APA In-Text Citation GuideUsing the Author/Date System

Author's Name Example of UsageAuthor's name part ofnarrative

Gass and Varonis (1984) found that the most important element incomprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic.

Author's name inparentheses

One study found that the most important element incomprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic(Gass & Varonis, 1984).

Multiple works (separateeach work with semi-colons)

Research shows that listening to a particular accent improvescomprehension of accented speech in general (Gass & Varonis,1984; Krech Thomas, 2004).

Direct quote, author'sname part of narrative

Gass and Varonis (1984) found that the listeners familiarity withthe topic of discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of theentire message (p. 85).

Direct quote, author'sname in parentheses

One study found that the listener's familiarity with the topic ofdiscourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entiremessage (Gass & Varonis, 1984, p. 85).

Note: For direct quotations of more than 40 words, display the quote as an indentedblock of text without quotation marks and include the authors names, date, and pagenumber in parentheses at the end of the quote. For example:

This suggests that familiarity with nonnative speech in general, although it is clearly notas important a variable as topic familiarity, may indeed have some effect. That is, priorexperience with nonnative speech, such as that gained by listening to the reading,facilitates comprehension. (Gass & Varonis, 1984, p. 77)

Works by multiple authors

APA style has specific rules for citing works by multiple authors. Use the following chartto determine how to correctly cite works by multiple authors in text.

Citing Works by Multiple Authors in Text

Type ofcitation First citation

Subsequentcitations

First citation, parenthetical

format

Subsequentcitations,

parentheticalformat

One

author Field (2005) Field (2005) (Field, 2005) (Field, 2005)

Twoauthors

Gass and Varonis(1984)

Gass and Varonis(1984)

(Gass & Varonis,1984)

(Gass & Varonis,1984)

Threeauthors

Munro, Derwing,and Sato (2006)

Munro et al.(2006)

(Munro, Derwing,& Sato, 2006)

(Munro et al.,2006)

Fourauthors

Tremblay, Richer,Lachance, and Cote(2010)

Tremblay et al.(2010)

(Tremblay, Richer,Lachance, & Cote,2010)

(Tremblay et al.,2010)

Fiveauthors

Hay, Elias,Fielding-Barnsley,Homel, andFreiberg (2007)

Hay et al. (2007)

(Hay, Elias,Fielding-Barnsley,Homel, & Freiberg,2007)

(Hay et al., 2007)

Six ormoreauthors

Norris-Shortle etal. (2006)

Norris-Shortle etal. (2006)

(Norris-Shortle etal., 2006)

(Norris-Shortle etal., 2006)

Example paragraph with in-text citation

A few researchers in the linguistics field have developed training programs designed toimprove native speakers' ability to understand accented speech (Derwing, Rossiter, &Munro, 2002; Krech Thomas, 2004). Their training techniques are based on theresearch described above indicating that comprehension improves with exposure tonon-native speech. Derwing et al. (2002) conducted their training with studentspreparing to be social workers, but note that other professionals who work with non-native speakers could benefit from a similar program.

References

Derwing, T. M., Rossiter, M. J., & Munro, M. J. (2002). Teaching native speakers tolisten to foreign-accented speech. Journal of Multilingual and MulticulturalDevelopment, 23(4), 245-259.

Krech Thomas, H. (2004). Training strategies for improving listeners' comprehensionof foreign-accented speech (Doctoral dissertation). University of Colorado, Boulder.