment

lmmediately follows the Method section The heading, "Reslrlts," should be centered and con-tinuous with the preceding sectionSummarize the data and the statistical methods you used to analyze the data Review all rel-evant results, including those that contradict your hypothesisFigures ond tobles: Use figures and tables only when they enhance your ability to communi-cate the results Do not include a figure or table without mentioning it in the text and describ-ing briefly what it contains-remember, tables do not necessarily explain themselves (For

details on formatting, see Figures and Tables, other side )

Stotistics: (See Statistics, Math, and Measurements, right)

and this is the end of the Method section

Results

The Results section immediately follows the Method section T1-pically'

you will want to start with an introductory paragraph

Semantic Categorization D ata

UseheadingswithintheResultssectiontoidentifydifferentSetSof

data

lmmediately follows the Resulis seciion l::he D sc-ss:- s :- e= ):- .z^ :onbine it withresults in a "Results and Discussion" ol'"Res;,:s::c C:^c -s:^s s3c:::eegin with a direct statement of whether o:1c: i^e res-:s s-:t3-t -, --' .- g ral hypothesisCompare your work with the work of oihers ii a::-c:- ::eComment on the importance of your findi"gs. ,','! s:^e s:-:_, -io--a^:? How can theresults be applied? What are the larger irncl:ca:rc^s c'rC-''-t -gs-

Begins on a new page, with the iitle "Refererces ce-:e-:: a: --e::: :-:-s page

oouble-space all references and use hangirg ride::s se: ''-s: -3 :''='='e^ce flush left andindent subsequent lines)(For details on formatting, see Quoting. C:i.r':g a:c Rc'e-:^: -1 33 i,,,

Aegins on a new page lf there are rnult!ole aore:c;cesand so on lf there is only one appendix s:r-'c.v .2e :lnclude in the appendix all informatior tna: ,,,c- c rgin the main body of the paper ie g , .ists oi s:':-i re:acode for a computer program.i

One ouT:'

More !"hc^ "'. First use

No ou*s'r l-l -:=:

Clossicc r,,:'. C a-rs:=

Personc :: -. C:: ----

. In the flrst paragraph, state yoL.ir cecari-3::: z=-- z::-s =::-=: -:. ln the second paragraph, state ary cra^ges - ,, a-- -.- =--:- s -,=:-::

. ln the third paragraph. acknor',iledge ai1'g-::-s z^a a :: ::g-:: ,,,-:the study or revising the paoer Aiso -e -: C- Z-: sl:: : a'a--=..'of interest Do not acknor,lledge jout?e' ec:c-s -e. e,,,:-s :' ::-:-s =in the paper acceptance process

ln the fourth paragraph, lisi ihe co:taci 3c:s3- s ::-: E:: --

II. STATISTICS, MATH, AND MEASUREMENTS

ny.

tingictsved

Always use the metrlc systern lf tire o::g :a s:-c,, ,,,asprovide the original units fol!or,reC by -e:: c :c-,e's 3-s

::-:-:::: -S -: -Ci-etrlc Unlts,

ln general, use words for numbers below 10 a:c numerols for numbers '10 or oboveHowever, always use numerals foi-:. Numbers below 10 when grouped y,,itl n-:le 's at3,: 'l r _:. Numbers that precede units of rneasure-e--. 5 c:t:. Numbers in a list of four or more nuEbers. 3 i.c=:::. : =-=:- :-. Statistical or mathematical functions pe:cei:ages ':::s :-:

those interr-ieired. Numbers that represent time, rnoney, scctes c: e sc: e :- -. Names of books or tables: Chapter 4. Tab,e -Alwoys use words insteod of numerols to begin o sentence: -T-,';=--,-=::-a^s:er-ealed ."

Put a zero before the decimal point in a fraciro: ui ess :^e ''z:::- -e ,e: a.^ te gieater thanone (e g , a correlation or probabiliiyl. s -E nir _r= --q

Two decimal places are usually enoughMake plurals of numerals by adding an s viiinoli a: atcs:-al^s :rri.s

Lowercose Greek letters are used for popuiatior sla.:si cs

Itolicized Lotin letlers are used for most sarnpie s.al s:ic,<. ltolicize all statistical symbols except for vector symbois ',,,"r c- s-c; c le:yled in bold, and

Greek letters, subscripts, and superscripts, vrlhich shouic .e,nz'?. : itse stardard font. Use an uppercase italicized N for the total nurnber of pai't c,pa-is JSe a o',,/e:case italicized

n for subsets of participants. -\:r8o, tr=15. Use parentheses to identify degrees of freedorn and sarnpie size iir a chi-square test

. Space and punctuate equations and formulas as you wouid regular words:. In the equation 3l( - U = z. we see that

. Put simple equotions in the text

. Set off complicoted equoiions from the text with two double spaces above and below, num-bered in the right-hand margin with an Arabic numeral in parentheses

. Layer porentheses as follows: ( ) first, then [ ], and finally { }

. When placing symbols next to a variable, prime marks come before subscripts, which (gener-

ally) come before superscripts

III. OUOTING, CITING, AND REFERENCING

Fewer thon 40 words: lnclude in the text, surrounded by double quotation marks40 words or more: Set off from the text in indented block form without quotation marks lfthe quotation contains multiple paragraphs, indent the start of each one 0 5"To indicote errors in the original source, use sic, italicized and bracketed: ". . . biolgical [sic]"To indicote chonges in the original source:n Use an ellipsis to indicate omission Add a period if the omission comes between sentences

" Use brackets to insert material* lf someone other than the original author has italicized words for emphasis, add the words

[italics added] in brackets after the words. Cite quotations in the following ways (depending on quote length and use of author name):

* Horner (rg6) found that "Children raised in stable tivo-parent families . . ." (p. +S8).* He found that "Children raised . . . " (Horner, t967. p. 438).* Horner (tg6i found the foliorving:

Children raised . . . lassuming quotation is 40 or more rvords long]. (p. +SB). You may need to obtain copyright permission long quotations

-l-r- - - - -

s:a-::1r'--- - -rr =L-S:=:: :

lr'--- - -tr = - -

e-=---=

. APA style uses the author-date format for in-text citations

. All references cited in the text should also appear in the reference list (except for classicalworks and personal communications)

*xz* *xattz*r* . . the photoeiectric effect (Einstein, r9o6)o Einstein's description of the photoelectric effect (rqo6)* In 19o6, Einstein published a paper on the photoelectric effect.

Twe t* five *ufh*rs* First use in a paper: Barrett, !!'aters, and Tang Ugg) found . . .

" First use in a paragraph after already used in a paper: Barrett et al. (rgg:) found . . .

* Further uses within the same paragraph: Barrett et al. tound. . .

* Within parentheses, use an ampersand: ... (Barrett. \Vaters, &Tang, LggT)

t&er* t*:cn five **91:*rs. First use in o poper:

* Zuckerman et al. (rgBZ) found. . .

. Further uses within the some porogroph:* Zuckerman et al. found . . .

. lf two or more papers would have the some obbreviotion under APA rules (e g , Einstein,Rush, and Oppenheimer, 1950, and Einstein, Bohr and Teller, 1950, both would abbreviateto Einstein et al , 1950), provide as many names as are needed to distinguish between thepapers:

" Einstein, Rush, et al. (rqSo) and Einstein, Bohr, et al. (rqSo) found . . .

*Jo *u?hor. lnclude the title and date:

the book Pregnancy and Pouerty (tgZg). For articles or book chapters, put the title in double quotation marks:

the study on health care ('America suffers," rgg7). lf the writer is listed as 'Anonymolls," cite accordingly: (Anonymous, 1956)

t&aitt,pie er*skc withi* €?:e scme *itetian. To cite two or more works by the same author, list the author's name once, followed by

the dates of publication in chronological order:as has been shorvn (Hewlett 1989, 1993, 1gg4)

. To cite different authors, separate the authors using semicolons and list them in theorder in which the works appear in the reference list:

serninai papers in physics (Einstein, 19o5a. r9o5b; Oppenheimer and Bohr,L94o; Teller, 19S1)

. To separate a major citation from other citations, list the primary source first, followed bya semicolon, then insert a "see also" before listing the remaining citations in alphabeticalorder:

studies suggest (Strickley, rgg7; see also Blake. TggS; NIasters, rg86)

{r*ss*lis€ings. To cite two or more works published in a single year by the same authors, distinguish

between them in the text and in references by adding a letter to the year:* Crowley et al., 1923a, r9z3b, rg21c

. lf two authors cited have the some lost nome, give their initials in all references:* A. J. Einstein and Wilson (r9oS) and,J. C. Einstein and Hartley (rg6r) found . . .

ei*ssi*c€ w*rks. Classical works, such as the gible and Greek and Roman texts, should be cited in the

text but do not need to be included in the reference list at the end of the paper. Translations of classical works should be noted: (Plato, trans. zoor) Translations also

should be included in the reference list. When citing specific sections of classical works, use line numbers, chapters, and so on

instead of page numbers, which typically apply only to a single edition. When citing a reprint of an older work, indicate both the date of the original publication

and the date of the reprint, separated by a slash: (Freud, t9otlt96t)

Farseigl*? e*effi*r{-$nismfi*s':e (such as email, letters, or conversations). Cite in the text but do not include in the reference list: (J. NI. Hamilton, personal com-

munication, December t7, zocl3)

{*':diree? r*fere*ees (works not referenced directly but discussed in a secondary source). lf you wish to mention an article by Jones that you did not read directly but learned about

in a book by Adamson, cite as follows: Jones's study (as cited in Adamson, 1994). lnclude the secondary source (in above example, Adamson) in the reference list

Work* stii{ i* pres$. Rather than cite a predicted publication date, indicate that the work is still in press:

(Horace, in press)

All works cited in the main text should be included in the references list and vice versa(aside from exceptions mentioned above)Start the reference list on a new page, with the title "References" centered at the topAlign the first line of each entry flush with the left margin of the page tndent each subse-quent line of each entry 0.5" from the left margin (known as "hanging indent format")List references in olphobeticol order* lf there are multiple works by the same principal author, order alphabetically by the

second (or third, etc ) author* lf there are multiple works by the same authors, order by date with earliest work first* lf there are multiple works by the same authors in the same year, add lowercase letters

after the year (e g , 1991a, 1991b) to distinguish the works Then, alphabetize by title* Works by anonymous authors should be alphabetized under author name 'Anonymolls "* Works with no author should be alphabetized by title

Effects of Contrast 23

References

Cronin,ME(1999)ReactiontimeinorangutansSciencelssuesQuarterly,

18,24-38

Greet,KT.(2004)Newstatisticalapproachestoreactiontimeresearch

New York: JYB Press

Feriediecls. Generolform:

* Connors, J. L. (tqgg). l)igestion in healthy infants. Scientifi.c fuIothering, 74, 246-z7B. (14 is the volume number, 246-278 are page numbers)

. Two to six outhors:

" Linne)', ivl ts., & Palurer, G. (1987). Steroid use in prof'essional cycling. SportsMedicine, Tz, Bg-tzg.

. More thon six outhors:* Resnick, L. K.. F.riedman, I{. R., Klein, \4'., Hennann, J. S., Ng, A., Zucker, M.,

et al. (rggz). The cognitive behavior of patients undergoing chemotherapv. IheJournal of Cancer Sfrrdies, ZS, 645-787.

Beaks. Generol form:

* Norris, G. H., & Canting, L. L. (rg6S). Culture cnd class in Hungary. Bloomington,IN: Hashford Press.

. No outhor or editor listed:* Pregnancy and pouerty: The crists in .Atrorfh American cities. (rgZil.Chicago:

Crarnpton and Sons.. Edited:

* Crarvford, A. F., & Gregor, 'I. B. (Eds.). (rg8o). LTrban deueloprnent in ilmerica.Los Angeies: Srnith-Folle;'.

. Revised edition:

" Gonzalez, 1\I. Y. (rgg6). The neutron (Rev. ed). New York: Academic Press.. Multiple editions:

u Gonzalez, M. Y. (tqgZ). The neutron (3rd. ed). New Yrlrk: Academic Press.. Multivolume work:

* Lancashire, K. S. (zooo). Peer pressure in ctdolescent intet'action (\rols. 1-3).Houston, TX: Scribe Press.

. Author some os publisher:* American Psychiatric A"ssociation. (1994). Dtagnostic and stofisficcl manual of

mental disorders (+th ed.). \Arashington, DC: Author. (Use the word "Author" forpublisher )

. Non-English book:* Galvin, E. G. (rqBB). Les.ieux d'enfants [Chiidren's games_1. Paris: Marceaux.

. English tronslotion of non-English book:u Galvin, E.G. (tggo). Children's gotnes (T.C.Thomas &Y. H. Serron, Trans.). Nerv

York: Academic Press. (Originai rvork published rgBB). Encyclopedio or dictionory with outhor or editor lisled:

* Harris, T. F. (rgSS) Dictionary of geology (grd ed., Vols. z-3). Princeton, NJ: Dalton.. Encyclopedio or dictionory with no outhor or editor listed:

* Cro.fton's clictionctrg of collocluial English (4th ed.). (rqqS). Kansas City, MO:Crofton Press.

ehap?ers *r *rfieies irz b**k*. Generql form:

u Nguyen, C. F. (rqBS). Maritai communication. In E. R. Bailey & H. A. IVlcArthur(Eds.), Essays on nrcrriage (pp.43-98). London: Sociological press.

. Two outhors, two editors:u Clarke, E., &Anderson, B.(tgg}. Heart disease and sodium intake. In E. J. Yang and

M. V. Egan (Eds.), Cardiac an'est: Risk.factnrs (pp.roo-rz3). NewYork: Doone.. ln o multivolume work:

* Piaget, F. (tqZB). Hypersensitivity in toddlers. In E. L Stern (Ed.), Deuelopmentalpsychology: VoIs. t-z.Infancy to early childhood. Berlin: Deutsche Press.

. With different series ond volume editors:* Roy, L. L. (rggg). Personality disorders. In E. H. Ford (Series Ed.) &,J. L. Durst (Vol.

Ed.), Child deuelopment: VoI. z. Socis.I clfsorders (znd ed., pp. 12-19). illiami: Moore.. ln on encyclopedio:

* Hailey', T. G. (tgqo). Quantum mechanics.InThe neu, erTcAlopae.clia Britaruica(Vol. 5, pp. 1oo-126). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Werks sf?li ire Fr€sso Do not list year, volume, or page numbers until the work is published

" Parr, A. (in press). Ihe testosterone effect. Journal of Gender and Sexual Studies.

Srt*6ne s*{Jrc*s. lnternet-only periodicol:

* Srnith, P., & Kay, L. S. (zoot, May B). Properties of aloe. Today's Medicine, t7,52-34.Retrieved April t6, 2oot, from http://wwrv.tmedicine.corn/article/zoor_5/aloe.htm

. Generol form for olher online documents:* O'Neill, S. K., & Bror,vn, F. (zcloo). Geriatric health care tn Canadct. Retrieved

January 3, 2oo2, from http://wrvr,v.eldercares.org/health-care/canada.htm. ldentifY the lnternet location by using the appropriate address (e g, a uniform resource

locator (URL), file transfer protocol (FTP) address, telnet address, gopher address, etc ). Double-check to make sure that you spell the address correctly Keep in mind that sometypes of lnternet addresses may be case-sensitive

. Never insert a hyphen to break an lnternet address across lines lf an address does notfit on one line, break it only after a slash or before a period

. when citing a multi-page lnternet document, provide the title and URL of the starting orhome page

e#$"Tiru#H* #3* *T{-69ft StmH