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AP WORLD HISTORY Power Review Session 2 Classical Civilizations (600 BCE – 600 CE)

AP WORLD HISTORY Power Review Session 2 Classical Civilizations (600 BCE – 600 CE)

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Page 1: AP WORLD HISTORY Power Review Session 2 Classical Civilizations (600 BCE – 600 CE)

AP WORLD HISTORY

Power Review Session 2

Classical Civilizations

(600 BCE – 600 CE)

Page 2: AP WORLD HISTORY Power Review Session 2 Classical Civilizations (600 BCE – 600 CE)

Remember to focus tonight and take the review seriously. Don’t make me show this guy again.

Page 3: AP WORLD HISTORY Power Review Session 2 Classical Civilizations (600 BCE – 600 CE)

EMPIRE COMMONALITIES

– Conrad Demarest Model of Empire– Empires grow due to an expansionist ideology like

Hellenism– Empires often expand too rapidly and cannot

defend selves adequately, leading to collapse– Strong central authority like an emperor (Aztec,

Inca, Greek, Roman, Han, Caliphates, Gupta, etc.)– Trade control / wealth extraction (Mongols)– Social integration of conquered people (Rome)

Page 4: AP WORLD HISTORY Power Review Session 2 Classical Civilizations (600 BCE – 600 CE)

EMPIRES (continued)• Rome granted citizenship to conquered peoples (keep people

loyal as citizens)• Mongols “allowed” conquered people to join ranks of military• Aztecs integrated conquered people into their religious

services…hey what’s that knife for?• Persia (Cyrus the Great) kept local officials in place and

treated conquered people well (toleration model)

Page 5: AP WORLD HISTORY Power Review Session 2 Classical Civilizations (600 BCE – 600 CE)

THE GREEKS• Ca. 800 BCE -to 200 BCE• City-states like Sparta and Athens• Grew to huge empire under leadership of Alexander the Great (Macedonians

conquered the other city-states like Athens)• Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta 431 BCE• Trade and colonization were necessary because of resource scarcity in Greece• Common cultural identity (Hellenism) that unified the city-states and lasted past

the end of the empire• Trade and colonization a necessity due to resource scarcity• Philosophy, arts, architecture, democracy, math and science• Slavery allowed for democracy to develop (landowning class had the free time to

vote)• Rivals with the Persians (many wars fought)• Broke up into 3 empires (Antigonid, Ptolemaic, and Seleucid)

Page 6: AP WORLD HISTORY Power Review Session 2 Classical Civilizations (600 BCE – 600 CE)

IMPERIAL ROME• 500 BCE – 476 CE• Republic then dictatorship (Caesar)• Social stratification (Patricians over Plebeians, slaves at the bottom)• Pax Romana (control of trade through force; time of economic stability)• Art, architecture, aqueducts, domes, road network for troops and trade• Polytheistic with gods based on the Greeks until Christianity in the 4th

century CE and beyond• Codified legal system (Twelve Tables of Rome)• Rome fought with Carthage (N. Africa) and finally became the dominant

power in the Mediterranean region• Constantine’s conversion to Christianity changed Europe forever

Page 7: AP WORLD HISTORY Power Review Session 2 Classical Civilizations (600 BCE – 600 CE)

MAURYAN EMPIRE of INDIA• Mauryan Empire 321 BCE-

185 BCE• Centralized government w/

bureaucracy• Chandragupta Maurya –

founder, Hindu• Strong military (conquest)• Asoka converts to Buddhism

(non-violence)• Asoka’s Rock and Pillar

edicts reminded the people how to live virtuous lives

Page 8: AP WORLD HISTORY Power Review Session 2 Classical Civilizations (600 BCE – 600 CE)

GUPTA INDIA• 320 CE – 550 CE• Chandra Gupta based his empire on Mauryan Empire

and his hero Chandragupta Maurya• Namesake of Chandragupta• Back to Hinduism from Buddhism (women lose status

along with the caste system reinforcement)• Math and science achievements (pi, zero)• Child marriage became more common for girls

Page 9: AP WORLD HISTORY Power Review Session 2 Classical Civilizations (600 BCE – 600 CE)

QIN DYNASTY CHINA221-209 BCE

• Short dynasty• Strong agricultural

economy• Great Wall of

China gets connected

• Legalism was favored philosophy

• Qin Shihuangdi was emperor

Page 10: AP WORLD HISTORY Power Review Session 2 Classical Civilizations (600 BCE – 600 CE)

HAN DYNASTY CHINA200 BCE – 200 CE

• China’s golden age (expansion, unification, Confucianism)• Civil Service Examinations for a strong bureaucracy based on Confucian

concepts• Confucianism becomes the preferred philosophy, although Daoism and

Legalism are still present• Silk Roads bring Chinese products to Europe and help enhance the image

of China in the world as provider of excellent products (silk, porcelain)

Page 11: AP WORLD HISTORY Power Review Session 2 Classical Civilizations (600 BCE – 600 CE)

WHAT GOES UP…• MAYANS COLLAPSE by the 7th century CE probably due to systems

failure (internal collapse due to lack of resources for surging population)

• HAN DYNASTY COLLAPSES by the 3rd century CE due to overextension of the borders causing high taxes and conscription, famines, floods; regional kingdoms developed for 400 years

• GUPTA EMPIRE COLLAPSES by the 6th century CE after invasions by Huns weakened the empire; never a never strong military (theater state)

• ROMAN EMPIRE splits in two (Byzantine will survive much longer than the western empire)

• Greek Empire falls in the 3rd century BCE as Rome rises

MUST COME DOWN.

Page 12: AP WORLD HISTORY Power Review Session 2 Classical Civilizations (600 BCE – 600 CE)

CLASSICAL ERA RELIGIONS/PHILOSOPHIES

• Buddhism• Christianity• Legalism• Daoism• Confucianism

Page 13: AP WORLD HISTORY Power Review Session 2 Classical Civilizations (600 BCE – 600 CE)

BUDDHISM• Began in India/Nepal in

5th century BCE, emerging out of Hinduism

• Siddhartha Gautama founded the philosophy based on Four Noble Truths:– Life is Suffering– Suffering is caused by

desire– One can be freed of desire– The Eightfold Path will

lead to the cessation of desire

Page 14: AP WORLD HISTORY Power Review Session 2 Classical Civilizations (600 BCE – 600 CE)

BUDDHISM continued• Nirvana is the ultimate goal (like Moksha in Hinduism)

and end the cycle of life/death/rebirth to a state of perfect peace and harmony with the universe

• Dislike of the caste system led to Buddhism and led many Hindus to convert in India

• Open social structure (more egalitarian)• Spread to China, Southeast Asia through trade and

missionary efforts

Page 15: AP WORLD HISTORY Power Review Session 2 Classical Civilizations (600 BCE – 600 CE)

CHRISTIANITY

• Based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, circa 30 C.E. in Roman occupied Palestine• Emerging out of Judaism, Jesus emphasized love of God and of neighbor• Jesus was executed by the Roman Empire after offending the Jewish leadership of the

region• New Testament and Old Testament are sacred text (The Bible)• Paul of Tarsus does missionary work and spreads the religion to Asia Minor and to

Europe• Jews and Christians split around the year 90 C.E. and have never quite resumed

fellowship (divisive issue of humanity/divinity of Jesus and monotheism)• Egalitarian nature allowed the poor and women to gain status in the religion and

helped it spread globally• Persecuted originally by the Roman Empire, it gained widespread acceptance after

Constantine’s conversion in early 4th century CE

Page 16: AP WORLD HISTORY Power Review Session 2 Classical Civilizations (600 BCE – 600 CE)

LEGALISM• Founded in China during the Qin Dynasty (3rd century BCE)• Same time as Confucianism and Daoism• Taught that peace and stability would only be achieved

through tight control by the government, based on a distrust of human nature (people are essentially evil)

• Strict laws and harsh punishments used to keep order in society

• Appreciated farmers and soldiers and had little use for other social classes

Page 17: AP WORLD HISTORY Power Review Session 2 Classical Civilizations (600 BCE – 600 CE)

CONFUCIANISM• 5th Century BCE

philosopher Kong Fu Zi espoused the importance of filial piety and social hierarchy– Honor Parents and Family

Name– Father over mother, elder

sibling over younger sibling, ruler over subject, etc.

• Teachings collected in the Analects

• Taught how to restore political and social order amidst the chaos of the time period

Page 18: AP WORLD HISTORY Power Review Session 2 Classical Civilizations (600 BCE – 600 CE)

DAOISM

• Founded by Lao-Tzu in the 6th century BCE• Emphasis on nature and the Dao, an eternal principle governing the

world• Government was pointless, as was education and business• The best action is inaction (wuwei)• Human nature is neither good nor evil• People should balance their male and female sides (yin and yang)

Page 19: AP WORLD HISTORY Power Review Session 2 Classical Civilizations (600 BCE – 600 CE)

Diffusion of Belief Systems in the Classical Era

• Buddhism spread from India to China and Southeast Asia

• Christianity spread from Southwest Asia to Europe

• Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism stayed predominantly in East Asia

Page 20: AP WORLD HISTORY Power Review Session 2 Classical Civilizations (600 BCE – 600 CE)

Trade Networks of the Classical Era• Silk Roads connected China to Southwest Asia,

Europe, and Africa (land based trade)• Maritime Trade in the Mediterranean and the

Indian Ocean• Trade items included:

– Chinese silk– Spices from Southeast Asia and India– Cotton from India– Gold and Ivory from Africa

Page 21: AP WORLD HISTORY Power Review Session 2 Classical Civilizations (600 BCE – 600 CE)

CHANGES AND CONTINUITIES• Religious/Belief Systems change in how the goal of the

religion/philosophy is not to appease gods to avoid destruction but rather to find internal peace, having figured out nature…somewhat (canals, dams, etc.)

• Continuities in building empires with conquest and trade dominance (Greece & Mauryan); and falling empires due to overexpansion/inability to protect borders (Rome & Han)

• Women continued to be subservient to men in most societies and enjoy few rights (Gupta India); but some belief systems enabled women to gain some status (Christianity & Buddhism)

• Beginning of more interdependent societies based on trade (Silk Roads, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean)

Page 22: AP WORLD HISTORY Power Review Session 2 Classical Civilizations (600 BCE – 600 CE)

TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATIONS of the Classical Age

• Stirrups enabled horsemen to be more deadly archers (allowing easier conquest)

• Dikes and canals for irrigation prevented flooding and promoted year round agriculture

• Aqueducts carried water to cities in the Roman Empire• Calendars • Paper, gunpowder, windmills, wheelbarrows in Han

China• Mauryan & Gupta India came up with concept of zero