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Focus QuestionWhat events facilitated independence
movements in Latin America in the early 19th century?
Latin American IndependenceCreoles
3.5 million creoles in Latin America by 1800 Only 30,000 peninsulares
Resent tight government and economic regulations
Want to replace peninsulares but retain their privileged position
American RevolutionNapoleon’s Invasion of
Spain & Portugal
Latin American Independence1810 – Miguel de Hidalgo
begins uprising in Mexico Independence gained by
Augustine de Iturbide in 18211819 – Simon Bolivar (right)
gains independence for Columbia Liberates South America with
help from Jose de San Martin Attempt for a unified northern
South America fails in 18301821 – Brazil gains
independence
Problems After Independence
Caudillos Juan Manuel de Rosas (Argentina)
“Machiavelli of the pampas” Kills over 22,000 people
Latin America had little experience with self-government
Creoles dominate politics Only 5% of male population participated in politics
Role of the Catholic ChurchPoor treatment of natives
Mexico (1821-1857)1821-1850’s marked by
political instability Went from monarchy to
republic to caudillo rule Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana (left)
dominates politics prior to 1850
Church remains influential Owns almost 50% of all
productive land in Mexico
Nationalism grows after Mexican-American War
Benito Juarez (1861-1872)
Liberal mestizo First Mexican ruler without a
military background
Institutes La Reforma Focus on land redistribution to
improve the condition of natives Confiscates church lands Speculators and large landowners
buy land instead of natives Most of Mexico’s peasants were
landless by 1900
Creates a backlash from Mexican conservatives
Porfirio Diaz (1876-1910)
Industrialized Mexico Built railroads Improved banking system Focused on oil & mining Depended on foreign
investmentIncreasingly autocraticOppressed political
opposition
Economic Problems
Monroe Doctrine (1823)Economic Imperialism?
Britain replaced Spain as the dominant economic force in Latin America
Economy depended heavily on exports Britain dominated until 1860
Modernization theory vs. Dependency theory
U.S. Intervention in Latin America
Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
Spanish-American War U.S. gains Puerto Rico,
the Philippines, Guam “Independence” for
CubaRoosevelt CorollaryPanama Canal
Mexican Cession as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848)
ArgentinaAfter independence dominated by
caudillosPolitically stabilized after 1862Economic growth based on exports
Primary export is beef Dependent on foreign capital
Large numbers of immigrants from Europe 3.5 million from Italy, Germany, Russia, etc. Golondrinas