AP USH C. 3

ENGLAND DISCOVERS THE VALUE OF ITS COLONIES: EMPIRE, LIBERTY, AND EXPANSION

COLONIAL GOVERNMENT• Because of the distance between England and the American colonies, England

adopted the policy of salutary neglect.• As a result the colonies were left to govern themselves.• Colonies created governments based on English tradition.

– Limited Government (Magna Carta, Petition of Right and English Bill of Rights)--John Locke—natural rights and social contract theory.

– Parliament• Every colony had a governor.

– In self-governing colonies they were elected.– In all other colonies they appointed by the King.

• Every colony by 1740 had a colonial legislature. Most all were bicameral. (Pa. was the exception).

– Assembly—elected by the landowners. Made colonial laws, appropriated money, passed local tax laws and paid the governor’s salary.

– Council– members were chosen by the governor or King, gave advice to governor.

• COLONIAL WOMEN• By law and custom women were considered 2nd class citizens.• They were technically under the control of their husband or father.• In America they did have more opportunities than women in England.• Under some circumstances they could operate businesses and own property.

THE ENLIGHTENMENT• European scientific revolution beginning in the mid-1600s, that

finally reached the colonies in the early 1700s.• Copernicus—sun centered system. (overthrew the earth

centered belief)• Newton—theory of gravity—established a mechanistic view of

the universe. Universe governed by natural law• —Analogy—all human relations: politics, economics and

society could be explained by natural law. (grasped by human reason and explained by mathematics).

• Economics –Law of supply and demand—Adam Smith• Politics—natural rights– John Locke, Jean Rousseau, Thomas

Hobbes• Society—all environmental, born with a “blank slate” , gain

knowledge through experience. To improve both society and human nature was by the application of reason.—John Locke

• Reason—highest virtue

ENLIGHTENMENT IN AMERICA• Because the America people were not as tied to tradition as

Europe. The Enlightenment had a welcome audience in the colonies. Much of American life was already based on experimentation, observation and the trying of new ideas.

• Enlightenment figures:• John Tillotson —morality over “dogma”—heavily influenced Harvard.• Peter Zenger —”New York Weekly” Freedom of Press, (rise of a free

press)• Ben Franklin– the American epitome of the Enlightenment

– Printer—age 24 “The Pennsylvania Gazette” (Saturday Evening Post)

– “Poor Richard’s Almanac”– American Colonization Society– Public library, fire department, Fire Insurance Co., – University of Pennsylvania, American Philosophical Society,

Advancements in eye care (bifocal lenses), meteorology (weather station), physics (speculations on electricity).

– Invented the Franklin Stove, the lightning rod, glass harmonica.– Albany Plan of Union, Declaration of Independence, Treaty of

Alliance, Treaty of Paris 1783, and the Constitution.

ENLIGHTENMENT CONTINUED

• Benjamin Rush—scientific medicine• David Rittenhouse—Orrery • John Bartram-- scientific method

• GREAT AWAKENING• While many were caught in expanding their knowledge of

science, many others were caught in a burst of religious enthusiasm known as the Great Awakening.

• 1720s-1760s• Declining church attendance.• Decay of family authority• Dishonest business practices.• Increase in swearing, lying, cussing and staying out

late.• Congregationalist minister—Jonathan Edwards “Sinners in the

Hands of an Angry God”—members needed the fear of God put back into them.

• “Revival meetings” were held, and charismatic preachers from England came to America to lead this “Awakening”.

•

17th and 18th Centuries overview• 1600—England was very weak with no colonies.• 1700—England was a global giant with 20 colonies in North

America, the West Indies and Asia with important overseas trade routes.

• 1600 and 1700s were marked with Civil Wars, political upheaval and religious change. Resulting in a Constitutional Monarchy.

• Representative government was taken for granted in both England and her colonies. It was assumed colonies would have elected assemblies that could tax, control colonial spending and make local laws.

• Parliament had full control over the colonies, but, in practice, rarely regulated anything except trade.

• 1600 and 1700s saw Spain continue a policy of missionary work and exploitation of the Indians.

• And the French were engaged in the fur trade in the Great Lakes and Gulf region and sugar production in their West Indies possessions.

THE COLONIAL DIFFERENCES 1700

• Most pronounced differences were in life expectancy, gender ratio, and family structure.

• 1 .LIFE EXPECTANCY AND POLITICAL CONTROL

About 40—2/10 kids adulthood about 45-- >3/10 60s—8/10

• Young men ruled Young Men Grandfathers ruled

• 2. LABOR, RELIGION, AND EDUCATION• Large slave populations S—Large black minority. Small black population• Maj. 1670 Pa.,Md,--N. Eur/Eng min. Mostly English• ***Regions that relied heavily on cash crops had large black populations• Religiously indifferent Nominal Anglicans Strict Puritanism• Quaker and Catholics Baptists• Few ministers Some preachers Public support clergy• Tutors Little education Public education

CARIBBEAN, ANDSOUTHERN COLONIES

CHESAPEAKE,MIDDLE ATLANTICCOLONIES

NEWENGLANDCOLONIES

DIFFERENCES CONTINUED

• SOUTHERN/CARIBBEAN CHESAPEAKE NEW ENGLAND• 3. LOCAL AND PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS

• Parish courts County Courts and Parish Town meetings• Royal governors Proprietary leaders Elected leaders

• 4. UNIFYING TRENDS: LANGUAGE, WAR, • LAW AND INHERITANCE

• 1. Predominantly “London” English spoken but with large enclaves of German. (Especially Middle Atlantic)

• 2. War fought with volunteer soldiers (militias) instead of conscripts.• 3. Colonial law based on simple English “Common Law”.• 4. Some inheritance laws allowed women to own some types of property.• 5. And primogeniture was not strictly enforced in many colonies.

• THE BEGINNINGS OF EMPIRE• 1640s—Due to the English Civil Wars there was no effective control of the

American colonies.• DURING THIS PERIOD:• Indians resisted settlers, settlers short on muskets and ammunition.• Successful Indian raids in New Netherlands, Md. Va. And NC, SC

• New England escaped Indian attack because of:– Creation of New England Confederacy— defense alliance between NE colonies 1650-

1683.ENGLAND “DISCOVERS” THE COLONIES

• From 1651 on, Mercantilism was adopted by England.– 1. From 1659 England’s power was based on the strength of their economy.– 2. The Crown must completely control commerce.

• Control trade– English favored regulated trade and economic policies.

• Create colonies– 3. Create economic monopolies– 4. General belief held that trade is virtuous: makes countries interdependent, reduces

the risk of war and creates unending progress• Navigation Acts: (aimed at Dutch competition)

– 1651—Imported goods had to be shipped on English-owned ships– Prohibited foreign (colonial) vessels from going to one British port to another.– Angered NE merchants involved in West Indies trade. Eventually England ignored the

trade rules.• Restoration period—England extended Navigation Acts.

• Navigation Acts 1660.– All colonial trade carried on English owned ships.– Boat captain and 75% of crew English.– All enumerated items had to be shipped to England first before being shipped to other

destinations.– Colonists could ship non-enumerated goods anywhere.– Plantation Duty Act 1673—colonial shippers post bond guaranteeing that they were

obeying enumerated goods law.

• Wheat, fish, corn not enumerated—could be sold anywhere as long as the other laws were followed.

• All cash crops were enumerated: indigo, sugar cane, rice, naval stores, tobacco, cotton, etc.—had to be sold to English merchants.

• English manufacturers could only purchase enumerated goods from English colonies.

• Manufacturing was illegal in the colonies—iron forges, textile mills, clothiers, rum, etc.

• England produced the finished product—colonies supplied the raw materials—all benefitted and no gold was leaving the Br. Empire.

COLONIAL EFFECTS ON THE INDIANS• 1660s--Coastal tribes had been devastated by disease.• Indian Wars were fought to gain captives to replace lost tribe members

– Iroquois—”mourning wars”

• Indian culture changed by • Knives, guns, liquor.

– Frontier settlements depended on the Indian trade.

• Puritan Mission Indians 1640s.• Attempt to bring protestant beliefs into the tribal structure. “praying

Indians”.—Thomas Mayhews Jr. / Sr., and John Eliot– 1675, 2,300 Indians had converted or in the process of conversion to

Christianity.

• King Philip’s War (Metacom)– (Wampanoag) Indian sachem. Resisted Christianity.– 1675 war broke out in Plymouth settlement.– Settlers attack Narragansetts “Great Swamp Fight” Dec. 1675– Conflict very bloody with hostilities on both sides.– Settlers demanded death to all Indians. 1676 colonial alliance with

Mohawks destroyed Metacom’s alliance. 100s killed or sold into slavery.

LIFE IN COLONIAL AMERICA 1680-1720• Northeast– • Most people lived in towns or villages near the coast

line. • Most were farmers but since arable land was scarce

many became “day laborers”. Regardless their lives were connected to shippers.

• The merchant class ruled and displayed their wealth.• NY, Philadelphia and Boston had “Alms Houses” for

the poor.• There was upward mobility “Yankee Ingenuity”• South—• Most people lived on isolated farms and used the

broad slow-moving rivers as transportation. Strangers were welcome--”Southern Hospitality.”

• Women and children worked with the men on the farm, but a woman was also the doctor, the mender of

clothes, cooked, took care of the children. Normally married by 13, she would have 10 children (2-3 would survive to adulthood), died in her 30s.

• SOUTH—(DEEP SOUTH AND CHESAPEAKE)• Southern hierarchy: • Great Planter “FFV”• free landowning farmer (yeoman)• Landless whites• Indentured servants• Indians• Slaves

• AFRICAN SLAVERY “Peculiar Institution”• Virginia 1619 • Why?

– 1. Indians—disease, run away, start Indian Wars, not good workers.

» 2. Indentures—became your competition, limited time period.

» 3. African slaves- knew farming, had immunity to European diseases, no where to run, lifetime.

» 4. By 1750 all colonies practiced slavery.

SLAVE LIFE

• SLAVE PSYCHOLOGY• Capture• “Middle Passage”• Slave auction• Plantation life• Field hand• House slave• Skilled slave• Slave Revolts• NY City 1712• Stono Rebellion 1739• Slave Codes

•

DOCTORS, LAWYERS AND CLERGYMEN• Doctors—• poorly trained, low esteem• 1st Medical school 1765• Popular remedy—”leeching”• If no doctor close—called a barber.• Medical breakthrough:• 1721—Cotton Mather Small pox vaccine• Epidemics: Diphtheria 1730s

• Lawyers—• “noisy windbags, trouble-makers, rogues, • drunkards and brothel-keepers”• 1750 1st Law School opened• 1760s respected: James Otis, John Adams,• Patrick Henry.

• CLERGY—• Despite the fact most colonists did not attend church, the Clergy was the most

respected profession.• By 1720 there were two state supported religions in the colonies: • Anglican—(Ga., SC, NC, Va., Md., NJ, NY)• Congregationalist (Ma., NH, Ct.) • Leading clergymen of the period: Jonathan Edwards, George

Whitefield, John Wesley.

EAST-WEST DISPUTES--1670s• Many of the colonies had a problem between coastal settlements and frontier

settlements.—”East-West” Disputes– There was economic jealousy, political jealousy and charges of favoritism.

• • “ BACON’S REBELLION 1676” • 1675—Doegs v. Va. and Md. militia over broken promises.• 1676– Va. Militia under John Washington attacked • Susquehannock fort killing dozens. • Indians responded by killing 30 Va. frontier settlers.

• Gov. Berkeley, against the wishes of the Va. Backcountry, ordered the building of a string of forts as defense against the Indians. The frontier people wanted to attack.

• Gov. Berkeley suspended the fur trade except for a few privileged traders.

• Gov. Berkeley ordered a tax increase on frontier land to pay for the forts.

• 1676--Nathaniel Bacon—cousin of the Governor, plantation owner, fur trader and trouble-maker. He had been denied a fur-trapping permit by the Governor.

– One of Bacon’s workers had been killed in the Indian raids. – Bacon formed an army and massacred a local tribe in retaliation.

• Gov. Berkeley declared Bacon an outlaw and was told to disband his army..

• Regardless, the frontier voters chose Bacon to represent them in the House of Burgesses.

Upon arrival in Jamestown, Berkeley had Bacon arrested, and forced him to apologize to the Governor for what he had done.

Bacon then slipped away, reformed his army and marched on Jamestown.

Berkeley retreated in fear to the coast. Bacon took control of the government. After a couple of failed attempts by Berkeley to regain control, Bacon burned Jamestown and proclaimed he was going to create the Republic of the Chesapeake. In Oct. 1676 Bacon died of dysentery.

This was the largest rebellion in colonial history until 1775.

Change in English politics, Dominion of New England and the Glorious Revolution

• 1670s –Popish Plot led to the formation of political parties in England. (assassination of King Charles II)—Titus Oakes

– Whigs—favored the “common” man, representative government, and religious toleration for protestants and a decentralized army. They were viewed as anti-king.

– Tories—favored a powerful monarchy, legitimate succession to the throne, no religious toleration and a strong standing army.

• King Charles died in 1684 and the Duke of York, James II became King. He was hated by the Whigs.

• In the colonies, he put Edmond Andros in charge of the Dominion of New England. Andros was to govern it like the NY colony had been governed.

• In England, James granted religious tolerance to Catholics.• 1688 James had a son that was being raised Catholic.• Whigs invited William of Orange to England (Nov. 1688) to overthrow James. • James fled to France—Glorious Revolution.• William and Mary –Bill of Rights (1689)

– Only Parliament pass taxes, freedom of speech, press – no standing army in peacetime, right to bear arms, no Catholic kings – No cruel or unusual punishment, no excessive bail or fines.

– Revoked Lord Baltimore’s Charter, Md. Became a Royal Colony.

FRENCH AND ENGLISH RIVALRIES 1680-1748

• CAUSES OF RIVALRY

• 1689-1697 King William’s War (War of the League of Augsburg)• French coureur de bois, Indian Allies v. NY and Mass.

militia—Schenectady, NY and Deerfield, Mass.• In the South—Spain raided coastal settlements in Ga., SC.• Br. Troops captured Port Royal, Acadia• Treaty of Ryswick “status quo”

• 1702-1713 Queen Anne’s War (War of Spanish Succession) France and Spain v. England and Prussia

• England captured Acadia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay region and St. Augustine.

• Treaty of Utrecht• French Acadians moved by force to bayous of Louisiana

—”Cajuns”– EVANGELINE by William Wadsworth Longfellow

RIVALRIES CONTINUED• 1739-1748 King George’s War (War of Jenkins’ Ear, War of Austrian

Succession)• France, Prussia and Spain v. England, Austria• Colonists invaded New France, captured Ft. Louisborg and

Cape Breton Island.• Colonists captured Florida and Cuba

But France and her allies won in Europe.• Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle

• HALF-WAY COVENANT AND• THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS• “Jeremiads”• Half-Way Covenant• Salem Hysteria• 1692 “Witch Hunt”• Causes• 1693 Ended

• This Awakening created a rivalry within churches.• Traditional churches became more lenient, “do

everything to get people back to church” movement, even if it means “watering” down religion (Old Lights)

• The new “hellfire and damnation” theatrical preaching of the (New Lights)”.

• New Light revivals led by George Whitefield. Encouraged a “come-one, come-all” spirit.

• Religious toleration increased, sectional differences decreased.

• New protestant denominations appeared and challenged the older more established sects.

• Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians.• The rural regions of the South and Middle Atlantic

became the most inspired by the Great Awakening.

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR• Statistical Comparison between English and French colonies 1750:• Population:• Troop strength:• Indian Allies:

• The start of the war:• Governor of New France—Marquis Duquesne de Menneville, • forts from Lake Erie to the Ohio River and beyond.—1751• 1753 Lt. Gov. Va. Lord Fairfax—George Washington to survey part

of the “Ohio Territory” for land speculation. • French building Ft. Duquesne (Pittsburgh).• ALBANY CONGRESS—1754

– Purpose:– Result:

• July 1754—George Washington > inform the French they were trespassing on Va. Soil. When he arrived the fort was almost complete. Quickly Washington built Ft. Necessity and attacked Ft. Duquesne.

• He lost—this started the French and Indian War

• The war: 7 Years’ War—Eng., Prussia v. Fr, Sp.• Russia, Holland and Austria• 1755-1758 the French were winning.• “Guerilla Warfare”• 1755--Force of 1400, William Braddock, and colonial militia to capture

Ft. Duquesne.• 900 were killed or captured.• The war turned England’s way when William Pitt was chosen as Prime

Minister of Parliament.• Blockade of European coastline.• Launch a pre-emptive strike against Spain.• Attack New France• 1759 Battle of Quebec• Gen James Wolfe v. Gen. Louis Montcalm• “Plains of Abraham”• 1759 Battle of Montreal• 1761 Havana, Cuba and Manila, Philippines• 1763 Treaty of Paris

RESULTS OF FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR• TREATY OF PARIS 1763• 1. Internal problems in Parliament

– William Pitt’s resignation

– De Facto PM Lord Bute

– Election of George Grenville

– 1st Wilkes Affair

• 2. Anti-American resentment in England• 3. War Debt• 4. Pontiac’s Rebellion• 5. Proclamation of 1763• 6. Sugar Act