AP World History Chapter 5

The Classical Period:Directions, Diversities, and Declines by 500 C.E.

Independent developments 600 C.E.

• Sub-Saharan Africa– Upper Nile Region

• Kush– Kush and Upper Nile Region Unified by

1000 B.C.• Axum

– conquers Kush by 300 B.C.E.

• Ethiopia– conquest of Axum– Trade with Mediterranean– some converts to Judaism– Christianity by 300 C.E.

• West Africa– Southern fringe of Sahara civilization– Regional kingdoms– Ghana

Independent developments 600 C.E.

• Japan– Agriculture well-established by 200 C.E.– Regional states, c. 300 C.E.– Writing introduced 400 C.E.

Shintoism (Religion)– Organized by 700 C.E.– State formation by 600 C.E.

• Northern Europe– Germanic, Celtic, Slavic

peoples– loose kingdoms

– oral culture– simple agriculture– Sailing– Animistic

• Central America• Olmec, c. 800–400 B.C.E.

– No writing– Pyramids– Agriculture– Especially corn– Potatoes in Andes– Domestication of animals– Turkeys, dogs– Calendars

• Successor Cultures• Teotihuacan• Maya

– from 400 C.E.

Polynesia

Isolation– Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga by 1000 B.C.E.– Hawaii by 400 C.E.

China Decline

• Han Dynasty– decline ca. 100 C.E.– Daoist revival– Yellow Turbans– Epidemics

• Sui Dynasty• Tang– from 618 C.E.– Continuity

India Decline• Invasions from 600 C.E.– Gupta empire destroyed

• Fragmentation– Rajput

• Buddhism declines• Hinduism– worship of Devi popular

• Islam– from 7th century– control of Indian Ocean

Decline and Fall in Rome• Leadership• weak emperors

Plagues

Change from republican values• hedonism

Diocletian (284–305 C.E.)• emperor worship

Constantine (312–337 C.E.)• Constantinople

Two EmpiresEastern

• Population– Greek

• Constantinople• Continuity, vigor• Byzantine Empire• Justinian (527–565 C.E.)• Justinian Code

Western• Population

– Latin, Germanic

• Rome• decline, vulnerable

Western Europe

Contributing to Fall of Rome

• Middle East– Parthian Empire

• Sassanids– from 227 C.E.– Zoroastrianism– D. North Africa

• Augustine– bishop of Hippo– Coptic church

The New Religious Map• Common Features

– Piety– spiritual focus– Afterlife– emerge in period of political instability

• Hinduism, Buddhism, and Daoism• Buddhism

– changes as it spreads– Bodhisattvas– nirvana

• Mahayana– China, Korea, Japan– minority religion

Christianity• Institutional church

– Roman influence– Papacy– bishops

• Jesus of Nazareth– Salvation– Spread– Paul

• Doctrine– trinity

• Monasticism– Benedict of Nursia Rule

• Women– spiritual equals of men

• Islam– Later, 7th century

• D. The Spread of Major Religions– Animism declines

• E. The World Around 500 C.E.