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APA 6th edition Referencing Style Guide This guide is intended to supplement, not replace, the sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA, 2010). As a quick reference. This guide is not comprehensive but covers the most common style issues that arise for students in preparing academic assessment. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association continues to update and this will subsequently result in multiple changes to the way in which APA style citations are formatted. If you are unsure, please check with your eLA. Created July 2016 Prepared by Kate Mori Information Specialist

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Books

General format Author, A., & Author, B. (2015). Title of book: Minimal capitalisation (3rd ed.). Location: Publisher. Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (2015). Title of chapter or entry: Minimal capitalisation. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), Title of book: Minimal

capitalisation (3rd ed., pp. xxx-xxx). Location: Publisher. Handy hint Include the city and state for sources published in the US. Include the city and country when sources are published outside of the US. A common error is to write only one place for location. In-Text Citation Examples

Reference List Examples

Single author Direct quote Williams (2014, p. 61) states that “Teachers are role models for the children of tomorrow.” Paraphrase Teachers help each student with their individual interpretation of understanding (Williams, 2014, p. 61).

Williams, R. (2014). The teacher of the future. WA, Australia: Oxford University Press.

2 authors Direct quote Smith and Roitman (2012, p. 82) recognise that “Health regimes require consistency from the individual.” Paraphrase Studies show that there are many successful programs to help prevent and reduce chronic disease (Smith & Roitman, 2012, p. 82).

Smith, J. K., & Roitman, T. P. (2012). The exercise professional’s guide to optimising health:

Strategies for preventing and reducing chronic disease. Philadelphia, PA: Walters Kluwer Health.

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Handy hint For in-text and reference list entries: Smith and Roitman (2012) Use and when family names are outside parentheses (Smith & Roitman, 2012) Use & when family names are inside parenthesis

3, 4, 5 authors Direct quote Richards, Alley, Denton and Jacobs (2011, p. 15) conclude that “__________.” Or Richards et al. (2011, p. 15) conclude that “__________.” Paraphrase __________ (Richards, Alley, Denton and Jacobs, 2011, p. 15). Or __________ (Richards et al., 2011, p. 15). Handy hint Cite all authors the first time the reference occurs. In subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al.

Richards, P. W., Alley, R. B., Denton, S. E., & Jacobs, K. T. (2011). The complete

management handbook: Lessons and practical guides. Cambridge, MA: Cengage Learning.

6, 7 authors Direct quote Avery et al. (2014, p. 24) make reference to “__________.” Paraphrase __________ (Avery et al., 2014, p. 15).

Avery, K. R., Pullon, L. G., Harris, M. B., Johnson, J. B., Wilson, S. F., Hobbs, E. R., &

Crossley, G. D. (2014). The earth and its peoples: A global history (5th ed.). Melbourne, Australia: Wadsworth.

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Handy hint Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al.

Handy hint Provide the names of all authors in the reference list up to and including seven authors.

8 or more authors Direct quote Hall et al. (2010, p. 6) puts forward an interesting scenario “__________.” Paraphrase __________ (Hall et al., 2010, p. 6). Handy hint Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al.

Hall, J., Powell, F., Seywell, L., Redman, M., Cargo, M., Wenley, M., … Spencer, D. (2010).

Psychology: A student’s handbook (7th ed.). Berlin, Germany: Springer. Handy hint Include the first six authors’ names, followed by an ellipsis, then add the last author’s name.

No author Direct quote The book, Employment the Professional Way (2001, p. 5) indicates that “__________.” Paraphrase __________ (Employment the Professional Way, 2001, p. 5). Handy hint Shorten the title. If the book title has capitals then they should be included when written in text (but not in the end reference list). This title should also be written in italics.

Employment the professional way: A guide to understanding the Australian job search

process for professionally qualified migrants. (2001). Melbourne, Australia: Australian Multicultural Foundation.

Handy hint If no author or editor, the title is used as the first element of the reference.

Anonymous author

Direct quote Anonymous (2012, p. 9) endorses “__________.”

Anonymous. (2012). Maximum security (8th ed.). Melbourne, Australia: Cengage Learning.

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Paraphrase __________ (Anonymous, 2012, p. 9). Handy hint When a work’s author is designated as Anonymous, include the word ‘Anonymous’ followed by a comma and year.

Handy hint In your reference list, include such titles in your alphabetical listing as if ‘Anonymous’ were a true name.

Different editions

Direct quote Wallace (2015, p. 16) illustrates the importance “__________.” Paraphrase __________ (Wallace, 2015).

Wallace, R. (2015). Compendium of good literacy and numeracy (3rd ed.). Milton Keynes,

UK: John Wiley & Sons. Cassidy, K. (Ed.). (2014). The all you need to know guide on classroom management and

behaviour (11th ed.). New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Handy hint An edition number is placed after the title of the work – this is not necessary for a first edition.

Multiple works by same author

Direct quote University research by Gillard (2014, p. 89) has indicated that “__________.” Paraphrase __________ (Gillard, 2015, p. 66).

Gillard, C. (2014). Essentials of terrorism: Concepts of controversies. Los Angeles, CA: Sage

Publications. Gillard, C. (2015). Understanding terrorism: Challenges, perspectives and issues. Los

Angeles, CA: Sage Publications. Handy hint Order chronologically in the reference list. One author entries precede multiple-author entries beginning with the same surname – even if the multiple author work was published earlier.

Multiple works published in the same year by the same author

Direct quote In recent reports Hastings (2011a, p. 18) discusses the following implications “__________.”

Hastings, G. (2011a). Fatal storm. Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin. Hastings, G. (2011b). Survival at sea. Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin.

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Paraphrase __________ (Hastings, 2011a, 2011b). Handy hint Use lowercase letters a, b, c, etc to differentiate between works in the same year.

Handy hint Order alphabetically by title in the reference list.

Works by different authors with same surname

Direct quote It would appear that L. King (2013, p. 101) views differ “__________.” Paraphrase __________ (R. King, 2012). Handy hint Use the author’s first initial to differentiate between authors with the same last name.

King, L. (2013). An introduction to new media. New York, NY: Berg. King, R. (2012). Global warming. Melbourne, Australia: Scribe Publications. Handy hint Order alphabetically by last name and initial in the reference list.

Editor Direct quote As described in Richards (2007, p. 15) “__________.” Or As described in Lipson et al. (2014, p. 22) “__________.” Paraphrase Education settings are seen as __________ (Richards, 2007). Or Education settings are seen as __________ (Lipson et al., 2014).

Richards, P. (Ed.). (2007). Changing higher education: The development of learning and

teaching. London, England: Routledge. Lipson, M., Burke, O., Searle, M., Steward, C., Read, T., Adams, R., … Reynolds, P. (Eds.).

(2014). Critical thinking in an education setting. (1st Australian ed.). Frenchs Forest, Australia: Pearson.

Handy hint With more than one editor use multiple author format as (Eds.).

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Book with author and editor

Direct quote Austen (1814/2005, p. 195) “A large income is the best recipe for happiness I ever heard of.” Paraphrase __________ (Austen, 1814/2005, p. 195). Handy hint Include the original publication date in the citation.

Austen, J. (1814/2005). Mansfield Park. In J. Wiltshire (Ed.). Cambridge, England:

Cambridge University Press.

Chapter or part of a book to which a number of authors have contributed

Direct quote Hewitt (2013, p. 23) states that “self-directed learning __________.” Paraphrase Self-directed learning is __________ (Hewitt, 2013, p. 23). Handy hint In the in-text reference, name the author of the chapter

Hewitt, S. (2013). Chapter 2, Aren’t we all learner-centred now?: The bittersweet flavour

of success. In E. Allen (Ed.), Changing higher education: The development of learning and teaching (11th ed., pp. 19-32). London, England: Routledge.

Secondary sources: When you are referring to the ideas or words of an author who has been cited in another author’s work

Direct quote Burley (as cited in Harvey, 2010, p. 32) argues “__________.” Paraphrase __________ optimistic, independent yet good at collaboration (Burley as cited in Harvey, 2010).

Harvey, S. (2010). How to design and deliver training for the new and emerging

generations. San Francisco, CA: Wiley. Handy hint Provide the full reference for the book that you actually read.

Article or chapter in a book – no author

Direct quote “Solving the public transport problem” (2013, p. 12) “__________.”

Solving the public transport problem. (2013). In D. Harris (Ed.), Public transport today and

tomorrow (p. 12). Sydney, Australia: McGraw-Hill Education.

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Paraphrase __________ (“Solving the public transport problem,” 2013). Handy hint Put the title in quotation marks.

Book with volume numbers

__________ as this complex theory is dealt with in detail by Hobbs (2015, vol. 2, p. 23; vol. 3, pp. 17-36). Handy hint If more than one volume is given, separate with a semi-colon.

Russell, F. (2015). The autobiography of Emmyrose Hobbs (Vols. 1-3). London, England: Allen & Unwin.

Book with organisation as author

Direct quote Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011, p. 81) “__________.” Australian Bureau of Statistics (2008, p. 77) “__________.” Department of Health and Family Services (DHFS, 2007, p. 5). “__________.” Handy hint The first in-text citation will need to include the authoring bodies name in full, along with the date of publication. For each subsequent citation, use the abbreviated or acronym form of the authoring body. DHFS (2007, p. 5).

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2011). 2011 Census dictionary (No. 2901.0). Canberra,

Australia: Author. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). Childhood education and care (No. 4402.0).

Canberra, Australia: Author. Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au Handy hint Add the ABS Report's Catalogue Number after the title. 'Author' is used in place of the publisher name if they are the same body. Department of Health and Family Services. (2007). Youth suicide in Australia: The National

Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy. Canberra, Australia: AGPS.

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Paraphrase __________ (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2011). __________ (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008). __________ (Department of Health and Family Services [DHFS], 2007, p. 5). Handy hint The first in-text citation will need to include the authoring bodies name in full, along with the date of publication. For each subsequent citation, use the abbreviated or acronym form of the authoring body. (DHFS, 2007).

Handy hint Provide the full name of the organisation in the reference list.

eBook – no DOI eBook – with DOI

Direct quote Deegan (2014, p. 45) focuses his attention on “__________.” Paraphrase __________ (Deegan, 2014).

Deegan, C. (2014). Financial accounting theory (4th ed.). Sydney, Australia: McGraw-Hill

Education. Retrieved from https://www.mheducation.com.au/ Handy hint If the DOI is not available, provide the home page URL of the book publisher. No retrieval date is required. Deegan, C. (2014). Financial accounting theory (4th ed.). Sydney, Australia: McGraw-Hill

Education. doi:10.2452/12325-000

Book on a Kindle Direct quote Mitchell (2015, Chapter 1, Section 2, para. 5) one of the author’s main points is that “people don’t rise from nothing.”

Mitchell, M. (2015). Outliers: The story of success [Kindle DX version]. Retrieved from

http://www.mazon.com

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Paraphrase __________ in all outcomes (Mitchell, 2015). Handy hint For direct quotes of online material without pagination (the process of dividing a document into discrete pages), name, chapter number, section heading and paragraph number within the section.

Handy hint Include the type of eBook version you read. For example [Kindle DX version]. In lieu of publisher information, include the book’s DOI or URL if there is no DOI.

Book: Classical or Religious

(Aristotle, trans. 1911, pp. 34-35) Or (Aristotle, 1934 version, p. 178) 1 Cor. 13:2 (Revised Standard Version) (Qur’an 5:3-4) Handy hint Where the parts of classic or religious texts are numbered the same across all editions, use these numbers rather than page numbers.

Handy hint You do not need to include an entry in the reference list.

Images within books are known as Figures and provided captions. See images for more on this.

The poster “The four corners” (Graham, 2015, p. 8).

Graham, M. (2015). The great race: Four corners of the globe. Melbourne, Australia: Scribe Publications.

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Journals (Print & Online)

General format Author, A. A., Author, B. B. & Author C. C. (2015). Title of periodical article: Minimal capitalisation. Title of Periodical or Journal: Use Capitalisation, xx(x), pp.

xxx-xxx. Author, A. A., Author, B. B. & Author C. C. (2015). Title of periodical article: Minimal capitalisation. Title of Periodical or Journal: Use Capitalisation, xx(x), pp.

xxx-xxx. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx Author, A. A., Author, B. B. & Author C. C. (2015). Title of periodical article: Minimal capitalisation. Title of Periodical or Journal: Use Capitalisation, xx(x), pp.

xxx-xxx. Retrieved from http://www... In-Text Example

Reference List Examples

Journal article: single author

Direct quote Crago (2013, pp. 45-68) suggests “__________.” Paraphrase … contributes to overall physical health (Crago, 2013).

Crago, B. N. (2013). Heal your heart with food: Ten foods that prevent a second heart

attack. Better Health, 73(2), 45-68. Handy hint Where the page numbers in the entire volume run consecutively, do not use issue number after the volume number.

Journal article: 2 authors

Direct quote Cooper and White (2014, pp. 15-26) have found “__________.” Paraphrase … many years (Cooper & White, 2014), but others disagree. Handy hint Cite both authors each time the reference occurs.

Cooper, K. J., & White, T. (2014). The future of higher education in Australia. Journal of

Higher Education, 12(3), 15-26.

Journal article: 3, 4, or 5 authors

Direct quote Cooling, Powell, and Russell (2015, pp. 18-25) have found “__________.”

Cooling, P. K., Powell, F. L., & Russell, H. I. (2015). The future of continuing developments

in the science around mental health in Australia. Science Now Journal, 24(5), 18-25.

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Paraphrase __________ (Cooling, Powell, & Russell, 2015). Handy hint Cite all of the authors the first time the reference occurs. In the subsequent citations include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year: Cooling et al. (2015) have found “__________.” (Cooling et al., 2015).

Journal article: 6 or more authors

Direct quote Svendsen et al. (2015, para. 4, p. 14) have found “__________.” Paraphrase … aided by design (Svendsen et al., 2015). Handy hint Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year for the first and subsequent citations.

Svendsen, K., Harris, P., Cooper, F., Findlay, B., Dowling, V., Hooper, R., & Blacker, T.

(2015). Instructional designers in New Zealand: A brief history. Online Education, 14(3), 15-17.

Handy hint Provide the names of all authors in the reference list.

Journal article: 8 or more authors

Direct quote Hocking et al. (2015, para. 8, p. 80) conclude by comparing “__________.” Paraphrase … in which educational achievement plays a crucial role (Hocking et al., 2015). Handy hint Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year for the first and subsequent citations.

Hocking, K., Lipson, M., Wallace, C., Waller, P., Peters, G., Crittenden, A., … Shaw, M.

(2015). Educational achievement: Tomorrow’s children. Journal of Education, 34(4), 56-89.

Hand hint Include the first six authors’ names, followed an ellipses, then add the last author’s name.

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Journal article: No author

Direct quote “The pain of being a sugar addict” (2014, para. 6, p. 621) demonstrates compelling evidence “__________.” Paraphrase … as was the case for most students (“The pain of being a sugar addict,” 2014). Handy hint When a work has no identified author, cite in-text the first few words of the reference entry (usually the title) and the year. Use double quotation marks if you are referring to the title of an article, chapter or web page.

The pain of being a sugar addict. (2014, December 8). New Scientist, 365(523), 45.

Online journal article: No page numbers

Direct quote Hampton (2015, para. 8) remark that “__________.” Paraphrase … in all outcomes (Hampton, 2015). Handy hint For direct quotations of online material without pagination, name the sections and paragraph number: One of the author’s main points is that “people don’t rise from nothing” (Hampton, 2015, Section 4, para. 8).

Hampton, H. (2015). The victims of domestic violence. Sociology Review Journal, 61(5).

Retrieved from http://magazines.sociologyreview.aspx

Online journal article: DOI assigned

Direct quote Jackson and Peters (2015, pare. 12) have found “__________.” Paraphrase … found in the cloud management systems (Jackson & Palmer, 2013).

Jackson, J., & Peters, S. (2013). IMB, Verizon to compete for $10 billion in government

cloud work. Good Gear Guide, 45(3), 1-1. doi:10.1567/18278-2847.36.1.12

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Handy hint A digital object identifier (DOI) is a unique alphanumeric string assigned by a registration agency (The International DOI Foundation) to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the Internet. A publisher assigns a DOI to an article when it is published and made available electronically. (American Psychological Association, 2015). It is recommended that when DOIs are available, you include them for both print and electronic sources. The DOI is typically located on the first page of the electronic journal article, near the copyright notice. The DOI can also be found on the database landing page for the article. (American Psychological Association, 2015). If a DOI is available include it at the end of the citation. The database name, URL and date of retrieval are not required when using a DOI.

Online journal article: No DOI assigned

Direct quote As Zaurrini and Wiseman (2015, p. 613) say “__________.” Paraphrase … for many (Zaurrini & Wiseman, 2015).

Zaurrini, R., & Wiseman, H. (2015). Legislative reform: Extension of the unfair contracts

regime to protect small business. Governance Directions, 67(10), 611-614. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=anh&AN=110835958&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Handy hint If a DOI is not available, provide the home page URL of the journal publisher. The retrieval date is not required.

Newspapers

General format Author, A. A., Author, B. B. & Author C. C. (2015, Month xx). Title of newspaper article: Minimal capitalisation. Name of Newspaper: Use Capitalisation, p. x. Author, A. A., Author, B. B. & Author C. C. (2015, Month xx). Title of newspaper article: Minimal capitalisation. Name of Newspaper: Use Capitalisation.

Retrieved from http://www... In-Text Example

Reference List Examples

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Newspaper: Print Direct quote Hubbard (2015, p. 8) compares “__________.” Paraphrase __________ (Hubbard, 2015).

Hubbard, R. (2015, September 20). Indigenous books open doors to literacy. The Age, p 8. Handy hint For magazines, newsletters and newspapers, give the year and the exact date of the publication (month or month and day), separated by a comma.

Newspaper: From a website

Direct quote Cook (2015, para. 3) illustrates the interesting point of “__________.” Paraphrase __________ (Cook, 2015).

Cook, H. (2015, December 1). Schools hit a wall with open-plan classrooms. The Age.

Retrieved from http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/schools-hit-a-wall-with-openplan-classrooms-20151123-gl5vo8.html

Newspaper: From a database

Direct quote Smith (2015, p. 9) explains “__________.” Paraphrase __________ (Smith, 2015).

Smith, P. (2015, December 5) Why you feel guilty when you take a sick day. The Southland

Times, p. 9. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=anh&AN=SLT150718B0091103841471-DT&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Newspaper article: Without author

Direct quote As discussed in “Champion of climate change” (2015, p. 2) “__________.” Paraphrase __________ (“Champion of climate change”, 2015).

Champion of climate change convinced by warnings supported by scientist. (2015, December 10). The Sydney Morning Herald, p. 2.

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Handy hint Use a shortened title (or full title if it is short) enclosed in double quotation marks.

Handy hint Use the first word of the title to place this reference in the alphabetical sequence of your reference list.

Press or media release Direct quote Prime Minister of Australia (2015) clarifies that “__________.” Paraphrase __________ (Prime Minister of Australia, 2015).

Prime Minister of Australia. (2015, August 6). Gillard Government to boost resources to

international border patrols [Press release]. Canberra, Australia: AGPS.

Internet/ Websites

General format Author, A. A., Author, B. B. & Author C. C. (2015). Title of website article: Minimal capitalisation. Retrieved from http://www... Author, A. A. (2015, Month xx). Title of a website article: Minimal capitalisation. Name of Website: Use Capitalisation, Retrieved from http://www... Government Department. (2015). Name of Website: Use Capitalisation. Retrieved from http://www... In-Text Example

Reference List Examples

Web document Direct quote Coulson (2015, para. 4) is ensuring that “__________.” Paraphrase … ensuring that students get skills that lead to jobs (Couldon, 2015).

Coulson, N. (2015). First Victorian skills commissioner appointed. Retrieved from

http://www.education.vic.gov.au/about/news/archive/pages/Skillscomm.aspx Handy hint Where the web document is part of a larger whole, do not italicise the title. Capitalise only the first word of the title.

Web document: No date

Direct quote Cameron (n.d., para. 3) reiterates the importance of “__________.”

Cameron, V. (n.d.). New research expertise needed in the Melbourne Medical School

within the Faculty of Medicine. Retrieved from http://medicine.unimelb.edu.au/

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Paraphrase __________ (Cameron, n.d.).

Web document: No author

Direct quote “World Skills Australia National Competition Comes to Melbourne” (2015, para. 5) reveals “__________.” Paraphrase __________ (“World Skills Australia National Competition Comes to Melbourne,” 2015). Handy hint When a work has no identified author, cite in-text the first few words of the reference entry (usually the title) and the year. Use double quotation marks if you are referring to the title of an article, chapter or web page.

World skills Australia national competition comes to Melbourne. (2015). Retrieved from

http://www.education.vic.gov.au/about/news/archive/Pages/worldskills16.aspx

Web document: Government department as author

Direct quote Department of Health and Family Support Services (DHFSS, 2014, para. 6) defines the issues associated “__________.” Paraphrase __________ (Department of Health and Family Support Services [DHFSS], 2014). __________ (DHFSS, 2014).

Department of Health and Family Support Services. (2014). Youth Suicide in Australia: The

National Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy. Retrieved from http://www.healthfamilysupportservices.gov.au/customer/services/centrelink/social-work-services

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Handy hint The first in-text citation will need to include the authoring bodies name in full, along with the date of publication. For each subsequent citation, use the abbreviated or acronym form of the authoring body.

Web document: ABS

Direct quote Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS, 2009) “__________.” ABS (2009) “__________.” Paraphrase __________ (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2009). __________ (ABS, 2009). Handy hint The first in-text citation will need to include the authoring bodies name in full, along with the date of publication. For each subsequent citation, use the abbreviated or acronym form of the authoring body.

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2009). Childhood education and care (No. 4402.0).

Canberra, Australia. Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au Handy hint Include the ABS report’s catalogue number after the title.

Website

Sparklebox provides a varied assortment of high quality teaching resources that are free to download (http://www.sparklebox.co.uk).

Handy hint When referring to a website in general, but not specific information on a web page or web document, it is sufficient to give the address of the site in the text. No reference list entry is required.

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Australian Curriculum documents

Direct quote Australian Government Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations for the Council of Australian Governments (DEEWR, 2009, p. 6) “Play-based learning is a context for learning through which children organise and make sense of their social worlds, as they engage actively with people, objects and representations”. Handy hint The first in-text citation will need to include the authoring bodies name in full, along with the date of publication. For each subsequent citation, use the abbreviated or acronym form of the authoring body. DEEWR (2009, p. 15). Paraphrase Drawing on a range of perspectives and theories can challenge traditional ways of seeing children, teaching and learning (Australian Government Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations for the Council of Australian Governments [DEEWR], 2009, p. 11). Handy hint The first in-text citation will need to include the authoring bodies name in full, along with the date of publication. For each subsequent citation, use the abbreviated or acronym form of the authoring body. (DEEWR, 2009, p. 15).

The early years learning framework Electronic/online Australian Government Department of Education Employment and Workplace Relations

for the Council of Australian Governments (2009). Belonging, being and becoming: The early years learning framework for Australia. Retrieved from https://docs.education.gov.au/system/files/doc/other/belonging_being_and_becoming_the_early_years_learning_framework_for_australia.pdf

Physical hardcopy Australian Government Department of Education Employment and Workplace Relations

for the Council of Australian Governments (2009). Belonging, being and becoming: The early years learning framework for Australia. Canberra, ACT: Commonwealth of Australia.

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Direct quote Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA, 2015, ACELA28) “Learning that language varies according to the relationships between people, for example between parent and child, teacher and student, siblings, friends, shopkeepers and customers.” Handy hint The first in-text citation will need to include the authoring bodies name in full, along with the date of publication. For each subsequent citation, use the abbreviated or acronym form of the authoring body. ACARA (2015, ACELA1428). Paraphrase Responding to literature can be as simple as talking about people, events and ideas in texts, enabling students to connect them to their own real life experiences and to express their own opinions about what is depicted (Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority [ACARA], 2015). Handy hint The first in-text citation will need to include the authoring bodies name in full, along with the date of publication. For each subsequent citation, use the abbreviated or acronym form of the authoring body. (ACARA, 2015).

The Australian Curriculum Electronic/online Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority [ACARA]. (2015). Foundation

to year 10 curriculum: Language for interaction (ACELA1428). Retrieved from http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/english/curriculum/f10?layout=1#cdcode=ACELA1428&level=F

Physical hardcopy Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority [ACARA]. (2015). Foundation

to year 10 curriculum: Language for interaction (ACELA1428). Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth of Australia.

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Theses

General format Author, A. (2015). Title of doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis (Unpublished doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis). Name of Institution, Location. Author, A. (2015). Title of doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis (Doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis). Retrieved from Name of Database. (Accession or

Order No.). In-Text Example

Reference List Examples

Thesis or Dissertation – unpublished

Direct quote Summers (2014, p. 7) identifies that “__________.” Peacock (2013, p. 55) argues the point of “__________.” Paraphrase __________ (Summers, 2014). __________ (Peacock, 2013).

Summers, K. (2014). Developing a knowledge sharing model for the implementation of the

learning organisation in New Zealand (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.

Peacock, H. (2013). Woman and career advancement: A case study in the Australian

Federal Police (Unpublished master’s thesis). Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.

Handy hint Don’t repeat the city of location if it is part of the University’s name.

Thesis or Dissertation – published

Direct quote Kilpatrick (2012, p. 85) finds that “__________.” Paraphrase __________ (Kilpatrick, 2012).

Kilpatrick, P. R. (2012). Brain, psyche, and self: A dialectic between analytic psychology and

neuroscience (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3718592).

Reviews and peer commentary

General format Reviewer, A. A. (2015). Title of review. [Review of the book Title of book: Minimal capitalisation, by A. A. Author]. Title of Complete Work: Use

Capitalisation, xx(x), pp. xxx-xxx. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx

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In-Text Example

Reference List Examples

Review of a book Direct quote Richards (2015, para. 6) identifies with “__________.” Paraphrase __________ (Richards, 2012).

Richards, B. R. (2015, November 22). Learning by text or context? [Review of the book The

social life of information, by J. L. Stewart & S. Dendy]. Science, 290, 1342. doi:10.1126/science.290.5495.1304

Review of a video Direct quote Conner (2015) concludes “__________.” Paraphrase __________ (Conner, 2012).

Connor, G., & Garrett, L. J. (2015). Does the solution warrant the problem? [Review of the

DVD Brief therapy with adolescents, produced by the American Psychological Association, 2007]. Psyccritiques, 52(51). doi:10.1037/a0009036

Peer commentary on an article

Direct quote Sanderson (2015, para. 15) argues against “__________.” Paraphrase __________ (Sanderson, 2012).

Sanderson, T. R. (2015). The future for deaf individuals is not that bleak [Peer commentary

on the paper “Decrease of deaf potential in a mainstreamed environment”, by T. R. Sanderson]. Retrieved from http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/sanderson

Legislation/ Government publications

General format Name of the Department/Agency. (2015). Title of document: Subtitle with minimal capitalisation (Report No. xxx). Retrieved from Name of Database In-Text Example

Reference List Examples

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Bill In text citation (Public Health Bill 2007, No. 117-1).

Public Health Bill 2007 (No. 177-1). Handy hint: Your reference should cite the print source unless an electronic source is designated as the official version.

Bill taken from a website

In text citation (Public Health Bill 2007, No. 117-1).

Public Health Bill 2007 (No. 177-1). Retrieved November 22, 2011 from

http://www.legislation.govt.nz/bill/government/2007/0177/latest/DLM1385800.html?search=ts_bill_health_resel&p=1&sr=1

Statute/Act In text citation

(Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992).

Health and Safety in Employment Act, New Zealand Statutes. (1992).

Section of a Statute/Act

In text citation (Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992, s48).

Health and Safety in Employment Act, New Zealand Statutes s48 (1992).

Statute/Act taken from a website

In text citation (Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992).

Health and Safety in Employment Act, New Zealand Statutes. (1992). Retrieved November

22, 2011 from http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1992/0096/Latest/DLM278829.html

Case from a database In text citation (Hunt v Muollo [2003] 2 NZLR 322).

Hunt v Muollo (2003). 2 NZLR 322. Retrieved from Lexis Nexis database

Case from the Internet In text citation (BP Australia Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation [1965] 112 CLR 386).

BP Australia Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1965). 112 CLR 386. Retrieved from

http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/high_ct/112clr386.html

Government publications

Direct quote Department of the Environment (2014, p. 4) urges “__________.”

Department of the Environment. (2014). Diverting legacy waste to alternative waste

treatment. Retrieved from http://www.climatechange.gov.au/reducing-

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Paraphrase __________ (Department of the Environment, 2014).

carbon/carbon-farming-initiative/methodologies/methodology-determinations/diverting-legacy-waste-aternative-waste-treatment?HTM

While we acknowledge that for some assessments it is required that you cite from sources such as Facebook, Blackboard discussion posts and Twitter, please note that research is an essential part of academic writing. While marking your assessment your eLA will be looking to see whether your work is supported by research from reputable sources such as journal articles, industry reports and peer reviewed literature. These sources should test your assumptions and allow you to develop coherent, well-supported arguments.

In-Text Citation Examples

Reference List Examples

Personal Communication An Interview/ Email/Letter/ Telephone call Blackboard Discussion Board Posts

Hobbs (personal communication, September 24, 2015) discusses the ideas of “__________.” Wallace (personal communication, July 10, 2015) noted that while “__________.” K. M. Ingraham (personal communication, October 5, 2014) stated that she found her career as an educational psychologist intellectually stimulating as well as emotionally fulfilling. Swinburne Online (personal communication, April 18, 2015) “Illustrates breakthrough innovation is the product of teamwork. When we collaborate, creativity is a product of the ‘springboard’ effect that a team can have.” __________ (Hobbs, personal communication, September 24, 2015).

Handy hint An interview conducted face to face or via email correspondence is considered a personal communication. This also applies to letters and telephone calls. As such, it is not included in the reference list, however it is cited in-text by enclosing the phrase ‘personal communication’ and the date of the email in parentheses. Blackboard discussion posts and Blackboard Learning materials are also cited as personal communication as they are not publically accessible.

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Kali Clarke expressed sincere regret in her letter (personal communication, December 24, 2012). Sue Johnson’s statement was confirmed during a phone interview (personal communication, March 17, 2012).

Facebook Page, Note or Update – if the Facebook page has privacy settings set to public. If friends only… or friends of friends then it must be cited as personal communication

Direct quote Mills (2015) makes reference to “__________.” Paraphrased __________ (Mills, 2015). Direct quote Williams (2015) argues that “__________.” Paraphrased __________ (Williams, 2015). Direct quote Australian Psychological Association (n.d.) endorses critical ideas “__________.” Paraphrased (Australian Psychological Association, n.d.).

Mills, C. (2015, October 1). Plagiarism [Facebook post]. In Swinburne Online education

students facebook page. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/groups/351898221564644/

A response to this post will be referenced as follows: Williams, B. (2015, October 1). Re: Plagiarism [Facebook post]. In Swinburne Online

education students facebook page. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/groups/351898221564644/

American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Timeline [Facebook page]. Retrieved

September 27, 2013, from https://www.facebook.com/AmericanPsychologicalAssociation/info

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Direct quote Gaiman (2012) pushes the idea “__________.” Paraphrased (Gaiman, 2012).

Gaiman, N. [Neil]. (2012, February 29). Please celebrate Leap Year Day in the traditional

manner by taking a writer out for dinner. It’s been four years since many authors had a good dinner. We are waiting. Many of us have our forks or chopsticks at the [Facebook status update]. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/neilgaiman/posts/10150574185041016

You Tube Cite as __________ (markapsolon, 2011). Or __________ (Courtney, 2011).

markapsolon. (2011, September 9). Real ghost caught on video [Video file]. Retrieved from

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9327dfj38fj4 Or Courtney, A. [markapsolon]. (2011, September 9). Real ghost caught on video [Video file].

Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9327dfj38fj4 Handy hint Use the screen name markapsolon as it appears online. If the user’s real name is available, list it first followed by the screen name [markapsolon] in brackets.

Twitter Direct quote National Institute of Mental Health (n.d.) raises a comment of “__________.” Stanford Medicine (2012) has the following scientific evidence “__________.” Paraphrased __________ (National Institute of Mental Health, n.d.).

National Institute of Mental Health [NIMHgov]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter page]. Retrieved

October 17, 2013, from http://twitter.com/NIMHgov Stanford Medicine [SUMedicine]. (2012, October 9). Animal study shows sleeping brain

behaves as if it's remembering: http://stan.md/RrqyEt #sleep #neuroscience #research [Tweet]. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/SUMedicine/status/255644688630046720

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__________ (Stanford Medicine, 2012).

Blogs Wikis

General format Author, A. A. (2015, Month xx). Title of post [Description of form, Wiki post, Online forum, Blog post etc.]. Retrieved from http://www... Direct quote Mori (2015) points out that “__________.” Paraphrased __________ (Mori, 2015).

Mori, K. (2015, September 16). The importance of learning theories: Constructivism,

behaviourism and cognitivism In COM10003 Learning and Communicating Online, Learning Group 4, Wiki Group 5. [Wiki message]. Retrieved from https://ilearn.swin.edu.au/webapps/Bb-wikibb_bb60/wikiView?course_id=_165391_1&wiki_id=_70926_1&page_guid=71bd61ed48bb4ca99f29140fe79a9a04

Videos DVD CD Television

General format Motion picture Producer, A. A. (Producer), & Director, B. B. (Director). (2015). Title of motion picture [Motion picture]. Country of Origin: Studio. Music recording Writer, A. (copyright year). Title of song [Recorded by B. B. Artist if different from writer]. On Title of album [Medium of recording: CD, record, cassette, etc.]

Location: Label. (Date of recording if different from song copyright date) Video Recording Direct quote Russell (2014) acknowledges the hard facts “__________.”

Video Recording Russell, G. (Writer, Co-Producer & Narrator), & Wiseman, P. (Co-Producer). (2014).

Tackling bullies: An Australian perspective [Video recording]. Melbourne, Australia: Video Classroom.

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Paraphrased __________ (Russell, 2014). Video Online/Streaming Direct quote Harris (2015) showcases the beauty of “__________.” Paraphrased __________ (Harris, 2015). DVD Direct quote Moore (2009) draws on the theme “__________.” Paraphrased __________ (Moore, 2009). CD Direct quote Winehouse (2006) conveys in her song lyrics “__________.”

Video Online/Streaming Harris, T. (Producer & Director), & Chi, J. (Writer). (2015). Bran nue dae: A musical journey

[Video]. Retrieved from http://www.kanopystreaming.com DVD Moore, M. (Writer & Director). (2009). Bowling for Columbine [DVD]. Melbourne,

Australia: Umbrella Entertainment. CD Winehouse, A (2006). Back to black [CD]. New York, NY: Universal Records.

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Paraphrased __________ (Winehouse, 2006). Television Direct quote Newman (2010) provides a comparison of “__________.” Masters (2006) provides a truthful outlook on “__________.” Paraphrased __________ (Newman, 2010). __________ (Masters, 2006).

Television Newman, L. (Producer). (2008-2014). Scrubs [Television series]. [With Z. Braff, D Faison, M.

Mosley, K. Bishe, J. C. McGinley, E. Coupe, & D. Franco]. New York, NY: National Broadcasting Company.

Or Masters, C. (Presenter & Writer), & Johnson, P. (Director). (2006, March 27). Big fish, little

fish [Television series episode]. In T. G. Alford (Executive Producer), Four Corners. Sydney, Australia: ABC Television.

Figures – graphs, flow charts, maps, drawings, photographs Images Tables – information displayed in orderly columns and rows

General format Author, A. A. (2015). Title of photograph: Minimal capitalisation [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://www... Title of image: Minimal capitalisation [Image]. (2015). Retrieved from http://www... Photograph Cite as Handy hint The photographer can be credited in the narrative. For example: “Andrew Collins photographed a group of architects using a fish eye lens” (Freshome Architecture, 2015).

Photograph Collins, A. (2015). Architects [Photograph]. Retrieved from

http://freshome.com/architecture/

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Image Cite as The photo “Autumn ivy” (Curtin University Library, 2007) reflects __________. Image from a book Cite as … interpretations of the painting “Mona Lisa” (Gombrich 1995, p. 203). Handy hint Graphs, flow charts, maps, drawings, photographs, images and tables are classified as figures in APA 6th ed. style. Every figure in your presentation needs to be numbered in order of presentation. For example: Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3 and so on. As your presentation has clear sections the numbering takes the following form: Figure 1.1, Figure 1.2, Figure 2.1, Figure 2.2 and so on. Provide a brief descriptive phrase that explains the figure, this is not the title. For example:

Figure 1.1 Autumn ivy swaying in the wind.

Photograph no author Radiating ripples [Photograph]. (2014). Retrieved from

http://www.bergoiata.org/fe/divers28/11/htm Image Curtin University Library. (2007). Autumn ivy [Image]. Retrieved from

http://www.flickr.com/photos/curtinuniversitylibrary/1440410713/ Image from a book Gombrich, E. H. (1995). The story of art (14th ed.). London, England: Phaidon.

Image

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Podcasts: Web Radio TV Video Audio

Web Direct quote Moss (2010) maintains the notion that “__________.” Paraphrased __________ (Moss, 2010). Radio Direct quote Hanson (2011) discusses “__________.” Paraphrased __________ (Hanson, 2011). TV Direct quote Brown (2015) shows the beauty of “__________.” Paraphrased __________ (Brown, 2015).

Web Podcast Moss, S. (Producer), & Selig, S. (Producer). (2010, November 28). Conversations with

ALMA: Healthy eating and maintaining motivation [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.lifestylemedicine.com.au/health-professionals/podcast.htm

Radio Podcast Hanson, J. (Script Writer), & Hogan, P. (Director). (2011, October 26). Episode 26 [Podcast

radio programme]. In C. Thomson (Producer), Nerdzilla. Hobart, TAS: ABC Local Radio. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/local/audio/2011/10/24/334679544.htm

TV Podcast Brown, W. (Script Writer), & Brodie, K. (Director). (2015, June 4). From Lake Baikal to the

halfway mark, Yekaterinburg [Podcast television programme]. In P. George (Producer), Peking to Paris. Sydney, NSW: ABC Television. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/tv/pekingtoparis/postcast

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Video Direct quote Rich (2013) reiterates the importance of “__________.” Paraphrased __________ (Rich, 2013). Audio Direct quote Adams (2015) debates the fact that “__________.” Paraphrased __________ (Adams, 2015).

Online Video Podcast Rich, J. (2013, October 24). Wrong place, wrong time: Understanding trauma and violence

[Video podcast]. Retrieved from the National Institutes of Health website: http://www.nih.gov

Online Audio Podcast Adams, C. (2015, April 11). After financial crisis, wheels of justice turn slowly [Audio

podcast]. In All things considered. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org Handy hint For an episode from a series, use the same format as for a chapter in a book, but list the script writer and director in the author position and the producer in the editor position.

Common knowledge Common knowledge is knowledge that you would expect people in your discipline to have and you do not need to acknowledge it in your assessments. For example, the statement that a large part of Australia’s export income derives from minerals is common knowledge, so you do not need to acknowledge your sources for this in an assessment. However if you go on to list the annual incomes gained for various mineral exports, then you would need to cite the source in which you found these statistics.

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Language for introducing quotes and paraphrases

Your writing will be more interesting and appealing to read if you use a range of verbs to introduce your quotes and paraphrases. Just repeating the phrase such as ‘the author says that…’ can sound repetitive. You want your academic writing to be smooth, flow and interest your reader. Here are some ideas to help you vary the words and phrases that you use: In the author’s view… In the author’s opinion… According to the author… In the words of… It could be said that… It is understandable that…

states explores examines studies purports argues says expresses declares believes explains highlights contends claims acclaims proclaims implies suggests

writes introduces articulates discusses debates describes tells raises the idea/point focuses concentrates derides criticises supports praises endorses illustrates draws on the idea/concept/theme of …