Name: _______________________________AP World Key Concept 4.3 State Consolidation and Imperial ExpansionStandard 4.0 3.5 Not a 3.5 yet

95 – 78 points

77- 55 points Less than 55 points

Daily Work Take complete notes of the packet _______/10 pointsComplete Graphic Organizer _______/5 points

Assessments-Long Essay Questions LEQ #1- Comparison _____/30 points - Every point earned on rubric x 5LEQ#2- Causation _____/30 points - Every point earned on rubric x 5Vocabulary Test _____/20 points

Part I- Imperial Expansion of Land Empires - Vocabulary-

Manchu Empire- Definition-

Historical Significance -

Mughal EmpireDefinition-

Historical Significance -

AkbarDefinition-

Historical Significance -

Shah Jahan Definition-

Historical Significance -

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Ottoman EmpireDefinition-

Historical Significance -

DevshirmeDefinition-

Historical Significance -

JanissariesDefinition-

Historical Significance -

Russian EmpireDefinition-

Historical Significance -

Ivan the Great (III) and Ivan the Terrible (IV)Definition-

Historical Significance -

Peter the GreatDefinition-

Historical Significance -

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Empire #1 – Manchu Empire (Qing Dynasty)

Go to the following website- Freemanpedia- Manchu China - http://www.freeman-pedia.com/manchuempire and use the information from the first map to fill out the following

Label the following on the map below

- Qing (Manchu) homeland- Qing expansion – 1644- Qing Expansion – 1690-1750

State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion- http://apworldipedia.com/index.php?title=Key_Concept_4.3_State_Consolidation_and_Imperial_Expansion

Manchu Empire

Near the end of the previous period (600-1450) the Ming overthrew Mongol rule and set up a new Chinese dynasty. They established the previous bureaucratic/Confucian political system and sought commercial and tributary contacts with the states in Asia and the Indian Ocean. The Ming sponsored voyages, such as those led by Admiral Zheng He, to restore former Chinese preeminence in the world. In the 1430s these voyages were stopped. The Chinese government decided to devote their resources to purifying their empire and protecting them from further nomadic invasions.

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By the 1600s the Ming dynasty had grown weak and corrupt. As they declined, the Manchu people across the Great Wall were expanding, unifying a strong state and borrowing Chinese bureaucratic institutions. In 1644 the Manchus entered China and easily drove all the way to Beijing where they defeated the weakened Ming and established their own rule over China, the Qing Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty would be characterized by a problem some other land-based mempires had in this time period—a minority ruling a different ethnic or religious majority. To bridge the gap between themselves and the ethnic Han Chinese, the Manchus implemented the civil service Confucian bureaucracy. Chinese were allowed to rise in the political system, and Qing Emperors adopted the Chinese title Son of Heaven. The Manchu emperors began the practice of publically performing Confucian rituals to gain political legitimization from the Chinese. For example, each year the Emperor would plow the first furrow of ground in front of the Temple of Agriculture (see above). This symbolic gesture was to ensure a good harvest. Most everything the emperor did was choreographed with Confucian ritual. The Manchu emperors continued these rituals. They also kept the classical Confucian texts as the basis of the civil service examination system. The Manchus utilized the nobles of conquered areas to help them administrate and control their growing empire. Buddhists and Muslim leaders, as well as Mongol aristocrats were given positions in the Qing. They respected local traditions by exempting Buddhist monks and monasteries from state labor service and taxes. They respected Mongol traditions by not allowing Chinese to migrate into Mongol territory and dilute Mongol culture. Indeed, the Qing respected Tibetan, Mongol and Buddhist culture, a practice that eased the expansion of the Qing Empire into new areas.

The Manchus outlined what is today the general boarders of China, and by respecting the cultures of minorities they preserved a sense of identity for many of these groups and endowed them with an enduring sense of autonomy (consider Tibet, for example). Despite the fact that ethnic Chinese were allowed to rise in the bureaucracy, the Manchus preserved the highest positions in the government for themselves. They maintained their cultural integrity by banning marriage between Manchus and Chinese. Han Chinese were forbidden to move into the Manchu homeland. They forced the Chinese to forgo the Ming style robs in favor of Manchu garments and ordered the Chinese to adopt the Manchu hair style of shaving the front of the head and braiding the long hair in the back into a queue.Much of what the Manchu accomplished resembled previous Chinese dynasties. They centralized rule through a bureaucracy. They expanded militarily far into central Asia and established tributary relations with Vietnam, Burma. Korea and Nepal. They focused China’s economic strength more on the practice of agriculture than they did commerce; the city of Canton in the south of China was the only location where trade with Europe was allowed. As new crops were transplanted from the New World, the Qing experienced a large population growth commensurate with their territorial growth. In some areas, silk production exceeded rice production and consumed all surplus labor of peasant families.

Barbarian Emperors- http://www.sacu.org/manchu.htmlThe last dynasty of China was led by an elite of Manchu 'barbarians' from northern China, this article throws some light on how the Manchu people managed to subjugate China for 250 years. The article by Amanda Ryder is reprinted from SACU's China Now magazine (1990).Barbarian emperorsNumbering fewer than a quarter of a million, the Manchus conquered the Chinese empire, establishing the Qing dynasty m 1644. Today, they am a national minority of about three million - one of the several 'more advanced' nationalities (the Han being the 'most advanced') as opposed to the 'retarded' nationalities such as the Tibetan, Yi and Dai peoples. They

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can be found throughout China, but live mostly in Beijing, in the northeastern provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and Hebei, and in Inner Mongolia.

The Manchus' identity as a race or nationality has tended to elude both Manchus and non-Manchus alike. In a sense, they invented themselves: People of Jurchen, Mongolian, Han Chinese and Korean descent who lived in the northeast and had developed a distinctive society first identified themselves using the collective term 'Manchu' only in 1635. The fact that they were barbarians who had been kept beyond the empire's north-east border, and were so weak numerically compared with the Han Chinese, must have made the fall of the Ming all the more humiliating to the Hans.

Divide and rule

The Chinese empire was conquered by about 120,000 Manchus. They had the strengths of discipline, unity, military readiness and brilliant strategy, but the decline of the Ming dynasty was just as important to their success. The Ming's glory had diminished to near collapse in the space of a few decades, and at the beginning of the seventeenth century the dynasty faced threats from barbarians on all sides, political in-fighting, rebellion throughout the country, and low levels of morale and loyalty in the military.In 1644, the Manchus took advantage of the rebellion and chaos in the Chinese empire and moved south. Forming an alliance with a Ming loyalist general, they entered Beijing in June and almost immediately took power for themselves. A combination of military campaigns and diplomacy enabled them to wipe out the remains of Ming resistance, and they soon won the all-important support of the Yangzi valley gentry. By 1673 they had completed their conquest of China, though they continued to expand well into the next century, bringing Xinjiang and Taiwan into the motherland.Despite a number of problems at the beginning of the Qing dynasty - their small number, the fact that the first emperor was mentally unstable, and remaining pockets of Ming resistance, especially in the south - the Manchus managed not only to take power but to hold onto it for 250 years.

Bannermen

Manchu society was basically tribal. Warring tribes had been largely united by Nurgaci, a brilliant military leader and grandfather of the first Qing emperor. The unified Manchus were organized into the Eight Banners (baqi), a 'banner' being a social/military organization transcending the old tribal groupings.Strictly speaking, a bannerman was one who served the Qing emperor, but the term is often used synonymously for Manchu. Most Manchu men aged between 15 and 60 served in the army. The bannerman had, on the surface, a slave-master style relationship with his ruler (as opposed to the Confucian son/father model of the Hans). In reality, however, the Manchu rulers were careful to keep their bannermen happy.

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While Manchus had a higher status than their Han subjects, there was also a rigid class system among bannermen. They prided themselves on their horsemanship and archery, which were indeed the foundations of their culture and the reason for their military strength. Later, during the reign of the Qianlong emperor (1736-95), it was felt that traditional values and skills were dying, and attempts were made to revive the importance of horsemanship and archery. Learning the Manchu language was encouraged as well.

Separate identity

While eagerly learning from Han literati culture, the Manchus also were careful to keep a separate identity. They were a society within a society. In every government department there were Manchus in a superior position working alongside Han officials. They set up their own civil service examination system, which meant that they did not have to compete in the extremely competitive Han examinations. There were Manchu garrisons, largely supported by the state (a source of considerable resentment among the Han), in cities throughout China.Manchu women were perhaps less oppressed than their Han counterparts. Female children were not despised, and did not have their feet bound - one of the things that perpetuated Han contempt for the 'barbarian' Manchus. The Manchus, like the Hans, prized chaste widowhood, although the suicide of loyal widows was strongly disapproved of. Marriage between Manchus and Hans was forbidden, and the Han were obliged to adopt Manchu dress and wear the pigtail as a sign of their subjugation.On the other hand, the Manchus cleverly consolidated their power by preserving the status quo of land ownership in China proper, and perhaps more importantly, by winning over the scholar/official class.

Winning over the intellectualsTowards the end of the Ming dynasty, from the late sixteenth century on, intellectuals had become increasingly disaffected with the Ming and had tacitly withdrawn their support. Many scholars had spent most of their lives preparing to hold an official post, only to end up with nothing. When the Ming first fell the literati were inclined to take the customary loyal-to-the-dynasty stance. But the new dynasty needed men of talent, and shrewdly made a show of respecting scholars. They were won over.Apart from giving members of the scholar/official class posts in government, the Manchus also initiated a number of important research projects. The Kangxi emperor led the way by commissioning encyclopaedic works on the features and achievements of the empire - this, perhaps, was the Manchus' way of conquering China spiritually as well as militarily. One of the most important of these projects was the so-called Kangxi Dictionary, a massive undertaking which some people believe the emperor organized as a way of distracting scholars from their Ming loyalism.In fact Han culture did well under the Manchus, as the emperors came to appreciate Han Chinese learning. Some of the greatest novels were written during the Qing, there were accomplished poets among the Manchu nobility, and Peking opera flourished due to the Manchus' great love of the theatre.After gaining control of the Chinese empire the Manchus quickly absorbed much of Han high culture. But they always retained a sense of being the Manchu rulers of the subjugated Han; to say that they themselves were absorbed or sinicized is an exaggeration. Nevertheless, the Manchus were clearly conscious of that possibility, and front time to time there were attempts to revive traditional Manchu values.

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Empire #2- Mughal Empire (India)

State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion- http://apworldipedia.com/index.php?title=Key_Concept_4.3_State_Consolidation_and_Imperial_Expansion-

Mughal Empire

The Mughals were another Turkish group of people. They claimed descent from Genghis Khan (Mughal is a Persian term for Mongol). Like the Ottomans, they relied on a military elite armed with firearms and created a strong centralized empire organized with a bureaucracy. They expanded into the south and unified much of the India subcontinent where they ruled an empire comprised mainly of Hindus. Thus the rulers and the ruled were divided along religious lines. The most famous Mughal leader, Akbar, attempted to bridge this divide through a policy of toleration. He married Hindu princesses but did not require them to convert. Hindus were given positions in the government. He invited Christian, Hindu and Muslim scholars to peaceful open debates about the merits of their religions. He removed the religious tax on non-Muslims. Akbar created his own syncretic religion called “the divine faith” which drew on Islamic, Hindu and Zoroastrian beliefs. This religion pointed to the emperor as the leader of all faiths in the empire. All this drew the anger of conservative Muslim teachers. Subsequent Mughal leaders fell under the sway of these conservatives and Akbar’s policy of toleration was later abandoned. Hindu temples were destroyed. Religious tension reemerged as a central problem of the Empire.

During hisreign Akbar significantly reformed the Mughal bureaucracy. Previously, the Mughal emperors collected taxes by relying upon a decentralized network of local administrators called zamindars. Acting as local aristocratic landlords, they collected taxes from peasants and sent a set quota to the state. But much of this revenue never made it to the emperor. As profits from the Indian Ocean pepper trade increased, Akbar monetized the tax system (required taxes paid in currency rather than in kind) and required the peasants to sell their grain in market towns and ports for cash where oversight of taxation could be more controlled. Having been bypassed in the taxation process, the role of the zamindars as tax-collecting landlords decreased; political control was also centralized. State profits poured directly into the government’s purse. This windfall of revenue was used to fund military expeditions and to embellish the imperial courts. With the decrease role of the zamindars, Akbar began the process of political centralization. The most important beautification of the imperial courts was by emperor Shah Jahan. Jahan ruled during the commercial boom of the Mughal Empire and was flush with silver from the New World used to purchase tons of Indian pepper. He constructed the Taj Mahal in memory of his favorite wife. This architectural wonder of the world was a monument to enormous wealth of the Mughal state and displayed the power of the emperor. During the Mughal empire, the price of spices declined. To maintain their profits, joint-stock companies such as the British East India Company and the Dutch VOC encouraged Mughal leaders to supplement pepper exports with cotton textiles. Cotton, which was softer than many fabrics and could be dyed and printed with elaborate patterns, became an extremely popular fad in Europe. To meet this demand, the Mughal government forced a vast number of peasants to work cotton fields and textile operations. As in Russia, state mandates and incentives led to the mass mobilization of peasants to aid state objectives.

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Go to the following website- Freemanpedia- Mughal Empire- http://www.freeman-pedia.com/mughalempire and label the following in the map below

Label the following on the map on the next pageMughal Empire

1525 1605 1707

Watch the following video on Mr. Wood’s webpage- Warrior Empire: The Mughals Of India - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WX1ZWVuY84QLook for the following important people, place and eventsIntro on Mughals- Beginning to 3:30 Babur- 3:30- 4:40, 16:40 -17:20

- Battle of Panipat – 4:40- 6:00, 11:05- 13:20Akbar- 17:30 – 18:15, 34:30 – 35:20,

- Matchlock gun (volley gun) 36:30 – 37:20- 41:25 – 50:30 Fatehpur Sikri – Akbar’s capital city

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Empire #3- Ottoman Empire

State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion- http://apworldipedia.com/index.php?title=Key_Concept_4.3_State_Consolidation_and_Imperial_Expansion- The Ottomans began as Turkish nomadic people, comprised of aggressive and warlike tribes who raided agricultural people. After the Mongols crushed the Seljuks, the Ottomans had room to emerge as a powerful empire.The Ottoman conquests expanded into the Byzantine Empire, a process that culminated in the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Many former Byzantines in Anatolia converted to Islam. In the Balkans, many remained Christian. Orthodox churches were allowed to remain. Despite their territorial conflicts with Christian Europe, most Christians in the Empire were permitted to practice their faith. Jewish, Christian, and other minorities could maintain autonomous communities with their own civil laws and customs. The Ottomans recruited many non-Muslims into their elite and relied on their skills for trade and craftsmanship. In fact, a Hungarian Christian cast the cannons that allowed Mehmed II to conquer the Christian city of Constantinople.

Originally military leaders were called the ghazis (elite Muslim warriors or champions: Mehmed II, who took the city of Constantinople, used this as one of his titles). Later the military grew into a powerful cavalry. As horses need grazing land, the military machine of the Ottoman Empire was based on constant expansion. The wealth from new land grants was used to support the military elites. Thus the Ottoman Empire was strong as long as it was expanding.

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Go to the following website- Freemanpedia- Ottoman Empire- and label the following in the map belowhttp://www.freeman-pedia.com/ottomanempire

Map – Label how large the Ottoman was in the following years on the next page:- 1300 – 1359 - 1566- 1683

Take notes on the following video- The Rise Of The Ottoman Empire- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMpfdpHPNDE-

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Watch the following video and take notes- Fall of Constantinople- Watch from 1:15 to the end https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mJRSRe8Cbzw

Focus on- Why Constantinople was so important- power of cannons and gunpowder on the fall of Constantinople and the- effects of this change of Constantinople to the Ottomans

Islam Empire of Faith. Part 3 The Ottomans (full; PBS Documentary)- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRMqZrjGNd8 Watch from 5:00- 21:40

Intro-5:00-Foundation of the Empire7:15-Devshirme, Janissaries 10:00-Battle of Constantinople 18:00- 21:40 Hagia Sophia

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Read the following paragraph from Wikipedia and highlight and take notes

Devshirme[a] (Ottoman Turkish: دوشيرمه, devşirme, literally "lifting" or "collecting"), also known as the blood tax or tribute in blood,[by whom?] was chiefly the practice whereby the Ottoman Empire sent military officers to take boys, ages 8 to 18, from their families in order that they be raised to serve the state.[2] This tax of sons was imposed only on the Christian subjects of the empire, in the villages of the Balkans and Anatolia.[3][better source needed]

The boys were then converted to Islam [4]  with the primary objective of selecting and training the ablest children and teenagers for the military or civil service of the empire, notably into the Janissaries.[5]

Started in the mid 1300s by Murad I as a means to counteract the growing power of the Turkish nobility, the practice itself violated Islamic law.[6]

By 1648, the practice was slowly drawing to an end. An attempt to re-institute it in 1703 was resisted by its Ottoman members who coveted its military and civilian posts. Finally in the early days of Ahmet III's reign, the practice of devshirme was abolished.

Empire #4- Russian Empire

State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion- http://apworldipedia.com/index.php?title=Key_Concept_4.3_State_Consolidation_and_Imperial_ExpansionRussian EmpireDuring this era the Russians broke free from Mongol domination and began a period of territorial expansion and government reform. They embarked on an aggressive program of westernization in order to leap forward and make up for their backwardness vis-à-vis the West. The forced imposition of European culture on the aristocracy of Russia created a wide cultural difference between the upper class and the peasants, a situation that only exacerbated the social tensions between serfs and nobles that was already present.The first significant leader in this process was Ivan III, also known as Ivan the Great. In a carefully calculated political move, Ivan married the niece of the last Byzantine Emperor and claimed continuity with imperial Rome and the Byzantine Empire. He proclaimed Moscow the “Third Rome” (Constantinople had been the “Second Rome) and exploited his close ties to the Orthodox Church to give legitimacy to his wars of territorial expansion. All in all, Ivan III increased the power of the central Russian government and drew more land under his control. But another Ivan, Ivan IV, would push these advancements to new levels.Ivan IV (The Terrible) extend the Russian empire by defeating the Mongol stronghold city of Kazan. He motivated his soldiers by telling them they were marching as soldiers of Christ (the Mongols had converted to Islam). To commemorate this victory he commission the building of St. Basil’s Cathedral, an architectural symbol of the union of church and state.

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Ivan’s most important contribution to the development of Russia is how he dealt with the powerful class of Russia’s aristocrats, the Boyars. If you remember, aristocrats have always been a problem for kings and emperors trying to centralize rule over large territories. Ivan held deep suspicions toward the Russian boyars and simply had many of them killed. Others he forced from their homes to different areas, an action that weakened their class by stripping them from the local connections that had given them power and influence. Consequently, Tsars in Russia would become true autocrats, unhindered by the pressures and influence of aristocracies. For example, even the absolute monarchy of Louis XIV in France was partially limited by the will of the nobles. But in Russia titles of nobility could be conferred or withdrawn arbitrarily by the Tsar. Thus the Russian nobility was kept in subservience to the state and would never emerge as a counter force to the monarch’s power. Their traditional power over local affairs was striped and the power of Russian Tsars would truly be absolute.

In no Tsar was this absolute power more obvious than Peter the Great. As a young man he took the first of several trips to Europe, where he studied shipbuilding and other western technologies, as well as governing styles and social customs. He returned to Russia convinced that the empire could only become powerful by imitating western successes, and he instituted a number of reforms that revolutionized it:The Petrine ReformMilitary reform - He built the army by offering better pay and also drafted peasants for service as professional soldiers. He also created a navy by importing western engineers and craftsmen to build ships and shipyards, and other experts to teach naval tactics to recruits. He introduced modern firearms, and gunpowder did much to bring success to Russian military campaigns, as it did with so many other empires during this era.Building the infrastructure - The army was useless without roads and communications, so Peter organized peasants to work on roads and do other service for the government. He also borrowed the Mongol concept of a postal service (the arrow messengers) to facilitate rapid communication across the empireExpansion of territory - The Peter gained Russian territory along the Baltic Sea by defeating the powerful Swedish military. To gain warm weather ports, he tried to capture access to the Black Sea, but he was soundly defeated by the Ottomans who controlled the area. He pushed the empire far to the east in Siberia, reaching the Bering Strait across from Alaska.Reorganization of the bureaucracy and taxation - In order to pay for his improvements, the government had to have the ability to effectively tax its citizens. The bureaucracy had been controlled by the boyars, but Peter replaced them with merit based employees by creating the Table of Ranks, eventually doing away with titles of nobility. In terms of taxation, Peter reformed the tax system. Instead of a tax on each household (which peasants would avoid by registering several families at a single household) Peter taxed on a per-person basis. Although very unpopular, it generated the income to fund his ambitions.Relocation of the capital - Peter moved his court from Moscow to a new location on the Baltic Sea, his "Window on the West" that he called St. Petersburg. The city was built from scratch out of a swampy area, where it had a great harbor for the navy. Its architecture was European, of course. The move was intended to symbolically and literally break the hold that old Russian religious and cultural traditions had on government.

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Note that Peter’s reforms borrowed very selectively from Europe. He was not at all interested in Parliamentary governments or movements toward social reform. In this sense, he was much more concerned with the benefits of the Science Revolution than with the ideas of the Enlightenment philosophies; those things that directly benefited military progress and his own autocratic rule most interested him. Yet he did force European rules of etiquette and culture on his nobles. Beards, long considered a sign of religious piety and respect, had to be shaved off. He even forced the Russian upper class to practice European manners and appropriate French as the language of social life. In short, he did much to strengthen Russia into a modern imperial power but at the expense of fostering of a distinctly Russian identity. When Peter died, he left a transformed Russia, an empire that a later ruler, Catherine the Great, would further strengthen. But he also left behind a new dynamic in Russian society: the conflicting tendencies toward westernization mixed with the traditions of the Slavs to turn inward and preserve their own traditions.To secure the new frontier settlements to the east that had growing since Ivan IV, Russian Czars encouraged peasants to migrate to Siberia. They were provided with incentives, such as grain, seeds, and farming tools. Many peasants sought to create a better and more independent life for themselves by moving east. Fur trappers push to the east as well to take advantage in the profitable trade in furs. For the most part, however, the eastern frontier was settled by peasant migrations who were encouraged by migrate by the Russian government.

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Go to the following website- Freemanpedia- Russian Empire- and label the following in the map belowhttp://www.freeman-pedia.com/russianempire

Label the following on the map on the next page:

- Russia in 1689- Territory added by Peter the Great- Peter’s trip to Western Europe 1697-8

Watch the following video and take notesRussia: Engineering an Empire - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEzVTyAsyl0

2:10 – 5:30, 9:20 – 10:10 Kievan Rus, Novogorod, Rurik, Moscow, Tatars, Ivan III, Ivan III (The Great) vs the Tatars

Part II – same video - Russia: Engineering an Empire - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEzVTyAsyl010:30 – 13:00, 15:13 – 19:00 Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible), Czar, Siege of Kazan, St. Basil’s Cathedral, Ivan’s “insanity,” “Time of Troubles”

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Part III- Same video - same video - Russia: Engineering an Empire - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEzVTyAsyl019:25 – 30:05 - Peter the Great, St. Petersburg

Part II- Maritime EmpiresVocabulary

Prince Henry the Navigator- Definition-

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ReconquistaDefinition-

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AbsolutismDefinition-

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Divine RightDefinition-

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King Phillip II

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Definition-

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Spanish InquisitionDefinition-

Historical Significance - Charles VDefinition-

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William of OrangeDefinition-

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80 Years WarDefinition-

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StadtholderDefinition-

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VOC- Definition-

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Henry VIIIDefinition-

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Elizabeth I

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Definition-

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Sir Francis DrakeDefinition-

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Spanish Armada Definition-

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CapitalismDefinition-

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MercantilismDefinition-

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Joint Stock CompanyDefinition-

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Go to the following website- Freemanpedia- Portuguese Empire- and label the following in the map below

http://www.freeman-pedia.com/portugueseempire

Map of Portuguese Empire

Label the following on the Map below

- Portugal- Brazil, Luanda, Mozambique (Portuguese Territories )- The following Portuguese trading posts – Azores, Madeira, Guinea, Mombasa, Goa, Calicut, Malacca, Nagasaki

Read and hightlight/take notes on the article from Wikipedia below

Portuguese arrival[edit]

The Portuguese first reached what became known as the Gold Coast in 1471. Prince Henry the Navigator first sent ships to explore the African coast in 1418. The Portuguese had several motives for voyaging south. They were attracted by rumors of fertile African lands that were rich in gold and ivory. They also sought a southern route to India so as to circumvent Arab traders and establish direct trade with Asia. In line with the strong religious sentiments of the time, another focus of the Portuguese was Christian proselitism. They also sought to form an alliance with the legendary Prester John, who was believed to be the leader of a great Christian nation somewhere in Africa.

These motives prompted the Portuguese to develop the Guinea trade. They made gradual progress down the African coast, each voyage reaching a point further along than the last. After fifty years of coastal exploration, the Portuguese finally reached Elmina in 1471, during the reign of King Afonso V. However, because Portuguese royalty had lost interest in African exploration as a result of meager returns, the Guinea trade was put under the oversight of the Portuguese trader, Fernão Gomes. Upon reaching present day Elmina, Gomes discovered a thriving gold trade already established among the natives and visiting Arab and Berber traders. He established his own trading post, and it became known to the Portuguese as “A Mina” (the Mine) because of the gold that could be found there.

Write you notes from the reading here

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Two 16th century maps of African coast, showing A mina (the mine)

The Portuguese EmpirePortugal's Empire Spanned The Planet- http://geography.about.com/od/historyofgeography/a/The-Portuguese-Empire.htm

By Katherine Schulz RichardPortugal is a small country located in Western Europe at the western tip of the Iberian Peninsula. Beginning in the 1400s, the Portuguese, led by famous explorers like Bartolomeo Dias and Vasco de Gama and financed by the great Prince Henry the Navigator, sailed to, explored, and settled in South America, Africa, and Asia. Portugal's empire, which survived for more than six centuries, was the first of the great European global empires. Its former possessions are now located in across fifty countries around the world. The Portuguese created colonies for numerous reasons - to trade for spices, gold, agricultural products and other resources, to create more markets for Portuguese goods, to spread Catholicism, and to "civilize" the natives of these distant places. Portugal's colonies brought great wealth to this small country. The empire gradually declined because Portugal did not have enough people or resources to maintain so many overseas territories.

Here are the most important former Portuguese possessions:BrazilBrazil was by far Portugal's largest colony by area and population. Brazil was reached by the Portuguese in 1500. Due to the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494, Portugal was allowed to colonize Brazil. The Portuguese imported African slaves and forced them to grow sugar, tobacco, cotton, coffee, and other cash crops. The Portuguese also extracted brazilwood from the rainforest, which was used to dye European textiles. The Portuguese helped to explore and settle the vast interior of Brazil. In the 19th century, the royal court of Portugal lived in and governed both Portugal and Brazil from Rio de Janeiro. Brazil gained independence from Portugal in 1822.Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea-BissauIn the 1500s, Portugal colonized the present-day west African country of Guinea-Bissau, and the two southern African countries of Angola and Mozambique. The Portuguese enslaved many people from these countries and sent them to the New World. Gold and diamonds were also extracted from these colonies.In the twentieth century, Portugal was under international pressure to release its colonies, but Portugal's dictator Antonio Salazar refused to decolonize. Several independence movements in these three African countries erupted into the Portuguese Colonial War of the 1960s and 1970s, which killed tens of thousands and was associated with communism and the Cold War. In 1974, a military coup in Portugal forced Salazar out of power, and the new government of Portugal ended the unpopular, very expensive war. Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea-Bissau gained independence in 1975. All three countries were underdeveloped, and civil wars in the decades after independence took millions of lives. Over a million refugees from these three countries emigrated to Portugal after independence and strained the Portuguese economy.Cape Verde, Sao Tome and PrincipeCape Verde and Sao Tome and Principe, two small archipelagos located off the western coast of Africa, were also colonized by the Portuguese. They were uninhabited before the Portuguese arrived. They were important in the slave trade. They both achieved independence from Portugal in 1975.Goa, India

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In the 1500s, the Portuguese colonized the western Indian region of Goa. Goa, located on the Arabian Sea, was an important port in spice-rich India. In 1961, India annexed Goa from the Portuguese and it became an Indian state. Goa has many Catholic adherents in primarily Hindu India.East TimorThe Portuguese also colonized the eastern half of the island of Timor in the 16th century. In 1975, East Timor declared independence from Portugal, but the island was invaded and annexed by Indonesia. East Timor became independent in 2002.MacauIn the 16th century, the Portuguese colonized Macau, located on the South China Sea. Macau served as an important Southeast Asian trading port. The Portuguese empire ended when Portugal handed over control of Macau to China in 1999.The Portuguese Language TodayPortuguese, a Romance language, is now spoken by 240 million people. It is the sixth most spoken language in the world. It is the official language of Portugal, Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, Sao Tome and Principe, and East Timor. It is also spoken in Macau and Goa. It is one of the official languages of the European Union, the African Union, and the Organization of American States. Brazil, with over 190 million people, is the most populated Portuguese-speaking country in the world. Portuguese is also spoken in the Azores Islands and the Madeira Islands, two archipelagos that still belong to Portugal.Write you notes from the reading here

Africa, Portugal

Portuguese trading stations in West Africa and the slave trade - http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/africa-portugal

Portuguese expansion into Africa began with the desire of King John I to gain access to the gold-producing areas of West Africa. The trans-Saharan trade routes between Songhay and the North African traders provided Europe with gold coins used to trade spices, silks and other luxuries from India. At the time there was a shortage of gold and rumours were spreading that there were states in the south of Africa which had gold. This news encouraged King John’s son, Prince Henry, to send out expeditions to explore these possibilities.

At first, the Portuguese established trading stations along the west coast of Africa rather than permanent settlements. They built forts at Cape Blanco, Sierra Leone and Elmina to protect their trading stations from rival European traders. In this way, the Portuguese diverted the trade in gold and slaves away from the trans-Saharan routes causing their decline and increased their own status as a powerful trading nation.

During the 1480s the Portuguese came into contact with the kingdom of the Kongo, situated south of the Congo river in what is today northern Angola. The Kongo became powerful through war and capturing and enslaving the people they defeated.

The Portuguese did not conquer this region but chose rather to become allies of the Kongo king. The king was eager to make use of Portuguese teachers and craftsmen to train his people. He also allowed Catholic missionaries to work among his people. The Portuguese traded guns for slaves captured by the Kongo in wars against rival kingdoms in the interior. Other than small amounts of

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copper and raffia cloth, the area did not provide any profitable trade in gold or silver, which was disappointing for the Portuguese. The traffic in slaves more than made up for this disappointment.

In the 1490s sugar plantations were established on the islands of São Tomé and Principé. The Portuguese settlers on these islands used slaves bought from the Kongo traders to work on these plantations. Very soon São Tomé became the largest producer of sugar for Europe. When Brazil became a Portuguese colony in the 1530s, the demand for slaves to work on the sugar plantations established there increased. São Tomé became an important holding station for slaves before they left on the trans-Atlantic voyage to South America.

As the demand for slaves increased in Brazil, the São Tomé traders found a better supply of slaves further south near Luanda and Benguela. Wars fought in this region provided a constant supply of slaves. In exchange for slaves, the Portuguese provided the Ndongo and Lunda kings with guns, cloth and other European luxuries. The guns enabled the kings to defeat their enemies and maintain a dominant position in the region.

In 1641, the Dutch seized the slave trade in Angola away from the Portuguese and they were able to control it until 1648 when the Portuguese took back control again. Angola only became a Portuguese colonial settlement after the decline of the slave trade in the nineteenth century.

Consequences on the indigenous society

The Portuguese introduced agricultural products grown in South America such as maize, sugar cane and tobacco. Coffee plantations were introduced to Angola in the nineteenth century. Coffee is one of Angola’s major exports today.

The Portuguese introduced guns to the region which changed the nature of warfare and enabled their allies to dominate other kingdoms.

The Portuguese encouraged wars between rival kingdoms to maintain a constant supply of slaves. The result of this was that the region was constantly at war and millions of young people, mainly men, were forced to leave Africa and work as slaves in the Americas.

The Portuguese language is mainly spoken in urban areas of Angola today. However, the indigenous languages have survived among the rural population.

In modern Angola, about ninety per cent of the population is Christian, mainly Catholic, as a result of Portuguese missionary activity in the area. The remainder of the population follows traditional African religions.

Emprie #2- Spanish Empire

Go to the following website- Freemanpedia- Spanish Empire- and label the following in the maps belowhttp://www.freeman-pedia.com/spanishempire

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Shade in all the following parts of the map that were under the Spanish empire

Label the following on the map on below

Spanish Territories - Viceroyalty of New Spain, Viceroyalty of New Granada, Viceroyalty of Peru, Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata Portuguese Territories – Viceroyalty of Brazil

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Watch the following video from Mr. Wood’s website - The Reconquista: Every Year- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmtzmqLOAVA

- You do not need to take notes of everything that is happening, just note the change that happened over time in the Reconquista from 722- 1492

The History of the Spanish Empire https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lviEHJbjlpY

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History Comes Alive: Absolutism - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3s1OdnGl7nI

Watch on Absolutism in Spain from 1:20 –

- Absolutism – is when a king rules without being challenged, they have full power!!

What is Divine Right?

What is centralization of power?

How did King Phillip of Spain build Spain into becoming the first modern European power?

What was the Spanish Inquisition and what happened because of it?

What happens when King Phillip II tries to take over England with his Armada?

What happens because of King Phillip II’s spending and expenditures?

How does KP II expand his power?

Watch the following video from Mr. Wood’s website - Spanish Colonization of the Americas (New Spain Colonial America APUSH) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhWMMEKNxdQ

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Empire #3- Dutch Republic

Go to the following website- Freemanpedia- Spanish Empire- and label the following in the maps belowhttp://www.freeman-pedia.com/dutchempire-3-2

Shade in the Dutch territories below

Watch the following video from Mr. Wood’s website - dutch golden age https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDta0xH9MCcThe Netherlands (Dutch) were part of the Holy Roman Empire and had been under the rule of Charles V the Holy Roman Emperor and more importantly ruler of Spain (Their Royal family name was Hapsburg or Hapsburgs). When he dies his son take over Philip II, who does not really like the Dutch and their country, The Netherlands- which are called The Spanish Netherlands. The Dutch do not like Philip the II and they rebel ...

Watch from 5:25- 21:50

What happens when the Dutch rebel? - Include William of Orange and 80 Years War Around 5:25 -

Why are the Dutch able to defeat the Spanish in the 80 Years’ War? – around 10:25-

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- What are some effects of The Dutch winning the war (both for the Dutch and The Spanish)?

What is the States-General?

What is the Stadtholder?

Give some details about the Dutch Economy, especially their impact around the world.

Explain how the Powerful merchant families began joint-stock companies, especially in Amsterdam.

How do the Dutch change their land (think the canals)?

Explain the impact of the Dutch East Indian Trading Company (VOC)?

Empire #4- British Empire

Go to the following website- Freemanpedia- British Empire- and label the following in the maps belowhttp://www.freeman-pedia.com/britishempire

Show all of the area of the British were able to conquer, - most of this was during the next era- The Modern Period!!27

- In the Early Modern Period, the British Empire will begin conquering and will be on its way to becoming the strongest empire in the world, so not yet.

Watch the following video from Mr. Wood’s webpage- Britain Blood and Steel: Engineering an Empire https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJI4H4fnALM

Watch from 7:40 – 9:45, 16:55- 17:45

Mini Bio: Henry VIII- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vGi2TYAQfXE

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Mini Bio: Elizabeth I- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDg9AoJYxeY

Take notes on Mary I and Elizabeth and especially on Elizabeth’s leadership and accomplishments

Watch the following video from Mr. Wood’s webpage- Sir Francis Drake Documentary https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xgXd06kKFIQ This kid does an amazing job!! Stop at 7:30!

Horrible Histories The Spanish Armada - YouTube1- https://vimeo.com/83530381- This is a funny clip about The Spanish attempts to take over Britain with King Phillip II, Sir Francis Drake and

Elizabeth I

WatCapitalism, Jamestown, and Mercantilism- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZXz1ht2_e-U

- The English begin settling colonies in the New World- Jamestown become their first permanent colony in the “New World” and what will become the United States. Jamestown begins as a joint-stock company, focus on what a joint stock company is both with Jamestown and Royal African Company.

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Mercantilism 2- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9W4e_rN15xA

Mercantilism – (what it is and how it benefits the “Mother Country”)

The Triangular Trade – in AP we call this The Atlantic System

What are the long term effects?

Watch the following from Mr. Wood’s website- Mercantilism: The Economics of Absolutism https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZlOdf_o7yu8 Watch from 3:35 – 5:10, 6:25- 7:35, 13:35- 15:50

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