1 THE COMPREHENSIVE APUSH STUDY GUIDE AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

THE COMPREHENSIVE APUSH STUDY GUIDE

INTRODUCTION A few notes first. This is a work in progress, and probably will get updated a few times. Dearest

apologies for any errors. PM me with corrections or ideas if you like. So with that said, go ahead and

dominate that AP or SAT II test. May the odds be ever in your favor!

-Cao

TABLE OF CONTENTS A NEW WORLD 10,000 B.C.-1607 .................................................................................................................................................... 7

Pre-Columbian Americans .............................................................................................................................................................. 7

Exploration of the Spanish .............................................................................................................................................................. 7

New Spain .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 7

THE EARLY CHESAPEAKE 1607-1754 ........................................................................................................................................... 7

Incentive for the English .................................................................................................................................................................. 7

Chesapeake Colonies ......................................................................................................................................................................... 7

Colonial Crops ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

Indentured Servitude ........................................................................................................................................................................ 8

Slavery ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8

Stono Rebellion.................................................................................................................................................................................... 8

THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES 1620-1754 ............................................................................................................................... 8

Puritan Society ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 8

Plymouth ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8

Rhode Island ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 8

Connecticut ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 8

Early Indian Relations ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9

THE RESTORATION COLONIES 1664-1754 ................................................................................................................................. 9

The Carolinas ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 9

New Netherland .................................................................................................................................................................................. 9

The Quaker Colonies ......................................................................................................................................................................... 9

SOCIETY OF PROVINCIAL AMERICA 1730-1776 ....................................................................................................................... 9

2 Introduction AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

Development of Empire ................................................................................................................................................................... 9

Decline of Piety .................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

The Great Awakening ...................................................................................................................................................................... 10

Other Aspects ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 10

EMPIRE UNDER STRAIN 1754-1776 ............................................................................................................................................ 10

The French and Indian War .......................................................................................................................................................... 10

The Proclamation of 1763............................................................................................................................................................. 10

Grenville Ministry ............................................................................................................................................................................. 10

The Stamp Act Crisis ........................................................................................................................................................................ 11

The Townsend Program ................................................................................................................................................................ 11

The Boston Massacre ...................................................................................................................................................................... 11

The Boston Tea Party ...................................................................................................................................................................... 11

Republican Ideals ............................................................................................................................................................................. 11

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 1776-1783 ................................................................................................................................ 11

Declaration of Independence ....................................................................................................................................................... 11

The French Alliance ......................................................................................................................................................................... 12

Conclusion of the War ..................................................................................................................................................................... 12

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 1777-1787 ............................................................................................................................. 12

The Young Nation ............................................................................................................................................................................. 12

Failures of the Confederacy .......................................................................................................................................................... 12

THE NEW REPUBLIC 1787-1788 .................................................................................................................................................... 12

The Constitution................................................................................................................................................................................ 13

Stuff that was not included in the Constitution.................................................................................................................... 13

Federalist Debate .............................................................................................................................................................................. 13

The Bill of Rights ............................................................................................................................................................................... 13

THE FEDERALIST ERA 1789-1800 ................................................................................................................................................ 13

Alexander Hamilton ......................................................................................................................................................................... 13

George Washington.......................................................................................................................................................................... 13

The Whiskey Rebellion ................................................................................................................................................................... 14

Coming to the Party ......................................................................................................................................................................... 14

John Adams is Kray .......................................................................................................................................................................... 14

THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA 1800-1915 ........................................................................................................................................... 14

The Revolution of 1800 .................................................................................................................................................................. 14

3 Introduction AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

Louisiana Purchase .......................................................................................................................................................................... 14

Judicial Review .................................................................................................................................................................................. 15

The War of 1812 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 15

THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS 1816-1824 .................................................................................................................................. 15

James Monroe ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 15

The Marshall Court .......................................................................................................................................................................... 15

Monroe Domestic Policy ................................................................................................................................................................ 15

Monroe Foreign Policy ................................................................................................................................................................... 16

JACKSONIAN AMERICA 1824-1840 ............................................................................................................................................... 16

The Corrupt Bargain ........................................................................................................................................................................ 16

The Nullification Crisis ................................................................................................................................................................... 16

Indian Removal .................................................................................................................................................................................. 16

The Bank War ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 16

The Rise of the Whigs...................................................................................................................................................................... 16

THE ECONOMIC REVOLUTION 1815-1860 ................................................................................................................................ 17

Transportation Developments .................................................................................................................................................... 17

The Erie Canal .................................................................................................................................................................................... 17

Impact .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17

THE OLD SOUTH 1815-1860 ............................................................................................................................................................ 17

The Cotton Kingdom ....................................................................................................................................................................... 17

White Society ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 17

Black Society ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 17

The Ideals of Slavery ....................................................................................................................................................................... 18

THE CRUSADE AGAINST SLAVERY 1815-1860 ........................................................................................................................ 18

Slave Revolts ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 18

Re-Colonization ................................................................................................................................................................................. 18

Abolitionism ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 18

Abolitionism Divided ...................................................................................................................................................................... 18

Fight for Freedom ............................................................................................................................................................................. 18

WOMEN OF ANTEBELLUM AMERICA 1789-1848 .................................................................................................................. 19

Republican Motherhood ................................................................................................................................................................ 19

Cult of Domesticity ........................................................................................................................................................................... 19

The Lowell Experiment .................................................................................................................................................................. 19

4 Introduction AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

Rise of Feminism ............................................................................................................................................................................... 19

ANTEBELLUM CULTURE AND REFORM 1815-1860 .............................................................................................................. 19

The Second Great Awakening ...................................................................................................................................................... 19

Utopia .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19

Reform Movements.......................................................................................................................................................................... 19

Transcendentalism .......................................................................................................................................................................... 20

Romanticism ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 20

THE FIRST WAVE OF IMMIGRATION 1815-1860 ................................................................................................................... 20

Antebellum Immigration ............................................................................................................................................................... 20

Irish Immigration ............................................................................................................................................................................. 20

German Immigration ....................................................................................................................................................................... 20

Nativism................................................................................................................................................................................................ 20

WESTWARD EXPANSION 1836-1848 ........................................................................................................................................... 21

The Lone Star Republic .................................................................................................................................................................. 21

Manifest Destiny ............................................................................................................................................................................... 21

The Mexican War .............................................................................................................................................................................. 21

THE IMPENDING CRISIS 1846- 1860 ............................................................................................................................................ 21

The Sectional Debate ....................................................................................................................................................................... 21

The Kansas-Nebraska Controversy ........................................................................................................................................... 21

The Rise of the Republican Party ............................................................................................................................................... 22

The Dred Scott Case ......................................................................................................................................................................... 22

The Union in Peril ............................................................................................................................................................................. 22

THE CIVIL WAR 1861-1865 .............................................................................................................................................................. 22

Secession .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 22

The Balance of Power ..................................................................................................................................................................... 23

The Campaign..................................................................................................................................................................................... 23

Legislation in the War ..................................................................................................................................................................... 23

African Americans in the War ..................................................................................................................................................... 23

RECONSTRUCTION 1865-1877 ....................................................................................................................................................... 23

Executive Reconstruction ............................................................................................................................................................. 23

Radical Reconstruction .................................................................................................................................................................. 24

Impeachment...................................................................................................................................................................................... 24

The 15th Amendment ...................................................................................................................................................................... 24

5 Introduction AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

A Stubborn South .............................................................................................................................................................................. 24

The Collapse of Reconstruction .................................................................................................................................................. 24

THE NEW SOUTH 1877-1900 .......................................................................................................................................................... 25

The Redeemers .................................................................................................................................................................................. 25

Economic Change .............................................................................................................................................................................. 25

Plessy v. Ferguson ............................................................................................................................................................................ 25

Jim Crow Laws ................................................................................................................................................................................... 25

The Atlanta Compromise ............................................................................................................................................................... 25

CONQUEST OF THE FAR WEST 1865-1900 ............................................................................................................................... 26

Frontier Economy ............................................................................................................................................................................. 26

Western Society................................................................................................................................................................................. 26

Dispersal of the Tribes.................................................................................................................................................................... 26

Romance of the West....................................................................................................................................................................... 26

INDUSTRIAL SUPREMACY 1865- 1900 ........................................................................................................................................ 26

Sources of the Industrial Era........................................................................................................................................................ 26

Corporation and Consolidation................................................................................................................................................... 27

Capitalism and its Critics ............................................................................................................................................................... 27

Unions.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27

Strikes .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27

THE AGE OF CITY 1865-1900 .......................................................................................................................................................... 28

THE AGRARIAN REVOLT 1880- 1896 ........................................................................................................................................... 28

THE IMPERIAL EMPIRE 1890-1908 .............................................................................................................................................. 28

Stirrings of imperialism ................................................................................................................................................................. 28

The Spanish-American War ......................................................................................................................................................... 28

Spanish Possessions ........................................................................................................................................................................ 28

Republican Empire ........................................................................................................................................................................... 28

THE PROGRESSIVE ERA 1900-1917 ............................................................................................................................................. 29

Progressivism ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 29

Urban Reform ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 29

Political Reform ................................................................................................................................................................................. 29

Women and Reform ......................................................................................................................................................................... 29

African Americans and Reform ................................................................................................................................................... 29

The Square Deal and National Reform ..................................................................................................................................... 30

6 Introduction AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

AMERICA AND THE GREAT WAR 1909-1919 ........................................................................................................................... 30

THE NEW ERA 1919-1929 ................................................................................................................................................................ 30

THE GREAT DEPRESSION 1929-1939 .......................................................................................................................................... 30

PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES 1789-1893 ................................................................................................................ 30

New Republic ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 30

Antebellum .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 30

Disunion ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 31

Gilded Age ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 31

PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITIED STATES 1889-2013 .............................................................................................................. 31

Rise in Power ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 31

War and Tensions ............................................................................................................................................................................. 31

Superpower ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 32

7 A NEW WORLD 10,000 B.C.-1607 AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

A NEW WORLD 10,000 B.C.-1607

PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICANS Iroquois Confederacy- political alliance ending much tribal warfare, rivaled Algonquin tribes and

Muskogean tribes in the Northeast, used gender-based labor

Woodland Indians- domesticated crops, Anasazis- established pueblo villages

Incas- large infrastructure, Mayas- written language and calendar, Aztecs- “savages”

EXPLORATION OF THE SPANISH Christopher Columbus- ethnocentric Spanish explorer, introduced theme of God, glory, and gold

Hernan Cortes- conquered Aztecs, Francisco Pizarro- conquered Incas

Prince Henry the Navigator- led Portuguese expeditions, Amerigo Vespucci- namesake of America

NEW SPAIN Columbian Exchange- horses, guns, corn, potatoes, and disease circulated trade

encomienda system- Native Americans were slaved under Spanish rulers

3 G’s- missionary services even encouraged intermarriage, also mined a lot of silver and gold

Pueblo Revolt- led by Indian leader Pope, kicked Spanish out of New Mexico over religion

St. Augustine- first permanent European settlement (by Spanish) in territory of US

THE EARLY CHESAPEAKE 1607-1754

INCENTIVE FOR THE ENGLISH mercantilism- extraction of finite wealth to increase national prestige, England looked for new trade

Sir Thomas More- wrote Utopia describing mythical society of New World

Protestant Reformation- Martin Luther says salvation through faith, Calvinists creed mentality

English Reformation- King Henry VIII’s dispute formed Church of England, Elizabeth I continues this

CHESAPEAKE COLONIES joint-stock companies- private expeditions funded by investors

Virginia- started for purpose of making money, Raleigh’s Roanoke attempt was in this location

Jamestown- first permanent English settlement (in Virginia), lots of disease, “starving time”

Maryland- Lord Baltimore’s refuge for Catholics, Act of Religious Toleration for protection

COLONIAL CROPS John Rolfe- introduces the tobacco crop, huge profitability for Chesapeake colonies

cultivation- mass production necessitated new labor force and new lands

8 THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES 1620-1754 AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

rice and indigo- both crucial in warmer South Carolina, less labor intensive

INDENTURED SERVITUDE servants- immigrants who seized opportunity to make a living, stung by debt and bad conditions

headright system- 50 acres for each person who comes to colony (mainly Virginia)

Bacon’s Rebellion- Nathaniel Bacon with yeomen backcountry don’t like how tidewater leaders restrict

western expansion, don’t like Indian policy, significance was the instability in the west regions, and the

need to replace white servants with dutiful slaves

SLAVERY Caribbean- sugar cane was best crop, required African slaves

cash crops- required slaves, indentured servants stopped coming to New World, or were rebellious

Royal African Company- monopoly on slave trade is broken, floods into New World

classes- wealthy white aristocrats , poor whites still felt superior to blacks, slave codes arise

STONO REBELLION Cato’s Conspiracy- slaves killed 25 whites, hoped to reach Florida

Negro Act- SC passed strict laws against rights of slaves after this conflict

THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES 1620-1754

PURITAN SOCIETY John Winthrop- Massachusetts Bay Colony leader who believed colony would be a special, super

awesome, “city upon a hill” that would be a model for other Christians

God- belief of predestination, the elect and the saints, self-governed church, work ethic

structure- family based and community based, close church and state, patriarchy of labor

Harvard College- founded to train Puritan ministers

PLYMOUTH Separatists- Puritans who wanted to break from Church of England

Mayflower Compact- document for the rule of colony by the people’s will and people’s consent

William Bradford- first governor of Plymouth

RHODE ISLAND Roger Williams- challenged religious authority, wanted freedom of religion, founded Providence

Anne Hutchinson- claimed to have special relationship with God, challenged traditional role of women in

strict Puritan society, founded Portsmouth which combined into Rhode Island

CONNECTICUT Thomas Hooker- wants to escape orthodoxy of Massachusetts, founds Hartford

9 THE RESTORATION COLONIES 1664-1754 AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut- formed representative government, growth of political democracy

Fundamental Articles of New Haven- formed same thing, except was for a heavily religious colony

EARLY INDIAN RELATIONS Pequot War- first major colonial conflict with Indians, whites won

King Phillip’s War-Chief Metacom led massive Indian attacks, but they ultimately lost

THE RESTORATION COLONIES 1664-1754

THE CAROLINAS King Charles II- his return was the Stuart Restoration, and he gave the Carolina territories to noblemen

incentives- hierarchical society, headright system, religious freedom, but ultimately, the colonies grew

very slowly, and were taken over by the crown later

Barbados- Caribbean island with close ties to South Carolina, introduced plantation and slavery

NEW NETHERLAND Dutch West Indian Company- creates New Netherland colony, patroons- Dutch landlords

Peter Stuyvesant- last Dutch governor there who surrendered to British, renamed New York

New Amsterdam- renamed New York, one of the best ports, the British wanted it

New Jersey- became a separate colony, with much cultural diversity like New York

THE QUAKER COLONIES William Penn- Pennsylvania was his “Holy Experiment” colony, launched a campaign to encourage

settlers to come to Pennsylvania for fertile land, religious freedom, and representative assembly

Quakers- believed in individual religious light, pacifism, tolerance and equality, honored Native

American land claims, and renounced formal church

SOCIETY OF PROVINCIAL AMERICA 1730-1776

DEVELOPMENT OF EMPIRE Navigation Acts- first one restricted colonial trade to only English ships, second one said that all goods

from Europe would have to pass through England first, third one imposed duties on colonial trade and

appointed officials to enforce it, all were based in mercantilism and all provoked Brit-Am conflicts later

Dominion of New England- James II creates this giant administrative body under Edmund Andros to

enforce Navigation Acts and control colonial politics

Triangle Trade- rum, slaves, sugar, and other goods were traded, economy prospered everywhere

DECLINE OF PIETY Salem Witch Trials- trial and execution of accused witches, represents the heavily religious character

Enlightenment- draws from Deism, human reason is adequate to solve problems, science!

10 EMPIRE UNDER STRAIN 1754-1776 AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

John Locke- social contract in which government serves people, overthrow them if they do not serve the

people, natural law theory influences Founding Fathers

Halfway Covenant- children of unconverted people were allowed to be baptized, religious decline

THE GREAT AWAKENING Old Light- Puritan ministers who believed in elaborate theological and intellectual doctrines

New Light- Puritan ministers who stressed individual new birth, emotional search for salvation

Jonathan Edwards- wrote “Sinners… Angry God” loves divine justice and personal repentance

George Whitefield- influential speaker, it’s time to talk to God and gain forgiveness through self

significance- creates new divides and denominations in Christianity, weakens traditional church power,

promoted religious pluralism (Native Americans, African slaves, women, “New Light colleges like

Princeton)

OTHER ASPECTS Zenger Trial- legal precedent for freedom of the press, shows continued difference between Brit-Am

women- no legal rights, loss of property in marriage, no politics, but were majority in church now

Anne Bradstreet- first published American poet (first woman too)

Phillis Wheatley- first published African American woman (was a poet)

Benjamin Franklin- founded UPenn, wrote Poor Richard’s Almanack, was a reputed boss at everything

EMPIRE UNDER STRAIN 1754-1776

THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR Albany Plan of Union- Franklin calls for colonial defense against French and NA threats, proposed Grand

Council to oversee affairs, promoted by “Join or Die” snake cartoon

New France- strict control of these colonies by government, rivalry between Britain and France

Fort Necessity- Ohio River Valley and George Washington, Seven Year’s War- larger conflict in Europe

William Pitt- British PM who led Britain, with weak colonial help, to defeat French (in Canada mainly)

Peace of Paris of 1763- Britain takes Canada, Florida, and everything east of Mississippi River, Spain

takes Louisiana Territory

significance- Iroquois Nation had decreased power, Britain became largest (naval) power, Britain had a

large debt though and for the first time, looked to the colonies strictly, also awakened colonial sense of

united identity

THE PROCLAMATION OF 1763 Appalachian Mountains- settlement west of these were forbidden to prevent Native American conflict,

but speculators and settlers wanted more land after the war, and ignored the British policy

GRENVILLE MINISTRY Sugar Act- goal to eliminate illegal sugar trade and recoup England’s war debt

11 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 1776-1783 AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

Currency Act- paper money is declared illegal, Stamp Act- tax on many printed items

THE STAMP ACT CRISIS George Grenville- Treasury guy who thinks colonists should help support Britain war efforts and debts

Stamp Act of 1765- requires stamps on documents, newspapers, cards, etc.

Sons and Daughters of Liberty- organizations fight the act and persuade stamp agents to resign

Virginia Resolves- Patrick Henry and colonial aristocrats want to challenge authority

Stamp Act Congress- rejects Congress right to tax and boycotts British goods and wins

Declaratory Act- “Parliament can make laws to bind colonies in all cases whatsoever” total power hah!

THE TOWNSEND PROGRAM Quartering Act- aka Mutiny Act (had other restrictions), colonist must help shelter/supply British army

Townshend Duties- was an “external tax” on imports, he thought colonists would agree, he was wrong

nonimportation agreement- in Boston, organized to boycott British merchants (again)

THE BOSTON MASSACRE happenings- British soldiers were protecting customs commissioners, hecklers confrontation, 5 dead

Samuel Adams- Committee of Correspondence dissent, Paul Revere- drawing, John Adams- legal

defense for soldiers

THE BOSTON TEA PARTY Tea Act- British East India Company allowed to export tea to America without taxes, monopoly formed

Tea Party- dumped tea chest into harbor, also tea boycott and other things

Coercion Acts- aka Intolerable Acts closed Boston port, reduced self-government legislature power,

allowed accused royal officials to be tried elsewhere

First Continental Congress- reject British authority, endorse statement of grievances, started military

organization, cut trade with Britain

REPUBLICAN IDEALS virtual representation- English principle that parliament was a representation of colonist, meant to refut

“no tax without rep” but didn’t go over so hot

republicanism- belief that government is based upon consent of the governed

Second Continental Congress- after Lex-Con, issues Declaration of Causes of Taking up Arms that says

submit to tyranny or rebel, George Washington becomes the able Commander-in-Chief

Olive Branch Petition- moderates at 2nd CC send this to King George III for a resolution, it fails

Virginia House of Burgesses- first democratic assembly, also helped to lead independence movement

Thomas Paine- publishes Common Sense pamphlet that attacks English king, huge circulation, influential

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 1776-1783

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

12 ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 1777-1787 AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

Thomas Jefferson- drafted the document for Continental Congress, included “self-evident truths”

natural law- used John Locke philosophy government cannot deny “unalienable rights”, must abide by

“laws of Nature and Nature’s God”

exclusions- it did not end the slave trade, hypocrite yes?

THE FRENCH ALLIANCE George Washington- commander-in-chief, won at Trenton and Yorktown, survived Valley Forge winters

Battle of Saratoga- Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold stop British campaign that was trying to separate

the northern and southern colonies, moral boost and French support because of this victory

Franco-American alliance- French desire to come back after ignominious defeat in 7-Years War, provided

arms and naval power to destroy the British

CONCLUSION OF THE WAR British- underestimation and lack of coordination, division in opinion on the war, pricky economic policy

America- vast size and defensive war, Washington leadership, united cause for freedom and the republic

Treaty of Paris- 1783 US independence recognized, received all land north of Florida, south of Great

Lakes, east of Mississippi River, Loyalists would be compensated and not persecuted

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 1777-1787

THE YOUNG NATION confederation- government with loose union among sovereign states, “league of friendship”

unicameral legislature- single house Congress, each state has one vote, fear that big states would

dominate if power by population were implemented, states weary of centralized power after the war

successes-had power to wage war, make treaties, new states, negotiated treaties with Britain n’ France

Land Ordinance of 1785- sold land for government revenue, organized distribution of land into

townships, set aside some land for public education (first!)

Northwest Ordinance of 1787- divided northwest territories, statehood after 60,000 people, slavery was

entirely prohibited in this area (new policy), was the only success of the Confederation

FAILURES OF THE CONFEDERACY power- Congress could not levy taxes (no revenue, more debt), could not regulate commerce (British

flood of random stuff, trade deficit), no national policy or judiciary (national disputes?)

others- inflated paper currency was bad for econ, Amendments needed a consensus was bad for politics

Shays’ Rebellion- Daniel Shays lead debt-ridden farmers who wanted states to give them free money,

Boston people suppressed the rebellion, government needs more powers to maintain law and order

THE NEW REPUBLIC 1787-1788

13 THE FEDERALIST ERA 1789-1800 AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

THE CONSTITUTION beliefs- perfect Union, private property, no political parties, no factionalism, etc.

provisions- taxes, war, commerce were all congressional powers, executive and judicial branches are

insulated from popular control, checks and balances, etc.

elastic clause-said that Congress gets every power not stated here, contradicts states’ rights in 10th

Great Compromise-bicameral legislature with House and Senate, combined New Jersey and Virginia Plan

3/5 Compromise- slaves are three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation

STUFF THAT WAS NOT INCLUDED IN THE CONSTITUTION universal men suffrage, direct election of senators (17th), 2-term limit for presidents (22nd), political

party structure, presidential cabinet, Bill of Rights

slavery was not mentioned in Constitution (allowed in every state, and runaways must be returned)

women were not given any more rights, Abigail Adams says “remember the ladies… be more favorable”

FEDERALIST DEBATE Negative Nick says “central government threatens state and individual liberties”, Positive Pete says

“national government power is limited, everything else belongs to states”

NN says “president, Senate, and judiciary branch are not directly elected by people”, PP says “separation

and checks will protect people’s will, no special interest can dominate”

NN says “republic only works in homogenous populations”, PP says “fragmented political power curbs

threat of any level of society”

NN says “no bill of rights”, PP says “we are boss”

NN is Patrick Henry and people, becomes Jeffersonian Republican

PP is Alexander Hamilton and Federalist Papers say that a republic will disperse power, protect minority

THE BILL OF RIGHTS 1st Amendment- freedom of speech, press, religion

4th Amendment- no unreasonable searches or seizures

6th Amendment- defendants right to speedy trial

more later.

THE FEDERALIST ERA 1789-1800

ALEXANDER HAMILTON deepest darkest secrets of Hammy- business and finance guy, fund federal debt with bonds, taxes,

tariffs, have government absorb state debts from the war, make a national bank because he like money

National Bank- sparked debate between Jefferson and Hamilton, loose interpretation of Const prevailed

GEORGE WASHINGTON Neutrality Proclamation- US is neutral in European affairs, Wash resisted joining France or Britain in war

14 THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA 1800-1915 AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

Jay’s Treaty- agreement with Britain, they removed their forts in Northwest Territory, and we paid pre-

Revolution merchant debts, but southerners protested this treaty because they had to pay more

Pinckney’s Treaty- Spain gives US free navigation of Mississippi River and right of deposit in New Orleans

Washington’s Farewell Address- he warns future leaders away from permanent alliances, after WW1

many people use this as a reason not to join the League of Nations and embrace isolationism

THE WHISKEY REBELLION excise tax- part of Hamilton’s plan, but it was on liquor too, so farmers were pissed and rebelled

significance- Wash calls up army to crush them, shows strength of new government, rebellion is no-no

COMING TO THE PARTY Federalist Party- Alexander Hamilton and John Adams with support from North and East, strong national

government, bank and tariffs, loose interpretation of Constitution, support British

Democratic-Republican Party- Thomas Jefferson and James Madison with support from West and South,

weak central government, agricultural interests, strict interpretation of Constitution, support French

JOHN ADAMS IS KRAY The Quasi War- French were sinking our ships, in the XYZ Affair, French asks for a bribe in order to

negotiate with the French Minister, Talleyrand, we refuse, suspend trade with French, create Navy Dept

Alien and Sedition Acts- new citizenship hurdles established against immigrants, also was illegal to speak

or write against the president (1st HERP DERP), punish the DRs or something?

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions-reaction against the Alien and Sedition Acts, encouraged states’ rights

doctrine, came up again in Calhoun’s nullification crisis

THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA 1800-1915

THE REVOLUTION OF 1800 Revolution of 1800- Jefferson is elected to presidency in a peaceful transfer of power, “we are all

Republicans- we are all Federalists” he says in his inaugural

Jeffersonian Democracy- embraced simplicity, encouraged the handshake instead of the bow, embraced

the Agrarian Ideal, believed in freedom of speech as essential

was it really a revolution?- accepts national bank, Louisiana Purchase, Embargo Act economically he

accepted the national bank but cut whiskey tax and cut army and navy, domestically he accepted

implied powers to make the Louisiana Purchase but supported public education and expanding voting

rights, foreignly he used implied powers to pass Embargo Act but remained neutral in foreign affairs

it was a revolution- peaceful transfer from parties, cut whiskey tax, cut army and navy, public education,

suffrage rights, neutrality in foreign affairs

Embargo Act of 1807- ships are not allowed to go to any foreign port, economic depression (dafuq?)

LOUISIANA PURCHASE Napoleon- French leader who felt that Louisiana was too much of a burden, sold it to US for $15 million

15 THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS 1816-1824 AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

Louisiana Purchase- buying land was not a right stated in the Constitution, so Jefferson used implied

powers of treaty-making to purchase the new territory (he hoped to continue the Agrarian Ideal)

Lewis and Clark Expedition- strengthen US claims to Oregon, mapped Missouri River, Sacajawea?

JUDICIAL REVIEW Judiciary Act of 1789- created Supreme Court, given right to force government officials to do things

Judiciary Act of 1801- Adams filled judge positions with Federalists, “Midnight Appointments”

Marbury v. Madison- Chief Justice John Marshall rules that court is not allowed to force officials to do

things, thus cancelling out the Judiciary Act of 1789

judicial review- court’s power to determine the constitutionality of congressional acts

THE WAR OF 1812 James Madison- pressure from war hawks to get involved in war and end the embargo

causes- impressment and land greed (take Canada!) were the main ones

happenings- Washington D.C. and Toronto (York) were both burned, Jackson tore shit up at New Orleans

aftermath- industrialization increased, Star Spangled Banner was written, nationalism was uppity-up

Hartford Convention- Federalists who opposed the war gathered together to discuss the failures of the

government, and then we won the war, Federalist Party disappeared after this

Rush-Bagot Agreement- disarmament on the Great Lakes (first!)

THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS 1816-1824

JAMES MONROE Era of Good Feelings- yes he was the last of the Virginia Dynasty and the last prez with a powdered wig,

but his presidency brought prosperity and nationalism and fun

THE MARSHALL COURT Fletcher v. Peck- land grants are considered unbreakable

McCulloch v. Maryland- bank is constitutional, cannot be taxed by the state

Dartmouth College v. Woodward- college/corporate charters are considered unbreakable

Gibbons v. Ogden- the federal government can regulate commerce

MONROE DOMESTIC POLICY American System- Henry Clay’s brainchild, it encouraged internal improvements for transportation,

tariffs to protect domestic industries, another national bank, and increased trade among regions

Tallmadge Amendment- while North dominated the House, Missouri applied for statehood as a slave

state, North wanted to phase slavery out of Missouri once it joined, South saw this as an attack

Missouri Compromise- Clay proposes that Missouri would be slave state, Maine would be free state,

new states would be free states if north of the Missouri line, the soup is boiling now

Panic of 1819- ended the Era of Good Feelings, bank failures from western land speculation

16 JACKSONIAN AMERICA 1824-1840 AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

MONROE FOREIGN POLICY Convention of 1818-boundary for Canada, established joint occupancy of Oregon with British Canada

Adams-Onis Treaty-boundary for Mexico, we took in Florida and gave up Texas territory

Monroe Doctrine- a unilateral declaration of US dominance in western hemisphere, European

interference in New World is hostile behavior, US will not interfere in European affairs

JACKSONIAN AMERICA 1824-1840

THE CORRUPT BARGAIN Election of 1824- Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, and William Crawford nominated

Corrupt Bargain- Jackson gets the popular vote but not electoral majority, Speaker of the House Clay

throws support to Adams, Adams names Clay the new Secretary of State

random quote- “Adams can write, Jackson can fight!”

Andrew Jackson- hero of the common man (even though he was rich), replaces caucuses with

conventions, embraces the spoils system (loyalty wah?), attacks special privileged elite

THE NULLIFICATION CRISIS The Tariff of Abominations- tariff on imports to help Northern merchants, South wasn’t protected

John Calhoun- wrote “South Carolina Exposition and Protest” anonymously to promote the doctrine of

nullification, South Carolina lead the movement for secession (no one joined)

Webster-Hayne Debate- Senator Robert Hayne defended states’ rights and Calhoun’s doctrine, while

Senator Daniel Webster said “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!”

Force Bill- after South Carolina repudiated the tariffs, Jackson wants to use army to enforce federal laws

Compromise Tariff- Henry Clay proposes gradual tax, South Carolina rescinds its Order of Nullification

INDIAN REMOVAL Indian Removal Act- 125,000 Indians were to be moved to newly established Indian Territory

Worcester v. Georgia- Marshall Court upheld Cherokee Nation’s legal right to land, Jackson disagrees

Trail of Tears- 17,000 Cherokees were removed from Georgia and marched to Oklahoma, ¼ died

THE BANK WAR Nicholas Biddle- chairman of the Bank, wants to make rechartering of Bank a political issues in 1832

pet banks- Jackson vetoes the recharter of the “monster”, favors using smaller state banks

Panic of 1837- credit expanded and speculation increased without Bank regulation, economic slump

specie circular- Jackson’s answer to the Panic, wants all land to be paid for in hard money, not credit

THE RISE OF THE WHIGS King Andrew 1- derisive term for Jackson used by Clay and Webster followers, disagreed with Democrats

Whig Party- favored protective tariffs, internal improvements, bank, they hated Jackson and Van Buren

17 THE ECONOMIC REVOLUTION 1815-1860 AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

William Henry Harrison- Whig candidate in 1840 under the Log Cabin Campaign (appeal to common

man), election of 1840 was the first modern election because of active and democratic style of campaign

THE ECONOMIC REVOLUTION 1815-1860

TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENTS turnpikes- roads stretch across the country (like the National Road), expanded trade to Northwest

steamboats- opened up Mississippi and Ohio Rivers to bulk trade, thanks to Robert Fulton’s invention

canals- strengthened east to west ties

railroads- succeeded the canal in the 1850s, trunk lines connected cities (Northeast)

THE ERIE CANAL Old Northwest- farmers there could not transport to east coast (forced to go to New Orleans)

Hudson River- connected to Lake Erie by canal

New York- became greatest commercial center because of canal, ties with west were strengthened,

canal building mania started

IMPACT Market Revolution- new markets and resources, mass production, connected national economy

Northeast impact- industrialization, textile mills, wealthy urban capitalists

Midwest impact- new settlement, Chicago rail center, increased corn and wheat, connected to east

South impact- nope, same old same old, read on in the next section!

THE OLD SOUTH 1815-1860

THE COTTON KINGDOM Eli Whitney- invented the cotton gin, 50x production satisfied the textile industry demand

King Cotton- our most valuable cash crop (50% of exports), expanded westward to Mississippi River

Deep South- 75% of slaves worked at cotton production, slavery goes up, immigration goes down,

industrialization never occurs, South forced to purchase goods from North, little urbanization either

WHITE SOCIETY planters- 4% of population but very powerful elite, represented genteel, honor, tradition (cavaliers!)

yeomen- majority of population, middle class farmers with some or no slaves, aspirations to be planters

clay eaters- crackers, hill people, poor whites, worse off than slaves (but they still felt superior?)

random fun fact- ¾ of southern families did not own slaves

BLACK SOCIETY slavery- African slave trade was outlawed in 1808, but natural increase of American-born slaves rose

18 THE CRUSADE AGAINST SLAVERY 1815-1860 AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

random fun fact- in 1790 over 50% of slaves were in Chesapeake, in 1860 50% of slaves in Deep South

random hard facts- overseers, task system vs. gang system, Sambo, Pidgin, The Peculiar Institution,

250,000 free blacks, nuclear family, John Randolph, etc.

THE IDEALS OF SLAVERY “necessary evil”- Thomas Jefferson thought slaves were necessary, wanted to slowly phase out slavery

“positive good”- John Calhoun thought slavery was a justified thing (bible?), scientific theories proved it,

slaves required white guardianship, North has slave too “wage slavery”

“industrialization”- slavery and cotton has had them dependent on North, Albert Pike and James De Bow

both realize that South must become economically independent to compete

THE CRUSADE AGAINST SLAVERY 1815-1860

SLAVE REVOLTS Prosser’s Conspiracy- a slave who bought his own freedom, his supposed plan was foiled

Vesey’s Conspiracy- would have been a massive slave uprising, but was found out, increased white fear

Turner’s Revolt- really the only slave revolt to ever happen, Nat Turner and group killed 55 whites, even

though it failed, stricter salve laws were put in place and Southern abolition movements disappeared

RE-COLONIZATION American Colonization Society-gradual abolition of slavery, return them to Africa

Liberia-colony in Africa for free blacks, many leaders were racist, felt that blacks and whites could not

assimilate ever

ABOLITIONISM William Lloyd Garrison- transformed into a radical abolitionist who believed that slavery was a cruel sin

The Liberator- his Boston newspaper, low circulation, but it helped start the AASS and abolitionism

random fun quote: “I will be as harsh as truth… as uncompromising as justice… AND I WILL BE HEARD!”

American Anti-Slavery Society- believed in instantaneous, complete, and moral biracial society

ABOLITIONISM DIVIDED Liberty Party-offshoot of AASS that said Constitution was anti-slavery and that political action would

bring racial change , Free Soil Party- said that slavery was inferior system, and that it should not spread

Garrison’s views- however, Garrison still called for moral suasion in order to oppose slavery, and that

women’s rights were equally important, but his party felt that this was too impractical

FIGHT FOR FREEDOM Harriet Tubman- runaway slave who helped on the Underground Railroad, more sectional tension

Frederick Douglass- father of American civil rights movement, captivating orator who helped persuade

many Northerners that slavery was evil and should be halted, his newspaper was the North Star

19 WOMEN OF ANTEBELLUM AMERICA 1789-1848 AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

WOMEN OF ANTEBELLUM AMERICA 1789-1848

REPUBLICAN MOTHERHOOD women could not vote, hold office, serve on juries, but were expected to contribute to their country

they must raise patriotic sons and dutiful daughters, but many went father, caused a “role-strain”

CULT OF DOMESTICITY four attributes were piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity

Doctrine of Separate Sphere- women must be wives and mothers for an idealistic home

THE LOWELL EXPERIMENT Moses Brown- built America’s first textile mill, textile production took off after War of 1812

Francis Cabot Lowell- along with his Boston Associates, used modern tech to make textile factories

Lowell Mill- he created another one and hired young girls to board and work there, while this became an

example for future factories, it ultimately failed because the women went on strike (too troublesome?)

RISE OF FEMINISM Elizabeth Stanton and Lucretia Mott- feminists who questioned discrimination, sexism and racism

Seneca Falls Convention- first support of women’s rights, marked beginning of women’s rights

Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions- demanded divorce and custody rights, property and suffrage

rights, but they did not call for equal pay or birth control

ANTEBELLUM CULTURE AND REFORM 1815-1860

THE SECOND GREAT AWAKENING perfectionism-faith in human ability to improve with help of God, continuation of universalism and

Unitarianism, evangelical camp meetings rejected predestination, spread from west to east

Burned Over District- religious revivals in west NY, Charles Finney-says salvation thru faith and work

significance- women, blacks, Indians (Handsome Lake) joined in, seeking salvation and stability

Mormons-Joseph Smith had a vision from God, their radicalism (read: polygamy) was shunned, formed

community in Salt Lake City under Brigham Young which became Utah

UTOPIA Utopian communities-egalitarian social order, regulate moral behavior, cooperation

Brook Farm-George Ripley’s, but destroyed by fire, New Harmony- Robert Owen’s village of cooperation

Oneida Community- John Noyes’, no marriages in this perfectionist society, communal raising of children

Shaker Community- Ann Lee’s, shake free of all your sin, women dominated it, practice celibacy

REFORM MOVEMENTS Horace Mann-Father of the Common School Movement who reformed Massachusetts public education

20 THE FIRST WAVE OF IMMIGRATION 1815-1860 AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

Dorothea Dix- mental asylum reformer, expanded from Massachusetts to a national movement

American Society for the Promotion of Temperance- 25 million gallons of alcohol consumed a year

(woah), the temperance movement wanted to use revivalism to get rid of the Demon rum evil, it worked

TRANSCENDENTALISM Ralph Waldo Emerson-believed in the divinity of man, the value of human intuition, and the power of

nonconformity, his essays helped shape American thought

Henry David Thoreau- believes in nature as the enlightenment of the school, Walden Pond was his place

Margaret Fuller- wrote Woman in the Nineteenth Century, rejected men rule, wanted female liberation

ROMANTICISM Romantic Era- reaction to Deism, logic, Enlightenment, etc., emphasized nature, emotion, etc.

Hudson River School- depicted American landscapes and natural beauty and opportunity, John James

Audubon was the best, as he showed the emotions of nature

Washington Irving- the first popular American writers, reflected increasing American nationalism

James Cooper- adventure novelist, ideal of individual goodness, formed distinctive US literature

Walt Whitman- wrote Leaves of Grass, celebrates release of individual emotions (homosexual)

Edgar Allan Poe- sadddd day, no comment

THE FIRST WAVE OF IMMIGRATION 1815-1860

ANTEBELLUM IMMIGRATION Revolutionary War, Napoleonic Wars, War of 1812, immigration practically stopped

5 million came to America between 1820 and 1860, mostly West Europeans

settled in urban areas in North or Midwest

IRISH IMMIGRATION 1.7 Irish immigrants settled here, mainly in port cities in Northeast which became overpopulated

Potato Famine and poverty in general caused many to immigrate

in general, women worked in Lowell mills while men worked on infrastructure, low paying jobs

Catholic church grows in America, native Protestants complained that Irish were ignorant and different

supported Democrats for the “common man” mentality, supported political machines

GERMAN IMMIGRATION 1.5 million German immigrants settled here, mainly in rural areas in Midwest

diverse religious followings, diverse backgrounds, assimilated well with no discrimination

NATIVISM Pope Pius IX- represented Catholics, denounced republican institutions so Protestants became scared

Know-Nothing Party- aka American Party, strode to restrict and suppress Irish and German immigrants

21 WESTWARD EXPANSION 1836-1848 AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

Millard Fillmore- presidential candidate, KN won many congressional seats, but success was fleeting

WESTWARD EXPANSION 1836-1848

THE LONE STAR REPUBLIC Mexican territory- Mexico invites Americans to settle in Texas, as long as they become citizens of Mexico

Texas Revolution- after Mexican government stops slave and settlers from coming to Mexico, Texas

rebels, defeat at the Alamo but victory at San Jacinto

Sam Houston- war hero who was elected president of the Republic of Texas

annexation- Jackson doesn’t annex Texas because it would be another slave state and it might provoke

war with Mexico, so it is postponed

MANIFEST DESTINY John O’Sullivan- invents the term to represent America’s right and destiny to expand coast to coast

James Polk-president, expansionist who ran on a campaign to annex Texas and take Oregon

54’ 40” or Fight!- Polk’s slogan for supporting taking the entire Oregon from Britain, compromise is

made in the end

THE MEXICAN WAR Rio Grande River- after Mexico breaks off diplomatic ties with US, we move troops to the Rio Grande to

support this new Texan border, a skirmish occurs and Polk declares war on Mexico in 1846

civil disobedience- abolitionists refused to support war, Lincoln and the Whig Party believe that the war

was just a pretext for expansionism, Thoreau doesn’t pay this poll tax (watch out, badass here)

Zachary Taylor- US general who becomes war hero after Buena Vista victory, along with Stephen Kearny

and Winfield Scott, New Mexico, California, and Mexico itself are taken over

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- Mexico loses New Mexico (Arizona, Nevada, Utah), California, Texas, US

pays Mexico $15 million because we’re nice?

significance- combat experience to next generation, US becomes continental, slavery issue comes up

THE IMPENDING CRISIS 1846- 1860

THE SECTIONAL DEBATE Wilmot Proviso-supported by North but not South, it barred slavery from any territory acquired thru the

Mexican War, he wanted to end the slavery issue and protect the rights of white freemen in the west,

formed the Free-Soil Party, alarmed the South and marked the beginning of the road to disunion

Compromise of 1850- Henry Clay’s plan was to admit California as free state, no decision made in Utah

or New Mexico, abolish slave trade in Washington DC, enact a new Fugitive Slave Act

Stephen Douglas- guided Clay’s proposal through Congress using separate bills, crisis defused

THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA CONTROVERSY

22 THE CIVIL WAR 1861-1865 AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

Harriet Beecher Stowe- wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin which intensified antislavery in the North

popular sovereignty- supported by Stephen Douglas, the Kansa-Nebraska Act said that the new states

would be allowed to decide whether free or slave, this repealed the Missouri Compromise

significance- it broke the sectional truce, Whig Party was destroyed, Republican Party formed

Ostend Manifesto- US agreed to invade Cuba if Spain did not sell it, public outcry over this plot to extend

slavery into other countries, so the plan was abandoned

THE RISE OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY the Kansa-Nebraska Act ended the Democrat-Whig party system, Bleeding Kansas was a test of popular

sovereignty over the slave issue

Democrats accepted Kansa as pro-slavery, Republicans supported Kansas as antislavery

former Whigs, Free soilers, antislavery Democrats, Know-Nothings all pulled into Republican Party

John Freemont- was their 1856 presidential candidate, but lost to James Buchanan

THE DRED SCOTT CASE Dred Scott- a slave who worked in the free territory of Wisconsin, but when he returned to Missouri

after his master’s death, he was placed as the property of his former master’s wife, he sues

Roger Taney- chief justice, says that free blacks nor slaves could sue in a federal court, that Scott did not

become free by living in a free territory

significance- using judicial review, this overturned the Missouri Compromise, it setback the Republicans

Freeport Doctrine- in LD, Douglas said settlers can prevent slavery by refusing to pass slave codes

THE UNION IN PERIL John Brown- fervent abolitionist, he organizes an attack at Harper’s Ferry in South, he becomes martyr

Abraham Lincoln- after the Democrats became divided between moderate Douglas and radical

Breckinridge, Lincoln carries the united free states after gaining popularity thru LD debates

Crittenden Compromise- proposes restoring the Missouri Compromise, neither side supports it though

secession- South Carolina and other Deep South states secede in response to Lincoln’s election,

intransigents on both sides furthered the deepening conflict

THE CIVIL WAR 1861-1865

SECESSION Fort Sumter- forced the upper South states to choose sides, so Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee

all joined the Confederate Congress, a very momentous decision

Richmond- once the Confederacy was formed, the capital was moved to Virginia

The Union- all northern states along with the border states , including Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky,

and Missouri (they were all slaveholding states but they joined anyway)

random fun quote- “I hope to have God on my side, but I must have Kentucky” (Lincoln)

23 RECONSTRUCTION 1865-1877 AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

THE BALANCE OF POWER northern advantages- 21 million population, production of 90% manufactured goods, financial stability,

infrastructure, Lincoln’s leadership, united Republican Party

southern disadvantages- just 9 million population, little industrial capacity or railroads, quarrelsome

Jefferson Davis, weak Confederacy government was overpowered by state governments

northern disadvantages-lack of military commanders, lack of common goal (slavery? Union?),

Copperhead antiwar efforts, offensive war

southern advantages- strong military tradition and awesome commanders, King Cotton diplomacy with

Great Britain (failed), defensive war

THE CAMPAIGN Antietam- Lee wanted to drive into Maryland and Pennsylvania, the hesitant McClellan fought him off in

the one of bloodiest battles, Europe decided to remain neutral after this, Emancipation Proc. announced

Vicksburg- Grant sieged the fortress and captured it, gaining control of the Mississippi, split Confederacy

Gettysburg- Lee tries another offensive, stopped by Meade, Confederacy is severely weakened

March to the Sea- Sherman’s Atlanta victory boosted Lincoln’s 1864 election, then he used total war all

the way through Georgia, presents Savannah as Christmas gift to Lincoln, like a boss

LEGISLATION IN THE WAR Republican Congress- once South seceded, the Republicans could do anything they wanted (although

the Committee on the Conduct of the War was a legislative group that interfered with everything)

The Homestead Act- opened Great Plains to settlers, free land as long as you farm it nicely

The Morrill Land Grant Act- public lands donated to states for colleges in agriculture and engineering

The First Transcontinental Railroad- New Orleans railroad was cancelled after secession, instead

government granted the Central Pacific and Union Pacific land and money to connect Omaha and Sacra

The National Banking Act- war needed national currency and orderly financial system, so Lincoln did it

AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE WAR contraband- fugitive slaves who escaped to the Union

Confiscation Acts- allowed Union troops to free all slaves that were being used for “insurrection”

Emancipation Proclamation- only freed slaves in Confederate states, this strengthened the moral

question, and swung European public opinion in favor of the Union

180,000 African Americans served in the Union after the Emancipation Proc. was announced

random fun quote- “the iron gate of our prison stands half open” (Douglass)

RECONSTRUCTION 1865-1877

EXECUTIVE RECONSTRUCTION The 10% Plan- Lincoln’s reconstruction plan to offer full pardon to Southerners who take a loyalty oath,

if 10% take the oath, that state will be restored, “malice toward none, with charity for all”

24 RECONSTRUCTION 1865-1877 AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

The Wade-Davis Bill- majority of people to take oath for a convention to be held, proposed setting a

certain governor for each state, pocket vetoed by Lincoln

Restoration- same idea, except this is Johnson’s idea, each state had to have a convention that repeals

secession laws and ratifies the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery

RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION Joint Committee on Reconstruction-they refuse to allow the Southern states to join the Union, radical

Democrats also pass a civil rights bill (Johnson tried to veto, but overturned by Congress)

14th Amendment- born or naturalized in US is a US citizen, blacks are guaranteed equal rights

Johnson felt that blacks should not receive citizenship, voters were outraged and he failed big time

Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens- lead a 2/3 controlled Congress of Republicans radicals

Reconstruction Act of 1867- eliminated Johnson’s plan by dividing South into 5 military districts under

the Union’s control, state re-admittance into Union only by approving 14th and giving black suffrage

IMPEACHMENT Tenure of Office Act- Senate consent for the removal of appointed officials

Command of the Army Act- no military orders without Senate or commanding general’s approval

Johnson accused by violated Tenure of Office Act, but was acquitted

THE 15TH AMENDMENT no denying citizens the right to vote on the basis of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude”

African American finally involved in political sphere, 80% of Republican votes in South were from blacks

while blacks also served as legislatives and representatives, women were outraged that “the Negro’s

hour” has come but that they did not receive suffrage or anything

A STUBBORN SOUTH Black Codes- although the South agreed to his plan, they tried to limit black rights (no land, no weapons,

no marrying whites, etc.)

Freedmen’s Bureau-

sharecropper- slaves that could not afford to leave plantations sharecropped by laboring for use of land

and tool, merchants and owners use unfair prices to keep them trapped in debt

random fun fact- when Congress reconvened in 1865, many former Confederate politicians were waiting

to take back their seats in the House and Senate

THE COLLAPSE OF RECONSTRUCTION KKK- southern resentment turned into a terrorist group of white robe, Republican governments fell

The Enforcement Acts- government should prosecute voting discriminators, suspend habeas corpus

Ulysses Grant- the Enforcement Acts were the peak of Republican power, president Grant, his scandals,

a new generation, the west, the economy and other things waned northern interest

Panic of 1873- further undermined Republican support, government backed off of social services, also

caused by unregulated business and banks, led to retirement of greenbacks and return to gold standard

25 THE NEW SOUTH 1877-1900 AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

The Compromise of 1877- Hayes beat Tilden after a bunch of disputed electoral votes, so Republicans

sought to moderate their policies, federal troops were withdrawn from South and they were given

internal improvement aid, Democrats promised to support Hayes but “home rule” in South brought back

all Democratic governments in every Southern state

THE NEW SOUTH 1877-1900

THE REDEEMERS Bourbon- elite class of merchants, industrialists, financiers, etc. committed to “home rule”

Redeemer policy- cut taxes, cut spending, industrialize, social conservatism, white supremacy, etc.

disfranchisement- using poll taxes and literacy tests, black voters stopped voting entirely

ECONOMIC CHANGE Lost Cause- romanticized view of the good old times, but was replaced by the ideals of business/industry

industrialization- textile industry and railroad development were both very successful

tobacco- Duke’s American Tobacco Company was a surprising success too, produced 80% of cigarettes

iron- Birmingham, Alabama became an industrial city because of its iron and steel, “Pittsburgh of South”

cotton- agriculture still dominated the Southern economy, yet income in South was 40% of that in North

PLESSY V. FERGUSON Separate Car Law- railroads proved separate accommodations based on race

Homer Plessy- sits in the white section and is arrested, says that this violates the 14th Amendment

Judge Ferguson- ruled against Plessy, the Supreme Court agreed, establishing “separate but equal”

Judge Harlan- disagreed with the ruling, said that it puts a badge of servitude on all blacks

the Jim Crow laws pretty much ignored the Civil Rights Act of 1875, and the Courts said that the 14th

Amendment does not apply to private organizations, this trend was unchallenged for 60 years

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka- overturned this ruling

JIM CROW LAWS lynching- in one decade, 1,70 African Americans were lynched

tradition- this was a method of enforcing segregation and intimidating African Americans into inferiority

Ida B. Wells- anti-lynching activist after 3 of her friends were lynched, travelled internationally to

educate the public, her goal was a federal anti-lynching law, which never happened

THE ATLANTA COMPROMISE Booker T. Washington- former slave, formed the Tuskegee Institute to encourage blacks to develop an

education and seek economic opportunities without political agitation, “separate as the fingers, yet one

as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress”

26 CONQUEST OF THE FAR WEST 1865-1900 AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

W.E.B. Du Bois- while Washington soon became the leading spokesman because of his moderate tone,

other black leaders, like Du Bois said that this “Atlanta Compromise” was weak, and that blacks must

demand full equality economically, socially, and politically, associated with Talented Tenth and NAACP

CONQUEST OF THE FAR WEST 1865-1900

FRONTIER ECONOMY transcontinental railroads- the sole contributor to the opening of the West, diverse groups flooded in

gold rush- Sutter’s Mill and Comstock Lode are the two most famous, attracted the prospective poor

cattle kingdom- characterized by the open range and long drives, but harsh winters effectively ended it

frontier farmer-reapers, barbed wire helped farmers conquer the West, resented industry and debt

exodusters- black pioneers who moved to Kansa to start new lives

WESTERN SOCIETY Plains Indians- culturally diverse, but had stable democratic system with governing councils

Hispanics- aristocracy formed in New Mexican society, Stephen Kearney and territorial rings dominated

Chinese- after mining and railroad jobs were finished, hostile natives passed the Chinese Exclusion Acts

DISPERSAL OF THE TRIBES Battle of Little Bighorn- Sioux rose up under Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull to defeat Custer’s army

Nez Perce- Chief Joseph and his peaceful tribe attempted to flee to Canada, stopped just before border

Apache Wars- last organized resistance, Geronimo and the Apache raided outposts, but were defeated

Ghost Dance- prophet Wovoka led a Sioux religious movement, whites massacred them out of suspicion

Helen Hunt Jackson- wrote A Century of Dishonor, championed Indian cause, supported the Dawes Act

Dawes Act- divided tribal lands into individual plots to turn Indians into independent farmers

significance- after these events Indian resistance effectively stopped, and their tribal lands were

continually diminished (by 1930, Plains Indians lost 2/3 of their land because of the Dawes Act)

ROMANCE OF THE WEST Rocky Mountain School- captured the “myth of the garden”, celebrated the rugged West, romanticized

the freedom and variety of the region (Hudson River anyone?)

Frederick Turner- his Frontier Thesis stated that western expansion had shaped American democracy,

individualism, resilience, and social mobility (sadly, he ignored the Native American perspective)

INDUSTRIAL SUPREMACY 1865- 1900

SOURCES OF THE INDUSTRIAL ERA World’s Columbian Exposition- held in Chicago, it showcased technology and inventions

27 INDUSTRIAL SUPREMACY 1865- 1900 AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

Thomas Edison- one of America’s most prolific inventors, the phonograph and light bulb came from his

famous “invention laboratory” in Menlo Park (it was the model for the modern research facility)

Duryea Brothers- built the first gas-powered car, Wright Brothers- built the first airplane

Henry Bessemer- invented the Bessemer process, in which iron is transformed into steel

iron- Mesabi Range and other places gave the US abundant supplies of resources like iron

black gold- oil was in demand, at first just for lubrication, but then for your car

CORPORATION AND CONSOLIDATION The Railroad- single-handedly allowed a national industrial base to prosper, give it proper cred, eh?

Taylorism- scientific management theory, tried to find the most efficient way to run a labor factory

Andrew Carnegie- dominated the steel industry (vertical integration)

J.P. Morgan-dominated the banking scene, bailed out the federal government once (como un jefe)

John Rockefeller- dominated the oil industry with Standard Oil (horizontal integration)

horizontal integration- process by which a company takes control of other company competitors, in an

effort to obtain a monopoly in an industry

vertical integration- process by which a company takes control of other companies in its production

process, in an effort to control raw materials and processing and manufacturing

trusts- combine the stock of multiple companies giving power to the trustees, totes illegal

holding company- buying up a majority of stock in another company, indirect control

CAPITALISM AND ITS CRITICS Social Darwinism- belief that in a struggle for existence, the fit will survive and get rich

random fun quote- “the growth of a corporation is merely the survival of the fittest… this is not an evil

tendency in business… it is the working out of a law of nature and a law of God.” (Rockefeller)

Gospel of Wealth- Carnegie’s essay in which he argues in favor of philanthropy

random fun quote- “the man who dies thus rich dies disgraced.” (Carnegie)

Henry George- his nonfiction bestseller, Poverty and Progress, argues for a single tax on everything

Edward Bellamy- his fiction bestseller, Looking Backwards, shows future society with wealth distribution

Horatio Alger- his self-help bestsellers, say that rags-to-riches is easy with hard work (I worked pretty

damn hard studying for this AP test, where’s my money?)

UNIONS wages and conditions- salary disparities, 10 hour days, health hazards (US had highest accident rate)

Knights of Labor- sought to end wage slavery and promote cooperative commonwealth, relatively open

to membership, but was wrongly blamed for the Haymarket Square riot and eventually faded

American Federation of Labor- an alliance of only skilled workers led by Samuel Gompers, had simple

goals yet was a very powerful voice in national issues, replaced the Knights of Labor

The Industrial Workers of the World- the Wobbles included all workers, but was radical and communist

STRIKES

28 THE AGE OF CITY 1865-1900 AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877- America’s first national strike, was a response to depression and pay

cuts, paralyzed interstate railroad service, president Hayes intervened, signaled future turmoil

The Haymarket Square Riot- a bomb was detonated at a protest against violent police forces, public and

government soon were frightened of anarchists and high profile strikers

The Homestead Strike- Henry Frick took over the Homestead plant and slashed salaries, when AFL

striked, he hired Pinkertons to stop the strike, eventually the government intervened, strike collapsed

The Pullman Strike- after Panic of 1893, the Pullman town cut wages, Eugene Debs stages boycott of

Pullman cars, halting railroads nationally, Cleveland intervened and crushed the strike

THE AGE OF CITY 1865-1900

THE AGRARIAN REVOLT 1880- 1896

THE IMPERIAL EMPIRE 1890-1908

STIRRINGS OF IMPERIALISM manifest destiny- applied internationally, drive for markets and resources elsewhere (Latin America)

John Fiske- wants white men to conquer the world, John Burgess- wants to uplift less fortunate people

Alfred Mahan- published The Influence of Sea Power upon History, navy wins trade routes and military

THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR the splendid war- minimal casualties, Commodore Dewy and Theodore Roosevelt emerge as heroes

yellow journalism- William Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer published sensational stories against Spain

U.S.S. Maine- randomly sunk in Havana Harbor, incites the American public, “Remember the Maine!”

The Rough Riders- Roosevelt’s regiment that charged up San Juan Hill, like a boss

William McKinley- president who declared war on Spain, America transformed into world power after

de Lome Letter- secret Spanish letter that called McKinley weak, incited the war

SPANISH POSSESSIONS Treaty of Paris- ended SPAM War, annexed the Philippines for commercial and civilization purposes

Philippine Insurrection- Emilio Aguinaldo fought for independence from Spanish and Americans, while

we eventually crushed the rebels, atrocities and deaths on both sides occurred

Teller Amendment- in declaration of war, this guaranteed Cuban sovereignty

Platt Amendment- gave the US control over Cuban foreign affairs, allowed American intervention later

REPUBLICAN EMPIRE Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico- all become territories of US in this time period

Open Door Policy- Sec of State John Hay declares respect for every country’s influence in China, thereby

protecting American commercial interests (crushed the Boxer Rebellion too, roar)

29 THE PROGRESSIVE ERA 1900-1917 AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

Big Stick Diplomacy- negotiations in the Russo-Japanese War, rejected claims of the yellow Peril, sent

the Great White Fleet, established the Roosevelt Corollary to allow US to intervene in hemispheric

affairs, was applied to the debt situation in the Dominican Republic, best accomplishment was Panama

Canal after Panama revolted from Columbia (with the help of the U.S.S Nashville of course), ramble over

Dollar Diplomacy- sec of state Philander Know advocates business interests, example: Nicaragua

Moral Diplomacy- DR, Haiti, Virgin Islands, Nicaragua all part of his foreign policies, in Mexico he fought

off Victoriano Huerta’s “butchers” and Pancho Villa’s “bandits”, General Pershing pissed off Carranza

THE PROGRESSIVE ERA 1900-1917

PROGRESSIVISM goals- championed antimonopoly, social cohesion, principles of knowledge, and government stability

spirit- represented the shift from rural to urban, just society could be created through reform

muckrakers- Roosevelt coined the term for writers that exposed societal problems, Ida Tarbell

documented Standard Oil’s ruthlessness, Lincoln Steffens describes political machines in Shame of the

Cities, David Phillips and Charles Adams attacked railroad connections with senators

URBAN REFORM Jacob Riis- wrote How the Other Half Lives, pushed for tenement and slum reform in New York

Jane Addams- owned the Hull House, helped immigrants and the lower class in these settlement houses

Walter Rauschenbusch- theorized the Social Gospel, churches should serve the poor, Christian loves all

POLITICAL REFORM city manager plan- like the commission system, this placed city power in hands of a professional admin

who worked with the council and mayor, it was supposed to encourage reform and limit corruption

Tom Johnson- was the mayor of Cleveland, successfully fought off private business interests in his city

Robert La Follette-was the governor of Wisconsin, pushed for the direct primary, the initiative, the

referendum, and the recall, he was very successful in passing legislature and encouraging the public

progressive amendments- 16th allowed for income taxes, 17th provided a popular vote for senator

elections, 18th forbade liquor sales, 19th gave women the right to vote

WOMEN AND REFORM The New Woman- domestic center disappeared, more single women took up activist positions

Boston marriages- acceptance of homosexuals in the progressive era

Muller v. Oregon- justified sex discrimination, for the benefit of women

Women’s Christian Temperance Movement- led by France Willard, moral crusade against alcohol,

worked with the Anti-Saloon League, eventually succeeded in the 18th Amendment, win!

Nat. Am. Woman Suffrage Association- led by Carrie Catt, break through the female sphere, movement

gained in the West, eventually succeeded in the 19th Amendment, another win!

AFRICAN AMERICANS AND REFORM

30 (work in progress!) AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

The Niagara Movement- led by W.E.B. Du Bois and the Talented Tenth, opposed Jim Crow laws and

segregation of any kind, didn’t gain support among whites

Nat. Am. for the Advancement of Colored People- sought biracial cooperation, the first black national

reform effort, successfully struck down the “grandfather clause” laws and residential segregation laws

THE SQUARE DEAL AND NATIONAL REFORM Theodore Roosevelt- took over for the assassinated McKinley, TR championed progressivism

Department of Commerce and Labor- publicly investigate corporations

Sherman Antitrust Act- forbade organizations that restrict trade, used to break up trusts, but also unions

Northern Securities Company- broken up after monopolizing rails in the Northwest, “trustbuster” TR

Interstate Commerce Act- was before Roosevelt, and had largely failed to do any regulatin’

Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act- Roosevelt revamps it, restores fed authority to control railroads rates

Anthracite Coal Strike- after United Mine Workers striked, Roosevelt pressured management to concede

to the workers’ demands, first president intervened as impartial arbiter, champion of square deals!

Food and Drug Act- restrict dangerous medicines

Meat Inspection Act- regulate meat industry (Sinclair is happy)

National Forest Service- headed by Gifford Pinchot, it promoted Roosevelt’s regulation, conservation,

and preservation in developing wilderness lands

Newlands Act- federal funds to public reclamation projects, beginning of federal aid for development

(WORK IN PROGRESS!)

AMERICA AND THE GREAT WAR 1909-1919

THE NEW ERA 1919-1929

THE GREAT DEPRESSION 1929-1939

PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES 1789-1893

NEW REPUBLIC George Washington (1789-1797, no party)- Whiskey Rebellion, Treaty of Greenville, Farewell Address

John Adams (1797-1801, Federalist)- XYZ Affair, Alien and Sedition Acts, Judiciary Act of 1801

Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809, Demo-Repub)- Marbury v. Madison, Louisiana Purchase, Embargo Act

James Madison (1809-1817, Demo-Repub)- War of 1812, Clay’s American System, the National Road

James Monroe (1817-1825, Demo-Repub)- Rush-Bagot Treaty, Adams-Onis Treaty, Monroe Doctrine

ANTEBELLUM John Quincy Adams (1825-1829, Nat. Repub)- Corrupt Bargain, Erie Canal, Tariff of Abominations

31 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITIED STATES 1889-2013 AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

Andrew Jackson (1829-1837, Democratic)- Trail of Tears, Nullification crisis, species circular

Martin Van Buren (1837-1841, Democratic)- Panic of 1837, Aroostook War, Treasury Bill of 1840

William Henry Harrison (1841, Whig)- Log Cabin Campaign, Tippecanoe

John Tyler (1841-1845, Whig/ish)- Webster-Ashburton Treaty, Treaty of Wang-Hya, Texas annexation

James K. Polk (1845-1849, Democratic)- “dark horse”, Mexican War, Oregon Treaty

Zackary Taylor (1849-1850, Whig)- California Gold Rush, cherries LOLOLOLOL

DISUNION Millard Fillmore (1850-1853, Whig)- Compromise of 1850, Matthew Perry, Know-Nothing Party

Franklin Pierce (1853-1857, Democratic)- Young America, Ostend Manifesto, Kansas-Nebraska Act

James Buchanan (1857-1861, Democratic)- Dred Scott v. Sanford, Harper’s Ferry Raid, SC secession

Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865, Republican)- Homestead Act, Emancipation Proclamation, 10% Plan

Andrew Johnson (1865-1869, Democratic/ish)- 13/14th Amendment, Tenure of Office Act, Seward’s Folly

Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877, Republican)- Credit Mobilier (and others), TC Railroad, Enforcement Acts

GILDED AGE Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881, Republican)- Compromise of 1877, Great Railroad Strike of 1877

James A. Garfield (1881, Republican)- Stalwarts v. Half-Breeds, (Curse of Tippecanoe is gettin’ real scary)

Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885, Republican)- Chinese Exclusion Act, Pendleton Act

Grover Cleveland (1885-1889, 1893-1897, Democratic)- Mugwumps, Pullman Strike, Dawes Act

Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893, Republican)- Sherman Antitrust Act, McKinley Tariff, Turner’s Frontier

PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITIED STATES 1889-2013

RISE IN POWER William McKinley (1897-1901, Republican)- Front Porch Campaign, SPAM War, Open Door Policy

Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909, Republican)- Square Deal (and more), BSD, Bull Moose Party

William Taft (1909-1913, Republican)-16/17th Amendment, Payne-Aldrich Tariff, Ballinger Affair

Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921, Democratic)- 18/19th Amendment, Federal Reserve, Selective Service Act

Warren G. Harding (1921-1923, Republican)- Normalcy, Washington Naval Conf., Teapot Dome Scandal

Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929, Republican)- Dawes Plan, National Origins Act, Scopes Trial, KB Pact

WAR AND TENSIONS Herbert Hoover (1929-1923, Republican)- Black Tuesday, Bonus Army, Hawley-Smoot Tariff

Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945, Democratic)- Good Neighbor Policy, New Deal (and more), Yalta Conf.

Harry S. Truman (1945-1953, Democratic)- Fair Deal, Berlin Airlift, UN/NATO, Korean War

Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961, Republican)- McCarthy hearings, Montgomery Boycott, U2 incident

John F. Kennedy (1961-1963, Democratic)- New Frontier (and more), Cuba, March on Washington

Lyndon B. Johnson (1963- 1969, Democratic)- Great Society (and more), Civil Rights Acts, Vietnam War

32 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITIED STATES 1889-2013 AUSTIN CAO- MR.SLOMA’S APUS HISTORY

SUPERPOWER Richard Nixon (1969-1974, Republican)- Vietnamization, War Powers Act, Roe v. Wade, Watergate

Gerald Ford (1974-1977, Republican)- pardon of Nixon, WIN campaign, Helsinki Accords

Jimmy Carter (1977-1981, Democrat)- Camp David Accords, “malaise” speech, Iran hostage crisis

Ronald Reagan (1981-1989, Republican)- Reaganomics, New Right, INF Treaty, SDI LOLOLOLOL

George H. W. Bush (1989-1993, Republican)- Three-Mile Island, S&L Bailout, Persian Gulf War, ADA

Bill Clinton (1993-2001, Democratic)- NAFTA/GATT, government shutdowns, healthcare initiative

George W. Bush (2001-2009, Republican)- Kyoto Protocol, War on Terror, No Child Left Behind Act

Barack Obama (2009-incumbent, Democratic)- START treaty, ARR Act of 2009, bin Ladan (AW YEAH)

Sarah Palin (2012-???, ???)- paved roads with gold?

*have you guys read the Wikipedia entry for US History? It’s a surprisingly interesting read, and will help

guide your review: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States