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APA
Formatting
1” margins Times New Roman font Double-spaced Running head in all caps at top left of every
page Page number at top right of every page
Writing Style
Scientific writing does not have to lack style or be dull Present findings directly, but in a way that conveys
involvement in the problem Address differing positions of researchers in a
professional, non-combative way Use specific and concise language Avoid poetic or figurative language Vary sentence length and complexity to add interest
Writing Style, cont’d
Maintain continuity and smoothness of expression with punctuation, transitions, consistent verb tense Use third person, unless otherwise specified Use active voice as much as possible
Be precise and clear Don’t add words for the sake of length Don’t repeat yourself for emphasis Avoid colloquialisms, which weaken meaning Avoid overusing jargon
Guidelines for Reducing Bias
Describe at the appropriate level of specificity When in doubt, be more specific rather than less Avoid terms that are loaded with innuendo, such
as “at risk,” unless you are defining your use of the term.
Be specific and sensitive when describing or discussing age, racial groups, sexual orientation, marital status, disabilities, etc.
Guidelines for Reducing Bias, cont’d
Be sensitive to labels Respect preferences – call people what they
prefer to be called Remember that preferences can change over time
and that individuals within groups may disagree Avoid labeling whenever possible
Labels can cause participants in a study to lose their individuality and/or personhood
Guidelines for Reducing Bias, cont’d
Acknowledge participation Write about people in a way that acknowledges
their participation and is consistent with the traditions of the field
Accepted terms include “participants” and “subjects”
Avoid the term “failed,” because it can imply a personal shortcoming rather than a research result
Essential Parts
Title Page Abstract Main Body References
Title Page
Running head Running head: TITLE OR SHORTENED TITLE The words “Running head:” only appear on the title
page. Subsequent pages will only include the title Page number Centered on top half of the page:
Title of Paper Name Institution Name
Abstract
Running head and page number in header “Abstract” centered on first line, first line of
paragraph will not be indented 150-250 words, double-spaced Brief, comprehensive summary of paper Not an introduction to the paper Will not contain citations
Main Body
Title centered on top of first page Headings Citations
Headings
Used to separate sections of the paper and establish information hierarchy
Use in order, beginning with Level 1 Level 1
Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
Level 2 Left-aligned, Boldface, Uppercase and
Lowercase Heading
Headings
Level 3 Indented, boldface, lowercase heading with
a period. Level 4
Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase heading with a period.
Level 5 Indented, italicized, lowercase heading with a
period.
In-Text Citations
Used whenever directly quoting or paraphrasing from another author’s work
When paraphrasing, use author, date format: (Author last name, year)
A citation for a direct quote should also include a page number: (Author, year, p. #)
Quotations 40 words or longer should be placed in a freestanding block
If no author is given, used a shortened version of the title in the citation
In-Text Citations
If the publication date is unknown, use “n.d.” in its place
For works with two authors, list both and use an ampersand: (Smith & Jones, 2010)
For works with 3 or more authors, list all in the first citation: (Smith, Jones, & Brown, 2010), in subsequent citations, list the first author and “et al.”: (Smith et al., 2010)
Classical works such as the Bible are only cited in-text. Include the reference and version used: (1 Cor. 13:1, Revised Standard Version)
References
Include running head and page number Center “References” at the top of the page Every line after the first line of a reference
entry should be indented one-half inch from the margin
References are listed in alphabetical order by author name
Authors are listed last name first, followed by first and middle initials
References
All titles except journal titles have only the first word capitalized Always capitalize proper nouns Capitalize the first word after a colon
Article titles do not use quotation marks, underlines, or italics
Book titles should be italicized
Reference List
Book
Author, A. A. (Publication Year). Title of work: Subtitle. Location: Publisher. Separate multiple authors with commas
Up to 7 authors For more than 7, follow with ellipsis (…), skip to last author, list
final author Use an ampersand (&) instead of the word “and”
Article in a periodical
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume # (issue #), page #s.
Reference List, cont’d
Article from an online periodical (with DOI) The digital object identifier (DOI) is a reference
number assigned to online periodical content Searchable in online databases (like an ISBN)
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of article. Title of Online Periodical, volume # (issue #), pp-pp. doi:xx.xxxx
Reference List, cont’d
Article from an online periodical (without DOI)
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of article. Title of Online Periodical, volume # (issue #), pp-pp. Retrieved from http://www.fullurl.com
A web site
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of document. Retrieved from http://www.fullurl.com
APA Resources
PowerPoint presentation http://www.liberty.edu/index.cfm?PID=12268
APA Manual Purdue’s Online Writing Lab
http://owl.english.purdue.edu
The Writing Centers
Undergraduate Writing Center Office hours: M-F, 8 am – 5 pm [email protected] (434) 592-3174
Graduate Writing Center Office hours: M-F, 9 am – 5 pm [email protected] (434) 592-4727