AP World HistorySEPTEMBER 6, 2015

Warm Up – September 6, 2015 Greek Society:

A. Was unified by the geography of the Greek peninsulaB. Was disrupted by the conquest of AlexanderC. Was extended through overseas colonizationD. Extended the democratic ideal by relying on free labor aloneE. Organized its faith around a monotheistic religion

Agenda◦ Warm Up◦ Classical India◦ Mauryan/Gupta Organizer◦ Classical Greece

◦ Schedule today – B-Schedule◦ 2nd, EIC, 4th, 6th

Essential Question

How do we evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of classical civilizations?

Chandragupta, Maurya Empire◦The first leader who conquered northern India.◦The empire was maintained by a well organized Bureaucracy.

◦The government built roads, harbors, collected taxes, and had royal courts.

Asoka◦ The most honored Maurya emperor.◦ He conquered the Deccan region at the cost of 100,000 lives.◦ He then converted to Buddhism and stopped all conquest.◦ He built stone pillars announcing peace and prosperity and

helped unite a divided people.

Advances Literature.

◦ Fables, and folk tales in the Sanskrit language

◦ Most famous play was Shakuntala.

Art.◦ Murals or wall paintings, vivid.

Physicians.◦ Plastic surgery.◦ Vaccination of people against

small pox.

Math. ◦ Concept of Zero.◦ Decimal system based on 10.

Gupta Empire Established Chandra Gupta Builds an Empire

◦Chandra Gupta marries into kingship in north India in A.D. 320

◦Starts Gupta Empire—India’s second empire; flowering of Indian civilization, especially Hindu culture

◦His son Samudra Gupta expands empire with conquest

Gupta Empire Established Daily Life in India

◦ Majority of Indians are farmers; entire family raises crops together◦ Families are patriarchal—headed by the eldest male◦ Farmers have to contribute work to government and pay heavy

taxes◦ Unlike Mauryans who controlled trade and industry, Guptas left

people free to pursue wealth and business. Prosperity exceeded Mauryan era.

Fall of Gupta Empire India suffered a series of invasions. Cost of fighting wars drained treasury Infighting broke out in royal family leading to weak successors to the throne, provincial leaders began revolting.

Invasions continued – eventually the empire collapsed into a number of small independent kingdoms who warred with one another…trend

Many Gods or One◦ Hinduism has no founder but grew out of many cultures and people.◦ One of the worlds most complex religions.◦ “God is one, but wise people know it by many names.”◦ Brahman is the one god but people worship him as thousands of

different gods.

Hindu Beliefs Reincarnation

◦ Rebirth of the soul.◦ Can be reborn up or down in the cast system.

Gurus◦ Great knowledge leads people as a teacher.

Mystics◦ Religious leaders

Varuna God of the Sky

Hindu Sacred Texts Bhagavad-Gita.

◦Teaches duty over personal desires and ambitions.

The Goal of Life Every person on earth has a atman or Brahman. The goal is to achieve moksha or union with your Brahman.

◦ You must free yourself of selfish desires.◦ It may take several lives to obtain.◦ Reincarnation is the rebirth of the soul.

Karma and Dharma◦ Karma deals with all actions in this life that affect his or her

status in the next life.◦ All existence is ranked. Humans are at the top then comes

animals, plants, and rocks.◦ Dharma is the duties that each class of people must

accomplish to progress.

Opposition to the Brahmins Some people rejected traditional Hinduism for a more extreme form.

Early Life The early life of Gautama was spent in a palace surrounded by luxury. Prince Gautama married and had a son. Gautama was sheltered by his father who did not want him to become a traveling holy man.

The Search Gautama was riding one day and came across a dead man, a sick person, and an old man.

He left his family to find a place without suffering. “why is their so much suffering in life?”

He sat under a tree for 48 days pondering the mystery of life. he answered the question, his name changed to Buddha. “the enlightened one.”

Nirvana and Moksha.

Four Noble Truths All life is filled with pain and suffering. The cause of suffering is the desire for things that are really illusions, such as riches, power, and long life. The cure for suffering is to overcome desire. Overcome desire by following the Eightfold Path.

Buddhism and Hinduism Compared Both Buddhism and Hinduism believe in the cycle of rebirth. Buddhism grew out of Hinduism. Both stress non-violence.

Buddhist Sacred Texts The Tripitaka or “Three Baskets of Wisdom”◦“Overcome evil with good.”◦“Overcome the liar with truth.”

Two Sects of Buddhism◦Theravada: Followed the original teachings of Buddha closely.

◦Mahayana: Worship Buddha even though Buddha taught the people not to worship him.

◦Afterlife with many heavens and hells.

Decline of Buddhism in India◦Hinduism eventually absorbed some Buddhist ideas.◦Hinduism added Buddha to their long list of Gods.◦Muslim armies destroyed the few remaining Buddhist centers of learning in the North.

Priest Morning Rituals

The Upanishads The Upanishads are philosophical texts considered to be an early source of Hindu religion. More than 200 are known. All Upanishads have been passed down in oral tradition.

Economy and Society◦ Patriarchal◦ Arranged marriages◦ Companionate

◦Textiles◦ Iron working◦Steel◦Long-distance trade◦Indian Influence◦Spread via trade◦Buddhism

China and IndiaCHINA

Art – Restrained Society –

◦ Flexible classes◦ Large peasant classes◦ Patriarchal

INDIA

Art - Indian sensuality Society –

◦ Rigid classes◦ Large peasant classes◦ Patriarchal

Maurya v. Gupta GRAPHIC ORGANIZER

Classical Greece

• Greece located in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. • It was easier for settlers to travel by sea than land, thus most early settlements were along the coast.

Introduction

Introduction Agriculture – grains, grapes, olives Politically – settlements were independent (city-states) Culturally – The Greeks were unified through language, festivals, religion◦ - Pan–Hellenic games (Olympics)◦ - Mount Olympia (Home of gods)

Origins of Greek Culture Greece’s first civilization was the Minoans, who lived on the Island of Crete between 3200-1500 BCE Their largest settlement was the Palace of Knossos. Island of Crete was center for Mediterranean commerce (trade)

Palace of King Minas at Knossos on Crete

Ruins from Crete

Culture & Art Minoan art reflects a peaceful people with a love for beauty & life.

Their art reveals that women had a prominent status in society. Possibly they

were ruled by a priestess/Queen.

The Minoans were extremely advanced with indoor plumbing & light wells.

Minoan culture was destroyed by earthquakes, volcanoes, & tidal waves.•The people left Crete and settle on the mainland of Greece

Mycenaean Greeks Indo-European immigrants settled in Greece around 2000 BCE; slowly overpowered the Minoans and expanded territory to Sicily & Italy

Mycenaeans were a warlike society loosely united under a system of feudal alliances.

Most important settlement was Mycenae They had:

◦ - Massive protective walls (stone fortresses protected agricultural settlements)◦ - Horse-drawn chariots◦ - Bronze weapons

Mycenaean Greeks The Mycenaean Era is the period when these great events in Greek mythology occurred:

- Worship of the Olympian gods. - Lives of King Agamemnon & Odysseus. - The life of Hector & Achilles. - The Conquest of the city of Troy (Trojan War – ca. 1200 BCE)

Lion Gate of Mycenae - entrance to Agamemnon's Palace

The Trojan Horse is a Mycenaean story.

Remains of Troy

Gold Burial Mask & Wine Cup.

Mycenaean Greeks Mycenaeans were a wealthy and skilled society; based on a feudal system similar to Medieval Europe.

Around 1150 B.C.E., settlements were destroyed by invading tribes from the north, the Dorian Greeks. Dorians bring iron technology to Greece.

Downfall of the Mycenaeans

Dorian Greeks• The Dorian Greeks caused:• - Drop in agricultural production• - Drop in population• - Cities reduced to villages• - Writing virtually lost

Benefits of Mycenaeans Fall:•It destroys the power of the Mycenaean Kings allowing everyone to be more equal.

•It creates a simple life from which city-states can develop.

•It allows for development of an oral tradition of story telling that results in Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey as well as the Olympian myths.

Dorian Greeks Dorian villages were led by a local leader called the Basileus

A “Council of Nobles” and “Assembly of Warriors” assist in running the village.

Dorian villages were often located near a hill called an acropolis (high city)

Homer: The father of Greek literature. Creator of the Epic poems “The Iliad” and “The Odyssey”Both stories deal with the events of the Trojan War

and it’s aftermath.

IV. Classical Greece (800-379 B.C.E.)

Several aspects of Mycenaean religious and cultural traditions were kept alive after the Dorian Invasion.

Greeks were also able to develop new and unique cultural traditions

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One tradition kept alive was the Pan-Hellenic Games (Olympics) These were athletic competitions held every four years.

The Greeks loved these games so much that they would forget their differences and cease any wars to compete

Another tradition kept alive was the Greek Humanistic Perspective

This was a set of beliefs which emphasize the importance of reason and of the individual.

The Greeks believed that man is the most important creature that the gods created.

This perspective will affect government, philosophy, and the arts.

Evolution toward Democracy Monarchy - rule by a hereditary king

Oligarchy - rule by a few, always small group of wealthy men

Dictatorship – rule by a tyrant

Democracy – rule by the people (meaning free male citizens)

Comparison of the two most important Classical Greek City-States:

Sparta and Athens

Athens v. Sparta BOTH were a Polis (City-State.)

A Greek Polis was usually:

- Small Size

- Small Population

- Located on a Hill

- Served as seat of government

Sparta - Sparta is located on the Peloponnesian Peninsula - Society was based on conquest: Dorian Greeks conquered the original farmers (called Helots) - Activities of Spartans were geared toward maintaining supremacy over the Helots

Sparta - Trade and travel prohibited by the Spartan government. - The government demanded strict subordination of the individual to the state - The government was a military oligarchy. - All Spartan men required to serve in military. - Society emphasized physical perfection

- The government required that boys seven years old be sent to military camps to live.They lived in military barracks until age 30 at which time they were allowed to marry and start a home.

-2 Kings- each from two separate families. They checked each authority.

-The Council- composed of all Spartan males 60+ years. They advised the kings.

-The Assembly- composed of all Spartan men 30+ years. They voted to go to war.

-Ephors - Spartan judges.

Political Organization of Sparta:

Athens Athenian Society was NOT based upon conquest More citizens (free males) were allowed to participate in the political process. Power was strength of navy

Athens Social classes of Athens:◦- There were 2 social classes: citizens and non-citizens.

◦- Citizens = adult males; could own land and take part in government. They were divided into social classes by wealth.

◦- Non-citizens = women, slaves, and foreigners.

Athens Athens became the most successful democracy in Greece. Over time every male Athenian citizen was given the right to vote in the assembly, which passed laws and determine government policies.

Athens The “Father of Athenian democracy” was Solon.

•Athens’ 2nd democratic leader was Cleisthenes; in 510 BCE he gave citizenship to all free men living in Athens.

Athens 3rd democratic leader was Pericles; known as the “Father of Athens’ Golden Age”

Reforms of Pericles:

Allowing all citizens (regardless of wealth) the right to hold political office, and serve on a jury.

Athens:DemocraticProgressiveImperialisticIntellectually and culturally advanced

Sparta:AristocraticConservativeAgrarianFearful and jealous of Athens